Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Across America and Asia (Pumpelly), 124–25
Adobe Walls, Battle of, 106
Alamo, Battle of the, 15
American Horse, 155
American Massacre (Denton), 63
Anheuser-Busch Company, 37
Apaches, 5, 24, 60, 61, 129, 135
Camp Grant Massacre and, 119–27
Arapaho, 24, 58, 94, 105, 135, 157
Aravaipa Apaches, 119, 120, 125
Aravaipa Massacre, see Camp Grant Massacre (1871)
Armenians, 2
Big Foot’s death and, 149–50
Camp Grant Massacre and, 119–20, 121, 122–24, 125
Frémont and, 50
Marias River Massacre and, 115, 118
Mormons and, 26, 66–67, 69, 70, 71, 82
Red Cloud’s War and, 109–10
Sand Creek Massacre and, 95, 99, 104
Sitting Bull’s death and, 145–47
Wounded Knee Massacre and, 140, 143–44, 149–52, 155
Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, 50
Arnold, Lucy, 154
Barbie, Klaus, 21
Baskin, Leonard, 40
Battleship Potemkin, 105
Bear Flag Revolt, 50
Becker, Otto, 37
Beckwourth, Jim, 103–4, 103, 107
Bent, Charles, 91
Bent, Charles (son of William Bent), 91, 106
Bent, John, 91
Bent’s Fort, 91
Big Foot, 29, 147, 149–50, 151
death of, 150
Black Beaver, 60–61
Black Coyote (Black Fox), 150, 151–52, 155, 160
Black Kettle, 54–55, 55, 56, 99, 100, 109
at Sand Creek Massacre, 103, 104, 111
Blood of the Prophets (Bagley), 63, 164
Bloody Point, 111
Bonney, William (Billy the Kid), 41, 42, 44, 66
Bosnia, 21
Bosque Redondo, N. Mex., 60
Bosse, 55
Bourke, John Gregory, 122–23
Boxer movement, 137
Bozeman Trail, 109
Brand, Dewey, 150
Breckenridge, Thomas, 32
Bridger Plateau, 69
Buchanan, James, 66
Buffalo, Connie, 92
Bureau of American Ethnology, 135
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 122, 123
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Brown), 140
California:
Frémont in, 50–53
Indian tribes of, 47–48, 53–56, 59–60
see also gold rushes, in California; Sacramento River Massacre (1846)
Camp Grant Massacre (1871), 15, 119–27
children abducted after, 121, 125
effect of, 122–23
Grant’s condemnation of, 21, 121
Indian decline following, 129–34
investigation and trial after, 121–22
women and children as sole victims of, 31–32
Wounded Knee compared with, 152
Carrington, Henry, 112
Carson, Christopher “Kit,” 23–26, 23, 32
Frémont expeditions and, 47, 60
Long Walk and, 60
“perfect butchery” comment of, 1, 23, 25, 26, 53
at Sacramento River Massacre, 51–52, 53, 59, 60
as Western icon, 41
Catch-the-Bear, 145–47
Catlin, George, 117
Chamberlain, Neville, 105
Cheyenne, 24, 34, 58, 94, 100, 104, 105, 112, 124–125, 132, 141, 157, 158
see also Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Cheyenne Autumn (Sandoz), 141
Chivington, John Milton, 20–21, 20
blood lust of, 24
in Civil War, 98
Dunn’s defense of, 109–11
Frémont compared with, 52
intimidating presence of, 101, 107
later life of, 108
“nits breed lice” comment of, 102, 106, 161
racism of, 93
Sand Creek Massacre and, 30, 54–55, 91, 99, 100–108, 112–13
Clark, William, 116
Clayton, Nephi W., 70
Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” 43
Hay-o-wei killing and, 132
Sitting Bull and, 131, 142, 144–45
Colby, Captain, 154
Coleman, Thomas, ix
Colter, John, 117
Colyer, Vincent, 126
Comanches, 9, 58, 94, 129, 130, 131, 135
Conestoga Indians, 110
Confederate States of America (CSA), 98
Congress, U.S.:
Native American dispossession and, 159
Sand Creek Massacre and, 107
Conquering Bear, 95
Cooper Union, 41
Corps of Discovery, 116
Cradlebaugh, John, 85
Crazy Horse, 37, 47, 58, 95, 127, 144
Rosebud battle and, 31
surrender of, 132
Crook, George, 122–24, 125–26, 127, 130, 132, 143, 145
Crows, 123
Custer, George Armstrong, 25, 31, 58, 110, 122, 141
Cody’s revenge for death of, 132
mutilation of body of, 34
reconnaissance ignored by, 59
Washita attack of, 106
as Western icon, 44
see also Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876)
Custer Reader (Hutton), 37
Custer’s Last Fight (Adams), 37, 38
Custer’s Last Rally (Mulvany), 37
Custer’s Last Stand, see Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876)
del Rio, Dolores, 48
Denton, Sally, 26, 63, 64, 65, 89
Dresden, Germany, 34
Dull Knife, 141
Dunn, J. P., 4, 5–6, 81, 82, 87, 115, 121, 122, 163
on Camp Grant aftermath, 125–26
Chivington defended by, 109–11
on Indian agents, 134
Eakin, Emily, 63
Earth Shall Weep, The (Wilson), 55–56, 136
Edras, Casper, 139
Eichmann, Adolf, 21
Elk Shoulders, Mrs., 141
Encyclopedia Britannica, 1
Evans, John, 100
Ezekiel, Book of, 161
Fall Creek Massacre (1824), 16–17
value of possessions of, 80
see also Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)
Fetterman Massacre (1866), 15, 56, 109, 155
casualties in, 34
as Native American victory, 31, 129
Five Civilized Tribes, 98, 141, 159
Ford, Henry, 40
Ford, John, 141
Forney, Jacob, 82–84
Fort Laramie council (1854), 94–95, 98, 132
Fort Lowell, Ariz., 120
Fort McKenzie, Mont., 117
Fort Phil Kearny, Wyo., 15, 112
Fort Richardson, Tex., 11
Fort Robinson, Nebr., 130, 144
Fort Union, N. Dak., 117
Fraser, Caroline, 70
Bear Flag Revolt and, 50
Chivington compared with, 52
Gavilan Peak encampment of, 50
Sacramento River Massacre and, 48, 49–53
Sierra Nevada crossing of, 59–60
Galveston flood, 2
Gavilan Peak, 50
Geronimo, 45, 58, 119, 125, 137
death of, 130
as last desert Apache leader, 127, 132
surrender of, 5, 124, 129, 131
Ghost Dance movement, 5, 30, 131, 134, 135–37, 151
beliefs with elements similar to, 136, 137, 144
Sitting Bull and, 143–44, 145–47, 158
whites’ fear of, 158
after Wounded Knee, 157–58
Ghost Dance Religion and the Great Sioux Outbreak of 1890, The (Mooney), 135, 154
Glorieta Pass, Battle of, 98
gold rushes:
in Black Hills, 141
in Colorado, 96–97
Camp Grant Massacre condemned by, 21, 121
Little Bighorn and, 107
Sand Creek Massacre and, 21, 107
Grattan, John L., 94
Great Sioux Reservation, 142
Great Sioux Uprising (1862), 6, 95
Grinell, George Bird, 104
Grouard, Frank, 133
Handsome Lake, 136
Harney, William, 95
Hay-o-wei (Yellow Hair), 132
Hennard, George, 12
Hickok, James Butler “Wild Bill,” 41, 43
High Forehead, 94–95
Himmler, Heinrich, 161
Hiroshima, Japan, 34
history, Americans’ disdain for, 37–45
Hitler, Adolf, 105
Holocaust, 161
Holt, Joseph, 107
Holy Road, 94
Hopkins, Albert, 156
Hotchkiss gun, 151
Hussein, Saddam, 160
Hutton, Paul Andrew, 37
I Buried Custer (Coleman), ix
Indiana, 16
Iraq invasion, 59
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 48
Kautz, August Valentine, 127
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 50
Kiäsax, 118
Killeen, Tex., mass shooting, 12
Krakatoa eruption, 2
Kroeber, Theodora, 54
Kurds, 160
Lajeunesse, Basil, 59–60
Lassen, Peter, 50
La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes de, Sieur, 116
Leavitt, Mike, 78
Lee, John Doyle, 19–20, 19, 122
at Mountain Meadows Massacre, 79–80, 89
see also Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)
Lee, Robert E., 98
Left Hand, 55
Lewis, Meriwether, 116
Lewis and Clark expedition, 41, 116–17
Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 15
Lincoln, Abraham, 96
Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876), 5, 25, 96, 106, 123, 130
Coleman’s description of, ix
Grant on, 107
Little Big Man and, 111
mutilations after, 33, 34, 112–13
reconnaissance ignored by Custer at, 59
Reno’s troops at, 125
Sitting Bull’s vision before, 137–38
Little Big Man, 133
Little Big Man (Berger), 40, 111
Little Thunder, 95
Little Wolf, 141
Logan family, 110
Lost Bird, 154
McGillycuddy, Valentine, 140, 143, 144, 145
Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell, 131
McLaughlin, James, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145
Mahdists, 137
Marcy, Randolph, 61
Marias River Massacre (1870), 15, 115–18
casualties of, 115
Wounded Knee compared with, 152
Massacre at Fall Creek, The (West), 16
massacres:
apprehension as factor in, 6, 9, 11, 56, 97–98, 138, 143
of Armenians, 2
Carson’s “perfect butchery” description of, 1, 23, 25, 26, 53
casualty figures in, 28, 29–35
definitions of, 1
herd reactions likened to, 160
Hispanics as victims of, 5
literature on, 163–65
moral taint of, 19–22
mutilations after, ix, 33, 34, 35, 105, 112–13
reliability of accounts of, 7, 25–28, 163–64
as total wipeouts, 15
trauma and guilt of parties to, 2–3
tribalism as factor in, 58
of Tutsis, 2
women and children as main victims of, 31–32, 161
see also specific massacres Massacres of the Mountains (Dunn), 5–6, 109, 163
Mencken, H. L., 109
Mescalero Apaches, 24, 60, 123
Mexicans, Apaches and, 119, 120, 124
Miles, Nelson:
Sitting Bull and, 132, 140, 143, 144
Wounded Knee aftermath and, 155
Miller, Henry, 153
Minneconjou, 147
Modoc War, 56
Monroe, James, 16
Monterey, Calif., 50
Monument Valley, Utah, 41
Mooney, James, 135–37, 151, 154, 156
Moravian Indians, 110
Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints):
blood atonement doctine of, 67, 73
court system and, 85–86
Mountain Meadows Massacre and, 3–4, 20, 26–27, 63–90
as record keepers, 70
U.S. government and, 66–67, 69, 70, 71, 85–86
see also Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)
Morongos, 48
Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857), 2, 15, 63–90, 121
account of discovery of, 81–82
attacking force of, 75
copy-cat attacks after, 85
court of inquiry into, 84–85
final slaughter in, 77–78
forensic evidence of, 63, 65, 78, 87–88
Forney investigation of, 82–84
initial attack and siege of, 75–77
Lee’s prosecution and execution for, 85–87, 88
looting of dead after, 80–81, 84
monuments at site of, 65, 80, 84, 88–89
Mormon denial of lead role in, 3–4, 20, 26–27, 63, 78, 81, 82, 86, 89
Mormon participation in, 64–65, 68, 75–79, 80–81, 82–84
Mormon peace offer in, 76–77
motive for, 89
Paiutes and, 27, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75–79, 82–83, 86
Sand Creek Massacre compared with, 89–90
U.S. Army and, 26, 66–67, 69, 70, 71, 82, 84–85
Wounded Knee compared with, 152
Young and, 26–27, 63, 69–72, 79–80, 84, 86, 89
Mountain Meadows Massacre, The (Brooks), 64, 65
Mulvany, John, 37
mutilations, ix
at Fetterman Massacre, 34, 112
at Little Big Horn, 33, 34, 112–13
at Sand Creek, 35, 105, 112–13
see also scalping
Native Americans:
agency system and victimization of, 6, 95
of California, 47–48, 53–56, 59–60
criminalization of killing of, 16–17
final resistance of, 129–34
leadership structures of, 94
as main target of massacres, 5–6
misuse of trust funds of, 159
removals of, 2, 13, 15–16, 24, 60, 140–42, 159
warrior ethic of, 56–57
Nazis, 161
Nemattanew, 136
Neva, 55
New Encyclopedia of the American West, The, 29–30
Newer World, A (Roberts), 47, 48, 53, 60
Nez Percé, 5, 11, 124, 129, 132–33
Noch-ay-del-klin, 136–37
Nome Cult, 111
Oglala Sioux, 129
Oklahoma:
Five Civilized Tribes in, 98, 141, 159
Ghost Dance revival in, 157
On the Border with Crook (Bourke), 123
Oregon Trail, 94
Osages, 58
Owl Woman, 91
Oxford English Dictionary, 1
Ghost Dance and, 157
Mountain Meadows Massacre and, 27, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75–79, 86
Pamunkeys, 136
Pansy Society of America, 156
Papagos, Apaches and, 119, 120, 124
Parker, Cynthia Ann, 131
Penn, Captain, 120
Pickford, Mary, 48
Pine Ridge Agency, 5, 147, 151, 152, 155
Platte Bridge, Battle of, 106
Powder River, 140
Powell, John Wesley, 135
Prather, W. H., 153
Pratt, Eleanor McComb McLean, 67–68
Pumpelly, Raphael, 124–25
Quahadi Comanches, 130
Quanah Parker, 57, 58, 127, 129, 130, 131, 158
Ramona (Jackson), 48
Red Cloud, 47, 57, 58, 123, 127, 129, 158
Cooper Union speech of, 41
on Crook, 130
death of, 130
Hopkins ridiculed by, 156
at Pine Ridge Agency, 147
on White Man’s promises, 13, 126
Wounded Knee Massacre and, 153
Redford, Robert, 48
Red River War, 131
Roberts, David, 47, 48, 53, 60
Rolle, Andrew, 52
Roman Nose, 109
Roosevelt, Theodore, 41
Rosebud, Battle of the, 31, 106, 123, 129
Sacagawea, 41
Sacramento River Massacre (1846), 4, 15, 23, 26, 47–61, 89, 119
Breckenridge’s account of, 51, 52
casualties in, 51–52
Wounded Knee compared with, 152
St. Vrain, Ceran, 91
Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 5, 15, 27, 91–113, 121, 122
Black Kettle at, 103, 104, 111
Chivington’s lack of repentance for, 20–21, 24
Chivington’s leadership in, 24, 54–55
Chivington’s report of, 26, 30
court of inquiry into, 107–8
Grant on, 107
Grant’s condemnation of, 21
Little Big Man and, 111
looting after, 105
main attack of, 104–5
Mountain Meadows Massacre
compared with, 89–90
mutilations following, 35, 105, 112–13
reliability of eyewitness accounts of, 27–28
scouts’ roles at, 103–4
Soule’s testimony about, 107
stories about, 104–5
volunteer force raised for, 100–101
Wounded Knee compared with, 152
Sandoz, Mari, 141
San Francisco earthquake, 2
Santa Fe Trail, 91
see also mutilations
Seminoles, 111
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 2, 12, 34
Seventh-day Adventists, 144
Shangneau, John, 149
Sheridan, Philip, 109
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 9–11, 102, 102, 109, 161
Shoshonis, 123
at Fetterman Massacre, 112
Ghost Dance and, 135, 143–44, 145–47, 154, 158
government dishonesty toward, 140–42
Grattan conflict with, 94–95
Little Bighorn and, 34, 124–25
Red Cloud’s War and, 109–10
at Standing Rock Reservation, 143–47
Wounded Knee Massacre and, 5, 30, 135–56
Sitting Bull (Arapaho mystic), 157
Sitting Bull (Sioux leader), 44, 47, 58, 127, 129
Buffalo Bill and, 131, 142, 144–45
Canadian exile of, 130, 132, 142
Ghost Dance and, 5, 143–44, 145–47, 158
personality of, 131
at Standing Rock Reservation, 143–47
victory vision of, 137–38
Smith, Jack, 103
Smith, Jedediah, 60
Son of the Morning Star (Connell), 40, 163
Soule, Silas, 101, 101, 104, 106, 107
Spencer family, 111
Spotted Horse, 155
Spotted Tail, 127, 129, 130, 131
Staked Plains, 131
Standing Rock Reservation, 130, 143–47
Stand Watie, 98
Sutter’s Fort, Calif., 50
Sword, George, 154
Sword, Jennie, 154
tribalism, 58
Turks, Armenians massacred by, 2
Utah War, 69
Utes, 5
Utley, Robert, 142
Vietnam War, 34
Vina, Calif., 4
Voices of Wounded Knee (Coleman), 155, 163
Walker, Joseph, 50
Warren Wagon Train Raid, 9
Washington, D.C., sniper attacks, 12
Washita attack (1868), 106, 111
Weldon, Catherine, 142
West:
American ignorance about history of, 37–45
in books and movies, 40–41, 48
West, main icons of, 41, 44, 129
White Mountain Reservation, 120
Whiteside, Samuel, 149
White Wolf, 55
Whitman, Royal E., 119–20, 121, 122, 125
Wilson, Jack (Wovoka), 134, 136, 138–40, 157
Wise, William, 65
World War I, 5
World War II, 34
Wounded Knee, S. Dak., 159–60
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), 3, 5, 135–56
aftermath of, 152–56
Black Coyote and, 150, 151–52, 155, 160
casualties in, 26, 30, 35, 151
as final act in Indian dispossession, 158–60
Ghost Dance movement and, 30, 131, 134, 135–37, 151
Indian decline between Camp Grant Massacre and, 129–34
machine gun used at, 151
marker at site of, 157
other massacres compared with, 152
reliability of eyewitness accounts of, 27–28
as revenge for Little Bighorn, 155
as total wipeout, 15
Wovoka (Jack Wilson), 134, 136, 157
messiah letters of, 138–40
Yellow Hair (Hay-o-wei), 132
Yellow Woman, 91
Young, Brigham, 27
death of, 87
diary of, 69
on disloyal church members, 85
dispatch letter of, 70–71
Mountain Meadows Massacre and, 26–27, 63, 69–72, 79–80, 84, 86, 89
U.S. government and, 66–67, 69, 70, 71
Young, Ewing, 60
Young Man Afraid of His Horses, 155, 158
Zitkala-noni, Marguarite, 154
Zitkalazi, Herbert, 154
Zulus, 137