ablation, 238
absorption, explanation of, 74
activity, 84
activity coefficients, 84, 85, 98, 100–102, 104, 106, 107, 110
Alfvén, Hannes, 199
alloys, explanation of, 127–129
amorphous/noncrystalline solids
atomic-scale structure of, 171–175
and distinction between crystalline solids, 165–168
preparation of, 168–171
properties and applications of, 176–183
Ampère, André-Marie, 199
Andrews, Thomas, 21
anisotropy, 57
Arrhenius, Svante August, 108, 109
Arthur, John Read, 150
associated and solvated solutions, explanation of, 106–108
athermal solutions, explanation of, 95, 105–106
atomic weight, explanation of, 80
Avogadro, Amedeo, 25
Avogadro’s number, 17, 18, 25, 80, 81, 104
azeotrope, 85
binary crystals, 120, 125–127, 128, 138–139, 140, 146, 149
birefringence, 153
Bohm, David, 199
boiling point, explanation of, 63, 83
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 42
Boltzmann equation, 52, 53, 54
Boltzmann’s constant, 42
Boyle’s law, 24–25
Bragg diffraction peaks, 188, 190
Bridgman, Percy Williams, 149
Bridgman method, 149
buckminsterfullerene, 243
cations, 127, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141
Chapman, Sydney, 37, 49, 50, 52
Charles, Jacques-Alexandre-César, 25
Charles’s law, 25
chemical vapour deposition, 150
chromosphere, 220–221
Clapeyron equation, 63–64
Clusius, Klaus, 37
clusters
chemical properties of, 250–253
comparison with bulk matter, 231–235, 246–248, 250
comparison with molecules, 235
computer simulation of behaviour, 239–240
electric, magnetic, and optical properties of, 248–250
with icosahedral structures, 241–242
ionization and sorting of, 238–239
liquid and solid phases, 246–248
network structures, 243–245
preparation of, 237–238
of simple metal atoms, 242–243
coexistence curve, 247–248
colligative properties of solutions, 86–90, 109
collision rate of gas molecules, 13–14
composition ratios of solutions, 79–82
condensation, 6, 20, 21, 24, 54, 58, 62, 78, 85, 112, 113, 166, 169, 170, 237
condensed phase rule, 6
conduction electrons, 140
continuous rotational symmetry, 153
corresponding states, principle of, 22, 64
covalent bonds, 116, 117, 123, 135, 137–140, 141, 142, 144, 229, 230, 231
covalent crystals, 116
critical point, 20, 21, 22, 60, 62, 63, 64–67
critical temperature, 19, 20, 21, 22, 63, 64, 66
crystalline solids/crystals
categories of, 119
defects in, 129–131
and distinction between amorphous/noncrystalline solids, 165–168
explanation of, 115
growth of, 144–152
structure of, 120–135
types of atomic bonds found in, 116, 135–144
crystal pulling, 147–149
cyclotron resonance, 207
Czochralski, Jan, 147
Dalton’s law of partial pressures, 27, 39, 42
Debye, Peter, 110
Debye-Hückel theory, 110
dendritic growth, 152
Dickel, Gerhard, 37
diffusion coefficient, 36–37
diffusion of gases, 13, 29, 34–37, 50–51
diffusion thermoeffect, 38
diffusivity of solutions, 90, 92–93
dislocation, 130–131, 151, 157, 196
distribution coefficient, 75
Dootson, F.W., 37
“drunkard’s walk” concept, 13–14
electrical charge distribution of solutions, 96–98
electrical properties of liquids, 71–72
electrolyte solutions, 75–77, 81, 108–111
electron correlation, 140–141
electron cyclotron wave, 213, 226
endothermic solutions, 77–78
Enskog, David, 37, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55
epitaxy, 149–151
equilibrium properties
of gases, 23–29
equimolar countercurrent diffusion, 35
eutectic, 7–8
excess functions, 100–102
exothermic solutions, 77–78
extraction, explanation of, 75
Faraday’s law, 217
Fibonacci sequence, 190–191, 192
fibre-optic telecommunications, 179–180
Fick’s law of diffusion, 36
Flory, P.J., 174
formality, 81–82
formula weight, explanation of, 81–82
free-molecule gases, 18–19, 39, 47
Friedel, Georges, 155
froth separation, 79
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 123, 243
fullerenes, 124, 127, 144, 244, 245, 250, 252, 253
gases
average speed of molecules, 10, 12, 14, 34, 42, 43
collision rate of molecules, 13–14
diffusion of, 13, 29, 34–37, 50–51
equilibrium properties of, 23–29
heat conductivity of, 29, 33–34, 47–49
intermolecular separation of molecules, 11, 14, 16
internal energy of, 28–29
kinetic theory of, 10, 20, 28–29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39–55
mean free path, 12–13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 21, 49, 50, 51, 53
thermal diffusion of, 37–38, 51, 52
thermal transpiration of, 44–45
transport properties of, 9, 29–38, 54–55
viscosity of, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 45–47, 48, 52
Gibbs, J. Willard, 3
Gibbs-Duhem relation/equation, 101, 110
Gibbs energy, 94, 101–102, 104, 105, 112–113
glassblowing, 178
Graham’s law of diffusion, 35, 44
heat/thermal conductivity
of metals and alloys, 116
heat/thermal conductivity of solutions, 90, 91–92
Henry’s law, 114
heteroepitaxy, 149
homoepitaxy, 149
Hückel, Erich, 110
Hume-Rothery rule, 196
hydrogenated amorphous silicon, 182
hydrogen bonding
in solutions, 99–100, 102, 106, 107
ideal gas equation of state, 24–28, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 53
ideal solution, explanation of, 83, 102
induction forces, 98
insulators, 76, 116, 119, 127, 137, 138–139, 141, 150, 177, 179, 181, 196, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234
intermolecular pair potential function, 68, 69
intermolecular separation of gas molecules, 11, 14, 16
internal energy of gases, 28–29
interstitials, 129
ion acoustic wave, 211, 213, 214
ionic bonds, 116, 135, 136–137, 139, 140, 229, 230, 231
ionic crystals, 116
ionosphere, 198, 205, 206, 223–224, 225, 227
JET (Joint European Torus), 217
Kelvin temperature scale, 27
kinetic theory of gases, 10, 20, 28–29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39–55
Knudsen, Martin, 18
Knudsen gases, 18
Landau damping, 214
Langmuir, Irving, 198–199, 201, 214
Langmuir waves, 201
Laue, Max von, 133
Lehmann, Otto, 161
liquid crystals
compounds, 157–159
effect of on polarized light, 159–161
structure and symmetry of, 152–157
use of as optoelectronic displays, 162–163
liquid-phase epitaxy, 150–151
electrical properties of, 71–72
molecular structure of, 67–70
speed of sound in, 70–71
long-range order, 118–119, 129, 165, 171, 172, 173, 177, 183–184, 187–188, 190, 194
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 199
Loschmidt diffusion tube, 35
Loschmidt’s number, 17–18
magnetic glasses, 182–183
magnetohydrodynamic instability, 215
magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 217, 222, 223
magnetosonic wave, 213
magnetosphere, 222, 223, 225, 227
Maxwell, James Clerk, 32, 43, 52, 53, 70, 201, 209
mean free path, 12–13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 21, 49, 50, 51, 53
melting point, explanation of, 63
metallic bonds, 116, 135, 140–142, 229–230, 231
metals
clusters of simple atoms, 242–243
and electrical conduction, 71, 116, 140, 226, 230, 234, 248
structures of, 121–123
Meyer, O.E., 32
molarity, 80–81
molecular-beam epitaxy, 150
molecular bonds, 116, 135, 142–144
molecular crystals, 116, 124, 143
molecular structure
of liquids, 67–70
of solutions, 95–98
molecular weight, explanation of, 80
mole fraction/mole percentage, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 101, 104, 111, 114
Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, The, 158–159
Newton, Isaac, and Newton’s laws of motion, 1, 39, 40, 43, 70, 240, 254
nonelectrolyte solutions, 75–77, 78, 82, 101, 109
nonmetals, 123–125
nonpolar molecules, 96, 97–98, 104, 108
nuclear fusion, 201, 203, 205, 215, 216–217, 219
orientation polarization, 71, 72
oxide glasses, properties of, 175–176, 178–179
Parker, Eugene, 221
partial miscibility, 85–86
Pauli exclusion principle, 137
Pauling, Linus, 193
Penrose pattern, 191–192
phasons, 195
pinch effect, 214
Pines, David, 199
plasmas
applications of, 216–219
containment of, 214–215
determination of variables, 208–210
explanation of, 197–198
extraterrestrial forms of, 219–220
formation of, 204–206
solar-terrestrial forms of, 220–227
waves in, 210–214
plastic crystals, 157
Poe, Edgar Allan, 158
polycrystalline form, explanation of, 118–119
polyelectrolytes, 111
polystyrene, 180
power production and plasmas, 216–217
precipitates, 130
quasicrystals
discovery of, 183–184
elastic properties of, 195
electric properties of, 195–196
mechanical properties of, 196
microscopic images of, 184–185
origin of order, 193–194
quasiperiodicity of, 190–192, 195
symmetry observed in, 192–193
translational periodicity and symmetry, 185–188
radial distribution function, 68, 69–70, 172–173
Raoult’s law, 84–85, 86–87, 97, 98, 100, 105, 106
regular solutions, explanation of, 95, 102–105
Reinitzer, Friedrich, 161
resonant two-photon ionization, 239
Reynolds, Osborne, 45
scanning tunneling microscope, 244
seeding, 145–146
semiconductors, 116, 119, 127, 130, 138–139, 141, 150, 151, 177, 180–182, 196, 226
Shechtman, Dan, 183, 184, 188, 193
short-range order, 118, 140–141, 166, 172, 173
solar wind, 198, 201, 211, 212, 217, 221–223, 227
basic units of, 116–117
classes of, 115
solutions
associated and solvated, explanation of, 106–108
athermal, explanation of, 95, 105–106
colligative properties of, 86–90, 109
composition ratios of, 79–82
electrical charge distribution of, 96–98
electrolyte, 75–77, 81, 108–111
endothermic, 77–78
equilibrium properties of, 82–86, 109
exothermic, 77–78
hydrogen bonding in solutions, 99–100, 102, 106, 107
molecular structure in solutions, 95–98
nonelectrolyte solutions, 75–77, 78, 82, 101, 109
regular solutions, explanation of, 95, 102–105
transport properties of solutions, 90–93
speed, average, of gas molecules, 10, 12, 14, 34, 42, 43
speed of sound in liquids, 70–71
state, equation of, 22, 24–28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 53–54
Steinhardt, Paul, 190, 192, 194
suspension, explanation of, 73
thermal diffusion of gases, 37–38, 51, 52
thermal transpiration, 44–45
thermomolecular pressure difference, 44
Thomson, Joseph John, 198
toroidal plasmas, 216
Townsend, John Sealy Edward, 198
transport properties
of solutions, 90–93
triple point, 6, 27, 60, 61, 62–63, 64–67
unary systems, 5–6
unit cell, 120–121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 141, 144, 145, 191, 193
vacancies, 129
Van Allen radiation belts, 225
van der Waals forces/interactions, 113, 124, 138, 142, 143, 144, 230, 231, 241
vaporization, 56, 64, 65, 85, 87
vapour pressure, 44, 63, 65, 82–83, 84, 106, 109–110, 113, 114, 247
vapour-pressure curve, 60, 62, 63–64, 66
virial equation of state, 54
of gases, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 45–47, 48, 52
of solutions, 90–91
volume fraction, 82
Waals, Johannes D. van der, 21–22, 53, 54, 142, 228
water desalinization, 217
wave dispersion, 214
weak electrolytes, 76–77
whistler, 213
window glass, 178–179
xerography, 181
zwitterion, 111