Abacha, Sani, 102
Abbas, Mahmoud, 88–89
Abbot, Tony, 74
Aegean, 56
Afanti, 135
Africa, 5, 9–10, 12, 16, 18, 22–23, 27, 51, 55, 84, 87, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100–3, 111, 112, 115, 118, 134, 152, 156
Afro-Eurasia, 25, 26, 44, 47–48, 112, 127, 140, 152, 153–54
agency, 24
agrarian renovation, 120
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 95
Ahok. See Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja
Ain Sukhna, 125
Aksai Chin, 43
Al-Ahram, 123–24
Al-Azhar University, 125
Al-Naggar, Ahmed el-Sayed, 123–24
Al-Qaeda, 154–55
Alibaba, 6
All-Party Conferences, 33
Ankara, 9, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60–61, 153
Annales School, 22
antipiracy, 6
anti-Silk Road campaign, 86
Arabization, 14
Arctic shipping lanes, 5, 16, 115
Artvin, 56
Arunachal Pradesh, 43
ASEAN-Plus, 74–75
Ashdod, 115
Asia-Pacific community, 74–75
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 6, 146
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 73, 74–75
Asyut, 121–22
Australia, 72, 74, 75, 87–88, 155–56, 157
Australian Labor Party, 157
Australian Liberal Party, 157
authoritarian regimes, 10, 84, 114, 141
Awolowo, Obafemi, 110
balance of terror, 20
Bandung, 76–77
Bank of China, 60–61
Baswedan, Anies, 66–67
Beidou, 6
Beijing Consensus, 41
Beijing Olympics2008, 18
Beni Suef, 121–22
Beyazit, 51
big history, 150
Bishop, Julie, 74
Boko Haram, 102–3
Bosnia, 52
Braudel, Fernand, 22, 23, 24, 143–46
Bretton-Woods, 6
BRICS New Development Bank, 6
buffer zones, 20
Buhari, Muhammadu, 107–10
Cairo, 10, 113–14, 117–18, 120, 121–22, 125
Camp David Accords, 113
Cape of Good Hope, 115
Central Asia, 15, 41, 49, 51, 52–53, 60–61, 131–32, 137–38
Central Bank of Nigeria, 99
Charsadda, 33
Chechnya, 157–58
Chengdu, 16
China threat, introduction, 20–21, 156
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), 29, 33, 47
China’s Islamic Silk Road, 7
Chinese Indonesians, 65–67
Chinese Mediterranean, 26–27, 146–47
Chinese Muslims, 63–64, 130–31, 134
Chinese Orientalism, 153
coevolution, 14, 24, 25, 26, 47–48, 112, 127, 147, 152
Commonwealth, 157
concessions, 37–40
Confucianism, 130, 133–34, 149
connectivity, 7, 10, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 83, 90–91, 119, 121, 122, 146–47, 150, 151, 157–58
Constantinople, 51
continental drift, 20–21
corporatism, 141
Cultural Revolution, 15
Cyprus, 52
Dagestan, 157–58
dakwah (religious preaching), 67
Davos, 85
Davutoǧlu, Ahmet, 53
debt, 10, 25, 37, 40, 97–99, 101–2
decentralization, 141
defective equipment, 100
deliberative democracy, 16
Demirel, Süleyman, 52
democracy, 8, 9–10, 16, 24, 29, 30, 41, 65, 69, 76, 95, 98, 112, 119, 129–30, 141–43, 148–49
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 101
Deng Xiaoping, 22
Dewey, John, 129–30
Diamer-Bhasha Dam, 47
Djibouti, 122
Doha, 87–88
doubting antiquity, 130
drug trafficking, 100
Dubai, 87–88
early harvest projects, 34–41
Eastern Europe, 90–91
bypassed by Chinese investment, 123–26
rethinking connectivity, 119–20
Sisi’s city in the desert, 117–18
Suez Canal as a wasting asset, 114–17
targeting the neediest sectors, 121–23
Eilat, 115
El-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 113–14, 115–16, 117–18, 119, 122, 123, 125–26
emergence, 24
Erdoǧan, Recep Tayyip, 53–54, 56, 59, 61, 62
Eskișehir, 56
Ethiopia, 103
ethnocentrism, 129
Eurasia, 5, 6, 9, 22, 25, 26, 44, 47–48, 49, 55, 59, 61, 85, 86, 111, 112, 127, 135, 140, 152, 153–54, 157
Eurasianists
in Russia, 157
Far East, 88
Fayum, 121–22
Fletcher, Joseph, 2–3
folklore, 129–30
foreign investments
Egypt, 10, 113, 117, 118, 122, 123–25, 126
Iran, 89
Pakistan, 29, 30, 34, 35–36, 37, 40, 44–45
Turkey, 59
foreign trade, 6, 16, 44, 137, 146
Pakistan, 44
Freedom and Justice Party, 120–22
functional representation, 143
G-20, 75
Gambir, 67–69
Gansu, 127
geographic mosaic of coevolution, 26–27
geopolitics, 6, 25, 136–37, 157
Germany, 156
gerrymandering, 141–43
Gilgit-Baltistan, 47
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 12
Great Lakes, 101
Great Wall, 50
Greater Eurasia, 85
Greater Middle East, 81–82
Gül, Abdullah, 53
Gulf Cooperation Council, 87–88, 95–96
Gulf of Guinea, 101
Hamedan, 92
Han, 11, 13, 14–15, 24–25, 27, 50–51, 127, 128–33, 134, 135, 137, 153–54
Han Kitab, 134
Harimurtri, Agus, 66
Himalayas, 157
Hodgson, Marshall, 153–54
Hong Kong, 8, 77, 88, 97, 141–43, 155–56
Hong Kong Legislative Council, 141–43
Hu Jintao, 20–21
Hu Shi, 129–30
Hua Liming, 81
Hua Tao, 136
Hui, 15, 51, 130–32, 134, 136, 137–38
human rights, 33–34, 40, 100, 102, 113–14, 156
Hussein, Saddam, 81–82
hydropolitics, 44–47
Ibn Khaldun, 130
Igboland, 152
illegal logging, 100
Imam Ali, 95
India, 29, 34, 41–43, 44, 47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56–57, 87–88, 89–90, 98, 100, 156–57
Indian Ocean, 5, 18, 25, 41, 44, 73, 89–90, 92–94, 101, 111, 115, 122, 134, 153–54, 157
Indonesia, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 27, 41–43, 63–79, 80–81, 89, 113, 119–20, 122, 123, 151, 153–54
anit-Chinese sentiment, 65–67
politicized investments, 76–79
reshaping the Pacific community, 69–75
Indonesia Ulama Council, 66
Indonesian Laborers Union Confederation, 76
industrial zones, 79, 98, 111, 117, 122, 123, 147–48
industrialization, 9–10, 101–2, 111, 146
International Monetary Agency, 37, 116
Iqbal, Ahsan, 33
Iran, 7, 10, 12, 15, 19, 27, 41, 43–44, 54, 80–96, 113, 119, 123, 136–38, 151, 153–54
Chinese foreign policy debates concerning, 80–82
electoral support for Rouhani and his rivals, 92–95
partnership with Russia and China, 85–86
regional divisions, 89–91
relations with China after the nuclear deal, 82–83
relations with neighboring countries, 86–88
Xi Jinping’s 2016 visit, 84–85
Isfahan, 92–94
Islamabad, 8–9, 29, 30–31, 33–34, 36–37, 41–43, 47, 52
Islamic civilization, 13, 27–28, 127, 128, 129, 146, 153–55
Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam), 66
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, 92–94
Islamic-Confucian literature, 128
Islamification of China, 14
Israel, 54, 81–82, 88–89, 95–96, 113, 115, 136–37
Istanbul, 60–61
Jakarta, 9, 65–69, 74, 75, 76–77, 79, 153
Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, 76–77
Jaspers, Karl, 133
JD.com, 6
Jeddah, 87
Jhelum River, 47
Jokowi. See Widodo, Joko
Jonathan, Goodluck, 104–10
juju (witchcraft), 100–1
Justice and Development Party, 53
Justice and Prosperity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Sejahtera), 66–67
Kalabagh Dam, 33
Kazakhstan, 53
Kazan, 157–58
Kelapa Gading, 67–69
Kemalists, 59
Kenya, 12
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 95
Khan, Imran, 37
Khorasan, 92
Khorshid, Dalia, 123–24
Kingdom of Heaven (Tian Xia), 26–27
Kissinger, Henry, 70–72
Kogi, 107–8
Konya, 54
Kublai Khan, 51
Kunming, 54–55
Kuwait, 87–88
Kwara, 107–8
Lahore metro, 36–37
Laksamana Cheng Ho. See Zheng He
Lapidus, Ira, 2–3
Latin America, 9–10, 84, 101–2, 111
Lebanon, 81–82
Liberal Party of Australia, 157
life sciences, 155
Liu Zhentang, 81–82
London, 156
Lunar New Year, 65
Maarif, Syafi’i, 66
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 131
Manchus, 137–38
Mandarin classes, 102–3
Mao Zedong, 80, 83, 99, 130–31, 133, 139
Mecca, 87
Medina, 87
Mediterranean, 22, 41, 56, 61–62, 89–90, 115, 120, 121, 122, 137, 146–47, 152, 156
Mediterranean-like regions, 20, 22–23, 24, 26
megaregion, 5, 17, 18–19, 20, 22, 23–24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 47, 59, 74–75, 82–83, 85, 112, 127, 139, 140, 146, 152–53
melting pot, 131–32
metaphors in international relations, 18, 20
Middle East, 8–9, 15, 16, 27, 43, 44, 49, 51, 55, 61–62, 80, 81, 82, 83–84, 85, 87, 95–96, 113, 115, 118, 122, 131–32, 136–37, 140–41
Minya, 121–22
Modi, Narendra, 157
Moghul Empire, 153–54
money pits, 99
Mongols, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56–57, 130
mosaics of coevolution, 25–26
Moscow, 61, 85, 86, 88–89, 157–58
Moscow-Kazan railway, 157–58
Mubarak, Husni, 122
Muhammadiya, 66
Muslim Brotherhood, 114, 121–22
Nahdlatul Ulama, 66
Nanguan Mosque, 128
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 136
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 113
Natalegawa, Marty, 70–72
nationalities policy, 131
Natuna Islands, 72
naval power, 6, 44, 51, 72, 73–74, 122, 134, 157
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 88–89
New Culture Movement, 129–30
New Silk Road Summit (May 2017), 76
Niger, 107–8
Nigeria, 97–112
China’s railroad diplomacy, 97–98
indebtedness and anti-Chinese sentiments, 99–100
intercontinental linkages, 101–2
regional shifts in presidential elections, 107–10
revisions in China’s strategy, 101–2, 110–12
Niu Song, 136–37
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 52, 54, 59–60
North Indus River Cascade, 47
Northwest Frontier Province. See Khyber Paktunkhwa
Nur Party, 121
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 98
Oman, 87
Ordos plateau, 50
Osinbajo, Yemi, 110
Özal, Turgut, 52
Pacific Ocean, 5, 9, 12, 14, 41, 43, 49, 53, 69, 73, 74–75, 76, 79, 87–111, 137, 153, 156–57, 158
Pakistan, 7, 8, 12, 19, 29–47, 54, 56, 82–83, 88, 89, 113, 119–20, 122, 123, 151, 153–54, 157
protests of regional and ethnic groups, 30–34
renegotiations of projects and routes, 34–41
significance for other Chinese partners, 47
strategic interests in South Asia and the Middle East, 41–44
water politics and India, 44–47
Pakistan Tehreek-e Insaf (PTI), 37
Pakistani Taliban, 33–34
Palestine, 88–89
Pan-African connections, 101
Pan-Asianism, 21
Pan-Turkism, 54
Panama Papers, 36–37
Pancasila, 66–67
Pangestu, Mari Elka, 65
pangolin, 100–1
Penjaringan, 67–69
peresrtoika, 12
Persian Gulf, 27, 41, 51, 53, 83, 88–90, 92–94, 95–96, 122, 136–37, 152
Peru, 111–12
phony drugs, 100
pilgrimage, 65, 87, 136. See also Hajj, –37
pluralism, 64, 83, 129, 131, 133, 139, 147
political engineering, 148
Port Said, 117
power sharing, 7, 12, 24, 25, 41, 47–48, 139, 147, 151, 153, 155
Pretoria, 103
pribumi (native sons and daughters), 64
Punjab, 30–31, 33, 35, 36–37, 45–47
Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja (Ahok), 65–66, 67, 76
Putin, Vladimir, 54, 56, 86, 157
Qatar, 87–88
Qaumi Watan Party, 33
Qena, 121
Qian Xu Ming, 136–37
Qingdao, 16
Qinghai, 127
Quetta, 88
Qur’an, 65–66
race riots, 66
railroads, 16, 30, 60–61, 76–77, 87, 97–98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104–5, 107–8, 111, 112, 150–51
Raisi, Ayatollah Ebrahim, 95
Red Sea-Mediterranean link, 115
resource wars, 4
river gods, 143
Romania, 98
Rudd, Kevin, 74
rural depopulation, 151
rural-urban divide, 149
Russia, 43–44, 53, 61, 75, 84–85, 86, 89–90, 156, 157
Sadat, Anwar, 113
Safavid Empire, 153–54
Sanusi, Lamido Sanusi, 99
Saraiki, 35
Saudi Arabia, 12, 65, 84, 86–87, 154–55
security dilemmas, 20
Seman, 92
Senegal, 87
Serbia, 52
Shaanxi, 127
Shanghai, 13, 100–1, 127, 128, 136–37
Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 6, 54, 59, 146
sharia, 66–67
Sharif, Nawaz, 29, 33, 35–37, 44
Shenzhen, 16
Sherpao, Aftab Khan, 33
Sherpao, Sikander Hayat Khan, 33
Shi’ites, 83
Sindh, 45
Sindhis, 35
smart cities, 150–51
snowball theory of evolution, 132–33
social inequality, 8
social sciences, 135
social warehousing, 147–48
Sohag, 121
Solo (Surakarta), 73
South Asia, 8–9, 15, 16, 32, 88, 157
South China Sea, 16, 72, 73–74, 103
South Korea, 100
South-South alliances, 9–10, 21, 27, 101
Southeast Asia, 64, 65, 75, 89–90
Soviet Union, 12, 52, 53, 153–54, 157
spoiled foods, 100
Sputnik moment, 158
statecraft, 6, 11, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–25, 28, 41, 140, 147, 158
Suez Canal Industrial Zone, 114
Sufism, 134
Sukarno, 63
Sumatra, 79
Sun Bigan, 81–82
Sun De Gang, 136–37
Supreme Court of Pakistan, 36–37
Syamsuddin, Din, 66
Syria, 55, 61, 81–82, 85, 154–55
Tamerlane. See Timur
Tang Jun Yi, 133
Tashkent, 52
Tatarstan, 157–58
Tehran, 80–81, 82–83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 92–95, 153
Thailand, 55
Tibet, 41
Timur, 51
tourism, 65, 74, 87, 115–16, 123, 128–29
Trans-Caspian energy corridor, 59–60
Trump, Donald, 56, 74, 85–86, 88
Tu Wei Ming, 136
Turkey, 9, 12, 19, 27, 41–43, 49–62, 80–82, 87–88, 89–90, 119, 123, 125, 137–38, 151, 153–54
Erdoǧan’s electoral support, 55–56
Eurasian ambitions, 59–62
historical ties to China, 50–51
interests in Central Asia, 52–53
obstacles to partnership with China, 56–59
quarrels over Xinjiang, 53–55
Turkmenistan, 53
United Arab Emirates, 87
United Kingdom, 156
United Nations, 52, 53, 75, 103
United States, 6, 9, 18–19, 21, 27–28, 29, 33–34, 45, 54, 61, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 88–89, 113–14, 138, 146, 154, 156, 157, 158
Ürümqi, 53–54
Uyghur, 14, 54, 55, 129, 134, 136
vigilantism, 76–77
Volga region, 157–58
Wang Shijie, 81–82
Wen Jiabao, 20–21
White, Hugh, 74
Widodo, Joko, 66, 69–74, 76–77, 79
World Economic Forum, 85
World Muslim City, 128
Wu Bing Bing, 136–37
Xi Jinping, 16–17, 21, 23, 84, 85, 113–14, 140
Xie Xiaoyan, 81–82
Xinjiang, 8–9, 11, 12, 15, 30, 41, 52, 53, 54–55, 89–90, 125, 127, 128–29, 132, 134, 136, 152, 157–58
Yangshan Deep Water Port, 128
Yangtze River, 45
Yellow Emperor, 137
Yeltsin, Boris, 12
Yinchuan, 128
Yiwu, 16
Yoruba, 27, 100–1, 104–10, 111–12
Yorubaland, 107
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 65, 66
Zambia, 103
Zanjan, 92
Zarb-e-Azb campaign, 33
Zhu Wei Lie, 136
Zhuangzi, 135
Zimbabwe, 103
zombie industries, 16
Zonguldak, 56
Zuma, Jacob, 103