Notes

Chapter One—Overview: The Ethics of Right Versus Right

12 Immanuel Kant’s “categorical imperative”: Immanuel Kant, The Moral Law: Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1961), p. 88.

12 “Worth of character”: Kant, Moral Law, p. 66.

Chapter Two—Right Versus Wrong: Why Ethics Matters

20 The story of a moral meltdown: For accounts of the incident at Chernobyl, see Zhores A. Medvedev, The Legacy of Chernobyl (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1990); and Grigori Medvedev, The Truth About Chernobyl (New York: Basic Books, 1991).

21 Chernobyl death toll estimate of 4,000: “Chernobyl: Answers to Long standing Questions,” International Atomic Energy Association, www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/faqs.shmtl, accessed June 15, 2006.

21 Chernobyl death toll estimate of 9,500: “Lessons from Chernobyl,” PBS Online NewsHour Focus (Apr. 26, 2006), www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/jan-june06/chernobyl_4–26.html, accessed May 30, 2006.

21 Cost estimates, extent of radiation damage: IAEA.

24 Love letter virus: Natasha Lomas, “Security From A to Z: Love Bug,” CnetNews.com (Nov. 26, 2006), http://news.cnet.com/Security-from-A-to-Z-Love-Bug/2100–7349_3–6138609.html, accessed June 19, 2007.

24 Energy crisis: Timothy Egan, “Tapes show Enron Arranged Plant Shutdown,” New York Times, Feb. 4, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/national/04energy.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22Tapes%20show%20Enron%20Arranged%20Plant%20Shutdown%22%20&st=cse, accessed June 19, 2006.

30 James Leming, Character Education: Lessons from the Past, Models for the Future. Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, 1993.

34 “Pam, a Minnesota college student”: Douglas Wallace, Career World (Highland Park, IL: Curriculum Innovations Group, Mar. 1993), pp. 7–8.

34 “You manufacture keys, and you are accused” case scenario: Wallace, Career World, p. 9.

34 “You are an interviewing supervisor” case scenario: Ethics questionnaire, Walker Research, Inc. (Indianapolis, IN: Aug. 24–25, 1993).

36 New York Times ethics stories, 1969–89: Deni Elliott, “In Tomorrow’s News…Ethics will be a frequent story subject,” Fineline, vol. 1, no. 12 (Mar. 1990), p. 6.

36 Search of nytimes.com archive 1990–2000: search conducted by Alexander C. Schroeder, Aug. 8, 2006.

37 College student who found $6,100 in cash: Christopher Heredia, “Good Samaritan Did Right Thing—Twice,” Arizona Republic/ Phoenix Gazette (July 17, 1991), p. BI.

37 Survey on Volunteering: “Volunteering in the United States, 2005” United States Department of Labor, December 9, 2005, http://www.bls.gov.news_release/volun.nr0.htm, accessed May 31, 2006.

37 Percentages believing corporate citizenship is a priority: Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship, The 2005 State of Corporate Citizenship Survey, http://www.bcccc.net/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageID=1081, accessed June 26, 2007.

37 Aspen Institute rise in ethics courses percentage: “The Latest in Business Ethics Education,” Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business, http://www.aacsb.edu/resource_centers/ethicsedu/thelatestinbusinessethicseducation.pdf, accessed: June 22, 2007.

37 College studies preparing students to behave ethically: “Ethics, Enron, and American Higher Education: An NAS/Zogby Poll of College Seniors.” Zogby Ethics Report, 2002, http://www.nas.org/reports/zogethics_poll/zogby_ethics_report.htm, accessed: June 28, 2007.

37 Employees able to seek ethics advice: National Business Ethics Survey: An Inside View of Private Sector Ethics (Washington, DC: Ethics Resource Center, 2007), p. 5.

38 Trust and honesty essential traits for business and personal life: Josephson Institute of Ethics, “2006 Josephson Institute Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth,” http://josephsoninstitute.org/pdf/ReportCard_press-release_2006–1013.pdf, accessed Apr. 10, 2009.

38 CEO legacy preferences: “Measures of Success,” Compas, Inc., http://www.compas.ca/polls/060220-RoynatMeasuresOfSuccess-B.htm, accessed Apr. 10, 2009.

38 More than eight in ten Americans holding negative views of morality in United States: Joseph Carroll, “Americans Remain Negative on State of Nation’s Moral Values”: Gallup Poll News Service Report, June 4, 2007, http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=27754accessed June 29, 2007.

38 65 percent in 2002: Lydia Saad, “Morality Ratings the Worst in Five Years,” Gallup Poll News Service Report, May 25, 2005, http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=22942, accessed June 29, 2007.

38 Associated Press and Ipsos Poll: Polling Report, Inc., “Direction of Country,” Accessed: June 29, 2007. Available online at: http://www.pollingreport.com/right.htm

38 Nation “heading off on wrong track”: PollingReport.com, “Direction of Country June 29, 2007,” http://www.pollingreport.com/right.htm, accessed June 29, 2007.

39 Lydia Saad, “Nurses Shine, Bankers Slump in Ethics Ratings,” Gallup Poll News Service Report, November 24, 2008, http://www.gallup.com/poll/112264/Nurses-Shine-While-Bankers-Slump-Ethics-Ratings.aspx, accessed Apr. 10, 2009.

39 Josephson Institute for Ethics statistics: “Ethics of American Youth”: “2006 Josephson Institute Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth,” http://josephsoninstitute.org/pdf/ReportCard_press-release_2006–1013.pdf, accessed Apr. 10, 2009.

39 J. Walter Thompson researchers ranked the ten sleaziest ways to make a living: James Patterson and Peter Kim, The Day America Told the Truth: What People Really Believe About Everything That Really Matters (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), p. 144, p. 45.

39 63 percent of juniors cheating: McCabe, Donald L. “Cheating: Why Students Do It and How We Can Help Them Stop.” American Educator: Winter, 2001: http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/winter2001/Cheating.html, Accessed Apr. 10, 2009.

40 Pinnacle Group survey examined level of lying in business students: Pinnacle Group, Inc., Business Ethics Survey (Minneapolis, MN: 1989).

40 College student cheating, 1990–1991: Donald L. McCabe, “The Influence of Situational Ethics on Cheating Among College Students,” Journal of Sociological Inquiry, vol. 63, no. 3 (1992) pp. 365–74.

40 “And again in 1995/96”: McCabe, Donald L., Linda Klebe Trevino, and Kenneth D. Butterfield. “Cheating in Academic Institutes: a Decade of Research,” in Whitley, Bernard E., Ethics and Behavior, vol. 1, no. 3. “Special Issue: Academic Dishonesty.” London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2001.

42 When these people finally enter the workforce: “Life in America: Survey Series” no. 1 (New York: Shearson Lehman Brothers, Inc., 1992)

42 Roper Survey examined eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds’ responses: Roper Organization Survey for Insurance Research Council, cited in Bangor Daily News (Nov. 9, 1991), p. 33.

42 Students willing to lie to get a job: Boemer, Craig, “Survey Indicates Ethics Declining,” City Paper Online, Nov. 20. 2002. http://www.nashvillecitypaper.com/index.cfm?section=9&screen=news&news_id=17818, accessed June 5, 2006.

43 Cheating on taxes versus your spouse: “Pew Research Center Assesses Modern Morals: Sex, Drugs, and the 1040,” Pew Charitable Trust Report, Mar. 28, 2006, http://pewresearch.org/assets/social/pdf/Morality.pdf, accessed June 6, 2006.

43 USA Weekend survey examined honesty of thirteen-and seventeen-year-olds: USA Weekend survey, cited in USA Today (Aug. 21–23, 1992), p. 5.

43 Louis Harris survey showed level of cheating in high school students: Robert Cole and James Hunter, Girl Scouts Survey on the Beliefs and Moral Values of America’s Children, Girl Scouts of the United States of America (New York: 1990), p. xvii, p. 55.

44 College athletes score lower in moral reasoning than nonathletes: For a brief survey of research suggesting that “the longer an individual participates in sports, the less moral his actions become,” see Jennifer M. Beller and Sharon Kay Stoll, “A Moral Reasoning Intervention Program for Student-Athletes,” Academic Athletic Journal (Spring 1992), pp. 43–57. The quotation is found on p. 52.

44 Moral reasoning among female student-athletes: Stoll, Sharon Kay, and Jennifer M. Beller, “Moral Reasoning in Athlete Populations: a 20-Year Review.” University of Idaho Center for Ethics Research Fact Sheet, http://www.educ.uidaho.edu/center%5Ffor%5Fethics/research_fact_sheet.htm, accessed July 17, 2007.

44 Georgia professor examined high school views on honesty: Fred Schab, Cited in Josephson, “The Hole in the Moral Ozone,” p. 40.

44 Josephson Institute surveyed older Americans about their cheating habits in high school: Michael Josephson, “The Hole in the Moral Ozone: Ethical Values, Attitudes, and Behaviors in American Schools,” p. 40.

45 “Most people will cheat or lie when it is necessary to get what they want”: Josephson, “The Hole in the Moral Ozone,” p. 36.

45 NAWBO statistics: “NAWBO Chicago and the Illinois Institute for Entrepreneurship Education 2006 Survey of Ethics in Business—Leaders of Today and Tomorrow Results: May 4, 2006,” Illinois Institute for Entrepreneurial Education Online, http://iiee.org/NAWBOIIEESurveyResults5306v2(3).pdf

45 McCabe findings showed wealthier students more likely to cheat: McCabe, “Cheating Among College Students,” pp. 365–74.

46 USA Weekend survey found that people believe schools should teach values: USA Weekend survey, cited in USA Today (Aug. 21–23, 1992), p. 7.

46 Nation’s business executives feel that companies should teach values: McFeely, Wackerle, and Jett, Survey on Ethics.

46 The future of both our youth and society are in danger: James S. Leming, “Should Character Education Be Taught in Schools?” Insights on Global Ethics, vol. 3, no. 4 (Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, Apr. 1993), p. 8.

Chapter Three—Ethical Fitness

56 “All that a philosophic theory can do”: Michael K. Hooker, How to Think About Ethics (Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, 1992), p. 21.

59 “Law and Manners” piece on the three great domains of human action: Lord Moulton of Bank, “Law and Manners,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 134, no. 1 (July 1924), pp. 1–5.

61 A study of character education: James S. Leming, “Should Character Education Be Taught in Schools?” Insights on Global Ethics, vol. 3, no. 4 (Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, Apr. 1993), p. 6.

64 Bribes cost $240 billion: “Corrupt Russian Officials Taking $240 Billion in Bribes Each Year: Prosecutor,” Ethics Newsline, Nov. 13, 2006, http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2006/11/13/corrupt-russian-of-ficials-taking-240-billion-in-bribes-each-year-prosecutor/, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

65 The concept of restraint in the novel’s character Kurtz: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1963), pp. 58–59.

67 Retired French musical instruments salesman interested in tracing his Jewish ancestry: Alan Riding, “A Mother’s ID Card Exposes French World War II Secrets,” New York Times (Apr. 7, 1993), pp. Al, A6.

67 Hundreds of other foreigners held by France: “Post-war Secrets Embarrass French,” Taipei Times, Oct. 5, 2004, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/10/05/2003205650, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

Chapter Four—Core Values

70 The elements of a powerful moral dilemma: William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 11.

75 “Every man who looks at a woman”: Matt. 5:28, in J. B. Phillips, The New Testament in Modern English (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1958).

75 Minnesota Principles: Center for Ethical Business Cultures, http://www.cebcglobal.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications/Principles/MinnesotaPrinciples.htm, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

76 McDonnell-Douglas Code: “Always Take the High Road: The McDonnell-Douglas Code of Ethics,” pamphlet prepared by McDonnell-Douglas (St. Louis, MO: 1983).

77 Sanford McDonnell code of ethics: From an interview with McDonnell by Sukie Bernard, “Sanford N. McDonnell: Boy Scout Extraordinaire,” in Rushworth M. Kidder, ed., Heartland Ethics: Voices from the American Midwest (St. Louis. MO: Principia, 1992), p. 10.

77 BD Values: “BD values,” http://www.bd.com/aboutbd/values/, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

78 Corporate ethics codes: Ronald E. Berenbeim, “Corporate Ethics Practices,” The Conference Board Report No. 986 (New York: 1992).

78 Conference Board 1999 survey: Ronald E. Berenbeim, “Global Corporate Ethics Practices: A Developing Consensus” (New York: The Conference Board, May 1999).

79 Fewer than 40 percent of companies have comprehensive ethics program: National Business Ethics Survey: An Inside View of Private Sector Ethics (Washington, DC: Ethics Resource Center, 2007), p. 4.

81 A case that put ethics ahead of marketing: Laura L. Nash, Good Intentions Aside: A Manager’s Guide to Resolving Ethical Problems (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1990), p. 39.

81 “Tylenol was the tangible proof of what top management had said”: Nash, Good Intentions Aside, p. 40.

82 Professor Brandt’s findings on universal ethics: Richard P. Brandt, Ethical Theory: The Problems of Nonnative and Critical Ethics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959), p. 95.

83 “Anthropologists have come to find much more common ground”: Brandt, Ethical Theory, p. 286.

83 “Every culture has a concept of murder”: Clyde Kluckhohn, “Ethical Relativity: Sic et Non,” Journal of Philosophy, vol. 52 (Jan.–Dec. 1955), p. 672.

83 Philosopher Alan Gewirth on “common morality”: “Common Morality and the Community of Rights,” in Gene Outka and John P. Reeder Jr., eds., Prospects for a Common Morality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 29.

84 Philosopher Bernard Gert’s ten rules of moral values: Bernard Gert, The Moral Rules: A New Foundation for Morality (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), p. ii.

84 German theologian Hans Küng’s “five basic commands to human beings”: Global Responsibility: In Search of a New World Ethic (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1991), p. 57.

85 If you could formulate a global code of ethics: Rushworth M. Kidder, Shared Values for a Troubled World: Conversations with Men and Women of Conscience (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1994).

87 Professor Gardner on objective truth: John W. Gardner, in conversation with the author, Jan. 1994.

87 Professor Ronald Howard on “universality of agreement” in different cultures: From an interview with Howard by Rushworth M. Kidder, “He Calls Ethics Crucial to Survival,” Christian Science Monitor (June 19, 1989), p. 14.

88 Quote on quantum mechanics: Rushworth M. Kidder, “Making the Quantum Leap: A Five-Part Monitor Series” (reprint), Christian Science Monitor (June 13, 1988), p. 1.

88 The concept of probability using a baseball example: Kidder, “Making the Quantum Leap,” p. 19.

89 Physicist David Gross on the principle of nonnegligible probability: Kidder, “Making the Quantum Leap,” p. 19.

89 Physicist Edward W. Kolb on leading an ordinary life despite quantum probabilities: Kidder, “Making the Quantum Leap,” p. 20.

90 “If men come to really believe that one moral standard is as good as another”: Walter T. Stace, The Concept of Morals (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1937), pp. 58–59.

92 Situation ethics: Quotations are from Joseph Fletcher, Situation Ethics: The New Morality (Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1966), pp. 27–28, 36, 50, 87, 119, 120, 121, 124.

99 The “conceptually undecidable” moment when life begins: Michael Hooker, How to Think About Ethics (Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, 1992), p. 5.

99 “It cannot be made real when you reduce it to the level of molecular biology”: Hooker, How to Think About Ethics, p. 6.

103 Poem, “Musée des Beaux Arts”: W. H. Auden, Collected Shorter Poems 1927–1957 (New York: Random House, 1967), p. 123.

Chapter Five—Right Versus Right: The Nature of Dilemma Paradigms

107 Do Men and Women Have Different Moralities?: Quotations are from Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 3, 19, 66, 105, 174.

109 The difficulties of communicating as shown by T. S. Eliot’s character: “Sweeney Agonistes,” The Complete Poems and Plays: 1909–1950 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1952), p. 83.

115 “What does truth mean?”: John 18:37–38, in James Moffatt, A New Translation of the Bible (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922).

116 “The opinion which is fated”: Walter Lippman, A Preface to Morals (New York: Macmillan Company, 1929), p. 129.

117 Lying as defined by Sissela Bok: Sissela Bok, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), p. 13.

117 The effect of truth-telling…is to promote trust: Bok, Lying, p. 33.

117 Loyalty—the perceptions of allegiance: Josiah Royce, The Philosophy of Loyalty (New York: Macmillan, 1908), p. 105.

117 “Some of the strongest moral epithets in the English language”: George P. Fletcher, Loyalty: An Essay on the Morality of Relationships (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 8.

118 “Reason that I continue to work here”: National Business Ethics Survey: How Employees Perceive Ethics at Work (Washington, DC: Ethics Resource Center, 2000).

118 Survey done by the Lewis Harris Organization on loyalty: Robert Coles and James Hunter, Girl Scouts Survey on the Beliefs and Moral Values of America’s Children, Girl Scouts of the United States of America (New York: 1990).

119 Poem by Emily Dickinson: Poem 1129, in Thomas H. Johnson, ed., The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), p. 506.

Chapter Six—Three More Dilemma Paradigms

125 “Individualism is a calm and considered feeling”: Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 37.

125 “We are all animated with the spirit of an industry”: Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart, p. 36.

125 “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, brewer, or baker”: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 22.

125 “There would be those who would argue”: Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart, p. 33.

126 “Society everywhere is in conspiracy”: Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), p. 261.

126 Leadership and community: John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), pp. 116–18.

127 Community and “the reinforcement of our moral inclinations”: Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda (New York: Crown Publishers, 1993), p. 31.

132 Values of productiveness versus values that promote consumption: Andrew Bard Schmookler, The Illusion of Choice: How the Market Economy Shapes Our Destiny (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), p. 148.

132 The shift from self-control to self-realization: Daniel Horowitz, The Morality of Spending: Attitudes Towards Consumer Society in America, 1875–1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. xxvii; cited in Schmookler, Illusion of Choice, p. 149.

132 “By the 1950s American culture had become primarily hedonistic”: Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 70; cited in Schmookler, Illusion of Choice, p. 149.

132 “Close connection between moral and ethical capitalism”: William H, Donaldson, “Capitalism and the Challenges of the 1990s,” address delivered Nov. 30, 1992, for the annual Baird Lecture Series of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee School of Business Administration, p. 2.

132 Warren Buffett’s letter to shareholders: Warren E. Buffett, “Chairman’s Letter,” Feb. 28, 2001 (Omaha, NE: Berkshire Hathaway Inc.), http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/2000ar/2000letter.html, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

132 Al Gore warns of “brutal tension”: “Think long term, Gore tells pension funds,” Guardian, Thursday, Mar. 15, 2007 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/mar/15/money.pensions, accessed Mar. 28, 2009.

132 Conference Board research report: “Time to Deal With ‘Short-Termism,’ According to New Study from The Conference Board,” Apr. 3, 2006, http://www.conference-board.org/utilities/pressDetail.cfm?press_ID=2848, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

133 CFA, Business Roundtable report: “CFA Centre, Business Roundtable Institute for Corporate Ethics Report Calls on CEOs, Asset Managers, Investors, Others to Adopt Practices to Promote Long-Term Value for Shareholders’ Benefit, Break ‘Short-term Obsession,’” July 24, 2006, http://www.darden.edu/corporate-ethics/news/060724.htm, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

133 “The problem…is the management of human behavior”: Harlan Cleveland, Birth of a New World: An Open Moment for International Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993), p. 197.

134 “If you do not think about the future, you cannot have one”: John Galsworthy, Swan Song (1928), pt. 2, chap. 6.

134 “There is no finer investment for any community than putting milk into babies”: Winston Churchill, “Post-War Planning,” radio broadcast, Mar. 21, 1943, in Robert Rhodes James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897–1963, (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974), vol. 7, p. 6761.

138 The original meaning of justice “lies in the realm of personal passions”: Robert C. Solomon, A Passion for Justice: Emotions and the Origins of the Social Contract (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990), p. 9.

138 How laws must be abolished if they are unjust: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 3.

139 “The liberties of equal citizenship are taken as settled”: Rawls, Theory of Justice, p. 4.

139 “The difficulty is that the love of several persons is thrown into confusion”: Rawls, Theory of Justice, p. 190.

139 “The relationship between love and justice”: D. B. Robertson, ed., Love and Justice: Selections from the Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr (Louisville, KY.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1957), p. 9.

139 “Love is the final or highest possibility in man’s relationship to man”: Robertson, Love and Justice, p. 11.

139 “[An ethic] must give guidance”: Robertson, Love and Justice, p. 9.

139 “Forgiving love” must take precedence over “tolerable harmonies” of justice: Robertson, Love and Justice, p. 13.

144 The Potter Box: See Ralph B. Potter; “The Structure of Certain American Christian Responses to the Nuclear Dilemma,” PhD diss., Harvard University, 1965, and his article “The Logic of Moral Argument” in Paul Deats, ed., Toward a Discipline of Social Ethics (Boston: Boston University Press, 1972), pp. 93–114. See also Clifford G. Christians, Kim B. Rotzoll, and Mark Fackler, Media Ethics: Cases and Moral Reasoning (New York: Longman, 1983), pp. 2–8.

146 “No ideas but in things”: “A Sort of a Song,” Selected Poems of William Carlos Williams (New York: New Directions, 1949), p. 108.

146 “Not Ideas About the Thing but the Thing Itself”: The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954, rpt. 1965), p. 534.

Chapter Seven—Resolution Principles

149 “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers”: Thomas Jefferson, letter to Col. Edward Carrington, Jan. 16, 1787, in Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955), vol. 2, p. 49.

150 Anecdote about the ethical dilemmas of journalism: Kay Fanning, “A rock and a hard place,” in Frank McCulloch, ed., Drawing the Line: How 31 Editors Solved Their Toughest Ethical Dilemmas (Washington, DC: American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1984), pp. 37–39. Reprinted by permission of the ASNE Bulletin.

153 Mill on utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism,” in F. E. L. Priestley, ed., Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. 10 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), pp. 211, 218.

155 “An action done from duty”: Immanuel Kant, The Moral Law: Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1961), pp: 67–68.

156 “What is essentially good”: Kant, Moral Law, p. 84.

156 The measure of rightness or wrongness: Kant, Moral Law, pp. 68, 69, 70.

156 “I ought never to act except in such a way”: Kant, Moral Law, p. 70.

157 “The invasive do-gooding…Kantian theory”: Barbara Herman, The Practice of Moral Judgment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 23.

157 Similar formulations appear at the center of Hinduism: W. A. Spooner, “The Golden Rule,” in James Hastings, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 6 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914), pp. 310–12.

157 The Golden Rule as “a principle of great antiquity”: Marcus G. Singer, “Golden Rule,” in Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, eds., Encyclopedia of Ethics (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992), p. 405.

157 Imagine yourself as the object rather than the agent of that action: Gene Outka, “Augustinianism and Common Morality,” in Gene Outka and John P. Reeder Jr., eds., Prospects for a Common Morality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 121.

158 “Attempt to put oneself in another’s shoes”: Outka, “Augustinianism and Common Morality,” p. 119.

158 “Merely derivative of our principle”: Kant, Moral Law, p. 97.

158 “It was never intended as a guide”: Sissela Bok, “The Golden Rule,” in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 2005).

158 The veil of ignorance: John Rawls, Theory of Justice, pp. 136–42.

169 “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity”: Kant, Moral Law, p. 96.

Chapter Eight—“There’s Only ‘Ethics’…”

176 Bromberg as “a hard-driving taskmaster”: Theodore J. Gordon and Julian Scheer, First into Outer Space (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1959), p. 48.

176 “A missile flight seldom fails because of a basic inadequacy in design”: Gordon and Scheer, First into Outer Space, p. 43.

178 Lachaise…exhibited “intelligence functioning at intuitional velocity”: E. E. Cummings, “Gaston Lachaise,” in George J. Fir-mage, ed., E. E. Cummings: A Miscellany Revised (New York: October House, 1965), p. 17.

179 The Prisoner’s Dilemma: William Poundstone, The Prisoner’s Dilemma (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

181 “No man is an island”: John Donne, Devotions (1624), vol. 17.

182 Robert Frost’s famous decision-making poem: Robert Frost, “The Road Not Taken,” The Complete Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1949), p. 131.

188 The only obligation is to oneself: Henry David Thoreau, “Civil Disobedience,” cited in Larry May, “Public and Private Morality,” in Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, eds., Encyclopedia of Ethics, vol. 1 (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992), pp. 1043–47.

188 “There’s only ‘ethics’”: Rushworth M. Kidder, Shared Values for a Troubled World: Conversations with Men and Women of Conscience (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1994), p. 169.

192 School board member opposed to distribution of condoms: Clifford J. Levy, “Fifth Graders Get Condoms In New Haven,” New York Times (July 28, 1993), p. B1.

200 Jimmy Carter’s human rights speech: Harlan Cleveland, Birth of a New World: An Open Moment for International Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993), p. 123.

201 Poem on the issue of environment versus development: Hart Crane, “The River,” in The Bridge (New York: Liveright, 1933), p. 17.

202 Global population growth: See George D. Moffett, Critical Masses: The Global Population Challenge (New York: Viking Penguin, 1994).

Chapter Nine—Epilogue (1995): Ethics in the Twenty-first Century

211 Graduate student paralyzes major computer network: Jonathon Littman, “The Shockwave Rider,” PC Computing, vol. 3, no. 6 (June 1990), p. 142.

212 “One of the most sophisticated and infectious computer viruses”: Time, cited in Washington Monthly (Jan. 1989), p. 21.

212 The futurist writes that mankind has spanned eight hundred “lifetimes”: Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 9.

214 Bill Joy on computers a million times more powerful: Bill Joy, “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” Wired Magazine, Apr. 2000, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

214 The ethical issues surrounding euthanasia: See, for instance, Peter Singer, Practical Ethics, 2d ed. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 175–216.

214 Public thinks doctors should be allowed to end patient’s life: “Majorities of U.S. Adults Favor Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide by More than Two-to-One,” The Harris Poll #32, Apr. 27, 2005, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=561, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

215 The concept of “high touch”—going back to handmade items: John Naisbitt, Megatrends (New York: Warner Books, 1982), p. 1.

218 “Joy is a mystery at right angles”: e. e. cummings, Adventures in Value, vol. 3 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1962), p. 1.

219 Values clarification: Quotations from Simon are from Sidney B. Simon, Leland W. Howe, and Howard Kirschenbaum, Values Clarification: A Handbook of Practical Strategies for Teachers and Students (New York: Hart Publishing Company, 1972), pp. 16, 19, 27, 281, and 287. The quotation from Leming is from Character Education: Lessons from the Past, Models for the Future (Camden, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, 1993), p. 8.

Chapter Ten—Epilogue (2009): Ethics in a Time of Economic Crisis

222 The Ethics Recession: Rushworth M. Kidder, The Ethics Recession: Reflections on the Moral Underpinnings of the Current Economic Crisis (Rockland, ME: Institute for Global Ethics, 2009).

225 Derek Bok on “easy relativism”: Derek Bok, Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 153.

225 Survey of teens in 2008: “Poll: Most Teens Think They Can Make Ethical Business Decisions, Yet Many Also Believe It Is Okay to Lie and Cheat,” PR Newswire, Feb. 11, 2009. Telephone survey of 750 US teens, conducted Oct. 9–12, 2008, by Opinion Research Corporation for Junior Achievement and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. http://www.articlearchives.com/population-demographics/demographic-groups-adolescents/2326712–1.html

227 Individualism receded and a sense of community grew: Rushworth M. Kidder, “Barn-raisers or Bootstrappers: Does Crisis Strengthen Community?” Ethics Newsline, Mar. 9, 2009, http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2009/03/09/barnraisers-bootstrappers/

228 Federal sentencing guidelines: “2005 Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual,” chap. 8, pt. B, sec. 1 (a) (2), http://www.ncsu.edu/sparcs/ccc/docs/2008/FedSentencingGuidelines_04–07–08.pdf, accessed Apr. 13, 2009.

228 National Business Ethics Survey: An Inside View of Private Sector Ethics (Washington, DC: Ethics Resource Center, 2007), p. ix.