4: The Temple Regained

76. F. L. Ganshof, Feudalism, translated by Philip Grierson, Toronto, 1996, p. 1.

77. Ibid., p. 19.

78. Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes, New Haven, CT, 1997, p. 82.

79. Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades, translated by John Gillingham, Oxford, 1972, p. 4.

80. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, p. 78.

81. Keen, The Penguin History of Medieval Europe, p. 12.

82. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, p. 93.

83. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 723.

84. John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Apogee, London, 1991, p. 131.

85. Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe, p. 232.

86. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 7.

87. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, London, 1993, p. 21.

88. Marcus Bull, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith, Oxford, 1995, p. 15.

89. See Christopher Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades, London, 1988, p. 9.

90. Michael Prior, The Bible and Colonialism, Sheffield, 1997, p. 35.

91. Mayer, The Crusades, p. 7.

92. Norman Housley, ‘Jerusalem and the Development of the Crusade Idea, 1099–1108’, in The Horns of Hattin, edited by B. Z. Kedar, London, 1992, p. 32.

93. Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 77.

94. Mayer, The Crusades, p. 321.

95. Bull, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, p. 17.

96. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, p. 52.

97. Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe, p. 321.

98. Quoted in Dan Cohn-Sherbok, The Crucified Jew: Twenty Centuries of Christian Anti-Semitism, London, 1992, p. 40.

99. Mayer, The Crusades, p. 44.

100. Quoted in Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, p. 96.

101. Quoted in R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193, Cambridge, 1995, p. 115n.

102. Quoted in Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eves, translated by Jon Rothschild, London, 1984, p. 39.