A
abdominal aortic aneurysm repair 846
abdominal pain 6
abdominal ultrasound 411
abdominal X-ray 410, 788–792, 808
acanthocytes 237
acanthosis nigricans 100
acetaminophen poisoning 732–735
acetylcholine receptor antibodies 371
acquired, meaning 315
acromegaly 132
ACTH, basal plasma 164
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 289, 290
acute bacterial meningitis 589
acute bronchitis 23
acute delirium 7
acute kidney injury 674
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 299, 313, 319
acute myeloid leukaemia 299, 313, 319
acute pancreatitis 24
acute pericarditis 23
acute viral meningitis 589
Addison’s disease 164
adenosine, contraindications 487
adrenal antibodies 368
adrenoleukodystrophy 164
airway hyperresponsiveness 536–537
alanine transaminase 528
albumin 528
alcoholic ketoacidosis 211
aldosterone/renin ratio 150, 152
algid malaria 427
alkaline phosphatase 416–417, 528, 749
alloantibodies 311
α1-antitrypsin 529
alpha-fetoprotein 416–417, 517
α-naphthyl acetate esterase 298, 299
alpha rhythm 614
alpha-thalassaemia 282
amiodarone 183
ammonium chloride loading test 668
amniotic fluid 404
amobarbital test 631
amyloidosis 350
anabolic steroid screen 423
dimorphic 746
hereditary haemolytic 266
hypochromic 245
investigation algorithm 521
microcytic hypochromic 10, 11, 746
normocytic normochromic 10, 11, 746
pernicious 11
anal specimens 403
anaphylactoid reactions 12
anaphylaxis 12
aneuploidy 315
arch 594
cerebral 856
magnetic resonance 444, 603, 785, 829
neurology 594
urinary tract 811
angio-oedema 12
anion gap acidosis 211, 665–666, 720
anorectal manometry 527
anorectal specimens 403
anorexia 13
anterior pituitary function test 218
anti-adrenal antibodies 164
anti-amphiphysin antibodies 637
anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies 371
antibacterial antibodies 338–339
antibiotic allergy 422
antibiotic plasma concentration monitoring 422
antibiotic sensitivity 392–394
anti-CAR antibodies 637
anti-centromere antibodies 751
anticonvulsant poisoning 710–711
anti-CRMP5 antibodies 637
anti-CV2 antibodies 637
anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies 750
anti-DNA antibody 751
anti-ganglioside antibodies 371
anti-GBM disease 372
antigen tests 400
antiglobulin test 308
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies 698
anti-histone antibodies 361, 751
anti-21 hydroxylase antibodies 164
anti-Ki antibodies 361
anti-Ku antibodies 361
anti-M2 antibodies 363
Anti-Ma2 antibodies 637
anti-Mi-2 antibodies 361
antimitochondrial antibodies 363, 529
antimony poisoning 701
anti-neuronal antibodies 371
anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies 371
antineutrophil antibodies 311
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 372, 698, 751–752
antinuclear antibodies 356, 529, 750–751
anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies 373
antiphospholipid antibodies 362, 751
anti-PLA-2 antibodies 373
antiplatelet antibodies 311
anti-Pm-Scl (PM1) antibodies 361
anti-Scl-70 antibodies 361, 751
anti-SLA antibodies 364
anti-Sm antibodies 361, 364, 529, 751
anti-SS-A antibodies 361
anti-SS-B antibodies 361
anti-Ta antibodies 637
antithrombin 295
anti-TPO antibodies 180–181, 366
anti-Tr antibodies 637
anti-TSH receptor antibodies 180–181, 184
anti-U1-RNP antibodies 361
anuria 14
anxiety 7
aortic regurgitation 462
aortic root dilatation 458
aortography 594
apparent mineralocorticoid excess 154
appendicectomy 634
arch angiography 594
arginine–growth hormone-releasing hormone test 217
ARMS PCR 282
arrhythmias 82
arsenic poisoning 701
arterial blood gas sampling 416–417, 538–539, 707
arthrocentesis 754
arthrography, image-guided 854
arthroscopy 754
ascending urethrography 810
ascitic fluid 534
aspirin poisoning 736
asplenia 339
atrial fibrillation 472
atrial flutter 472
atrial masses 467
atrial myxoma 467
atrial septal defects 469
atrioventricular block 474–475
atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia 473
autoantibodies 311, 371, 750–752
autoimmune hepatitis 364
autoimmune polyglandular syndromes 368
autoimmune skin disease 370
autoimmunity 354
automatic intracardiac defibrillation device 784
avascular necrosis, femoral head 838
axonal neuropathy 607
B
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 313, 319
bacterial antibody tests 399
bacterial antigen tests 400
bacterial overgrowth 523
Baermann concentration technique 412
basophilic stippling 237
benzodiazepine overdose 712
beta-2-microglobulin 346
beta rhythm 614
beta-thalassaemia 282
bicarbonate 664
bicarbonate infusion test 669
bile salt deconjugation studies 956
bile salt malabsorption 519
biliary colic 24
biliary system drainage 844–845
biohazard levels (1–4) 402–403
biopsy
brain 633
GI tract 412
lymph node 419
meningeal 633
ocular 421
pericardial 421
rectal 634
TB 427
temporal artery 38
transiliac bone 695
BiPLEDs 615
birch pollen allergy 375
bismuth poisoning 701
bite cells 237
bleeding time 287
blindness 117
blood glucose, self-testing 204, 205
blood products, bacterial contamination 304, 308
blood specimens 404
blood toxicology 700
bacterial contamination of blood products 304, 308
HLA-related issues 321
body mass index (BMI) 79
bone biopsy 695
bone lysis 861
bone marrow examination 296–297, 408
bone marrow scintigraphy 872
bone scintigraphy (scan) 762, 868–870
bone sclerosis 861
bowel biopsy 412
bowel cancer screening 507
bowel habit 9
Bowel Scope Screening Programme 507
brain biopsy 633
brain transporter imaging 876–877
brainstem auditory evoked potentials 624–626
brainstem death 706
branched-chain DNA 407
broad-complex tachycardia 110
bronchitis 23
bronchoalveolar lavage 419
Bruce protocol 483
bruising 20
bullous pemphigoid 370
Burkitt’s lymphoma 319
burr cells 237
burst suppression 615
C
11C-choline/18F-fluorocholine PET/CT 902, 905
C-reactive protein 348, 349, 416–417, 744, 745
C1 esterase inhibitor 352
C3 nephritic factor 354
CA 19-9 517
cadmium poisoning 701
caeruloplasmin 529
calcium pyrophosphate disease 43, 757
calf swelling 21
caloric testing 646
cancer antigen 125 (Ca-125) 416–417, 517
cannabis 713
cannon waves 70
captopril renography 928
carbamazepine toxicity 710
carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) 517
carbohydrate malabsorption 522
carbon monoxide poisoning 714–715
carcinoembryonic antigen 517
cardiac arrhythmias 82
cardiac catheterization 436–439
cardiac magnetic resonance 442–448, 785
cardiac masses 467
cardiac volumetric imaging 442–448
carotid ultrasound 592
CASPR2 antibodies 638
casts 685
cellular casts 685
cellular function assays 378–379
cellulose acetate 272
central cyanosis 31
central venous access 843
central venous lines 784
cerebellar herniation 587
cerebellar nystagmus 77
cerebral angiography 856
cerebral blood flow imaging 874, 875
cerebrospinal fluid 404, 418, 585, 588
cerebrospinal fluid shunt patency 878, 879
cerebrovascular accident 858
cerebrovascular disease 592
cervical lymphadenopathy 72
cervical spinal imaging 836
cervical swab 403
chest tubes 784
chest X-ray 410, 770–772, 774–779
chloride
plasma 664
urine 672
chloroacetate esterase 298, 299
cholecystitis 24
chorionic villus sampling 316–317
chromium poisoning 701
chromogranin A 525
chromosome abnormalities 314
chromosome anatomy 317
chronic kidney disease, classification 654–656
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 313
chronic myeloid leukaemia 319
Chvostek’s sign 190
citrate agar 272
citrate excretion 687
CK-MB 441
CKD-EPI equation 652
clonality assessment 313
clubbing 25
coagulation cascade 288
coagulation studies 408
cocaine 716
Cockcroft and Gault formula 652
cold agglutinins 408
collapsing pulse 94
colonic polypectomy 500
colour Doppler 454
colour vision 423
combined anterior pituitary function test 218
combined arginine–growth hormone-releasing hormone test 217
complete blood count 228
compound motor action potential 608
computed tomography (CT) 824–826
biopsy guidance 411
colonoscopy 411
intravenous pyelogram 411
rheumatology 762
urinary tract 810
venography 599
congenital heart disease 468–469
conscious sedation 846
constitutional, meaning 315
constrictive pericarditis 467
continuous glucose monitoring systems 205
continuous-wave Doppler 453
contrast agents, adverse reaction 862
contrast echocardiography 454
contrast nephropathy 690
Coombs’ test 308
corneal arcus 57
coronary computed tomography angiography 784
creatinine phosphokinase 416–417
Crithidia assay 358
cryofibrinogen 345
crystals 685
CT colonoscopy 411
CT-guided biopsy 411
CT intravenous pyelogram 411
CT venography 599
cyanide poisoning 717
cyanosis 31
cystatin C 655
cystine excretion 687
cystometry 630
haematological malignancies 318–319
cytokines 414
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor assay 321
D
D-xylose absorption test 413, 522
DEC test 422
deep vein thrombosis 21
delayed transfusion reactions 306
deletion 315
delirium 7
delta rhythm 614
demyelinating neuropathy 607
dental radiography 410
dentarubropallidoluysian atrophy 643
dermatitis herpetiformis 370
desamino D -arginyl vasopressin trial 222
Devic’s disease 371
dexamethasone-suppressed CRH test 143, 223
dexamethasone suppression test
diabetes mellitus
flatbush 201
genetically inherited 203
laboratory assessment of control 206–208
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults 200–203
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 201
screening 199
unusual causes 202
diabetic nephropathy 658
dialysis catheter 784
diaphragm 775
diethylcarbamazine 422
differential white cell count 232, 414
diffusion tensor imaging 603
digital radiology 769
digital subtraction angiography 841–843
dimercaptosuccinic acid imaging 924, 927
dimorphic RBCs 236
diploid 315
direct antiglobulin test 308
direct ophthalmoscopy 423
disseminated intravascular coagulation 291
distal motor latency 607
dobutamine, contraindications 487
dobutamine stress echocardiography 459
donor/recipient compatibility 321
Doppler studies 411, 453–454, 593, 816–818
double-stranded DNA antibodies 358
driving
dizziness/syncope 35
first fit 41
drug allergy testing 377
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 763
Duke treadmill score 484
duodenal biopsy 412
duplication 315
dysarthria 36
dysphagia 37
dysphasia 36
E
ear swab 403
echocardiography 411, 422, 450–469
ectopic gastric mucosa 936, 939
edrophonium test 631
Eisenmenger’s syndrome 31, 468–469
ejaculate 404
ejection click 54
ejection fraction 458
elbow ossification centres 863
electrocardiogram (ECG) 422, 470–476
electroencephalogram (EEG) 423, 612, 614–620
electromyogram (EMG) 423, 610–611, 630
electrophoresis
elliptocytes 236
EMA binding test 268
empyema 420
endocrine autoantibodies 368
endomysial antibodies 369
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 410, 500, 508, 802
endoscopic ultrasound 509
endotracheal tubes 782
enteroscopy 504
enterotest 412
enzyme-linked assay 358
eosinophilia 747
epicardial pacing wire 784
epigastric pain 6
epiphyseal plate fractures 863
Epworth sleepiness scale 542
Epworth test 542
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 252, 348, 408, 744, 745
erythroenzymopathies 331
erythropoietin assay 310
ethylene glycol poisoning 720–722
event monitor 478
exercise testing 482–485, 544–545
exhaled nitric oxide fraction 546–547
external loop recorder 478
extractable antinuclear antigen antibodies 360, 361, 751
F
18F-fluoride PET/CT 904–905, 907
F wave 608
facial pain 38
factor H 354
factor I 354
faecal antigen test 512
faecal calprotectin 516
faecal chymotrypsin 524
faecal fat, 3-day 522
faecal immunochemical test 515
faecal incontinence 60
faecal lactoferrin 516
Fairley test 681
falciparum malaria 241
familial apo C-II deficiency 214
familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia 188–189
familial combined hyperlipidaemia 212–215
familial dysbeta-lipoproteinaemia 214
familial hypercholesterolaemia 212–215
familial hyperlipoproteinaemias 214
familial hypertriglyceridaemia 214
familial LPL deficiency 214
Farr assay 358
fasting blood test 196
fat malabsorption 522
febrile transfusion reactions 305
femoral head, avascular necrosis 838
fertility problems 168
fetal haemoglobin 280
FEV1/FVC ratio 569
fever of unknown origin 39, 424–434
FGF-23 694
fibreoptic bronchoscopy 548–550
fibrin degradation products 408
fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23) 694
Fibroscan® 531
first-degree AV block 474
first-pass cardiac studies 912
flash-evoked visual evoked potentials 622
flatbush diabetes 201
flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy 500, 506–507
fluorescent in situ hybridization 328–329
foreign bodies 403
fractional excretion of phosphate 662
fractional excretion of sodium 675
fractional excretion of urate 663
fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate 662–663
fracture
epiphyseal plate 863
healing in children 863
pelvis 838
skull 861
terminology 850
fragile X 643
fragmented RBCs 236
Fredrickson classification 215
free light chains 344
Friedreich’s ataxia 643
frontal lobe syndrome 7
fructosamine assay 208
full blood count 228
functional iron deficiency 246
functional residual capacity 572
fungal antibody tests 399
fungal antigen tests 400
fungal culture 395
fungal meningitis 589
G
68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT 898–899, 901
GABABR antibodies 638
gadolinium-based contrast media 690
gamma globulins 748
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase 416–417, 528
ganglionopathies 607
gastric biopsy 412
gastric emptying 527, 932, 937
gastric parietal cell antibodies 365
gastrointestinal bleeding 930, 933
gastrointestinal physiology 526–527
gastrointestinal tract 412–413
gastro-oesophageal disease 22
genetic risk factors 644
genital ulcers 403
gestational thyrotoxicosis 184
gingival specimens 403
glandular fever 254
Glasgow Coma Score 26
gliadin antibodies 369
global left ventricular systolic function 458
glomerular filtration rate 655, 656, 952
glucagon 795
glucose dipstick testing 677
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) 409
assays 270
deficiency 331
glycaemic control 204–205, 206–208
L-glycerate 687
glycolate 687
glycolytic defects 331
GlyR antibodies 638
Goodpasture’s syndrome 372
GPI-linked proteins 286
granular casts 685
Graves’ disease 182
growth hormone excess 132
Guillain–Barré syndrome 371, 589
gynaecological imaging 822
H
H wave 608
haematemesis 46
haematocrit 231
haemoglobin
A2 280
abnormalities 271
fetal 280
mean cell 231
mean cell concentration 231
neonatal screen 279
normal adult 272
plasma 264
reticulocyte content 231
reticulocyte mean cell 231
rheumatology 746
structural variants 271
urine dipstick testing 677
haemolysis 256
haemolytic anaemia 255
hereditary 266
haemolytic complement 353
haemoptysis 48
haemorrhage
lumbar puncture 587
retinal 97
splinter 64
subarachnoid 589
haemosiderin 244
hair samples 420
hand muscle wasting 118
haploid 315
Heaf test 422
heart rate 471
heat-damaged red cell imaging 940
helminthic antibody tests 399
helminthic antigen tests 400
hepatitis, autoimmune 364
hepatitis A 530
hepatitis B 396, 397, 398, 530
hepatitis C 530
hepatitis D 397
hepatitis E 530
hepatobiliary scintigraphy 938, 940
hepatomegaly 55
hepatosplenic scintigraphy 942, 944
hereditary elliptocytosis 268
hereditary pyropoikilocytosis 268
hereditary spherocytosis 268
hereditary stomatocytosis 268
herpes gestationis 370
herpes simplex encephalitis 589
herpes zoster 56
heterophile antibodies 254
high-dose dexamethasone suppression test 144–145, 224
high-performance liquid chromatography 273
high-resolution computed tomography 786, 787
high vaginal swab 403
hila 778
histoplasmin test 422
HLA-B27 752
Holter monitor 478
hot stools 412
Howell–Jolly bodies 237
Hughes’ syndrome 362
human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing 320–321, 414
Huntington’s disease 643
hyaline casts 685
hybridization with nuclei acid probes 407
hydrogen breath test 523
5-hydroxyindole acetic acid 525
hyoscine butylbromide 795
hyperaldosteronism 150, 151, 152, 153–154
hypergammaglobulinaemia 335
hyperosmolar non-ketotic (HONK) syndrome 210–211
hypochromic red cells 231, 236
hypogammaglobulinaemia 334–335
hypogonadism 174
hypopigmentation 100
hyposplenic film 237
hypothalamic dysfunction 128
hysterosalpingogram 822
I
IgD 340
IgE
specific (RAST) 376
total 374
IL-28R polymorphisms 414
ileal conduit specimens 680
immunoglobulins 334–335, 529, 696–698
immunohaematology 311
immunology 396–399, 414, 696–698
immunophenotyping 286, 312–313
impaired fasting glucose 195, 197
impaired glucose tolerance 195, 197
impotence 174
‘in–out’ catheter urine specimens 680
incontinence
faecal 60
urinary 61
indirect antiglobulin test 308
indirect ophthalmoscopy 423
infectious disease 382–387, 388–389
infective endocarditis 64, 425–427, 466
inferior petrosal sinus sampling 144–145
infertility 168
inflammatory bowel disease 516
INR 288
insertable cardiac monitor 478
inspiratory capacity 572
insulin antibodies 367
insulin receptor antibodies 367
insulin tolerance (stress) test 216–217
international normalized ratio (INR) 288
interstitial lung disease 787
interventional radiology 844–848
intestinal transit studies 527
intra-aortic balloon pump 784
intracranial calcification 861
intracranial pressure, raised 861
intra-ocular fluids 404
intravenous cholangiography 802
intravenous urogram 410, 808–810
intrinsic factor antibodies 365
inversion 315
iodine 183
iron deficiency, functional 246
iron deficiency anaemia 244–247
iron overload 247
ischaemic forearm exercise test 641
ischaemic lactate test 641
islet cell antibodies 367
isoelectric focusing 272
J
J wave 476
Janeway lesions 64
jejunal aspirate 523
jerk nystagmus 77
Jod–Basedow effect 183
joint pain/swelling 68
joint replacements 851
K
kaolin cephalin clotting time 289
ketones 678
ketonuria 204
kidney disease, classification 654–656
Kirschner wires (K-wires) 850
Kleihauer test 309
koilonychia 10
L
L-glycerate 687
labelled leucocyte imaging 944–945
labelled red cell imaging 930, 933
lactose hydrogen test 522
lactose tolerance test 522
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome 371
lamotrigine toxicity 710
laparoscopy 412
laryngeal swab 403
late-night salivary cortisol test 143
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults 200–203
latex allergy 375
lead exposure and poisoning 701, 726
left atrial dilatation 457–459
left iliac fossa pain 6
left iliac fossa swelling 5
left-shifted 243
left upper quadrant pain 6
left upper quadrant swelling 5
left ventricular diastolic function 459, 460
left ventricular dilatation 457–459
left ventricular hypertrophy 457–459
left ventricular systolic function 458
leucocyte alkaline phosphatase 300
leukaemia
immunophenotyping 313
karyotyping 319
leukocyturia 684
LGI1 antibodies 638
libido loss 174
ligase chain reaction 407
lithium poisoning 701, 728–729
liver biopsy 412, 418–419, 532–533
liver function tests 416–417, 528–531, 748
loa loa 241
loin pain-haematuria syndrome 71
long (depot) ACTH test 164, 225
low-dose dexamethasone suppression test 143, 223
lumbar spinal imaging 837
lung cancer 23
lung permeability studies 920
lymph node sampling 419
lymphocyte function 380
lymphocyte surface markers 378
lymphocytes, atypical 243
lymphocytosis 747
lymphoma, karyotyping 319
lymphopenia 747
lytic complement function tests 353
M
macrocytic RBCs 236
macrophage function 380
magnesium, urine 673
magnetic resonance angiography 444, 603, 785, 829
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography 410, 802–803
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 828–834
infection 410
musculoskeletal system 851
paediatric brain 859
pelvis 822
perfusion imaging 830
urinary tract 810
magnetic resonance spectroscopy 603–604
magnetic resonance venography 603
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 320–321
malignant meningitis 589
manganese poisoning 701
Mantoux test 422
marijuana 713
mass units 740
mast cell tryptase 377
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 201
maximum expiratory flow–volume curve 554
Mazzotti test 422
MCV index 230
mean cell haemoglobin 231
mean cell haemoglobin concentration 231
Meckel’s diverticulum 518, 936, 939
medicolegal samples 702
mega-oesophagus 797
MEN-1/MEN-2 189
meningeal biopsy 633
meningitic illness 430–432, 589
mercury poisoning 701
meta-idiobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging 884–887
metabolic acidosis 707
metabolic alkalosis 707
metabolic coma 27
metal analysis 701
methacholine challenge 536–537
methaemalbumin 265
methaemoglobinaemia 730
metoclopramide 795
metyrapone test 146
mGluR1 antibodies 638
mGluR5 antibodies 638
microcytic RBCs 236
micturating cystourethrogram 810
micturition urgency 114
midstream urine sample 680
mid-systolic click 54
Miller–Fisher syndrome 371
mineralocorticoid excess 152, 154
minimum inhibitory concentration 392–394
mitral stenosis 463
mitral valve prolapse 23
Mobitz type I block 474
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula 650–651
molar units 740
molecular cytogenetics 318–319
monoclonal antibodies 313
monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens 311
monosomy 315
motor conduction velocity 606–607
motor unit potentials 611
MR angiography 444, 603, 785, 829
MR cholangiopancreatography 410, 802–803
MR venography 603
mu rhythm 614
mugwort pollen allergy 375
multigated radionuclide angiography (MUGA) scan 910–911
multiple sclerosis
autoantibodies 371
evoked potentials 626
imaging 858
multiple sleep latency test 621
musculoskeletal chest pain 22, 24
musculoskeletal imaging 850–851
myasthenia gravis 371
myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies 371
myelin basic protein antibodies 371
myelodysplastic syndrome 319
myelography 595
myocardial infarction 23
myocardial ischaemia 22, 23, 484
myocardial necrosis markers 440–441
myocardial perfusion imaging 486–489, 906–908
myotonia 611
myotonic dystrophy 643
N
narcotics screen 423
narrow-complex tachycardia 110
nasal specimens 403
nasogastric tubes 782
National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme 507
natural killer cell function 380
neck stiffness 76
Nelson’s syndrome 100
neonatal haemoglobin screening 279
nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 690
nephrolithiasis 691
nephrotic syndrome 658
nerve conduction studies 423, 606–608
neuroendocrine tumours 525
neurological autoantibodies 371
neuromyelitis optica 371
neuronal surface antibody antibodies 638
neurosyphilis 589
neutropenia 747
neutrophil alkaline phosphatase 300–301
neutrophil function 380
neutrophilia 747
Nijmegen questionnaire 556–557
NMDAR antibodies 638
non-Hodgkin lymphoma 319
nuclear medicine 866
nucleic acid sequence-based amplification 407
O
obstructive uropathy 692
ocular biopsy 421
oedema, peripheral 87
oesophageal biopsy 412
oesophageal manometry 526, 527
oesophagogastroduodenoscopy 500, 502, 503
oligoclonal bands 635
oliguria 81
opening snap 54
ophthalmic specimens 403, 404, 421
ophthalmoscopy 423
opioid poisoning 731
oral allergy 375
oral bowel cleansing 501
oral glucose tolerance test 197–198
organ donation 706
orthopantomogram 410
Osler’s nodes 64
osmolal gap 720
osmotic fragility test 268–269
osteitis fibrosa cystica 188
osteoarthritis 757
osteoporosis 763
ostium primum ASD 469
ostium secundum ASD 469
oxalate crystals 721
oxalate excretion 687
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve 539
P
P wave 474
PABA test 524
pacemakers 784
packed cell volume 231
Paget’s disease 757
palpitations 82
pancreatic exocrine function 524
pancreatic malabsorption 522
pancreatitis 24
pancreolauryl test 524
paralytic ileus 791
paranasal sinus aspirates 421
paraneoplastic antibodies 637–638
parathyroid scintigraphy 882–883
parietal cell 250
paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria 286
partial thromboplastin time with kaolin 289
patent ductus arteriosus 31
pattern-evoked visual evoked potentials 622
PEG placement 500
Pelger–Huët anomaly 243
pemphigus 370
pencil cells 236
peptic ulcer disease 24
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 802
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 841–843
perfusion imaging 830
pericardial biopsy 421
pericardial fluid 404
pericardial pain 22
pericarditis
acute 23
constrictive 467
perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 516
periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) 615
peripheral blood film 234–235, 408
peripheral CRH test 146
peripheral cyanosis 31
peripheral neuropathy 86
peripheral oedema 87
periumbilical pain 6
pernicious anaemia 11
PET/CT 411
11C-choline/18F-fluorocholine 902, 905
68Ga-DOTA-peptide 898–899, 901
petechiae 88
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome 100
pH
GI monitoring 526
urine dipstick testing 676
pharyngeal specimens 403
phenytoin toxicity 711
phosphate 749
phosphate reabsorption 662–663
picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) 769
pituitary fossa enlargement 861
plain X-rays 768
dental 410
plasma ACTH 164
plasma bicarbonate 664
plasma chloride 664
plasma haemoglobin 264
plasma viscosity 253
plasma volume 955
platelet adhesion 292
platelet aggregation 292
platelet clumping 233
platelet distribution width 233
platelet function tests 292–293
platelet immunofluorescence tests 311
platelet morphology 292
platelet release 293
plethora 89
pleural tumour 23
pleurisy 23
pleuritic pain 22
pneumococcal pneumonia 429–430
pneumomediastinum 776
pollen–fruit syndrome 375
polychromatic RBCs 236
polycystic ovary syndrome 166
polycythaemia 89
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 324–326, 407
polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 473
porphyrias 331
positron emission tomography 596–597, 762–763, 894–897
post-mortem toxicology 702
postpartum thyroiditis 184, 187
postural proteinuria 659
potassium
urine 672
PR interval 474
precocious puberty 179
pre-diabetes 197
pregnancy
hyperthyroidism 184
hypothyroidism 187
procalcitonin 417
prostate-specific membrane antigen 900, 903
prosthetic heart valves 54, 466
prosthetic joints 851
protein, urine dipstick testing 677
protein C 295
protein S 295
prothrombin time (PT) 288, 290, 528
protozoal antibody tests 399
protozoal antigen tests 400
protozoal culture 395
pruritus 91
pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome 142–143
pseudo-gout 43
pseudohyperkalaemia 670
pseudohypokalaemia 671
pseudohyponatraemia 138
pseudohypoparathyroidism 190
pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 190
pseudo-seizures 41
psoriatic arthritis 757
psychogenic limb weakness 629
psychosis 7
ptosis 92
puberty
precocious 179
pulmonary artery catheterization 492–493
pulmonary function tests 423
pulmonary hypertension 461
pulmonary regurgitation 465–466
pulmonary stenosis 465
pulmonary trunk dilatation 458
pulmonary tuberculosis 23
pulse oximetry 566
pulsed-wave Doppler 453
pulsus alternans 94
pulsus bigeminus 94
pulsus bisferiens 94
pulsus paradoxus 94
pure tone audiometry 646
Purkinje cell antibodies 371
purpura 95
pus 405
pyrexia of uncertain origin 39, 424–434
Q
Q waves 475
QRS axis 474
QRS complex 475
QT interval 476
R
radiation dose 767
radiofrequency ablation 846–847
radiographs, see plain X-rays
radiology information systems (RIS) 769
radionuclide ventriculography 490–491, 910–911
ragweed pollen allergy 375
rapid urease test 513
Rasmussen’s encephalitis 371
RAST tests 376
reactive arthritis 752
recruitment 611
rectal biopsy 634
recurrent infections 335
recurrent thrombosis 96
red cell count 230
red cell distribution width 231
red cell enzyme assays 270
red cell membrane disorders 268–269, 331
red cell parameters 230–231, 409
red cell survival studies 954
red cell volume 955
regional left ventricular systolic function 458
renal artery stenosis 150, 691
renal transplant dysfunction 692
renal tubular function 662–663
renography
captopril 928
repetitive nerve stimulation 608
residual volume 572
respiratory acidosis 707
respiratory alkalosis 707
restriction fragment length polymorphisms 407
reticulin R1 antibodies 369
reticulocyte count 258–259, 409
reticulocyte haemoglobin content 231
reticulocyte mean cell haemoglobin 231
retinal haemorrhage 97
retrograde pyelography 811
rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn 309
rheumatoid arthritis 757
rhonchi 120
right atrial dilatation 458
right atrial pressure 461
right heart function 459
right iliac fossa pain 6
right iliac fossa swelling 5
right-shifted 243
right-to-left shunt 31, 468–469
right upper quadrant pain 6
right upper quadrant swelling 5
right ventricular dilatation 458
right ventricular hypertrophy 458
rigors 97
rod cells 236
Roth spots 64
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies 516
sacroiliitis 838
salicylate poisoning 736
saliva 405
salivary gland scintigraphy 950, 951
Salter–Harris classification 863
Schilling test 250
Schumm’s test 265
scintomammography 892
SDS-PAGE 268
second-degree AV block 474
secretin test 524
selenium poisoning 701
Sellotape® strip test 412
semen 404
sensory ataxia 15
sensory conduction velocity 606
sensory evoked potentials 622–626
sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) 606
sentinel node imaging 890, 895
sequencing 407
serology 396
serum amyloid A 348
serum bilirubin 261
serum caeruloplasmin 529
serum calcium 748
serum complement components 351
serum copper 529
serum electrophoresis 342–343, 696–698
serum free light chains 344
serum haptoglobins 260
serum immunofixation 342
serum Na+ 417
serum parathyroid hormone 749
serum urea 654
short ACTH (Synacthen®) test 162, 225, 417
sigmoidoscopy 412, 500, 506–507
silhouette sign 780
single-fibre electromyogram 611
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 596–597, 886, 889
sinoatrial node rhythms 472–474
sinus tachycardia 110
sinus venosus ASD 469
skin autoimmune disease 370
skin specimens 403
sleep stages 621
slit lamp 423
slow rising pulse 94
small bowel absorption 522
small bowel follow-through 800–801
smear cells 243
sodium-retaining states 675
sodium-wasting states 675
somatosensory evoked potentials 622–624
somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT 898–899, 901
South East Asian ovalocytosis 268
specific gravity 678
sphincter disturbance 630
sphincter of Oddi manometry 526
spinal imaging 599–600, 836–837
spinobulbar muscular atrophy 643
spinocerebellar atrophy 643
spiral CTPA 411
splenic aspiration 421
splenic dysfunction 414
splenomegaly 102
splenunculi 940
splinter haemorrhages 64
‘spot’ urine tests 686
ST-elevation MI (STEMI) 475
ST-segment 475
Stamey–Meares test 681
static cortical renography 924, 927
steatorrhoea 103
STEMI 475
stiff person syndrome 371
stress echocardiography 459
stridor 104
subarachnoid haemorrhage 589
superwarfarin overdose 739
suprapubic aspiration of urine 680
suprapubic pain 6
supraventricular arrhythmias 82
surface specimens 403
sutural widening 861
swallowing problems 37
sweating 109
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone 138–140, 675
systemic lupus erythematosus 360
T
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 313, 319
T-cell subsets 414
T wave 475
T3 toxicosis 182
target cells 236
teardrop RBCs 236
temporal artery biopsy 38
temporal (giant) cell arteritis 117, 592
temporal lobe epilepsy 8
Tensilon® test 631
tertiary hyperparathyroidism 189
testosterone
low 174
thalassaemia 271, 276, 282–283, 330
thallium poisoning 701
theophylline poisoning 737
therapeutic embolization 841–843
thermodilution method 492
theta rhythm 614
third-degree AV block 475
thoracic aortic dissection 23
thoracic spinal imaging 837
3-day faecal fat 522
throat specimens 403
thrombin clotting time 290
thrombocytosis 747
thrombolytic therapy 842
thrombosis, recurrent 96
thyroid autoantibodies 180–181
thyroid function tests 180–181
thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies 180–181, 366
thyroid-stimulating hormone 180–181
thyroid storm 184
tidal volume 572
Tine test 422
tinnitus 112
tiredness 113
tissue transglutaminase antibodies 369
total lung capacity 572
toxic granulation 243
toxic metabolic encephalopathies 619
toxicology 700–701, 702, 704–705
toxin tests 412
trace element analysis 701
transcranial Doppler 593
transcranial magnetic stimulation 628–629
transcription-mediated amplification 407
transfer factor 582
transferrin 244
transferrin receptor 244
transferrin saturation 529
transient elastography 531
transient hypothyroidism 187
transiliac bone biopsy 695
transjugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunt 846
translocation 315
transoesophageal echocardiography 454–457
transthoracic echocardiography 454–457
tricuspid regurgitation 464–465
tricuspid stenosis 464
tricyclic antidepressant poisoning 738
trisomy 315
Troisier’s sign 62
tropical disease diagnosis 388–389
Trousseau’s sign 190
trypanosome 241
tuberculosis skin tests 422
tuberculous meningitis 589
tubular proteinuria 659
tubular urate handling 663
tumour markers 517
24h urinary copper excretion 529
24h urinary-free cortisol collections 143
24h urine collections 687
two glass test 680
U
U wave 476
UK Haemoglobinopathy Reference Laboratory 283
abdominal 411
breast 814
cholangiography 802
endoscopic 509
gynaecology 822
urinary tract 810
uncal herniation 587
urea 654
urea breath test 413, 512, 953
urethral specimens 403
urethritis 432
urgency 114
uric acid 748
urinary chloride 672
urinary citrate 687
urinary cystine 687
urinary glycolate 687
urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid 525
urinary incontinence 61
urinary L-glycine 687
urinary light chains (BJ proteins) 344, 660
urinary magnesium 673
urinary oxalate 687
urinary oxalate crystals 721
urinary potassium 672
urinary system drainage 844
urinary tract radiology 808–811
urine dipstick testing 676–678
urine electrophoresis 342–343, 344
urine glucose testing 204
urine microscopy 681–682, 684–685
urine toxicology 700
urobilin 262
urobilinogen 262
urodynamics 630
uroflowmetry 630
urticaria 115
V
vaginal specimens 403
valproate toxicity 710
valvular heart disease 461–466
vascular catheterization 842
vascular interventions 840–842
vasculitic syndromes 116, 372–373
vasoactive peptides and amines 525
vegetations 64
ventilation/perfusion imaging 914–916
ventricular arrhythmias 82
ventricular fibrillation 473
ventricular masses 467
ventricular septal defects 469
ventricular tachycardia 473
vesico-ureteric reflux 71
vestibular ataxia 15
vestibular nystagmus 77
VGCC antibodies 638
viral antibody tests 397
viral antigen tests 400
viral culture 394
viral haemorrhagic fever 431
Virchow’s triad 96
virtual colonoscopy 807
visual evoked potentials 622
visual loss 117
vital capacity 572
vitamin D 417
vitiligo 100
W
Wada test 631
waist girth 79
warfarin overdose 739
water deprivation test 220–221
waxy broad casts 685
weight loss 119
wheeze 120
white cell casts 685
whole body plethysmography 572–574
whole genome sequencing 644
wireless capsule endoscopy 412, 510
Wolff–Chaikoff effect 183
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 474
word salad 36
X
X-rays, see plain X-rays
xanthelasmata 57
xanthomata 57
Z
zinc poisoning 701
zinc protoporphyrin 726