Index

abalone 111

Ablett, John 152, 226, 227, 228, 230

aculifera 32, 35, 36

algal blooms 106–9

Alien 80

Allonautilus 177

Alviniconcha strummeri 24

Alzheimer’s disease 241

ammonites 137, 179, 182–6

absence today 189–92, 193

ammonoids 186–9

fertilisers 184–5

A Natural History of Shells 60, 66

animal feeds 78

anti-fouling agents 245

Archimedean spirals 50

Argonaut, Brown 174

Greater 174

Rough-keeled 174

Tuberculated 174

Argonauta argo 178

argonauts 21, 173–6, 193–4, 264–5

fossil record 178–82, 192–3

rafting 199–200

reproduction 200–1

use of air in shells 201–2

Villepreux, Jeanne 194–9

Aristotle 26, 148–9, 175

arthropods 23, 26

atherosclerosis 244

augers 38

Awakenings 243

bailer shells 78

Banks, Joseph 193, 209

barnacles 26, 142, 224–5, 285

Barthelat, François 248

Barton, Nick 82

Bat, Bumblebee 48

Bee-eater, European 142

belemnites 183

Bennett, George 221

bio-glues 243–5

bivalves 27, 33, 34, 43, 62

feeding 38–9

siphons 42

Blaber, Stephen 245

Bladderwrack 16

Blaschka, Leopold and Rudolf 232

Boettiger, Alistair 74

Bonamia 126, 127

Bonderer, Lorenz 249

boring molluscs 38

Botticelli Birth of Venus 80

Bouchet, Philippe 22–3, 283–4

Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil 82

brachiopods 26, 31, 58, 180

brains 34, 72–3, 104–5

human brains 76

Briggs, Derek 30

British Museum 152, 177, 207, 223, 225, 226

Broderip, William 178, 216, 219, 225

bryozoans 26, 142, 285

bubble snails 168–9

building a shell 47–50

dextral and sinistral shells 63–7

patterns 67–72

patterns as memory 72–6

Raup’s model 54–9, 62, 63

spiral growth 50–4

why shape matters 59–63

Burgess Shale, Canada 29–33, 180

Butterfield, Nick 31

Byron, Lord George 193

byssus 147–50, 158–60, 243

growth 165–6

harvesting 164–5

weaving 161–4

calcium carbonate 41, 43, 48, 51, 248–9, 250

limestone formations 48

ocean acidification 264–8

Caldeira, Ken 262

Cameroceras 181

Campbell, John 71–2

capiz shells 249

Caron, Jean-Bernard 31–2

caudofoveates 28, 32, 35

Caulerpa 169

cephalopods 34, 35, 41, 76

fossil record 178–82

mantles 42

right- and left-coiling shells 66

chank shells 64

Chapman, John 87, 88

Chiton, Gumboot 28

chitons 21, 28, 32, 34, 35, 40

chordates 26, 180

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 289

Clam, Atlantic Jackknife 246

Oxheart 14

clams 17, 18, 21, 26, 27, 41

Clark, Craig 237–8

Clash 24

Clathurella cincta 252

Clements, Reuben 48–9, 59

climate change 14, 84, 108, 256

anthropogenic climate change 261–2, 272, 278–81

coccolithophores 19, 277–8

Cockle, Heart 45

West African Bloody 100, 116

cockles 17, 18, 26, 40–1, 44, 286

coiling pottery 51

Colberg, Mrs 59, 61

coleoids 181–2, 183

Colobus, Red 114

Comeau, Steeve 270, 277

Conchologia Iconica 229–30, 232

conch shells 9–10, 80

queen conch 111

shankh 63–4

conchifera 36

cone snails 38, 42, 64, 234–8, 251–2, 289

conotoxins 238–43

deadly venom 235

hunting prey 234–5, 235–7

number of species 234

protection in the wild 252, 253–4

venom collection 252–3

conodonts 180

conotoxins 237–8

chemical composition 238–9

neurological effects 239–41

therapeutic possibilities 241–3

conservation 254

Conus 234

gloriamus 219, 230–1

Conway Morris, Simon 30–1

Cook, James 209–10

coprolites 184–5

Coral Triangle 216–17, 283

corals 29, 42, 48, 110, 142

coral reefs 12–14, 18, 123, 135

Cornwall 15–17

Cowrie, Cuming’s 227

Gold Ringer 96–7

Money 61, 68, 93, 96, 97, 204

cowries 11, 17, 79

mantle 41–2

turning cowries into currency 91–8

crabs 17, 19, 53, 61, 104

hermit 18, 137–43, 286

land hermit 139–41

pea 169

Craik, David 242

Cranch, John 177, 207–8

Crassotrea 119

creation myths 80

crustaceans 26, 104

cultch 131

Cuming, Hugh 205–7, 208–9

conchology 215–16, 223–6

Coral Triangle expedition 216, 218–21

Discoverer expeditions 209, 210–15

Museum Cuming collection 226–32

currency 91–3

slave trade 93–6

cuttlefish 17, 26, 27, 43, 178, 182

coloration 76

cuttlebones 44, 267

Cuvier, Georges 193

d’Errico, Francesco 82

Dall, William Healey 143

Dance, Peter A History of Shell Collecting 227

Darwin, Charles 214, 224–5, 231

Dead Man’s Fingers 17

Descartes, René 50

dextral shells 63–7

diabetes 244

diatoms 19, 37, 106

echinoderms 26, 33, 283

ecosystems 13, 14, 18

how to probe an ecosystem 273–6

mussel beds 134–7

rebuilding oysterbeds 131–4

Eldredge, Lucius G. 61

Endean, Bob 237, 242

Ermentrout, Bard 71–2, 73–6, 231

escargots 65, 105

exoskeletons 53, 248, 264

farmed seafood 101

oyster farms 104

rope-grown mussels 103–4

‘trash fish’ 120

feet 36, 39–41, 67

Finn, Julian 201–2

Finnemore, Alex 249

food 100–5

overfishing 109–12

oyster harvesting in Gambia 112–20

poisoning outbreaks 89–90, 105–9

foraminifera 19, 257, 258

fossil record 28–33, 65–6

ammonoids 186–9

cephalopods 178–82, 192–3

Fraaije, René 137

Frembly, John 208

gastropods 26–7, 33, 35, 43

feeding on oysters 44

living with hermit crabs 142

teeth 37

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre 280

Gaydarska, Bisserka 87, 88

Gaza, Theodorus 149

geckos 48, 67, 228

genitalia 64–5, 245

Geoduck 42

geology 185–6

Gerlach, Justin 228

giant clams 18, 109–11, 288–9

giant mangrove snails 19

gills 24, 36, 39, 40, 126, 128, 130, 132, 169, 265

Gilmer, Ronald 259

Glaucus atlantica 260–1

Glory of the Sea 219–20, 230–1, 232, 288

Glowacki, Mary 90

Golding William 80

Gong, Zhenqiang 75

grave goods 11, 77–8, 79, 85–8, 89

Gray, John Edward 225, 227

Great Barrier Reef, Australia 13, 110, 237

Grimpoteuthis 43

Grimwood, Captain 209, 210–14, 218

Grotte des Pigeons, Morocco 82, 84

Harbison, Richard 259

Harries, Dan 135–6

Helioceras 187–8

hermaphroditism 64, 260

Hertz, Adolph Jacob 96–7

Hogendorn, Jan 95

Hooker, William Jackson 223

Hoso, Masaki 67

human sacrifice 90–1

Hydrobia 40

hydrothermal vents 24–5, 250–1, 264

Ibla cumingi 224–5

Ibn Battuta 93

ichthyosaurs 188

insects 23–4, 26

Ipoh, Malaysia 47–8

Janha, Fatou 112–20

Janthina 260

jewellery 77–8, 80, 89

signs of inequality 84–8

the oldest gems 82–4

Johnson, Marion 95

Kimberella 32

Kingfisher, Malachite 114

Kocot, Kevin 34–5, 36

Kohn, Alan 236–7

KOSMOS (Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for future Ocean Simulation) 273–6, 280

Kruta, Isabelle 191

Kurlansky, Mark 111

L-dopa 243–4

Laidre, Mark 141

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 193

land snails 18, 286

Landman, Neil 192

Langur, Delacour 48

Leach, William 177, 207

left-coiling shells 63–7

Lewy, Zeef 179

Liew, Thor-Seng 49, 59

Limacina helicina 269, 270

limestone formations 47–9

Limpet, Dismal 230

Slipper 126, 133–4, 267

limpets 26, 37, 40, 43, 66, 188, 286

Linnaeus, Carl 178, 209–10

Lischka, Silke 256, 257–8, 260, 261, 269–70, 272, 274–5

lobsters 19, 53, 104

Local Activation with Lateral Inhibition (LALI) 71–2

logarithmic spirals 50–2

Lord of the Flies 80

Lovell, Matilda Sophia 102

Lyell, Charles 225

Mach Bands 72

Maeder, Felicitas 152–3

Manno, Clara 270, 271

mantles 36, 41–3

building shells 51–2

patterns 69–70, 71–2, 73–4, 75, 76

marine habitats 14, 18

destruction 281

Marrocu, Ignazio 157, 160

mating 64–5

oysters 128–9

Matthew, G. F. 30

McKinley, Daniel 147–51

Meinhardt, Hans 69–72

Meinhardt, Hans 69

Melo 78

Michelson, Arnold 56–7

microsnails 48–9, 59, 62, 188, 251

Mirkhalaf, Mohammad 248

Möbius, Karl 123–4

Mollusca 19

MolluscaBase 22

molluscs 19, 21–5, 36, 233, 283–5

cooking and eating alive 104–5

feet 39–41

fossil record 28–33

number of species 22–3

ocean acidification 261–8

phylogeny 34–5

predation 61–2

shells 41–5

slime 40

teeth 37–9

what is a mollusc? 26–8

which came first, the mollusc or the shell? 33–6

monoplacophorans 27, 35

Montagu, George 206–7, 208, 214

morphospaces, theoretical 58–9

morphospecies 23, 251

mosasaurs 188

Moseley, Henry 51

mother-of-pearl 51, 247–9

Mumbles Oyster Company 127–8

murex shells 163

Musée Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 22

museums of possible creatures 54–9

Mussel Adhesive Proteins (MAPs) 243–5

Mussel, Blue 134, 147

Horse 134

mussels 16, 19, 21, 27, 39

mussel glue 243–5

nacre 51, 247–9, 250, 252

Naef, Adolf 179

Nassarius 82

gibbosulus 83–4

Natural History Museum, London 10–11, 153

Museum Cuming shell collection 226–32

Nature 262

nautilids 189–92

Nautilus, Belly-button 177

White-patch 177

nautiluses 21, 27, 176–8, 289

chambered nautiluses 44, 50–1, 176, 221

modern shell trade 221–3

nautilus cups 203–4

reproduction 222

Nelson, Horatio 153, 155

Nepinnotheres pinnothere 169

neuroscience 75–6, 240–1

Nipponites 188

Noctiluca scintillans 257

nodal gene 66

nudibranchs 18, 42

nutrient pollution 108–9

Obinautilus 193

ocean acidification 261–8

how to probe an ecosystem 273–6

sea butterflies 268–73, 274–5

why time matters 276–82

octopuses 21, 26, 27, 35, 41, 42, 76, 178, 182

argonauts 173–6

dumbo 43

intelligence 72

nautiluses 176–8

reproduction 200–1

Ocythoe antiquorum 178

cranchi 177

Odontogriphus 31–2

olive snails 39

Olivera, Baldomero 237–8, 239, 241, 242, 251, 252

Olsen, Ole Theodor 124

On Growth and Form 52–4, 55, 148

ornaments 10–11

Oster, George 71–2, 73–6, 231

Ostrea edulis 124

overfishing 18, 103, 109–12, 222

Owen, Richard 193, 199, 220–1, 225

Oyster, Mangrove 100–1, 115–16

Native 124, 126, 127–8, 129, 143–4

Pacific Rock 104, 119

Windowpane 11, 249–50, 288

oysters 27, 39, 43, 44

adventures of an oyster 128–34

European oyster beds 123–5

Mumbles oysters 122–3, 125–8, 143–4

overfishing 111–12

palm oil 96, 97

Parapuzosia 187

Parkinson’s disease 241, 243

Partula 228–9

patterns 67–8

computer models 69–72

patterns as memory 72–6

stripes 70–1

triangles 71

pearl shells 93

pearls 213, 247–8

pen shells 147–50, 163–6, 169

periostracum 25, 68

Periwinkle, Flat 16

periwinkles 16, 41

Pes, Assuntina and Giuseppina 158–60, 161, 171

Peters, Winfried 40

pigments 67–8

Pinna nobilis 146–7

plankton 19

Plectronoceras 180

Pliny the Elder 101, 169

Poli, Giuseppe Saverio 194, 198

pond snails 286

Pontonia pinnophylax 169

Portuguese Man-of-war 261

pottery 78

Power, Jeanne 194–9, 205, 264–5

Prialt 242

Prideaux, Charles 206

proboscis 42–3, 49, 234, 235

quahogs 93

radiolarians 19, 257

Radix, Big Ear 62

radula 31, 32, 33, 36, 37–8, 43, 234

Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel 178

Raup, David 54–9, 62, 63, 69, 187

rays, electric 42–3

razor clams 246–7, 286

Reeve, Lovell Augustus 229–30, 232

Rembrandt van Rijn 64

Renfrew, Colin 86

Richter, Claudio 110

Riebesell, Ulf 275–6, 278

right-coiling shells 63–7

RoboClam 246–7

Rockshell, Belligerent 136

Rumphius, Georg Eberhard 235

saccoglossans 37–8, 168–9

Sacks, Oliver 243

sacrificial objects 90–1

Safavi-Hemami, Helena 242

satsuma snails 66–7

Scallop, Cuming’s 227–8

scallops 11, 17, 27, 41, 62, 286

scaphopods 27, 28, 34, 35

Science 57

sclerites 28, 31, 33, 36, 250

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 43

scuba diving 17–18

sea anemones 17, 143

sea angels 41, 258–9, 272

sea butterflies 41, 255–60

ocean acidification 268–73, 274–5

reproduction 260

sea cucumbers 26

sea firs 135

sea slugs 18, 37–8

sea snails 24–5, 62, 286

sea squirts 26, 142, 257

sea urchins 19, 26, 58, 188, 264, 283

sea-silk 145–6, 166–7, 170–1

byssus 147–50

objects made from sea-silk 150–4

production 154–6

Project Sea-silk 152–3

weaving 156–64

seashells 9–15, 285–6

Sedgwick, Adam 184

Seeley, Harry 184–5

Séfériades, Michel Louis 87, 88

Selkirk, Alexander 210–11

Seronay, Romell 251

sexual symbolism 79–80

Shackleton, Nick 86

shamanism 88, 89–90

shell middens 99–100

shell trade 220, 287–8

nautiluses 221–3

shell trumpets 9–10, 63–4, 80–1

shell-collecting 13, 204–5, 208, 287–9

Coral Triangle expedition 216, 218–21

Discoverer expeditions 209, 210–15

modern shell trade 220, 287–9

Museum Cuming collection 226–32

shell-makers 14, 18

Shell, Flame 134–6

Noble Pen 146–7, 148, 149, 153, 156, 160, 168, 170, 171, 204

shellfish 18–19

shamanistic consumption 89–90

shipworms 44, 245

shrimps 19, 169

Singer, Peter 105

sinistral shells 63–7

siphons 42

slave trade 93–6

Sloane, Hans 152, 231

slugs 18, 21, 25, 27, 28, 40

predatory slugs 38, 49

Smith, Martin 32–3

Smith, Stephen 35, 36

Smith, William 185–6, 231

Snail, Clusterwink 45

Cooper’s Nutmeg 42–3

Geography Cone 235, 241, 242

Magician’s Cone 242

Marbled Cone 64

Purple Cone 239–40

Roman 65

Scaly-foot 250–1

Tulip Cone 242

snails 21, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40

operculum 43

raising young within the shell 44

Snake, Iwasaki’s Snail-eating 67

Solander, Daniel 209

solenogastres 28, 32, 35

Sowerby, George Brettingham 216, 229–30

Spanish Dancer 261

spirals 16, 45

spiral growth 50–4

Spondylus 61, 85–91, 93, 228

Cuming’s 228

sponges 17, 28, 85, 135, 142

squid 21, 27, 28, 41, 42, 178, 182

Squid, Colossal 181

starfish 17, 26, 43, 131, 168, 286

Starfish, Crown-of-thorns 12–13

status symbols 84–8

Steiner, Ulli 249

Steinmann, Gustav 179

Stylobates 143

Thesaurus Conchylorium 230

Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth 52–4, 55, 148

thorny oysters 61, 85

tools 78

tower shells 63

toxins 64

toxin cabals 239–40

Trampsnail, Asian 65

tributyl tin (TBT) 245

Tridacna costata 110

trilobites 29, 30, 180, 186

Triton, Giant 12–14

tritons 80, 81, 288

TRY Oyster Women’s Association 113–20

Tudge, Colin 25

tulip shells 44

Turing, Alan 71

turrid snails 38, 251–2

turtles 53

tusk shells 27, 93, 138

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 151–2, 176, 197

Vanhaeren, Marian 82

Varna, Bulgaria 77–8, 84–8

Vermeij, Geerat 59–62, 60, 66, 74

vermetid snails 136

Verne, Jules 151–2, 176, 197

vicuña 167

Vigo, Chiara 161–7, 170, 171

Villepreux-Power, Jeanne 194–9, 205, 264–5

Vinther, Jakob 35–6

Waite, Herbert 244, 245

Walcott, Charles Doolittle 29–31, 180

Whelk, Lightning 64

whelks 17, 44, 93, 102

dog whelks 82–4, 245, 286

Whittington, Harry 30

Wickett, Michael 262

Winkle, American Sting 126

Winter, Amos 246–7

Wiwaxia 30–3, 250

Wolfe, Kennedy 264

Woolmer, Andy 121, 123, 125–6, 133, 143–4

Worm, Peacock 168

worms 21, 30, 31, 142

Wrack, Knotted 16

Wrasse, Cuckoo 17

Wren, Sir Christopher 52

Zoological Journal 178

zooxanthellae 45

zu Ermgassen, Philine 132