Abdi (brown bear), 203
Abeles, Shanna, 198
abuse of animals, 3, 60–64, 130
forgiveness for, 274–84
by other animals, 256–57
rescues from, 99–100, 121, 126, 203–4
as root of mental illness, 68, 71, 98, 125, 160, 248
of working animals, 225–27
acetaminophen (Tylenol), 223–24
acral lick dermatitis, 103
Adams, Grizzly, 87
affective neuroscience, 26–28
aggression, 2, 4, 15, 24, 41, 129, 201, 204, 211
in cats, 116
in dogs, 108–9, 110, 112, 130, 212, 215, 216
in elephants, 65, 249, 265–66, 304
in horses, 248
misdiagnosis of, 148–49
Alzheimer’s disease, 29–30, 114
American Association of Suicidology, 158
American College of Veterinary Behaviorists, 105
American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association, 229
American Kennel Club standards, 110
American Museum of Natural History, 65, 67–71, 73, 79, 80
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 214
amygdala, 33–34
Anafranil, 221
anger, 12, 15, 24, 27, 58, 177
Anheuser-Busch Corporation, 139
Animal Awareness (Griffin), 22
animal display industry, 131–32
animal rights, 69, 131, 165–67, 280–81
future goals of, 283–84
animal shelters, 4, 38, 116–17, 130, 215
Animals Make Us Human (Grandin and Johnson), 135
Animal Welfare Act, 64, 237–38
amnesiac shellfish poisoning, 183–84
Annotated Alice, The (Carroll), vii
anthropocentrism, 36–37
anthropogenic sound, 174
anthropomorphism, 4, 35–39, 94, 154, 162, 172, 280, 314
antidepressants, 51, 156, 187, 194, 197, 200–204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 221, 258–59, 261
environmental contamination from, 223–24
anxiety, 2, 4, 32, 33, 96, 101, 107, 110, 112, 136–37, 149, 176, 188, 216, 218, 247, 275, 319
drug therapy for, 192–93, 199, 206–8, 211, 212, 258–59
human vs. animal, 30–31, 112, 114
products for soothing, 241–44
in PTSD, 47–49
see also separation anxiety; thunderstorm anxiety
apes, 48, 76, 98, 142, 198, 303
animal environments in, 131–32
rationale for, 132, 139–40, 142
Arnaz, Desi, 193
arsenic, 177
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), 138–40, 142, 198, 236–37
Ativan, 208
attachment theory, 42
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 209
Audubon Society, 90
Australian shepherds, 29–30, 114
Baan Ta Klang, Thailand, 263–73
Bacall, Lauren, 193
Bacteroides fragilis, 136–37
Baja, Mexico, whales of, 275–80
Ball, Lucille, 193
ballenas amistosas (friendly gray whales), 275, 277
Barker, Pat, 57
bears, 85–92, 97, 134, 148, 152, 196, 203–4
Becerra, Jose Luis, 38
behavior, animal:
evolving perspectives on, 10–15, 21–28
human behavior interpreted through, 29–39
innate vs. learned, 21
ritualized, 36–37
behavior control, 197
behaviorists, 21
veterinary, 16, 53, 102–103, 105–116, 201, 211, 213–217, 229, 242; see also ethology
behavior-modification training, 211, 215–18, 221–22
Behind the Dolphin Smile (O’Barry), 165
Bekoff, Marc, 24, 38–39, 93, 136
Bell, Barbara, 255, 257, 259, 261–63
“belly nosing,” 135
belugas, 26, 167, 200, 275, 280
Benadryl, 223–24
Benchley, Belle, 85
Ben Franklin (bear), 87
Benson, Etienne, 170–71
benzodiazepine (Xanax; Librium), 16, 53, 103, 146, 182, 187, 194–95, 197–99, 207–8, 210, 230
Berger, Frank, 188, 190–91, 193
Berlin Zoo, 85
Bernese Mountain Dogs, 2, 6–7, 54, 109–10
see also Oliver
Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, 14
Betty and Stanley (orangutans), 205–6
Big Charley (elephant), 62
biological psychiatry, 192
bipolar disorder, 201–2
Bird Man, 14
birds, 21, 26, 97, 104, 134, 146, 161, 196, 213, 241
see also parrots
birth defects, 180
Black Beauty, 69
bloat, 53–54
Bogart, Humphrey, 193
Bomby (rhino), 84
bonobos (Pan paniscus), 4, 24, 43, 239, 254–63
borderline personality disorder, 185
Bowers, Kathryn, 95
Boy Scouts of America, 90
Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog, The (Perry and Szalavitz), 126–27
brain function:
Alzheimer’s and, 29–30
in fear response, 30–31
of hippocampus, 184–85
infection and inflammation in, 180–81
ingested mercury in, 176
brains, animal:
Branch Davidian siege, 126
Brancheau, Dawn, 199
breeders, breeding, 7, 38, 111, 190
for genetic diversity, 198
problems attributed to, 109–10
Breheny, James, 239
Briar Patch Philosophy by Peter Rabbit (Long), 37–38
Bronx Zoo, 65, 75–76, 82, 139, 140, 147, 237, 239–41
Brown, Kate, 239–41
brown bears (Ursus actos), 203–4
Brüne, Martin, 260–61
Bryan, William Jennings, 80
Buddhism, 149–50
Burghardt, Walter, 51
caffeine, 223–24
Cage, Nicolas, 38
California, sociological and ecological changes in, 85–92
California flag, 86
California gray whales, 275–80
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 26
Campbell, Allen, 62–64
canine Alzheimer’s, 29–30
canine neurosis, 44–47
Cannon, Walter, 298–99
captivity, animals in, 42–43
adaptation of, 122–23
commercial exploitation of, 79, 87, 139–40, 142
drugs used for, 195–98
enrichment for, 236–41
as entertainment, 120, 124, 131–32, 138–39, 165–68, 171, 227, 265–66, 283
environment in abnormal behavior of, 131–43
mistreatment and hardships of, 88–89, 125, 196, 199, 202–4, 238
mortality of, 76
reproduction in, 232
as root of mental illness, 101, 120–22, 160, 164
working, 123–25, 225–27, 247–49, 269–70
see also aquariums; zoos
Carroll, Lewis, vii
cars, as therapy, 217
Carson, Rachel, 21
catatonic states, 189–90
cats, 11, 12, 24, 35, 47, 61, 92, 97, 106, 110, 119, 208, 210, 212, 234, 241, 282
blood-donor, 106
creating healthy environments for, 119–20
disturbed behavior of, 20, 107, 116–19, 134, 144, 162, 211, 215, 273
used in research, 188, 194–95, 298–99
“cat test,” 194
Cat Who Cried for Help, The (Dodman), 105
Cayenne (dog), 242
Centers for Disease Control, 209
Central Park Zoo, 66–68, 84, 201–3
Chailert, Lek, 226–27
change:
cats’ response to, 116–18, 120
as root of mental illness, 120–30
Chantek (orangutan), 152
Charlie (macaw), 152–54, 156–57
Charlotte’s Web (White), 92–93
Chiang Mai Zoo, 124–25
Chicago World’s Fair (1904), 81
environmental toxin exposure in, 176, 177
institutionalized, 135–36
neglect in orphanages of, 41–42
pets compared to, 104
tic disorders in, 100–101
trauma disorders in, 49, 126–30
chimpanzees, 4, 11, 21–22, 24, 26, 31, 76, 101, 153, 254, 255, 260–61, 283, 292
trauma disorders in, 48–49
chimpanzee tea parties, 74, 238
Chirac, Bernadette, 186
chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 187, 189–90, 194, 196
Christensen, E’lise, 112–16, 130, 214–17, 242
Cipro, 223
circuses, 14, 66, 97, 134, 269
animal mistreatment in, 61–64
heartbreak in, 84
see also Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus
Circus International, 62
Civil War, U.S., 72
Cleveland Zoo, 204
Clomicalm, 221
clomipramine, 221
Close, Glenn, 147
Coast Guard, U.S., 172
Columbine school shootings, 126
Companion Species Manifesto, The (Haraway), 274
comparative psychology, 161
compulsive behavior, 2–4, 17–18, 21, 28, 52, 101, 110, 136, 143–48, 149, 211, 258–59, 275
in captive animals, 132, 137, 201–3
in stereotypies, 133–38
conditioned responses, 44, 47, 51, 298
Congo (gorilla), 82
Connor, Richard, 173
Conrad, Patricia, 181
consciousness, in animals, 22, 23, 25–27
Contents May Have Shifted (Houston), 152
Cornell Weill Psychopharmacology Clinic, 112, 114
corral-biting (cribbing), 211
Cottam, Nicole, 106–9, 114, 212–13
Crawley, Jacqueline, 155
Crile, George, 298
Cronon, William, 316
CSL 7096 (sea lion), 184
Cuneo, John, Jr., 64
Cunningham, Alyse, 74–80
Da Bird (toy), 118–19
Damasio, Antonio, 24
Darwin, Charles, 2–4, 11–13, 21, 36, 72, 80, 156, 284, 289–90
David, Charles, 306
Dawkins, Richard, 178
Delhi (elephant), 64
de Lille, Alain, 57
depression, 3, 4, 21, 24, 35, 41, 42, 60, 93, 96, 101, 117, 146, 167, 177, 180, 185, 186, 198, 199, 211–12, 220
historical perspective on, 200–202
“derangement of instinct,” 161
Descartes, René, 10–11, 21, 22
Descent of Man (Darwin), 11, 12–13
Desmond, Tim, 202
de Waal, Frans, 24, 147, 254–55
deworming, 212
Diablito (cat), 116
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 98–99, 103, 143–44, 155, 319
diazepam (Valium), 16, 53, 103, 146, 182, 187, 194, 195, 197–99, 208, 209, 212, 215, 222, 246, 257, 258–59
Dinah (gorilla), 76
Dodman, Nicholas, 105–8, 110, 114, 187, 211–12
“Dog Has Died, A” (Neruda), vii
dogs, 3, 8, 15, 36–37, 39, 43, 50, 54–55, 84, 93, 94, 97, 98, 106, 110, 111, 171, 188, 208, 210, 212, 221, 235, 238, 274, 281, 292, 298
author’s evolving perspective on, 20
disturbed behavior in, 29–30, 114, 134, 141, 144, 148, 211, 212, 217–18, 242, 273, 281, 350
emotional mirroring by, 24
homesickness in, 81
human relationships with, 19
mad, 57–60
massage for, 245–47
maternal love in, 11
Pavlov’s research on, 44–47, 51, 125, 141, 297–98
personal space of, 216
pure-bred, 109
“recycled,” 130
rescued, 227
separation anxiety and impulse control disorders in, 112–16, 220–21
suicide in, 43–44, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163–64
trauma disorders in, 49–52, 107
dog suicide bridge (Overtoun Bridge), 43–44
Dogs with Dunbar, 222
Dog Who Loved Too Much, The (Dodman), 105
Dog Years (Doty), 19
dolphins, 3, 23–24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 142, 181, 283
communication of, 36
disturbed behavior in, 134, 138, 140, 199, 275
mercury poisoning in, 176–77
social bonding in, 173–74, 333
strandings by, 170, 172–74, 177, 280, 331–32
domoic acid toxicosis, 183–84
donkeys, 3, 92, 160, 234, 243–44, 274, 283
Donne, John, 155
Dunham, Lena, 209
Durkheim, Emile, 162–64
Effect of Meprobamate (Miltown) on Animal Behavior, The, 190
Elanco, 209
Elavil, 212
electroconvulsive shock therapy (electroshock therapy; ECT), 31–32, 197
“Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog, An” (Goldsmith), 60
Elephant Nature Park, 121, 126, 226–27, 266
elephants, 2, 4, 12, 22, 26, 31, 48, 55, 81, 101, 130, 161, 243, 282, 283
disturbed behavior in, 124–25, 134, 227, 263, 304, 306
friendships among, 226–27, 228, 249
human friendships with, 247–54
killer, 124, 150, 227, 248–49, 263
purported madness in, 61–71
in Thailand, 120–26, 130, 149–50, 225–27, 247–54, 263–73
working, 123–25, 225–27, 247–49, 269–70
Emotional Brain, The (Le Doux), 33
Emotional Lives of Animals, The (Bekoff), 93
emotions, animal, 11, 23–25, 26
evolving perspective on, 21–28
expression of, 32–33
projection of human emotions on, 4, 35–39
“Enigma of Suicidal Whales,” 169
enrichment:
for captive animals, 236–41, 261
for pets, 241–43
environment, 268–70
in disturbed captive animal behavior, 131–43, 148–49
environmental activism, 22, 90, 139–40, 166, 174
dolphins and whales as symbols of, 170–71, 174–75
environmental toxins, 175–78
epinephrine (adrenaline), 127
equine self-mutilation syndrome, 106
Equine Sports Massage Association, 246
Escobar, Pablo, 97
eugenics, 109–10
euthanasia, 54–55, 92, 109, 202, 214–15, 275, 282
evolutionary theory, 72, 80, 161
Exterminator (racehorse), 235
Faroe Islands, 176
Fauna Sanctuary, 48–49
fear, 2–3, 12, 20–21, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33–36, 101, 107, 108, 110, 117, 149, 207, 211, 216, 258–59, 275
feather meal, 223
feather plucking, 146, 152–54, 196, 221, 229
Feldenkrais, Moshe, 244–45
feline hyperesthesia, 119
fight or flight response, 127
Firestein, Stuart, 36
fish, 223
mercury ingestion from, 175–76
fisting, 255–57
Flegr, Jaroslav, 178–80
Flipper (dolphin), 165–68
fluoxetine (Prozac), 53, 99, 103, 119, 146, 186–87, 199, 200–203, 207–8, 209, 211, 212, 214, 222, 223–24, 257–59
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 194
Food and Drug Act, Humphrey-Durham amendments to, 210
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 210–11, 221, 222
Franklin Park Zoo, 137, 140–42, 146–47, 204, 231, 237, 239
Fred (dog), 50
Frediani, Jodi, 246
Frenzy (sea lion), 182–85
friendships, animal:
heartbreak in, 84
interspecies, 43–44, 85, 87, 234–35, 314
therapeutic effects of, 85, 225–73
Friends of the Asian Elephant Hospital (FAE), 250–52
Frohoff, Toni, 138, 275, 278–79
frontal lobotomies, 31
Fulton, John, 31
fur industry, 284
Gabriel, Bettye, 236
Galdikas, Biruté, 254
generalized anxiety disorder, 114
genetics, in mental illness, 145
German Shepherds, 84, 110, 115, 130, 149, 281
Getting in TTouch: Understand and Influence Your Horse’s Behavior (Tellington-Jones), 245, 356
Gigi (gorilla), 137–38, 204–8, 231–33, 238–39, 274, 281
giraffes, 132
Go, Cat, Go, 117–18
and racehorses, 234–36
Golden Gate Park, 85, 88, 90–91
Goldsmith, Oliver, 60
Goodall, Jane, 21–22, 147, 254
gorillas, 3, 4, 22, 43, 55, 97, 129, 153, 198–99, 254, 274, 283, 292
disturbed behavior of, 137–38, 195–96, 197–99, 201, 204–6
friendships among, 231–33
hair plucking by, 146–48
homesickness in, 73–82
zoo environments of, 133, 137, 141, 142–43
Great American Circus, 64
Great Depression, 210
Greyfriars Bobby (dog), 84
grief, over death, 12, 24, 54–55, 94, 152, 229–30, 235, 282, 328–29
Grier, Katherine, 104
Griffin, Donald, 22
grizzly bears, 85–92, 314, 316
Guadalajara Zoo, 198
Guey (ethnic group), 268–70, 273
Gulf War, 95
Gulland, Frances, 183
Gus (polar bear), 201–3
hairballs, 228–29
hair plucking (trichotillomania), 2, 143–48, 208, 211, 324
Haldol (haloperidol), 196–98, 207, 208
Hamlyn, John Daniel, 74
handlers:
aggression against, 62–63, 67–68
elephant, see mahouts
Harlow, Harry, 40–43
Harriman, Marinell, 228
Harry (coyote), 136
Hartsfield, William Berry, 195
hat making industry, 175–76
Hawaiian Monk Seal and Cetacean Responders Meeting, 171–74
Hawkeye (parrot), 229–30
Hawthorn Corporation, 64
Health and Human Services Department, U.S., 128
Hearst, William Randolph, 87
heartbreak, 57–58, 83–94, 96, 160
Henri (parrot), 230
Henry (monkey), 61
herpes, 126
Herriot, James (char.), 212
Hinde, Robert, 42
hippocampus, 184–85
hippos, 97
Hoffman-La Roche, 194–95
Hollywood, drug use in, 193
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 61
homeopathy, 341–42
homesickness, 57, 71–83, 96, 160
homicide, 180
homosexuality, 98
Honolulu Advertiser, 63
horses, 3, 12, 15, 98, 101, 106, 171, 282, 283
disturbed behavior in, 134, 135, 211, 235, 248
heartbreak in, 84
suicide in, 155, 160, 161, 163–64
see also racehorses
House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit (Harriman), 228
House Rabbit Society, 228
Houston, Pam, 152
How to Teach a New Dog Old Tricks (Dunbar), 222
Hoxb8 gene, 145
Humane Society of the United States, 167
human exceptionalism, 10–11
immigrants, immigration, 72, 83
impulse control disorder, 113, 114
inclined screen test, 194
infants, effect of deprivation and neglect on, 40–43
ingestion of inedibles, see pica
invisible, 15, 18, 52, 108, 110
insomnia, 177
isolation, 78, 198, 207–8, 231–32
ivermectin, 212
Jackle, Jeannine, 137, 147, 231–33, 238–39
jai dee (good heart), 272, 273
Jan Jou (elephant), 269
Jefferson, Thomas, 90
Jefty (rabbit), 228–29
Jesus Christ, 155
Jiggs (chimp), 303
Johari (gorilla), 201
John Daniel (gorilla), 73–82, 86, 92, 309
John Daniel II (John Sultan; gorilla), 79–81
Johnson, Catherine, 135
Jo-Jo (monkey), 235
Jordan, Michael, 37
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 176
J. T. Junior (monkey), 309
Jumbo (elephant), 81
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 89
Karacabey Bear Sanctuary, 203
Karen (ethnic group), 123, 226, 250, 251
Kathy (dolphin), 165–68
Katrina, Hurricane, 49–50, 107, 126
Kelley, Lee Charles, 50
Kennedy, John F., 193
Kiki (gorilla), 137, 204–5, 207, 232
Kimani (gorilla), 232
Kim Jong-il, 281
Kiojasha (gorilla), 147
Kira (gorilla), 232
Kitombe “Kit” (gorilla), 204–8, 231–33
Kristof, Nicholas, 224
Kubie (gorilla), 205
Lady Washington (bear), 87
Laguna San Ignacio, 276–78
Lamby (dog), 209
Langka, Grishda, 126
language:
feelings and, 34–35
learned helplessness, 35
Leary, Timothy, 211
Le Doux, Joseph, 33–36
Letterman, David, 201
Lexapro, 212
Librium (benzodiazepine), 194, 195
licking, compulsive, 17–18, 28, 32, 103, 105, 106, 108, 134, 220
Lick-its, 243
Linden, Phoebe Greene, 146, 229–31
Lindsay, William Lauder, 13–15, 156, 160–62
Listening to Prozac (Kramer), 200–201
Little Joe (gorilla), 146–47
Lody (bonobo), 257–58, 260–63, 274
logging, 123–24, 225–27, 247–49
London Zoo, 12
Long, William J., 37–38
Los Angeles Times, 62
deprivation of, 40–43
see also heartbreak
Love at Goon Park (Blum), 41
Lurie, Max, 200
lynxes, 60
Mac (donkey), 1–2, 92, 243–44, 274
McAlpin Hotel, 79–80
macaques (Macaca fuscata), 147, 197
McVay, Scott, 22
Madison Square Garden, 77–78
madness, as term, 58–60
Mae Bua (elephant), 264, 266–70
Mae Kam Geow (elephant), 225
Mae Perm (elephant), 226–27, 266
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 32
mahouts, 120, 121, 122–23, 126, 150, 225, 247–54, 263–73
Mahout Training School, 248
Maier, Steven, 35
Marine Mammal Center, 182–85
Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972), 171
Maringa (bonobo), 257
Marino, Lori, 25
Marx, Groucho, 55
massage, therapeutic, 244–47
masturbation, 97, 98, 132, 134, 138
deprivation of, 40–43, 67, 78, 91, 120, 122, 135, 205, 256–57, 267
as essential to emotional stability, 125, 129
in humans, 130
in whales, 277–80
Maudsley, Henry, 162–63
Maxine (monkey), 196
Mayans, suicide among, 157–58
Mayoral, Francisco (Pachico), 276, 278
Mayoral, Ranulfo, 276–77
medications, 108, 112–13, 114, 186–224, 274, 283, 350
critics of, 222
two key FDA decisions on, 210
see also specific drugs
melancholia, 15, 57, 60, 76, 81, 83, 160, 200
Mellaril, 208
Mental Evolution in Animals (Romanes), 161
mental illness, animal:
diagnosing of, 97–151
drug treatment for, 186–224
environmental toxins in, 175–78
environment and, 131–43
euthanasia and, 214–15
historical perspective on, 57–96, 161
human mental illness vs., 2–4, 12–15, 21, 33–36, 44–46, 57–58, 72, 83, 98, 108, 109, 112, 113–15, 131, 143–46, 150, 155, 159–60, 178, 206, 208, 215, 222, 259–61, 273, 299
individual history in, 120, 122, 125–30, 256–57, 262
maternal deprivation and, 40–43
recovery from, 4, 41, 43, 46–47, 85, 119, 184, 259–63, 270, 274, 281
reinforcement of, 149
see also rabies
mental illness, human:
deprivation of love in, 41–42
diagnosing of, 98–99
drug treatment for, 189–95, 208–9, 215, 221
environmental toxins and, 175–78
hippocampus in, 185
historical perspectives on, 13–15, 41–43, 57, 71–72, 82–83, 136, 197, 273, 289–90
parasitic infection and, 178–82
physiological processes in, 32–33
mental institutions, 13–15, 23, 32, 83, 189–90, 196–97, 289
meprobamate, 188–94
mercury poisoning, 175–77
Miami Seaquarium, 165
mice, 229
disturbed behavior in, 135, 136–37, 144–46, 324
in research, 34–35, 126, 134, 144–45, 177–78, 188, 194–95
toxo in, 178–79
Michael (gorilla), 152
microglia, 145–46
migrations, whale, 279–80
military:
marine mammal program of, 200
sonar use by, 169, 171, 174–75
tranquilizer use in, 193
Miltown (meprobamate), 190–94
Milwaukee County Zoo, 254–55, 257
mimicking, 259–60
Mind in Disease (Lindsay), 13–15
Mind in the Lower Animals (Lindsay), 13, 160
minks, 134–35
Minyak (orangutan), 201
mirror recognition test, 25–26, 292
Miss Edna Jackson (racehorse), 235
Modern Women: The Lost Sex, 192
Mogel (elephant), 62
Monarch (grizzly bear), 85–92, 315, 316
monkeys, 11, 21, 61, 85, 160, 196, 234, 235
decline in population of, 123
disturbed behavior in, 197, 281, 303
Harlow’s maternal deprivation experiments on, 40–43
homesickness in, 81
in research, 134, 136, 188, 191, 193
“therapist,” 41
Montana (grizzly bear), 91, 316
Monterey Bay Aquarium, 140
Montez, Lola, 87
mood disorders, 57, 93, 96, 206–8
Morgan, Conwy Lloyd, 160–64
“Morgan’s canon,” 162
Morselli, Enrico, 161–62
Moses (chimp), 76
Mosha (elephant), 250–54, 274, 281
Moss, Cynthia, 22
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 184
Muir, John, 90
Murray’s Royal Institute for the Insane, Perth, 13
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 92
Mussolini, Benito, 61
Namu (orca), 84–85
National Fancy Rat Society, 229
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 155–56
National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S., 172, 174
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 171–72, 185
National Public Health Service, 33
National Zoo, Washington, 9, 237
Native Americans, 72, 86, 89, 90, 174, 314, 316
Natterson-Horowitz, Barbara, 94–96
“Nature of Suicide, The: Science and the Self-Destructive Animal” (Ramsden and Wilson), 159
Neruda, Pablo, vii
neuroses, Pavlov’s experiments in, 44–47
neurosurgery, 31–32
neurotransmitters, 127
Newfoundlands, 36–37
Newsday, 201
newspapers:
animal coverage in, 75, 170, 201–2
sensationalizing in, 59, 68, 83, 88, 163
New York Sun, 163
New York Times, 61, 67, 77–78, 80, 82, 85, 169, 201, 212
New York Zoological Society, 65, 75–76
Night of the Iguana (Williams), 193
Noon Nying (elephant), 264–72, 274, 281
norepinephrine (noradrenaline), 127
nostalgia, 58, 60, 71–72, 73, 76, 81–83, 96, 307
Novartis, 221
nymphomania, 15
obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs), 32, 33, 57, 96, 101, 103, 108, 114, 143–46
octopi, 24, 26, 27, 94–95, 237, 238
Old English Sheepdogs, 110, 111
Oliver (dog):
author’s adoption of, 7–8, 126
behavioral therapy for, 213–14, 216, 217
diagnosing of, 102–5, 106, 109–12
euthanising of, 54–55, 109, 275, 282
mental illness of, 2, 4, 5–10, 16–20, 28, 29, 32, 43, 49, 52–56, 57, 108, 115, 126, 134, 159, 212, 213, 218, 241–43, 275
window jump of, 5–7, 15–16, 20, 52, 93, 102, 115, 213, 246–47
O’Malley, Gail, 239–40
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey), 5, 196
On the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 11–12
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 11
orangutans, 4, 12, 26, 43, 97, 132, 201, 205–6, 254
orcas, 26, 84, 131, 167, 199, 202, 279, 280, 333
organophosphate insecticides, 177
Orson (dog), 36–37
Orwell, George, 306
Ota Benga, 82
Otero, Jonas Leonardo Meza, 278–79
otters, 93–94, 134, 152, 180–81, 183, 280
Overall, Karen, 113–14
Overtoun Bridge (dog suicide bridge), 43–44
pangas (boats), 275–77
Panyataro, Pra Ahjan Harn “elephant monk,” 149–51, 273
Paradee “Ladee” (mahout), 251–54, 274
parasites, 178–81
disturbed behavior of, 21, 24, 61, 106, 146, 154, 196, 229, 230
friendships among, 229–31
Parsons, Chris, 175
Pasteur, Louis, 59
Patterson, Penny, 205
Pavlov, Ivan, 44–47, 51, 125, 141, 297–98
Paxil, 146, 208, 212, 258–59, 262
Payne, Katy, 22
Payne, Roger, 22
Peanuts (ponies), 235
pelicans, 155
penguins, 84
People for the Ethical treatment of Animals (PETA), 131
Pepsi (dog), 93
Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), 97–102
dogs as, 218–23
drugs prescribed for, 186, 208–22, 283
enrichment for, 241–43
evolving perspective on animals as, 104, 208, 219–20
Phelps, Michael, 37
phenobarbital, 194
phobias, 33, 98, 101, 108, 113, 196, 212, 258, 350
Physicians’ Desk Reference, 192
pigs, 26, 47, 60, 92–93, 223, 234, 236, 281, 283, 284
disturbed behavior in, 134–35, 190
in research, 31
Pinchot, Gifford, 90
Pi Pong (mahout), 267
Pi Sarote (mahout), 263–73, 274
play therapy, 118–19
Pocatell (dog), 235
disturbed behavior in, 201–3
ponies, 234–35
Poole, Joyce, 22
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 33–34, 47–49, 81, 98, 114, 185, 231, 299
poultry, 92, 135, 157, 160, 223–24, 234, 236, 284
Preecha Phuangkum, 247–54
pregnancy, toxo danger in, 179
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 99
premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 98–99, 201
prey, predators, 95–96
Primate’s Memoir, A (Sapolsky), 39
probiotics, 137
Prosen, Harry, 254–63
Prozac (fluoxetine), 53, 99, 103, 119, 146, 186–87, 199, 200–203, 207–8, 209, 211, 212, 214, 222, 223–24, 257–59
Pseudonitzschia australis, 183, 185
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 155
psychiatrists, 58
animals treated by, 206–8, 231, 254–63
psychoanalysis, 191–92
psychopharmaceuticals:
profitability of, 210
see also specific drugs
Pumpkin (pony), 234–35
pygmies, 82
Q (beluga), 275
Quagliozzi, Daniel, 116–19, 225
rabbits, 4, 24, 92, 144, 241, 283
in friendships, 228–29, 234, 235
rabies (hydrophobia), 58–60, 62, 68, 71
racehorses, 234–36
massage for, 245–46
racism:
eugenics and, 109–10
homesickness as justification for, 72, 82
radical behaviorists, 21, 36, 162
Ralston, Tyler, 63
Ramsden, Edmund, 159
Rara (elephant), 120–22, 125–26, 130, 227
in research, 34–35, 47, 126–28, 134, 177–78, 188–89
toxo in, 178–79
Reconcile, 220–22
Regeneration (Barker), 57
and reingestion (R and R), 133–34, 137–38, 206, 261
Relaxed Wife, The, 191
Remeron, 201
research, animals as subjects for, 31, 36, 40–43, 48–49, 101, 134, 187–95, 221, 237–38, 256, 260–61, 284
reserpine, 190
Rex (lion), 163
Reyes-Foster, Beatriz, 157–58, 174
Rhône-Poulenc, 189–90
Richardson, Mel, 97–102, 108, 110, 114, 148–49, 195–96
Ringling, John, 82
Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus, 62, 66, 69, 77–78, 79, 81, 163, 304
risperidone, 207
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 152
Ronson, Jon, 97
Roosevelt, Theodore and Kermit, 70
Rose, Naomi, 167–68
routine, cats’ need for, 116–18, 120
Royal Society, 13
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 164
sadness, 78, 128, 150–51, 157–58
see also grief
Salwala, Soraida, 250–52
San Antonio Zoo, 148
sanctuaries, 4, 43, 48–49, 97–98, 99–101, 121, 126, 226–27, 266
San Francisco Chronicle, 82, 91
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 92
San Francisco Examiner, 87–88
San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, (SFSPCA), 116–17
San Francisco Zoo, 146
Sarcocystis neurona, 181
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 186
Scammon, Charles Melville, 275–76
Scopes Monkey Trial, 80
scorpions, suicide studies on, 160–63
Scythian stallion, 155
Seabiscuit (racehorse), 234–35
sea lions, 3, 71, 84, 138, 176, 181, 196, 280
disturbed behavior of, 182–85, 199, 281
seals, 134, 138, 160, 172, 176, 181, 182, 202, 238, 282
Seattle’s Marine Aquarium, 85
SeaWorld, 85, 131, 142, 165, 167, 196, 199
Bronx Zoo compared to, 139
Sedaris, David, 214
seizures, 182–84
self-awareness, 25–27, 69, 82, 292
in suicide, 156–57
self-mutilation, 2, 3, 18, 28, 101, 106, 119, 155–56, 198, 243, 255–58, 261
self-sacrifice, in suicide, 160, 164, 168
separation anxiety, 77–78, 103–5, 113–16, 148, 196, 211, 219–21, 242, 246
of Oliver, 9–10, 16–20, 28, 52–56, 103, 115, 213
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 50, 95, 107, 126
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 90, 315
sex:
signing for, 232
Shakespeare, William, 152
Shamu (orca), 85
Shape of Enrichment, 237
Sharpe, Susan, 242
Shedd Aquarium, 200
Sheraton Hotel, Krabi, 120–22, 125
shock collars, 32
“Shooting an Elephant” (Orwell), 306
Shorter, Edward, 200
Sierra Club, 90
sign language, 32, 153, 205, 232, 309
Silent Spring (Carson), 21–22
Sinclair, Upton, 89
Sirius Dog Training, 222
Skinner, B. F., 21, 33, 36, 37
Smiles (rhinoceros), 61
Smith, Tom, 234–35
Smith Kline, 190
Smithsonian, 170
Snyder, William, 67–70
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 69
San Francisco, 116–17
sodomy, 256
Southcombe, Ann, 153–54, 205, 232
sperm whales, 172
Spitzbuben (tamarin), 95–96
Sports Illustrated, 235
“stall walkers,” 235
Stenella coeruleoalba (striped dolphin), 167
stereotypies, stereotypic behaviors, 133–38, 148, 227, 237
Stinker (parrot), 229–30
Stone Zoo, 205
Storm Defender, 242
strandings, marine mammal, 168–75, 331–32
human brain response to, 127–29
rat research on, 127–28
tic disorders and, 100–101
of travel, 198–99
workplace, 192–93
Sufi Bettina (gorilla), 147
suicidal behavior disorder, 155
suicide:
in animals, 15, 43–44, 81, 82, 94, 152–85, 328–29
evolving historical perception of, 155–64, 168
in humans, 155–59, 161–62, 168, 169, 180
as medical vs. moral issue, 160–62
notes, 326–27
parasitic infection in, 178–81
strandings and, 168–75
Suicide and Agency Workshop, 157
Suicide: An Essay on Comparative Moral Statistics (Morselli), 161–62
Suicide: A Study in Sociology (Durkheim), 162
superstition, 36–37
surrogate mothers, 43
Synaptic Self (Le Doux), 33
Szalavitz, Maia, 126
Taiji, Japan, dolphin slaughters in, 165
tail chasing, 110, 119, 130, 211, 221
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 94–95
talk therapy, 192
Tampa Zoo, 153
Teddy (dog), 84
Tellington-Jones, Linda, 244–46, 356
Texas Children’s Hospital, 126
Thailand, elephants in, 120–26, 130, 149–51, 225–27, 247–54, 263–73
therapists, animals as, 41, 85, 257–58, 260–63, 274
Thomas, Jodi, 226–27
Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 187, 189–90, 194, 196
ThunderShirt, ThunderLeash, ThunderToy, 242
thunderstorm anxiety, 107, 108, 242, 350
of Oliver, 18–19, 52–53, 103, 105, 212, 213
tic disorders, 100–101
declining population of, 123
in sanctuaries, 99–101
Tilikum (orca), 199
Tip (elephant), 66–71, 73, 86, 92, 306
Tofranil, 212
Tom (gorilla), 142–43
Tom and Pablo (chimps), 49
Toto (gorilla), 309
Toxoplasma gondii (toxo), 178–82
tranquilizers, 195–96
development and proliferation of, 187–95
transitional objects, 50
tree kangaroos, 148–49
trichotillomania (hair plucking), 143–48, 208, 324
Trouble and Double Trouble (birds), 196
TTouch for Healthcare (Tellington-Jones), 244
TTouch (Tellington Touch) method, 244–46, 356
Tufts University Animal Behavior Clinic, 105–8, 113, 211
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 90, 316
Tyke (elephant), 62–64
Tylenol (acetaminophen), 223–24
“Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development,” 128
urbanization, 89–90
Ushindi (mandrill), 239
Valium (diazepam), 16, 53, 103, 146, 182, 187, 194, 195, 197–99, 208, 210, 212, 215, 222, 246, 257, 258–59
Van Berg, Jack, 235
Van Bonn, Bill, 138
Veitch, John, 235
Versed, 208
veterinary medicine, 7–8, 15–16, 106–8, 187–88
Vietnam War, 47
Vip (gorilla), 198–99
Waddles (duck), 82
walruses, 98, 132, 138, 196, 199
Webster, Joanne, 179
Weinhart, John, 99–100
Weinstein, Jill, 29
“Well-Adjusted Cat, The,” 211
Well-Adjusted Dog, The (Dodman), 211
whales, 3, 25, 31, 55, 142, 170, 173–74, 175, 282, 284
disturbed behavior in, 134, 199, 200
human interaction with, 275–80
mercury poisoning in, 176–77
strandings by, 169–75, 177, 331–32
whale-watching, 275–80
whaling, 170, 174, 275–76, 278, 279–80
When Animals Attack, 63
White, E. B., 92
Whitehead, Hal, 173
Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (Sapolsky), 39
Wight, James, 212
Wilder (sea lion), 184–85
wilderness, changing perceptions of, 86–91, 314–15, 316
Wilderness Conservation Society, 139
Wilhelma Zoo, 239
William (goat), 235
Williams, Serena, 37
Williams, Tennessee, 193
Willie B. (gorilla), 195–96
Wilson, Duncan, 159
Wolf Children, 14
women, pathologizing of, 191–92, 195, 197
workplace, stress and medication in, 192–93
World Health Organization (WHO), 185
World War I, 48, 65, 80–82, 84, 299
Wyeth Laboratories, 190
Xanax (benzodiazepine), 51, 146, 194, 208, 210, 230
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 256–57
Young, Brigham, 83
Young, Neil, 172
Yount, George, 86
Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, 157–58, 168
Zarling, Cynthia, 130
Zoetis Inc., 209
Zoo Atlanta, 195
Zoobiquity (Natterson-Horowitz and Bowers), 95
compassionate, 141–43, 205–6, 232
animal environments in, 131–34
animal-human interaction at, 239–41
baby nurseries at, 205
breeding programs of, 142–43
educational claims of, 139–41
enrichment at, 236–41
escape from, 146–47
maternal bonding encouraged in, 42–43