1 As the data for 1936 for the Abruzzi and Molise was only available in aggregate form, it was decided to include both regions in the geographical area of the North-East and Centre. We have adopted this procedure both here and in later tables where it was not possible to have separate data from the two regions.
Source: our elaboration of data from IST AT (Istituto Centrale di Statistica).
2 It should be noted that for the years 1951, 1961, and 1971 the Molise data is again combined with that from the Abruzzi. An extended family consists of the head of family and his or her partner, their child or children, grandparent(s) and/or other relations. Extended families are often both multiple and vertical, in the sense of having more than one couple and more than two generations living under the same roof.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data. For 1951, 1961 and 1971, data was also used from P. P. Donati, ‘Profilo dei recenti cambiamenti strutturali, demografici e culturali della famiglia italiana e connesse implicazioni di politica sociale’, in C. G. Vella, ed., Un sinodo per la famiglia, Milano, 1980, p. 59.
3 The index of concentration is a statistical indicator used to show the difference between the average of a phenomenon, in this case the percentage of extended families in Italy, and the varying subgroups, here geographical areas.
Source: our elaboration of data from the previous chart.
4 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
5 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
6 In comparing family size by geographical areas, the two extreme cases have been chosen as they underwent the most striking changes in the period under consideration.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
7 The 1961 data for Molise was combined with that for the Abruzzi.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
8 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
9 The data is drawn from non-continuous surveys. From 1980 the ownership of colour and of black and white television sets has been listed separately. The percentages of the two add up to more than 100 since families who owned both types of television were counted twice. Source: Doxa (opinion-poll organization) surveys for the years listed.
10 Source: ISTAT.
11 There are obviously enormous obstacles to achieving a homogeneous classification of the working population by social class. What is presented here is far from satisfactory, but constitutes a partial reworking of data calculated by P. Sylos Labini in two successive studies (1976, 1986). The methodological corrections introduced by the author in 1986 implied a marginal revision of the data for 1951 and 1961, which had not been re-calculated by the author. For a further discussion of these issues, see pp. 235–9 and pp. 505–6, notes 94–6. Source: our elaboration of data from P. Sylos Labini, Saggio sulle classi sociali and Le classi sociali negli anni '80.
12 Source: as 11.
13 This uses data from different and not always homogeneous sources. In particular for the years 1954–73 the age group is that of 18 years and over, while for the later period it is that of 14 years and over. In addition, the data sometimes refers to the frequency of church attendance on a Sunday, and in other cases to church attendance on at least one day during the week.
Source: Doxa surveys for the years 1954–73, Eurisko (another opinion-poll organization) for the years 1976–88.
14–17 The maps show the net migrations from one region to another, in other words the balance of migration (immigrants minus emigrants) from one region to another. Also, in order to keep the maps as uncluttered as possible, only balances above 20,000 persons have been shown.
Source: our elaboration of forthcoming I STAT data to which we were kindly given access by the Institute.
18 It is important to remember that ISTAT migration figures are based on notified changes of residence from one commune to another. For the possible distortions to which this gives rise, see p. 218, and p. 501, n. 34. To aid the reader in understanding this and the subsequent three tables, it may be of use to take the first line of table 18 as an example. Reading the first line horizontally, from left to right, gives us the following information: that between 1955 and 1961 2,324,500 persons changed their place of residence within the north-west; 199,800 moved from the north-west to the north-east and Centre; 101,500 moved from the north-west to the South and islands; giving a total of changes of residence of 2,662,400. In 1961 13,157,000 people were resident in the north-west, 26 per cent of the total Italian population. If the table is read vertically, then the column gives us details of the influx of population to the north-west from other parts of Italy, as well as the changes of residence within the north-west itself.
Source: as 14.
19–21 Source: as 14.
22 Elementary school in Italy lasts for five years, from the ages of six to eleven; middle school (scuola media inferiore) for three years, from eleven to fourteen; and secondary school (scuola media superiore) for five years, from fourteen to nineteen.
Source: our elaboration of I STAT data.
23 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
24 Here, as with chart 6, we have taken the two extreme cases, as they were the ones which registered the greatest changes in the period under consideration.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
25 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
26 In addition to showing the percentage breakdown of the Italian data, the graph also shows the percentage of non-voters in United Kingdom general elections since the war.
Source: our elaboration of I STAT data.
27 The data is taken from a questionnaire which formed part of a survey conducted by various European research institutions from 1970 onwards. The interview sample numbered approximately one thousand in each country, and the interviewees were asked to express their opinion about the functioning of democracy in their own country. Various degrees of satisfaction could be expressed: very (satisfied), fairly, not very, not at all.
Source: our elaboration of Eurobarometer data.
28 The question, which appeared in the survey cited above, asked the interviewee to express his or her preference for one of three principal attitudes towards society: support for existing institutions, the need for reform, the need for revolutionary change.
Source: see 27.
29–30 Source: see 27.
31 Although in the last chapter of this book (see above pp. 407–8) details were given of Italy's GDP after 1985, and thus after the revision in the method of its calculation, we have decided here to maintain the homogeneity of this series of statistics, which comes to an end in 1985.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
32 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
33 Although presented in a single graph, the data actually comes from two separate historical series. The first, from 1951 to 1969, draws on data prior to the introduction of the European Community system of Integrated Economic Accounting; the second, from 1970 to 1985, utilizes data compiled after the introduction of the IEA.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
34 Source: our elaboration of Bank of Italy data.
35 Source: ISTAT.
36 The graph represents the Italian activity rate (the labour force as a percentage of the total population) and the employment rate (the employed as a percentage of the total population). Thus the top horizontal band on the graph gives details of the activity and employment rates for men, the middle band for both men and women, and the bottom band for women only. The shaded areas between the two rates represent in each case the incidence of unemployment.
It should be noted that in this and the five tables which follow, it has not been possible to include data for the later years of the 1980s, even though it is available, due to the change in the definition of unemployment introduced by ISTAT from 1986 onwards. Source: our elaboration of I STAT data.
37 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
38 It should be noted that the substantial decrease in the numbers of self-employed men and women is to be attributed in large measure to the decline of peasant proprietor families.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
39 Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
40 The rate of unemployment represents the percentage of people actively seeking work, calculated with respect to the total number of people in the labour force.
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT data.
41 Source: ISTAT.
42 Source: ISTAT.