Notes

Introduction

1  See Little, Fashioning the Canadian Landscape.

2  https://www.destinationbc.ca/Resources/british-columbia-tourism-brand.aspx. Viewed 9 May 2018.

3  See Kenny, “Forgotten Pasts and Contested Futures.”

4  See Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., chapters 29–30; Mackenzie, “Freeway Planning;” and Ley, The New Middle Class, 20–1.

5  Hunter, The Greenpeace to Amchitka, 16. On the contemporary student movement, see Cleveland, “‘Berkeley North,’” and Milligan, “Coming Off the Mountain.”

6  See, for example, Aronsen, City of Love and Revolution, chapters 5 and 6; Boudreau, “‘The Struggle for a Different World’”; and Palmer, Canada’s 1960s.

7  The editors of a recent collection of essays on the 1960s argue, similarly, that “No single generational cohort was at the heart of the sixties experience.” Campbell, Clément, and Kealey, “Introduction: Time, Age, Myth,” 5.

8  Open space is defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency as “any open piece of land that is undeveloped (has no buildings or other built structures) and is accessible to the public.” Green space is defined more narrowly as “land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation.” www3.epa.gov/region1/eco/uep/openspace.html. Viewed 29 February 2016.

9  The same was true of most of the environmental activism examined in Coates, Canadian Countercultures. In fact, Ryan O’Connor claims, pan-Canadian environmental organizations – unlike many in the United States – generally did not emerge until the 1980s. O’Connor, The First Green Wave, 8.

10  See MacDowell, An Environmental History, 243–6. Ryan O’Connor dates the rise of the environmental movement in Toronto to the airing of the CBC documentary, The Air of Death, in 1967. O’Connor The First Green Wave, 6.

11  See Leeming, In Defence of Home Places.

12  Schmitt, Back to Nature, xvii.

13  See, for example, Coates, Canadian Countercultures.

14  See Gambone, No Regrets; and Martin, “Burn it Down!”

15  Wynn, “‘Shall we linger along ambitionless?’” 28.

16  Wilson, Talk and Log, 80.

17  Wilson, Talk and Log, 79, 101. On the development of the province’s forest conservation movement to 1970, see Wilson, Talk and Log, chapter 5.

18  On the impact of what he refers to as the “world of consumption” versus the “world of production,” see Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside, 5. For examples of the impact of community dislocation in rural British Columbia, see Loo, “People in the Way”; and Parr, Sensing Changes, chapter 5.

19  See Mitchell, W.A.C. Bennett, 384. According to Mitchell (W.A.C. Bennett, 407), the Social Credit government “established the Environment and Land Use Committee in 1969, imposed stringent penalties for industrial pollution, established provincial parks and wildlife preserves and promoted tourism as the new, clean industry of the 1970s,” but these steps “were criticized as too little too late.” In fact, Martin Robin refers to the pollution control legislation as “cosmetic” and the government’s conservation record as “dismal.” Robin, Pillars of Profit, 292–4. For more details on the committee, see Wilson, Talk and Log, 107–9.

20  Murton, “What J.W. Clark Saw,” 152.

21  Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 38. According to Wilson (Talk and Log, 112), the NDP’s “agenda for environmental reform was inchoate and disjointed” but while in office it nurtured “the growth of the environmental movement’s critical capacity.” Furthermore, Barrett did claim to be a conservationist on the basis that he recognized the need “to preserve something instead of rapaciously ripping out trees and minerals,” and his government did create the Islands Trust (see chapter 3) as well as the Agricultural Land Reserve. Barrett also claimed that, had his party been reelected, it would have taken “major steps in reforestation and the protection of forest land.” Barrett and Miller, Barrett, 59, 66, 94. On an earlier, somewhat isolated critic of high modernity’s impact on the BC environment, see Keeling and McDonald, “The Profligate Province.”

22  Tina Loo makes a similar point when she writes that those who opposed BC Hydro’s Arrow Lakes resettlement scheme in the early 1960s “accepted many of the central values that underlay it, embracing rationality, efficiency, and standardization.” Loo, “People in the Way,” 195. And Adam Rome notes that ecologists played a less important role in shaping the campaigns to reform the suburban tract development process in the United States than did “the insights of architects, urban planners, landscape architects, hydrologists, geologists, soil scientists, public health officials, and geographers.” Rome, Bulldozer in the Countryside, 9–10

23  See Sandquist, “The Giant Killers.”

24  For the various definitions, see William Boei, “Just What Constitutes the Lower Mainland?” Vancouver Sun, 22 January 2009. www.vancouversun.com/Just+what+constitutes+Lower+Mainland/1207993/story.html. Viewed 5 July 2016.

25  The number of votes allowed each member is also based on population size. www.metrovancouver.org/boards/membership/board-members/Pages/default.aspx. Viewed 24 March 2017. The jurisdiction of Metro Vancouver and the province’s other regional districts includes hospital and regional planning, water supply and distribution, solid waste disposal, air pollution control, regional parks, capital financing, transportation, housing, and labour relations, but the regional districts have no taxation powers. Donald Gutstein, “Vancouver,” 212. The other member municipalities are Anmore, Belcarra, Burnaby, Coquitlam, Delta, Langley City, Langley Township, Lions Bay, Maple Ridge, New Westminster, North Vancouver City, North Vancouver District, Pitt Meadows, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Richmond, Surrey, Vancouver, and White Rock. Also included are the Tsawwassen First Nation and Electoral Area A. http://www.metrovancouver.org/about/Pages/default.aspx. Viewed 8 February 2017.

26  See Palmer, Canada’s 1960s, chapter 8.

27  Dummitt, Unbuttoned, 262–9.

28  See Kheraj, Inventing Stanley Park.

29  Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness.”

30  For a discussion of the borderland concept in an urban environment, see Bonnell, Reclaiming the Don, xxvi. On what he refers as “the role of urbanization in environmental history,” see Hays, Explorations, 69–100.

31  See, for example, Bower, “The Affordances of MacKenzie Ravine.” But much more attention has been paid to urban parks and antipollution crusades. See, for example, Nelles, “How Did Calgary Get Its River Parks?”; O’Connor, The First Green Wave; and the articles in Urban History Review, 44, no. 1–2 (Fall 2015/Spring 2016) published as a special issue titled “Environmental Nuisances and Political Contestation in Canadian Cities.”

32  Penfold, “‘Are we to go literally to the hot dogs?’” Rome (Bulldozer in the Countryside) makes the same case for suburbs in the United States.

33  Leeming stresses this point in his In Defence of Home Places, 6.

34  Walker, The Country and the City, 12.

35  See Forkey, Canadians and the Natural Environment, 94–101; and MacDowell, An Environmental History, 249–52.

36  Quoted in Keeling, “The Effluent Society,” 319.

37  See Bouchier and Cruickshank, The People and the Bay, chapter 7; Leeming, In Defence of Home Places, 23; and Walker, The Country and the City, 8–10.

38  Hays, Explorations, 86–9.

39  Rome, Bulldozer in the Countryide, 6–7.

40  Walker, The Country and the City, 14.

Chapter One

Square brackets on news clipping references indicate that the newspaper name and/or date was added by hand rather than being a part of the news clipping itself.

1  Quoted in City of Vancouver Archives [hereafter CVA], VOC-S476, location 72-F-5, file 2, submission to city council by Vancouver Branch of the Community Planning Association, 1965, 2. The Georgia Auditorium was built in 1927 and demolished in 1959. http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/THIS+WEEK+HISTORY+Commodious+lounges+smoking+rooms+both+sexes+Georgia+Auditorium+raised+roof/10302571/story.html. Viewed 22 September 2016.

2  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 79.

3  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 79. Several acres at the north end of Denman Street were once known as Kanaka Ranch because of the Hawaiian families who had lived there from the 1860s until the early twentieth century. See Barman, Stanley Park’s Secret.

4  Hardwick, Vancouver, 88; Roy, Vancouver, 140, 144–8, Appendix Table XII; “Demographics of Vancouver,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Vancouver. Viewed 7 February 2016.

5  See Kheraj, Inventing Stanley Park.

6  Vancouver Public Library [hereafter VPL], Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping, Neale Adams, “11th-Hour Battle over Coal Harbour,” Vancouver Sun, 8 April 1971.

7  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 54–5.

8  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 29 January 1971. According to Collier, the project designed for the company “was to have fourteen apartment buildings from 20 to 36 storeys high, combined with marina and other commercial activities.” Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 54.

9  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Report and Recommendations by Civic Arts Committee to His Worship Mayor W.G. Rathie and Aldermen of the City of Vancouver, 26 April 1965, 1; Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 50, 54–5. Will Langford claims that, in establishing the Technical Planning Board in 1951, the council “precipitated a shift in power from elected officials to professionalized experts.” Langford, “‘Is Sutton Brown God?’” 16. On the control of Vancouver’s city governance by appointed officials, see Tennant, “Vancouver Politics,” 21–2.

10  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, City Planning Department to Board of Administration, City Hall, File Ref: C. 52.

11  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, City Planning Department to Board of Administration, City Hall, File Ref: C. 52, Appendix A, Submission by Coal Harbour Investments, Ltd, Comprehensive High Rise Apartment Project.

12  CVA, COV-S476, location 72-E-7, file 5, “Brief on Coal Harbour Development,” 20 June 1963.

13  Roy, Vancouver, 147, 152–6; Tennant, “Vancouver Politics,” 7–13, 17–20.

14  The quotes are from Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 77, 79–80, 166.

15  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend bylaw no. 4065, Appendix C, Brief of Vancouver Council of Women Re Lands Bounded by Stanley Park, Georgia St, the Harbour Headland and Denman Street, filed 28 August 1969.

16  CVA, cov-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, City of Vancouver, Special Council, Public Hearing, 24 June 1963; Resumé of Communications, Application to Rezone Coal Harbour Property; Submission by Communist Party of Canada (Greater Vancouver Committee), 24 June 1963; F.M. Ross, Secretary, Town Planning Commission, to R. Thompson, City Clerk, Vancouver, 17 May 1963. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners asked for a delay in considering the rezoning. J. Takach to Mayor Rathie, Vancouver, 25 June 1963.

17  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 166.

18  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 53–4.

19  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 55–6.

20  CVA, cov-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, City Planning Department, File Reference C.52.4, Re: Application to approve a Revised Scheme of Development, 1 April 1965, Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 80–1.

21  The board’s chief concern was the relocation of the commercial facilities westward to border Georgia Street and Stanley Park because it would “attract more than local trade and thus there is a possibility that there could be requests to enlarge it to a district or regional-type centre which would be poorly located to serve the West End, would detract from downtown retail trade, and compound the traffic and other local problems.” CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Planning Dept. Draft Minute, 1 April 1965, 5.

22  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Report and Recommendations by Civic Arts Committee to His Worship Mayor W.G. Rathie and Aldermen of the City of Vancouver, 26 April 1965, 2–3; VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 29 January 1971.

23  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Brief of the West End and Downtown Ratepayers, filed 31 March 1965, 2–4, 11.

24  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Brief of the West End and Downtown Ratepayers, filed 31 March 1965, 6–8.

25  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Brief of the West End and Downtown Ratepayers re Coal Harbour – to the city council [no date]. The Ratepayers’ Association had suggested much the same amenities the previous year (22 March 1964) but also a large museum “capable of displaying all the treasures of the old Library, plus the valuable relics still in the hands of Major Matthews.” CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, City of Vancouver, Regular Council, 28 April 1964, Coal Harbour Development.

26  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Planning Dept. Draft Minute, 4 June 1965.

27  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 60.

28  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 81; VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 8 April 1971.

29  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping, Province, 4 March 1972.

30  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend bylaw no. 4065, 3–4.

31  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, Public Hearing Agenda, 28 August 1969; application to amend bylaw no. 4065, i–iii, 7–12. On the role and structure of the various municipal bodies involved with development, see Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 50.

32  “George Puil,” University of British Columbia Faculty of Education website, educ.ubc.ca/person/george-puil/. Viewed 9 February 2017.

33  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend by-law no. 4065, Appendix C, Report to His Worship Mayor T.J. Campbell and members of city council, 27 August 1969; VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1970 news clipping, Vancouver Sun [4 November 1969].

34  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend bylaw no. 4065, Appendix C, Association President to His Worship Mayor Campbell, Vancouver, 25 August 1969.

35  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend bylaw no. 4065, Appendix C, Brief to City of Vancouver, Planning Department – Special Committee on Zoning, 28 August 1969.

36  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, application to amend bylaw no. 4065, Appendix C, Brief of Vancouver Council of Women, filed 28 August 1969.

37  Phase one consisted of the hotel, one thirty-storey apartment building, and the three low-rise buildings. VPL, Four Seasons Project, December 1969 news clipping [Province, 23 December 1970].

38  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1970 news clippings, Vancouver Sun [4 November 1969, 18 November 1969]; Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 81, 167.

39  See Roy, Vancouver, 152, 156–7; and Tennant, “Vancouver Politics,” 24–5.

40  Phillips did express interest in having the city purchase the block next to Stanley Park, but he claimed that Puil’s estimate of a $500,000 cost was much too low, noting that it was assessed at $1.15 million. VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1970 news clipping, Vancouver Sun [6 November 1969].

41  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, H.A. Keizer (Miss) to city council, Vancouver, 6 November 1969.

42  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, (Mrs) G.M. Lang to Mayor and council, Vancouver, 6 November 1969.

43  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, Robert H. Heywood to Mayor and council, 5 November 1969.

44  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 12, T.M. Boomfield, Secretary, and Margaret M. Storey, President, to Mayor and council, Vancouver [received 10 November 1969].

45  VPL, Four Seasons Project, December 1970 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 1 December 1970]. Allan Fotheringham pointed out that Mrs Ross’s “luxurious Lost Lagoon apartment” overlooked the contested property. VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 29 January 1971.

46  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 30 January 1971].

47  The name initially reported in the press was Save Stanley Park Entrance Committee. The member groups were the Community Arts Council, Community Planning Association, West End Community Council, West End and Downtown Ratepayers’ Association, Local Council of Women, Save Our Parks Association, Vancouver Garden Club, and the Central Council of Ratepayers. VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 13 March 1971].

48  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 17 March 1971]; Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 167–8.

49  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 61.

50  COPE had been established by union, tenant, and anti-poverty groups as a civic party in 1968. Ley, The New Middle, 4.

51  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 31 March 1971].

52  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun [25 March 1971].

53  The rent was to be between fifteen and sixteen cents a square foot, or about $69,000 a year. VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clippings [Province, 1 April 1971, 2 April 1971; Vancouver Sun, 2 April 1971]. The Vancouver branch of the National Council of Jewish Women sent a telegram to Prime Minister Trudeau and Transport Minister Don Jamieson complaining that the NHB had violated democratic process by signing the leases before the city council’s scheduled meeting to discuss whether or not to hold a public plebiscite regarding the development. April 1971 news clipping [Province, 3 April 1971].

54  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March news clipping [Province, 11 March 1971]; April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 17 April 1971].

55  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 15 April 1971].

56  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 1 April 1971].

57  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 15 April 1971].

58  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 17 April 1971, [26 April 1971].

59  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 15 April 1971].

60  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 1 May 1971]; April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 30 April 1971]. On Campbell, see Tenant, “Vancouver Politics,” 23.

61  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 20 April 1971, 30 April 1971].

62  VPL, Four Seasons Project, May 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 3 May 1971, 4 May 1971].

63  VPL, Four Seasons Project, May 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 8 May 1971].

64  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 6 April 1971; Province, 17 April 1971].

65  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 5 June 1971, 7 June 1971].

66  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clippings [Province, 27 April 1971, 28 April 1971, 2 (following number illegible) April 1971; Vancouver Sun, 27 April 1971, 29 April 1971]; June 1971 news clippings [Province, 22 June 1971, 23 June 1971]. Fotheringham noted that Four Seasons was paying Harbour Park Developments $471,759 in annual rent, which – capitalized at 10 per cent in perpetuity – would indicate a worth of only $4,710,000. June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 22 June 1971].

67  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Province, 22 June 1971].

68  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Province, 28 April 1971].

69  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 28 April 1971].

70  VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 29 April 1971]; June 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 16 June 1971; Province, 22 June 1971].

71  VPL, Four Seasons Project, May 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 20 May 1971, 27 May 1971, 29 May 1971] [Province, 29 May 1971]. The Vancouver Labour Council and twenty-six other groups had established a $2,500 defence fund in April to take the issue to court, if necessary, and Fotheringham claimed that some of the town’s “influential people” had created a trust fund for the court challenge. VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clipping [Province, 7 April 1971]; May 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 28 May 1971].

72  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Province, 3 July 1971; Vancouver Sun, 3 July 1971].

73  VPL, Four Seasons Project, May 1971 news clippings [Province, 1 June 1971; Vancouver Sun, 1 June 1971]. Provincial Liberal leader Pat McGeer also opposed the plebiscite. June news clipping, Vancouver Sun, 7 June 1971.

74  See “Hippies Made War For Love of City Park,” Vancouver Sun, 1 June 1983, B1.

75  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 63; Zelko, Make It a Green Peace, 58. On the political activities of the city’s Yippies, see Boudreau, “‘The Struggle for a Different World.’”

76  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 1 June 1971, 5 June 1971].

77  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 5 June 1971]; Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1983, B1; Zelko, “Making Greenpeace,” 226–7, 234–7.

78  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 2 June 1971, 8 June 1971]. For a lively description of the camp, though one that exaggerates its impact (claiming, for example, that the plebiscite was Marining’s idea), see Weyler, Greenpeace, 75–8.

79  VPL, Four Seasons Project, January–March 1971 news clipping, Vancouver Sun [6 February 1971].

80  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 21 June 1971, 22 June 1971]; Margaret Pigott to editor [Vancouver Sun, 30 June 1971].

81  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 21 June 1971].

82  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Province, 22 June 1971]. This point was made by Province columnist Gary Bannerman. June 1971 news clipping [Province, 25 June 1971].

83  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Province, 24 June 1971; Vancouver Sun, 24 June 1971], April 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 15 September 1971].

84  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Province, 24 June 1971].

85  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Province, 25 June 1971].

86  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 24 June 1971].

87  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clippings [Province, 24 June 1971; Vancouver Sun, 24 June 1971].

88  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 5 June 1971]; September 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 23 July 1971; Province, 23 September 1971]. The quote is from July–August 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 11 August 1971].

89  VPL, Four Seasons Project, July–August 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 30 July 1971]. Zelko states mistakenly that the protest ended when a father of one of the protestors “agreed to purchase the property for $4 million and promised not to develop it.” Zelko, Make It a Green Peace, 59.

90  VPL, Four Seasons Project, July–August 1971 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 10 July 1971; Province, 10 July 1971].

91  With the new proposal, the hotel would be one storey lower (13 storeys) and the three remaining high-rises each one storey higher (thirty-four storeys). VPL, Four Seasons Project, April 1971 news clippings [Province, 15 September 1971; Vancouver Sun, 15 September 1971]; June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 30 June 1971].

92  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 12 February 1972].

93  The Gilford water lot had originally been given to the city to ensure access to the inlet, but it had been deeded back to the federal government the previous fall. CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, news release, the Liberal Party of Canada, 11 February 1972.

94  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 10 February 1972].

95  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 17 February 1972].

96  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 20 April 1972].

97  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 21 April 1972].

98  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 15 March 1972].

99  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 2 May 1972; Vancouver Sun, 2 May 1972].

100  CVA, COV-S20, location 22-D-4, file 13, Don Jamieson to C.S. Fleming, Corporation Counsel, Ottawa, 3 May 1972; Board of Administration memo to mayor and council, 12 June 1972.

101  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 29 April 1972]. The city’s legal counsel stated, however, that because the site to be built on was not the same as the one originally approved by the city, a new public hearing would be required. 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 29 April 1972].

102  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 23 June 1972; Province, 24 June 1972, 26 June 1972].

103  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 10 August 1972; Province, 22 August 1972].

104  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Province, 23 August 1972; Vancouver Sun, 25 August 1972].

105  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 81, 168.

106  On the impact of the regime change, see Langford, “Is Sutton Brown God?” 38–9.

107  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 29 May 1973]. On the results of the December 1972 election, see Tennant, “Vancouver Politics,” 27–8.

108  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 14 July 1973].

109  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 13 July 1973; Province, 7 August 1973].

110  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 1(illegible number) July 1973; Province, 20 July 1973].

111  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 168; VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1973; Province, 4 August 1973, 10 August 1973].

112  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1973].

113  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 15 August 1973].

114  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 21 August 1973].

115  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Province, 29 August 1973, 18 October 1973; Vancouver Sun, 17 September 1973].

116  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 5 September 1973].

117  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 5 June 1973].

118  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 27 September 1973]. Jack Poole of Dawson Developments did claim, however, that he hoped voters would reject both options. 1972–75 news clipping, Province, 5 September 1973.

119  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75, news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 31 January 1974]. The plebiscite (printed in Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd., 167), which would have provided the option of acquiring only the larger tract or both, had been superseded. VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 12 September 1973].

120  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 11 September 1976].

121  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 15 October 1973; Province, 16 October 1973].

122  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Province, 16 October 1973].

123  Collier, Contemporary Cathedrals, 65.

124  VPL, Four Seasons Project, 1972–75 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 16 November 1973].

125  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Charles Kelley, Special Assistant, to Mrs J.V. Clyne, Ottawa, 27 June 1975.

126  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Province, 28 May 1975].

127  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 3 October 1975]. See also [Province, 25 September 1975].

128  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Warnett Kennedy, Proposal Call Competition. The photograph of the architect’s model can be viewed in VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 26 February 1976].

129  CVA, COV-S283, location 47-e-4, file 14, Mayor to Minister, Department of Housing, 30 December. 1975 [draft].

130  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, S.W. Hamilton to Mayor Arthur Phillips and Members of city council, Vancouver, 3 October 1975; VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 29 May 1976].

131  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Submission to His Worship the Mayor and Members of city council by J.S. Shakespeare for John Keith-King and Frank Stanzl, 18 November 1975; Memorandum to Press and Media from Alderman Warnett Kennedy, 19 September 1975.

132  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Subject: The Future of Block Two of the Former Four Seasons Site [no date]; The Community Arts Council of Vancouver re: Harbour Park Development, filed 7 October 1975; Frank Turnbull, President, to Mayor Phillips and Aldermen, Vancouver, 29 September 1975; COV-S483, location 47-e-4, file 14, Memorandum from Mayor Phillips to Alderman Volrich, 9 June 1976. Phillips did express a preference for Kennedy’s south side proposal over his suggestion that a density exchange could be arranged with the Bayshore Inn, which wanted to expand. Phillips felt that the public would oppose more waterfront development on the Bayshore property. VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clippings [Vancouver Sun, 20 September 1975; Province, 20 September 1975].

133  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 29 May 1976].

134  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Province, 8 October 1975].

135  VCA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Petition by John Dunn and others to Mayor and Aldermen, Vancouver, 4 November 1975.

136  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Michael F. Holt to city council, Vancouver, 29 September 1975. See also, CVA, VPK-S82, location 96-G-1, Holt to Larry Foster, Vancouver, 3 March 1976.

137  CVA, COV-S483, location 47-E-4, file 14, Arthur Phillips to J.H. Lawson, 23 April 1976; Arthur Phillips to Louise Phillips, 15 March 1976.

138  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 10 April 1976].

139  CVA, COV-S483, location 47-E-4, file 14, Memorandum to members of council, Vancouver, 14 June 1976.

140  CVA, COV-S483, location 47-E-4, file 14, Peter A. Allard to Mayor of Vancouver, 16 July 1976; VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clippings [Province, 21 July 1976; Vancouver Sun, 11 September 1976, 21 September 1976].

141  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 21 September 1976].

142  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 21 September 1976]; CVA, COV-S483, location 47-e-4, file 14, [Phillips] to Frank Low-Beer, 27 September 1976.

143  Hugh Bird was the only other alderman to vote against the mayor’s recommendation. Vancouver Sun, 22 September 1976, 47.

144  CVA, COV-S483, location 47-E-4, file 14, telegram, Grace McCarthy to Arthur Phillips, Victoria, 22 September 1976.

145  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, Task Force to Study Proposals on Stanley Park Entrance, 6 December 1977.

146  Vancouver Sun, 14 December 1977, A9; 15 Dec. 1977, A4.

147  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 7 January 1977].

148  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 7 January 1977].

149  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 14 April 1978].

150  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31G1, file 6, City Planning Department’s Report, 28 July 1978; Native Development Village Progress Report, 5 May 1978. A Native cultural and art centre had been one of the four proposals submitted for the 3.4-acre site in 1975. The idea was encouraged by the federal Secretary of State’s department, but the submission had not included the required $50,000 bond. Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Province, 25 September 1975]; CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 3, W.D. Lightbown to R.J. Spaxman, Vancouver, 22 September 1975; Max Beck, Regional Director, Pacific Region, to Fred House, George Guerin, and Bill Lightbown, Vancouver, 22 September 1975.

151  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31G1, file 6, Manager’s Report, 28 July 1978.

152  Vancouver Sun, 29 July 1978, A6. For further details, see CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31G1, file 6, “The British Columbia Forest Centre,” May 1978.

153  CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31G1, file 6, “Address to City Council Regarding Harbor Park Development Proposal”; VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 31 May 1978]; Vancouver Sun, 29 July 1978, A6.

154  Province, 2 August 1978, 8; CVA, VPK-S93–2, location 242-B-6, file 2, P.D. Leckie to F. Spoke, Vancouver, 6 October 1982.

155  Province, 29 September 1978, 12.

156  Vancouver Sun, 29 July 1978, A6.

157  VPL, Harbor Park Site – 1974–? news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 5 August 1978]. On Piggott, see Sandra Thomas, “Green Space Paved for Parking on Point Grey Bike Route,” Vancouver Courier, 4 March 2014, http://www.vancourier.com/news/green-space-paved-for-parking-on-point-grey-bike-route-1.875299. Viewed 25 March 2016. The West End and Downtown Ratepayers’ Community Association took the same oppositional stand. See its brief to Mayor Jack Volrich, dated 25 May 1978, in CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31G1, file 6.

158  CVA, COV-S62–11, location 88-G-5, file 2, Carole Walker to Mayor and city council, Vancouver, 3 August 1979. The West End and Downtown Ratepayers’ Community Association made much the same point. Chris J. Garside to Chairman, Standing Committee on Planning and Development, Vancouver, 9 July 1979.

159  CVA, VOC-S62–11, location 88-G-5, file 2, Harbour Park – Heritage Designation. Kennedy referred to Harbour Park as a “limbo field,” arguing that the term “public use and enjoyment” implied “action areas as well as landscaping – ferries, extended marinas, some tourist-type shops, a civic restaurant together with transportation and parking.” Province, 3 November 1980, B1.

160  Harbour Ferries had been operating there on a month-to-month lease at $1,700 a month. CVA, COV-S62-10, location 31-G-1, file 4, City Manager’s Report, 15 October 1976.

161  On the impact of the recession, see Patricia E. Roy and John Herd Thompson, British Columbia: Land of Promises, 168–9.

162  Vancouver Sun, 24 July 1982, A3; 1 September 1982, A3.

163  The riprap seawall originally envisioned at a cost of $1,236,250 was considered to be too expensive. CVA, COV-S62–11, location 241-A-6, file 3, Manager’s Report, 3 August 1982. In addition to paying $50,000 to $55,000 in taxes, Harbour Ferries would take over the $69,166 per year lease from the NHB. The parks board planned to collect $66,000 from the new parking lot. CVA, COV-S62–11, location 241-A-6, file 3, Manager’s Report, 27 April 1983; Extract from the minutes of the Vancouver city council meeting, 10 May 1983.

164  CVA, COV-S62–11, location 241-A-6, file 3, Margaret Pigott to Mayor Michael Harcourt and members of city council, Vancouver, 5 April 1983; Margaret Pigott to editor, Vancouver Sun, 1 June 1983, A5; Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1983, B1.

165  Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1983, B1.

166  Wilson, Talk and Log, 10–11.

167  VPL, Four Seasons Project, June 1971 news clipping [Vancouver Sun, 22 June 1971].

168  McDonald, “‘Holy Retreat,’” 138, 146.

169  Prior to World War I there was a movement to make the Coal Harbour property a large playground, featuring a stadium. McDonald, “‘Holy Retreat,’” 137.

170  Berelowitz, Dream City, 245.

Chapter Two

1  West Vancouver Archives [hereafter WVA], 61.1.49, Hollyburn Ridge, folder 1, Pollough Pogue, “Hollyburn Ridge,” Province [undated news clipping], 2. On Pogue, see Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 24–7; and Iola Knight, “Pollough Pogue: A Hollyburn Original,” http://www.hollyburnheritage.ca/cabins/pollough-pogue-hollyburn-original-iola-knight/. Viewed 10 January 2016.

2  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [WVN (West Van News), 22 July 1927].

3  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2, Ray Munro, “West Van Sits on Edge of Timber Powderkeg” [Province, 18 August 1952].

4  The abandoned log flume and shingle bolts provided the materials. WVA, 999.0084. DWV, Ted Russell, “Hollyburn Ridge,” Appendix 3, Hollyburn Ridge Committee Report, 3 May 1976; Appendix 4, Holly-burn Ridge Committee Report, Jack Rockandel, “Miscellaneous Notes on Hollyburn Ridge.” Information also acquired from history billboard outside Hollyburn Lodge.

5  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Unidentified news clipping, 17 November 1932].

6  WVA, J.B. Leyland Papers, 3.6.10, J.B. Leyland, Reeve, to Hon. Wells Gray, Minister of Lands, 1 May 1935.

7  WVA, 3.6.10, A. Wells Gray to H.P. Wilson of the British Columbia Log Service Ltd, Victoria, 8 February 1938.

8  WVA, 3.6.10, Secretary, West Vancouver Liberal Association, to Hon. A. Wells Gray, 15 June 1938; Henrietta C. Porter to Mrs H. Hooper, Vancouver, 22 June 1938; Edith J. Stevens to J.B. Leyland, 20 July 1938.

9  WVA, 3.6.10, L.C. Rodgers, “Report Setting Forth the Accessibility and Logging Chance of the Heaps Holdings in the Cypress Creek Watershed,” 1938, 5. Although Heaps claimed that there was 100 million feet of timber on his leases, Rodgers reported that only 29.3 million feet was merchantable. Mansbridge, Cypress Bowl, 119.

10  WVA, 3.6.10, Vancouver News-Herald, 25 July 193[8]. Lying to the east of Hollyburn Ridge, the Grouse Mountain Highway and Resort had been opened by private entrepreneurs in 1927. “The History of Metropolitan Vancouver,” http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_grouse.htm. Viewed 22 November 2015.

11  WVA, 3.6.10, “Shingle Crew on Hollyburn Next Week” [unidentified and undated news clipping].

12  WVA, 3.6.10, JBL to Hon. Wells Gray, 2 August 1938.

13  WVA, 3.6.10, “Protect the Beauty Spots” [unidentified and undated news clipping]. On Green Timbers, see Sandquist, “The Giant Killers.”

14  See Clayton, Bradley, and Wynn, “One Hundred Years of Struggle,” 7–8.

15  Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 119; Vancouver Sun, 20 October 1938, 1; 22 October 1938, 1; Province, 21 October 1938, 5. For a map of the proposed development, including the Heaps timber limits, see Vancouver Sun, 20 October 1938, 2.

16  WVA, 3.6.10 [Province, December 1938].

17  Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 120.

18  WVA, 3.6.10, “Skiers Urge North Shore Development” [unidentified and undated news clipping].

19  Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 120–1.

20  WVA, 3.6.10, “First Logs Will Be Cut on Hollyburn Ridge Today” [unidentified and undated news clipping]; H.H. Stevens, “Hollyburn Ridge” [Province, 23 October 1943].

21  Quoted in Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 121–2.

22  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 13 June 1941].

23  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2, Acting municipal clerk, to the Honourable Wells Gray, Minister of Lands, 30 July 1941; A. Wells Gray to the municipal clerk, Victoria, 29 August 1941.

24  Province, 21 October 1943, 6; 31 December 1943, 2; W.V.A., 3.6.10, H.H. Stevens, President, to His Worship the Reeve, and members of the Council of West Vancouver, 596 West Georgia Street, 24 June 1943; Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 122. Alan Morley reported in the News Herald on 20 November 1943 (1, 5) that loggers had informed him that between 500,000 and 600,000 feet, “mostly red and yellow cedar and hemlock,” had already been cut, and that they would be cutting a million feet a month by December.

25  Stevens, “Hollyburn Ridge.” Stevens became known for his birthday walks around Stanley Park, which continued until his ninetieth birthday. Wilbur, H.H. Stevens, 213–14.

26  News Herald, 27 April 1944, 1; Victoria Daily Times, 15 September 1944, 1; Rockandel, “Miscellaneous Notes”; Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 122.

27  Appendix 2, Hollyburn Ridge Committee Report, Jack Wood, “Some Early History”; Russell, “Hollyburn Ridge.”

28  Denning, Skiing into Modernity, 9–15.

29  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2, Wood, “Some Early History”; Russell, “Hollyburn Ridge”; “Dream Finally Realized as Big Ski Lift Opened” [Province, 18 January 1951]; folder 1, “Mountain Playground,” Western Homes and Living, December–January, 1953–54, 12–13; Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 133–9.

30  See Owram, Born at the Right Time, 142–4.

31  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2, Lions Gate Times, 2 April 1953, 1, 8. On the longstanding concern with the “youth problem” in Canada, see Comacchio, The Dominion of Youth, 167–78, 199–201, 215–17.

32  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 8 January 1948].

33  See, for example, WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 26 October 1950]. See also, Mansbridge, Hollyburn, chapter 7.

34  Munro, “West Van Sits.”

35  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2, “Council Buys ‘Ridge’ Land” [unidentified newsclipping, 10 February 1955].

36  McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 135.

37  Vancouver Sun, 29 February 1960, 10.

38  Province, 11 June 1964, 11.

39  Vancouver Public Library, Special Collections [hereafter VPL], Parks-B-Cypress Bowl-1965, Roland Wild, “Mighty Alpine Complex Looms for West Van” [Province, 24 February 1965]. The other principal figure in the Alpine company was Earl Pletsch, manager of Mount Seymour ski operations. Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 142

40  WVA, 999.0141.DWV, “A Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee of the Council of the Corporation of the District of West Vancouver,” September 1970, 4,12.

41  WVA, Minutes of the Public Hearing Held by the Council of the Corporation of the District of West Vancouver, Monday, 19 July 1965.

42  McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 136.

43  This left 8,100 acres as the Mountain Public Recreation and Natural Wilderness Zone, in which no commercial facilities would be permitted. “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 5-7, 12-13, 16; Schedule D, D. Borthwick, Superintendent of Lands, to R.A. Harrison, Municipal Clerk, Victoria, 11 July 1966.

44  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, Parks – Cypress Provincial Park, folder 2, “Hollyburn Ridge Logging Survey Gets Go Ahead,” Vancouver Sun [9 October 1965]; McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 138–9.

45  Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 143.

46  McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 137.

47  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 13–15.

48  Forestry Progress Report, Valley Royal Development, by Gordon S. Charnell and Associates, 21 October 1968, “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” Schedule E.

49  On this theme, see Rajala, Clearcutting the Pacific, chapter 1.

50  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1, Parks – Cypress Provincial Park [Citizen, 27 November 1968].

51  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 17.

52  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 17–20; Vancouver Sun, 12 April 1969, 13; VPL, Parks-BC-Cypress Bowl, 1965–69 [Province, 29 April 1969].

53  VPL, Parks-BC-Cypress Bowl, 1965–69 [Province, 20 November 1969]. The logs did reportedly include some valuable yellow cedar that was sold on world markets. WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1, Jacqueline Hooper, “Looking Back at the History of Cypress Bowl” [North Shore News, 13 December 2000]. The total breakdown was reported to be 45 per cent hemlock, 35 per cent balsam, 10 per cent cedar, and 10 per cent cypress (yellow cedar). “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 26.

54  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 20–1, 28–9.

55  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Citizen, 26 Aug. 1965, 1; 26 Jan. 1969]; Hooper, “Looking Back”; “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 39.

56  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 22; McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 142.

57  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Citizen, 26 November 1969, 1]; [Province, 26 November 1969].

58  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 22, 33; VPL, Parks-BC-Cypress Bowl, 1965–69 Alex Young, “Cypress Leases Attacked,” Province [2 December 1969].

59  VPL, Parks-BC-Cypress Bowl, 1965–69 [Province, 28 November 1969].

60  VPL, Parks-BC-Cypress Bowl, 1965–69 [Province, 20 November 1969]; Vancouver Sun, 30 January 1970, 1; McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 140–1. Benguet operated cruises up the Pacific West Coast and had recently merged with the Grand Bahama Port Authority, which received 10 per cent of its revenue from casinos. Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 144.

61  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 38.

62  Victoria Daily Times, 27 January 1970, 3; McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 143.

63  Vancouver Sun, 30 January 1970, 1; Victoria Daily Times, 24 April 1970, 1. Barrett later claimed that his experience with Cypress Bowl “ultimately led to my full support of saving farmland through the Agricultural Land Reserve.” Barrett and Miller, Barrett, 43.

64  Hooper, “Looking Back,” 39; “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 24, 38–40.

65  McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 139–40.

66  WVA, 1.1.95, Rupert Harrison, Vancouver Express, 12 May 1970, 12; Victoria Daily Times, 24 December 1970, 1; WVA, 7.7-2P05, folder 1 [North Shore News, 7 January 1971]; “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 34, 40; Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 146.

67  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 25.

68  Ibid., 26–7.

69  WVA, 1.1.95, Vancouver Express, 12 May 1970.

70  Province, 28 January 1971, 1; Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 146; McGeer, Politics in Paradise, 144.

71  Province, 29 January 1971, 1, 2.

72  Province, 29 January 1971, 4.

73  “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” appendix, Cypress Bowl Community Plan, 12 July 1965, 1.

74  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 2 March 1972].

75  The municipality had gradually acquired 350 acres. WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 23 December 1971]. Land within the Municipal District of West Vancouver remained under Crown authority, as far as zoning regulations were concerned, until it was either leased or sold. “Report by the 1970 Fact Finding Committee,” 3.

76  WVA, 61.1.49, folder 2 [Lions Gate Times, 23 March 1972]; Province, 21 March 1972, 36. The formal exchange took place a year later. WVA, 1.1.95, folder 1, Province [2 March 1973]. Originally 2,100 hectares, by 2000 Cypress Provincial Park had been expanded to 3,000 hectares, including the Howe Sound Crest Trail. Hooper, “Looking Back,” 50.

77  Province, 26 October 1972, 1, 43. According to Jeremy Wilson, Williams guided all of the NDP government’s natural resource policy initiatives. Wilson, Talk and Log, 112–29. On the NDP’s responsiveness to local demands for protection from logging in the West Kootenays, see Clayton, “Human Beings Need Places,” 105, 116–18.

78  Province, 5 September 1973, 29; WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Unidentified newsclipping, 5 September 1973].

79  On the different park categories, see Clayton, Bradley, and Wynn, “One Hundred Years of Struggle,” 8, 12, 13.

80  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Citizen, 3 December 1975, 5].

81  Vancouver Sun, 8 January 1976, 2; WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Citizen, 9 January 1976, 3]; Vancouver Sun, 12 May 1997, B2; North Shore News, 16 April 1997, 24; Steven Threndyle, “Stalemate on the Slippery Slopes,” Georgia Straight, 5–12 March 1993.

82  The master plan did, however, allow the clearing of twenty-one hectares (fifty-three acres) of old-growth trees within that area. See Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 150–2.

83  Mansbridge, Hollyburn, 164–8; West Vancouver Report, 14, no. 2 (September 1993); 14, no. 3 (December 1993), http://archives.westvancouver.ca/PDFs/0230-02.0041.dwv.pdf; and http://archives.westvancouver.ca/PDFs/0230-02.0042.dwv.pdf. Viewed 10 February 2016.

84  Clayton, “A National Playground.”

85  See Denning, Skiing into Modernity; and Coleman, Ski Style.

86  WVA, 7.7-2.P05, folder 1 [Citizen, 24 December 1969, 1].

Chapter Three

1  Bowen Island Museum and Archives [hereafter BIMA], Bowen Island Improvement Association Fonds, Ms 21 [hereafter BIIA Fonds], Bowenian, March 1973, 4–5.

2  See Little, “Vancouver’s Playground.”

3  See Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery and Fresh Air.’”

4  This was a contrast to the leading antidevelopment role played by countercultural newcomers on Denman Island. See Weaver, “Back-to-the-Land Environmentalism.”

5  See Howard, Bowen Island, chapter 5.

6  Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery,’” 91, 98n32.

7  The BIIA originated in 1947 as the Bowen Ratepayers’ Association. It was registered as the Bowen Island Property Owners’ Association in 1963 and changed its name to the more inclusive Bowen Island Improvement Association in 1967. BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Minutes, Finance, Correspondence; Constitution, 1948–94, Georg Helenius to Alfred A. Nunweiler, MLA, Bowen Island, 29 May 1973; Box 3, Society and Reference Materials, Reports, OCP, Bylaws.

8  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Minutes of the first quarterly meeting of the 1973–74 year of the Bowen Island Improvement Association, 25 August 1973.

9  BIMA, Development and Sub-division, Box 2, Stan James File [hereafter SJF], Olivia Ward, “Bowen: A Place in the Sun,” Province, 17 August 1972.

10  Vancouver Sun, 14 September 1967.

11  BIMA, Bowen Island Trustees Newsletter, 10 February 1978, 1.

12  See Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery,’” 97–9.

13  Bowenian [1969], 5; December 1969, 1; May–June 1970, 1.

14  Bowenian, July–August 1970, 2.

15  Bowenian, November 1971, 2; Howard, Bowen Island, 140.

16  BIMA, SJF, Paul Knox, “Sechelt Plan Faltering,” Vancouver Sun, 19 April 1976. According to a document written in his support, “James has all the characteristics of a typical developer … He wears rough clothes, smokes continuously, drives a Cadillac, made his first big money in Maui.” BIMA, SJF, “An Important Message to the Users of the Bowen Island Water System,” 24 March 1976, 1–2.

17  BIMA, SJF, “B.C. Slams Door on Bowen Land Buyers,” Province, 10 December 1969; “Crown Land Use on Bowen Frozen,” Vancouver Sun, undated news clipping. A more detailed outline of the plan can be found in Howard, Bowen Island, 141.

18  The Bowenian approved less reservedly of the land developments then being pursued by “The Naud’s, the Cromie’s, the Malkin’s, the Adams,” declaring that “we understand that this work is being done with the future of Bowen Island in mind. We tip our hat to these very nice people.” Bowenian, December 1969, 1–2.

19  Bowenian, February–March 1970, 4.

20  Bowenian, July–Aug. 1970, 2.

21  Howard, Bowen Island, 142–3.

22  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, “Open Meeting Held in Collin’s Hall, January 22, 1972”; Bowenian, February 1972, 6–7. The GVRD bylaws decreased the densities proposed in the land-use plan drafted by the Department of Municipal Affairs earlier in 1971. Howard, Bowen Island, 142–3.

23  The BIIA also pressed for an 18,000 square foot minimum for lots having a community water supply only, and one-acre minimum for those with neither water or sewer facilities. (The Official Community Plan would be still more restrictive.) BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Island Residents Organize to Fight Smaller Lot Size Proposal,” Vancouver Sun, 16 November 1972; Al Arnason, “Bowen Island Days of Peace Face Disruption,” Province, 25 November 1972; BIIA Fonds, Box 1, “Appendix. Transcript of Proceedings of Public Hearing Conducted at Collins Hall on Bowen Island, November 12, 1972,” 1–4.

24  Bowenian, November 1972, 2.

25  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Georg Helenius to Daniel Campbell, Minister of Municipal Affairs, 3 July 1972; Box 3, “A Report to the Board of Directors of the Greater Vancouver Regional District on the Public Hearing of Bylaw no. 84 to Amend the Electoral Area Ac Zoning Bylaw,” 23 November 1972. Howard (Bowen Island, 144–5) states that the BIIA had originally supported the 7,500 square foot minimum.

26  Howard, Bowen Island, 141.

27  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 3, Stan James to Bowen Island Advisory Planning Commission, Vancouver, [nd].

28  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Appendix, Transcript of Proceedings of Public Hearing Conducted at Collins Hall on Bowen Island, 12 November 1972, 3.

29  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Grahame M. Budge to Bowen Island Electors, GVRD News Letter, November 1972; GVRD By-Laws, Publications, Causeway, Stan James to Chairman and Board of Directors, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Bowen Island, 28 January 1976,

30  Bowenian, June 1973; BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, “The Bowen Island Improvement Association 1973 Annual General Meeting,” 4.

31  BIMA, Neighbourhoods, Box 5, DeeCee Projects Ltd, Donald Cromie to Grahame Budge, Vancouver, 22 December 1972; SJF, Julie Glover and Peter Chataway, “Bowen: Island Park or Island Suburb?” Vancouver Sun [24 July 1973].

32  BIMA, SJF, Donald Cromie to the editor [Vancouver Sun, 21 July 1973]. The second phase of Cromie’s Tunstall Bay project was being held up by the freeze. Howard, Bowen Island, 138, 145.

33  Tunstall Bay Community Association Archives, Donald Cromie to Directors, GVRD and Trustees, Island Trust, Vancouver, 5 May 1976. My thanks to Katherine Gish and the TBCA for making their documents available.

34  BIMA, Neighbourhoods, Box 5, Dee Cee Projects Ltd, Cromie to Dear Elector, Vancouver, 2 January 1973.

35  Cromie to Dear Elector, Vancouver, 2 January 1973.

36  See Weaver, “Back-to-the-Land Environmentalism,” 38.

37  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, “A Brief Submitted to Mr. Alfred A. Nunweiler, M.L.A. by the Bowen Island Improvement Association.”

38  BIMA, SJF, Pat Moan, “Bowen Residents Express Concern,” Vancouver Sun [24 July 1973].

39  BIMA, SJF, Moira Farrow, “Bowen Islanders Want Strict Controls to Provide Resident–Visitor ‘Refuge’” [Vancouver Sun, 22 February 1974]; Bowenian, March 1974, 16.

40  Walker, The Country in the City, 133.

41  Farrow, “Bowen Islanders”; Bowenian, March 1974, 16.

42  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Growth Hot Issue,” unidentified news clipping [7 August 1974].

43  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Growth Hot Issue”; “Bowen Island Boom Proposed,” Province, 27 July 1974; “Bowen Island Plan Sees Population of 50,000,” Vancouver Sun, 27 July 1974; “‘Some Ratepayers’ Oppose Development For Bowen” [Vancouver Sun, 3 August 1974]. The density, according to another press report, would be one and a half units per acre. “Bowen Island Boom Proposed.”

44  BIMA, Ms 23, Ross Carter fonds, Collected Reference Materials, Bowen Breeze, June 1975, 1.

45  Bowen Breeze, June 1975, 2.

46  “Bowen Growth Hot Issue.”

47  Quoted in Lamb, The Islands Trust Story, 4.

48  Lamb, The Islands Trust Story, 2; Porcher, “The Islands Trust,” 31.

49  Porcher, “The Islands Trust,” 32–3.

50  The Islands Trust as a whole was also expected to “make recommendations to the cabinet on the acquisition and use of Crown land in the area,” and to “co-ordinate and assist in the determination, implementation, and carrying out of municipal and provincial policies for the islands.” BIMA, SJF, Barbara McLintock, “Islands Trust Act Carries Big Stick,” Province, 25 April 1974; Marian Bruce, “Will Trust Make Them Coney Islands?” [Vancouver Sun, 4 May 1974].

51  Lamb, The Islands Trust Story, 5.

52  Province, 26 February 1977, 41; Porcher, “The Islands Trust,” 36–7. The government did respond to its critics by making the three trustees who represented the province elected by and from among the twenty-six locally elected trustees. Lamb, The Islands Trust Story, 6–7.

53  Moan, “Bowen Residents Express Concern”; BIMA, SJF, “Islanders Vote For First Time,” unidentified and undated news clipping. Responsibility for appointing Advisory Planning Commissions was transferred in 1977 from the regional district councils to Islands Trust. Porcher, “The Islands Trust,” 36.

54  Gerald William Dowell to Mrs Hilary Brown, Chairman, Islands Trust, 22 February 1975, in Bowenian, March 1975, 13. The Trust did succeed in obtaining commitments from Agriculture Canada to provide a soil type study and from the federal government’s Pacific Coast Forest Lab to produce a landscape analysis of Bowen, both to be considered when the Official Community Plan was reviewed in two or three years time. The provincial government finally committed $18,000 towards a terrain sustainability study in the summer of 1977. Bowenian, June 1975, 12, 14; June 1977, 4.

55  An OCP is defined as “a general statement of the broad objectives and policies of local government respecting the form and character of existing and proposed land use and servicing requirements in the area covered by the plan.” Municipal Act, R.S.C.B., 1987, ss. 945. Quoted in Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery,’” 113.

56  The BIIA officially endorsed the plan, with minor caveats. BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 3, Bowen Island Improvement Association, Brief to the Advisory Planning Commission in Answer to the Preliminary Policy Draft, 20 July 1975.

57  “The Community Plan,” 7.

58  “The Community Plan,” 9–11; Harvey Oberfeld, “Apartment Ban Urged For Bowen Island,” Vancouver Sun, 20 June 1975. According to GVRD representative Thomas, a “fairly wide degree of support was indicated” at the public meeting called to discuss the recommendations. BIMA, SJF, “Twenty Landowners Control 42% of Bowen Island Acres,” unidentified news clipping [30 July 1975].

59  “The Community Plan,” 23.

60  Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery,’” 99. In the classical world, Arcadia was the border between tilled land and wilderness. Eisenberg, The Ecology of Eden, xxii, 164.

61  BIMA, SJF, Tom Walkom, “Development OK Urged by Bowen Landholder,” unidentified news clipping [30 June 1975].

62  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Stan James to Chairman and Board of Directors, GVRD, Bowen Island, 28 January 1976.

63  Bramwell, Wilderburbs, xvii.

64  Gutstein, Vancouver Ltd, 212.

65  The proposed houses were modelled on those being built by the USC in Sechelt’s Seaside Village. BIMA, SJF, “These Are Real!” The brochure’s date was arrived at from internal evidence, but the plan to build 2,000 units was reportedly announced in June 1975. BIMA, SJF, “Hoverferries Proposed as Bowen Island Transport,” Vancouver Sun, 19 March 1976. On the ski hill proposal, see Howard, Bowen Island, 141; BIMA, SJF, Paul Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak’ Widens Split,” Vancouver Sun, 9 April 1976.

66  BIMA, SJF, Bill Forst, “The 19th Hole,” West Side Courier, 22 January 1976. Presumably, what James had in mind were two courses, as the two lakes are separated by steep terrain.

67  “An Important Message,” 3.

68  BIMA, SJF, Ed Keate, “How About That?” [Times, 25 February 1976]; “GVRD Delays Decision on Bowen Land Freeze,” Vancouver Sun, 11 March 1976.

69  “An Important Message,” 18; Tony Eberts, “Fast Sea Transit Key to Bowen Development,” Province, 18 March 1976. Fifty islanders picketed the site in April. Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak;’” BIMA, SJF, Vancouver Sun, 5 April 1976; “Land Clearing Brings Picketing on Bowen,” Province, 6 April 1976. James claimed that some insurance companies had informed him that the fire insurance rate on individual houses would increase by 38 per cent if the water delivery system were not improved. BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Stan James to Chairman and Board of Directors, GVRD, Bowen Island, 28 January 1976.

70  Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak.’”

71  BIMA, Bowen Island fonds, Report by Urban Programme Planners (R.E. Mann Ltd.), 7 October 1976.

72  Keate, “How About That?” The GVRD had recommended removing all of Bowen from the ALR in 1975, but the BIIA objected and the provincial government refused to do so. “An Important Message,” 7–8, 9; BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 3, “A Brief on the Proposed Agricultural Land Reserve on Bowen Island … to the Greater Vancouver Regional District Board of Directors” [nd].

73  Keate, “How About That?” Donald Cromie, on the other hand, referred to the draft OCP as “a cunning piece of bullshit.” BIMA, SJF, Alex Young, “Growing Bowen” [Province, 1 May 1976].

74  BIMA, SJF, Bob Kingsmill to Editor, Times, 10 March 1976; Eberts, “Fast Sea Transit.”

75  Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak.’” According to a document written to support James, the “prominent local consultants” Howard Paish and Associates (see chapter 4), had “outlined how his dream could be realized without adversely affecting the ecology.” “An Important Message,” 4.

76  Eberts, “Fast Sea Transit”; BIMA, SJF, “Hovercraft Service from City to Sechelt Planned,” Vancouver Sun, 31 March 1976.

77  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, Bowen Island Improvement Association News Release [nd].

78  BIMA, SJF, Paul Knox, “Gov’t Halts Sechelt Development” [Vancouver Sun, 10 April 1976].

79  Knox, “Sechelt Plan Faltering.”

80  Ibid.

81  “An Important Message,” 16–17.

82  Jamieson, “Bowen Island,” 78; Young, “Growing Bowen.”

83  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Island Plan Public Meeting Set” [Times, 10 March 1976]; “Large Crowd Hears 16 Bowen Proposals,” Province [29 March 1976]; “Bowen Island Plan Runs Into Opposition,” Vancouver Sun, 29 March 1976; Harvey Oberfeld, “Bowen Island Residents Sit on Their Stumps as a Way of Life” [Vancouver Sun, 3 April 1976].

84  Oberfeld, “Bowen Island Residents.”

85  Tunstall Bay Community Association Archives, Donald Cromie to Gordon McGillivray, Vancouver, 27 February 1976; BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Plan Backed” [Vancouver Sun], undated newsclipping; “Petition Readied” [Vancouver Sun, 7 April 1976].

86  BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, BIIA Newsletter, April 1976. The GVRD informed a disgruntled prodevelopment resident in 1972 that there were 1,600 registered lots on Bowen, only 430 of which had dwelling units: “Therefore even if the present freeze on subdivision were to remain in force, a growth of 31/2 times the present development could be accommodated.” BIMA, BIIA Fonds, Box 1, J.F. Gilmour, Planning Consultant for Electoral Area C, to H.L. Moring, Vancouver, 14 June 1972.

87  BIMA, SJF, “Andrews Walks Out – ‘Fed Up with Press’” [Vancouver Sun], undated news clipping; “Back to Square One” [Vancouver Sun], 13 April 1976.

88  Also opposed were the mayors of Port Coquitlam and Surrey. The one small amendment was that, in addition to septic tanks, other sewage disposal systems would be allowed if approved by the area’s medical health officer. BIMA, SJF, “GVRD Committee Okays Bowen Island Plan” [Vancouver Sun, 17 April 1976].

89  Half-acre lots were permitted under group subdivisions, and there was no minimum lot size for cluster housing strata subdivision, provided that the maximum density in both cases was one dwelling unit per acre. BIMA, SJF, Jake van der Kamp, “Bowen Island Plan Adopted with Little Opposition,” unidentified news clipping [8 May 1976]; John Sbraga to editor, unidentified news clipping [7 May 1976].

90  Jamieson, “Bowen Island,” 77–8; “GVRD Committee Okays Bowen”; BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Island Plan Heads for Crucial Test” [Province, 17 April 1976]. OCP approval was a still more controversial and protracted process on Denman, Hornby, and North Pender islands, among others. Weller, “Living on ‘Scenery,’” 113.

91  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing News Release, 24 December 1976; Trust newsletters file, Minutes of the Bowen Island Trust Committee, 14 January 1977.

92  BIMA, Bowen APC fonds, D.H. Macdonald, Chairman, GVRD Planning Committee, to the Honourable Hugh A. Curtis, Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Vancouver, 15 November 1976.

93  Jamieson, “Bowen Island,” 78.

94  BIMA, SJF, Ted Rogers, “‘Unholy Alliance’ Stakes Out Bowen” [Vancouver Sun, 4 February 1977].

95  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Islanders ‘Lobbying Victoria’” [Vancouver Sun, 2 February 1977]; Bowenian, June 1977, 6; July 1977, 2; BIMA, Bowen Island Trustees Newsletter, 10 February 1978, 1.

96  The latter mortgage was held by Glenmont Holdings, owned by Glen Crippen. Crippen’s company also held the title to the unsold Seaside Village land in Sechelt, as well as a 25 per cent interest in that development project. In late April James agreed to sell three and a half acres at Snug Cove in order to bolster the faltering operation in Sechelt. Knox, “Sechelt Plan Faltering”; SJF, Harvey Oberfeld, “Company Agrees to Sell Land to Bolster Project,” Vancouver Sun [23 April 1976]; Harvey Oberfeld, “Union Steamships Attempting to Weather Financial Storm,” Vancouver Sun [1 May 1976].

97  BIMA, SJF, “Residents of Bowen Island Fight Golf Course Work” [Vancouver Sun, 10 February 1977].

98  BIMA, Minutes, Bowen Island Advisory Planning Commission, 9 February 1977, 1.

99  Jamieson, “Bowen Island,” 80; BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Island Protesters Trigger Stop-Work Order,” Vancouver Sun [11 February 1977]; “Cabinet Order Halts Bowen Island Clearing” [The Province, 12 February 1977]. John Rich, who played a prominent role in the protest, claims that the government would most likely not have issued the order had it been aware of the altercation. John Rich interview by the author, Bowen Island, 24 November 2015, deposited in the BIMA.

100  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Guard Knocked Out” [Province, 15 February 1977]. John Rich claims that this was a fabrication. John Rich interview.

101  MacDonald, MacFadyen, and Novaczek, “Introduction: Promise and Premise,” 14–15.

102  Young, “Growing Bowen.”

103  “Bowen Island Prepares For Change.”

104  Glover and Chataway, “Bowen.”

105  Ibid.

106  BIMA, SJF, “Bowen Charges Called ‘Drivel’” [Province, 26 July 1973]. Ron Mann, a planning consultant for the GVRD who gave Bowen residents technical assistance, also argued that Bowen was “more valuable for recreation than for housing on a large scale” Quoted in Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak.’”

107  “Twenty Landowners Control 42%”

108  See Little, “The Recreation/Ecology/Heritage Triangle” The initiative in 2011 to create a national park from Bowen’s scattered public parks and Crown land met with much support on the island, including from Bowen Eco-Alliance, the successor to the BIIA. Ultimately, however, the park initiative was defeated in a local plebiscite by a 10 per cent margin. “A National Park on Bowen Island,” http://bowenislandconservancy.org/news-and-events/newsevents-from-2011/a-national-park-on-bowen-island/. Viewed 7 September 2015.

109  Personal communication, Murray Atherton, chair, Tourism Bowen Island, 8 January 2016.

Chapter Four

Except where noted, references to the Squamish Citizen are from the collection in the British Columbia Legislative Library.

1  Squamish Times, 6 December 1972, 12.

2  Watson, “Coal in Canada,” 239, 250n146; Arthur Weeks, “Squamish to Get Superport,” Squamish Citizen, 25 March 1971.

3  “Half Million Dollar Project,” Squamish Citizen, 24 November 1971.

4  Rome, Bulldozer in the Countryside, 161–2.

5  Vancouver Public Library [hereafter VPL], Special Collections, Ports–BC–Squamish, Paul Knox, “Squamish Takes First Steps for Its Own Harbor Board,” Vancouver Sun [10 August 1971]; “Port Leaders Say Development Is Coming,” [Squamish Citizen, 12 August 1971]; Squamish Times, 18 August 1971; Howard Paish and Associates, An Environmental Perspective on a Squamish Coal Port, vol. 2 (1972), 6–7, 15. According to Jeremy Wilson, “pollution issues led the list of environmental worries” in British Columbia during the mid-1960s. Wilson, Talk and Log, 101.

6  By 1974 the terminal was handling 30,000 to 40,000 tons of pulp per month, as well as over 5 million board feet of lumber. “A Very Scenic Exit for B.C.’s Exports,” Supply Post, July–August 1974, http://www.sqterminals.com/wp-content/themes/squamish/about-us-documents/images/TheSupplyPost-Part1.jpg. Viewed 17 June 2016.

7  The Kaiser Company was unable to make a profit from the price it had negotiated with Japan, and the coal was not of high enough quality for efficient steel production. “BC Coal Mining Troubles May Affect Squamish Port,” Squamish Citizen, 8 September 1971.

8  “Let’s Be Something Special,” Squamish Citizen, 27 October 1971.

9  Quoted in Hacking, “Squamish Joining,” 16.

10  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Moira Farrow, “Railway Boss Explains: How Coal Dock Helps Salmon,” Vancouver Sun [10 August 1972]; Norman Hacking, “No Squamish Monopoly” [Province, 10 August 1972]; “All Candidates Meeting Packed,” Squamish Citizen, 23 August 1972; Rose Tatlow, “Facts Obscured by Emotions,” Squamish Times, 14 February 1973. The project would require construction of a thirty-seven-mile spur from Chetwynd to the mine site at a cost of $9 million and the purchase of 300 coal cars and seventeen locomotives valued at $15 million. “Railway Signs Multi-million Dollar Contract,” Squamish Times, 9 August 1972, 1.

11  “Railway Signs,” 1.

12  Farrow, “Railway Boss Explains.”

13  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, “Squamish Superport Statement Rapped” [Vancouver Sun, 11 August 1972].

14  Farrow, “Railway Boss Explains.”

15  David Anderson to Mr D. Morrison, Victoria, 23 October 1973. My thanks to John Buchanan for providing a copy of this letter. While a member of Parliament, Andersen had launched a crusade against the proposed American oil tanker route along the Canadian coast from Alaska to Washington. Robin, Pillars of Profit, 310–11.

16  Quoted in VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Bill Bachop, “Brennan Says Squamish Could Delay Coal Port OK,” Vancouver Sun, 13 September 1972. Local Liberal Member of Parliament Paul St Pierre was also highly critical of the coal port. “Packed Meeting Opposes,” Squamish Citizen, 13 September 1972; “Not Everyone Is Against Coal Port,” Squamish Citizen, 20 September 1972.

17  SPEC, which reached a peak of 12,000 members in forty-five of the province’s communities by mid-1971, had become deeply split between moderates and radicals. For a useful history of the organization, see Keeling, “The Effluent Society,” 305–22.

18  Quoted in VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Nate Smith, “Conservationists Alarmed over Proposed Squamish Port,” Province [13 September 1972], Clifford was also chairman of SPEC’s central branch Wildlife Committee, chair of the Save Howe Sound Committee, and, by 1974, chair of the BC Wildlife Federation Environmental Committee. Huge [sic] Clifford, Chairman Save Howe Sound Committee, to Editor, Vancouver Sun, 20 December 1972, 5; Vancouver City Archives [hereafter VCA], SPEC fonds, 19-G-4, folder 4, Annual General Meeting, 27–8 April 1974.

19  Quoted in Bachop, “Brennan Says Squamish.” Sewell repeated these comments in 1979. VPL, Special Collections, Britannia Beach file, Moira Farrow, “Howe Sound Port Idea Comes Under Fire” [Vancouver Sun, 8 November 1979]. For a statement of the Save Howe Sound mission, see VCA, SPEC fonds, Port, Bulk Coal Loading Proposed, Squamish, Save Howe Sound, Hugh Clifford Chairman.

20  “Council Approval of Coal Terminal Held Up,” Squamish Citizen, 20 September 1972.

21  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, “Davis Threatens to Kill Plans for Squamish Port” [Vancouver Sun, 25 October 1972]; Norman Hacking, “Squamish Coal Terminal Killed,” Province [26 October 1972]; Tatlow, “Facts Obscured.”

22  “The Economics of Fish Over Coal,” Province, 27 October 1972, 1.

23  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, “Squamish Port New Look Eyed” [Vancouver Sun, 26 October 1972].

24  “Opinion Poll Shows Port Opposition,” Squamish Citizen, 1 November 1972.

25  Rose Tatlow, “Coal Port Sparks Many Queries,” Squamish Times, 6 December 1972, 1. For responses to the questionnaire sent to candidates by the local branch of SPEC, see Squamish Times, 6 December 1972, 9.

26  Ken Cain to Editor, Squamish Times, 6 December 1972.

27  Peter McNelly, “Squamish Port Future Clouded,” Province [18 December 1972]; Arthur Weeks, “Information Crisis on the Coal Port Question,” Squamish Citizen, 3 January 1973.

28  Davis replied that copies had been given to provincial government members of the task force. “Squamish Port New Look Eyed.”

29  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Michael Finlay, “Barrett Says Environment Top Issue in Squamish Plans,” Vancouver Sun [5 December 1972]; “New Howe Sound Port Study Set” [Province, 6 December 1972]; Tatlow, “Facts Obscured.”

30  VCA, SPEC fonds, Doug Morrison to Dave Barrett, Squamish, 20 December 1972; VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, “Barrett’s Coal Port Approach Criticized” [Vancouver Sun, 18 December 1972]. See also SPEC fonds, C.R. Ostergard, President, Squamish Valley Rod and Gun Club, to Mr Barrett, Squamish, 11 January 1973.

31  Wilson, Talk and Log, 105–6. In 1975 Paish coordinated the North Island Study Group’s report recommending preservation of much of the Tsika River watershed as well as the area around nearby Schoen Lake. See Martin, “When Red Meets Green,” 162–5.

32  “Howe Sound Full of Red Herrings,” Vancouver Sun, 9 December 1972, 4.

33  Jack Davis, Minister of the Environment, House of Commons, to Editor, Vancouver Sun, 15 December 1972, 4.

34  VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Marjorie Nichols, “Barrett Flays ‘Forked Tongue’ Davis,” Vancouver Sun [18 December 1972]; Peter McNelly, “Port Site Squabble Develops,” Province [19 December 1972]; “Davis Denies Squamish Push” [Vancouver Sun, 19 December 1972]. Mayor Brennan lobbied to have Squamish become a grain port by having a rail link built between Ashcroft and Clinton, a distance of only forty miles. He noted that the line between Prince George and Prince Rupert had been closed five weeks the previous winter, due to snow and rock slides, and that the one between Kamloops and Vancouver had been closed for four weeks during the same period. “Palliser Wheat Growers Support Proposed Rail Link,” Squamish Times, 31 January 1973, 2.

35  Weeks, “Information Crisis.”

36  Squamish Citizen, 3 January 1973.

37  VCA, SPEC fonds, Tom Findlay to the Honourable Jack Davies [sic], North Vancouver, 12 January 1973.

38  “SPEC Formally Objects to Proposed Coal Port,” Squamish Times, 24 January 1973. See also VCA, SPEC fonds, Charles F. Billy to Premier Dave Barrett, Squamish, 12 January 1973.

39  “Howe Sound Full of Red Herrings.”

40  Paish, An Environmental Perspective, vol. 1, 3, 5–8; vol. 2, 37, 44, 59. Nearly all the Squamish log dumps, where the logs were wet sorted and stored before being boomed to Vancouver sawmills, were located on Mamquam Blind Channel. The shift from rail to truck transportation was resulting in a shift to dry-land sorting, but the logs were then still dumped into the water, requiring 160 acres of total area. Paish, An Environmental Perspective, vol. 2, 62–4.

41  Paish, An Environmental Perspective, vol. 2, 98–9.

42  Paish, An Environmental Perspective, vol. 1, 11–13; VPL, Ports–BC–Squamish, Marjorie Nichols and Michael Finlay, “Barrett Kills Coal Port at Squamish,” Vancouver Sun [29 January 1973]; “Squamish Coal Port Plan Killed,” Province [30 January 1973]. The Paish report (vol. 2, 104–5) suggested that in light of concerns being expressed about nuclear energy, as well as the resource losses and environmental damage caused by hydroelectric developments, there were sound environmental reasons for preserving the province’s coal resources for its own energy requirements.

43  “Report Recommends More Study on Mamquam site,” Squamish Times, 31 January 1973, 5.

44  Paish, An Environmental Perspective, vol. 2, 96; “Squamish Coal Port Plan Killed”; Nichols and Finlay, “Barrett Kills Coal Port.”

45  McCandless, “Ending Pollution,” 14.

46  UBC Rare Books and Special Collections, BC Railway Commission Collection, box 13, folder 16, “Geotechnical Investigation for Proposed Bulk Terminal at Britannia Beach, BC,” Report to Swan Wooster Engineering Co. Ltd by Thurber Consultants Ltd, 1 May 1973, synopsis, 1.

47  Howard Paish and Associates, A Preliminary Assessment of the Site-Specific Environmental Impact of a Proposed Bulk Terminal at Britannia Beach, BC, prepared for British Columbia Railway Company, April 1973, 10–11, 15. For the local sports fishery, Paish reported (9) 1,080 boat days during July 1972, and 400 during August, largely fishing for Squamish-bound chinook salmon ranging from twenty to forty pounds in weight.

48  Howard Paish to Gordon Ritchie, Chief of Real Estate and Industrial Development, British Columbia Railway, Vancouver, 24 April 1973, in Paish, A Preliminary Assessment.

49  “Barrett on Ottawa’s Tracks,” Province, 27 February 1973, 12; Debates of the BC Legislative Assembly, 30th Parliament, 2nd session, 26 February 1973, 751, https://www.leg.bc.ca/documents-data/debate-transcripts/30th-parliament/2nd-session/30p_02s_730226p#00750. Viewed 13 July 2016.

50  Both quotes are from “Squamish Coal Port Plan Killed.”

51  Quoted in Rose Tatlow, “No Coal Port for Squamish,” Squamish Times, 31 January 1973, 1. Clifford approached the Vancouver City Council for support in February. VCA, SPEC fonds, Port, Bulk Coal Loading Proposed, Squamish, D, Bennett (City Clerk) to Hugh Clifford, Vancouver, 16 February 1973; Hugh Clifford to Ronald Thompson (Vancouver City Clerk), West Vancouver, 20 February 1973.

52  Quoted in “Squamish Coal Port Plan Killed.”

53  Email from Doug Morrison to author, 10 July 2016. The grade 12 Environmental Studies class had spearheaded the creation of the twenty-acre Squamish Ecology Sanctuary bordering the Mamquam River in the spring of 1971. Murray Galbraith, “Some Thoughts on the Squamish Ecology Sanctuary,” Squamish Citizen, 15 April 1971.

54  VCA, SPEC fonds, Dave Colwell to Liberal and N.D.P. Mambers [sic] of the Legislative Assembly, Squamish, 15 January 1973; Jack Cooley, Dave Dawe, and Don Malcolm to Liberal and NDP Members of the Legislative Assembly, Squamish, 19 January 1973. My thanks to John Buchanan for providing copies of the latter letter. See also Dr. B.L. Funt to Editor, Vancouver Sun, 6 February 1973, 5. Vancouver’s Standing Committee on the Environment recommended that council advise the provincial government that it was opposed to a coal port in Howe Sound. City of Vancouver, Regular Council Meeting minutes, 13 February 1973, 305. In response to a request from the Squamish Environmental Association (then identified as the Squamish Ecological Organization), the Vancouver Standing Committee had made the same recommendation in October. http://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/uploads/r/null/a/c/ac08c43ecc2921ee7cbbc115a64f7883006878d050263d02ee8b7af28497e00f/66790a2e-9a68-4ae8-bed5-c84682ab366b-1973-02-13.pdf. Viewed 13 July 2016.

55  “Alderman Incensed About Development Comments,” Squamish Times, 21 March 1973, 1.

56  “A Sound Decision?” Province, 7 February 1973, 4.

57  “An Assured Travesty,” Vancouver Sun, 22 February 1973, 4.

58  Debates, 26 February 1973, 748, 762, https://www.leg.bc.ca/documents-data/debate-transcripts/30th-parliament/2nd-session/30p_02s_730226p#00748. Viewed 13 July 2016; “Barrett Promises Hearing on Britannia Coal Port Site,” Squamish Citizen, 14 February 1973; “Barrett Wants $27 Million to Integrate; Promises Only Coal Port for Britannia,” Squamish Citizen, 28 February 1973.

59  Peter McNelly, “Port for Rupert a ‘sure thing,’” Province, 16 July 1973, 25. The province had been pressured by Coalition Mining, which had laid off more than half its workforce in February and postponed its decision about whether or not to put the Sukunka mine into full production. “Port Dispute Halts Mining Project,” Montreal Gazette, 16 February 1973. My thanks to John Buchanan for a copy of this article.

60  “BC Drops Out of Sukunka Coal Project,” Squamish Citizen, 5 August 1974. Kavic and Nixon are mistaken, then, when they claim that the NDP government purchased a 30 per cent interest. See their The 1200 Days, 115.

61  “Coal Study Release Sought by Rupert,” Victoria Times, 21 August 1974, 4th section, 37. Barrett had demanded $27 million as the price for negotiating an integrated railway system in the province’s North. “Barrett on Ottawa’s Tracks,” 1.

62  “Coal Operation Could See New Port Site at Britannia Beach,” Squamish Times, 29 April 1976; “Britannia Use as Coal Port under Study,” Vancouver Sun, 21 May 1976, 32; The Coal Task Force, Report of the Technical Committee, “Coal in British Columbia: A Technical Appraisal,” February 1976, 96, 100.

63  David Baines, “Howe Sound Controversy Starts Up Again,” Vancouver Sun, 26 April 1976, 8.

64  “Who’s Starting Up Controversy?” Squamish Times, 6 May 1976, 3; “Prince Rupert Confirmed Major Coal Port,” Province, 24 September 1976, 4th section, 33; Ruppenthal and Keast, The British Columbia Railway, 21. After spending more than $14 million on exploration, Brascan Resources dropped its Sukunka development option in May 1976, but Teck Mining stated that its studies would continue, and Denison’s proposed operation would have twice the production. Alan Wilson, “Sukunka Option Dropped,” Vancouver Sun, 28 May 1976, 30; Bob McMurray, “Coal Project Alive and Well,” Province, 29 May 1976, 12.

65  Farrow, “Howe Sound Port Idea”; VPL, Britannia Beach file, “Howe Sound Oil Port Feared,” Victoria Times, 8 November 1979, 1, 12; Ken Bell and Basil Jackson, “Britannia Plant May Process Gas for South Korea” [Province, 9 November 1979].

66  Leeming, In Defence of Home Places, 23.

67  “Municipality Should Get Tough with Rayonier,” Squamish Citizen, 13 October 1971; “Brennan ‘Really Burning’ over Rayonnier’s Manner,” Squamish Citizen, 15 December 1971; “Brennan Tells Rayonier ‘Eat Press Releases’ About Woodfibre Smoke End,” Squamish Citizen, 19 July 1972.

68  Squamish Citizen, 8 October 1970, letters to the editor; Arthur Weeks, “Chlorine Gas Spill Damages Local Flora,” Squamish Citizen, 24 June 1971. No one was hospitalized as a result of the spill, but the large green cloud killed plants and trees in the lower part of the town. Responding to pressure from SPEC, the municipality appointed an independent investigator to inspect the chemical plant. Arthur Weeks, “Municipality to Investigate FMC Safety,” Squamish Citizen, 8 July 1971; Doug Fenton, Squamish SPEC President, to Editor, Squamish Citizen, 27 July 1971.

69  “SPEC Shows Hydro How to Clear Right-of-Ways,” Squamish Citizen, 19 August 1971; Arthur Weeks, “Council Will Contest Hydro’s Exemption From Municipal Law,” 26 August 1971; “Squamish Loses in Supreme Court,” Squamish Citizen, 29 September 1971; “‘No Change’ a Good Thing for Estuary,” Squamish Citizen, 22 March 1972; “West Bank Gravel Pit Gets Eviction Notice,” Squamish Citizen, 21 June 1972; “Boundaries for West Bank Park,” Squamish Citizen, 15 November 1972; “Court Case Threatened over West Bank Gravel Pit?” Squamish Citizen, 13 June 1973. On the attempts in the 1980s to ban large-scale herbicide and pesticide spraying in the Kootenays, see Rodgers, Welcome to Resisterville, 138–43.

70  “Construction of Chemical Plant to Begin in 3 Weeks,” Squamish Citizen, 12 January 1972; “SPEC Questions Chemical Application,” Squamish Citizen, 19 July 1972.

71  As in the United States, it would appear that Canadian historians should pay more attention to the role played by federal scientific agencies in the rise of environmentalism. See Rome, The Bulldozer, 10.

72  On the recent “renewal” of Howe Sound, see LeBel, Whale in the Door, 72–95.

73  The average yearly number of chinook salmon in the Squamish River declined from 19,000 between 1951 and 1970 to approximately 6,000 between 1971 (the year the training dike was built) and 1980. Numbers have not been recorded since then, presumably because they are so low. Jennifer Thuncher, “Dismantle the Squamish Spit to Save Fish: Conservationist,” Squamish Chief, 8 September 2016, http://www.squamishchief.com/news/local-news/dismantle-the-squamish-spit-to-save-fishconservationist-1.2338715. Viewed 6 November 2016.

74  My Sea to Sky website, www.myseatosky.org. Viewed 6 November 2016. The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives estimates that operating a power plant in China with British Columbia liquid natural gas for twenty years would cause 27 per cent more damage to the climate than one fuelled by coal. Peter McCartney, “Revitalizing Howe Sound Means Rejecting Woodfibre LNG,” Georgia Straight, 4 March 2016, http://www.straight.com/news/652341/revitalizing-howe-sound-means-rejecting-woodfibre-lng. Viewed 6 November 2016.

75  Bob Mackin, “Squamish Mayor Says No to LNG Plant, with Strings Attached,” The Tyee, 7 May 2015, thetyee.ca/News/2015/05/07/Squamish-Mayor-Says-No-to-LNG-Plant/. Viewed 16 January 2018.

Chapter Five

1  Vancouver Public Library, news clippings file, Gambier Island [hereafter VPL file], 1976, 1979, Vancouver Sun, Moira Farrow, “Gambier Open Pit Mine Project Draws Opposition,” Vancouver Sun, 25 September 1979.

2  VPL file, 1976, 1979, Vancouver Sun, 6 May 1976.

3  VPL file, 1976, 1979, Vancouver Sun, 8 December 1976.

4  Bowen Island Museum and Archives [hereafter BIMA], John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, John A. Miller, “Major Discovery Made by 20th Century,” Northern Miner, 30 August 1979; Ray Norman, “Gambier Conflict,” Influential Business (March/April 1980): 46. My thanks to Elspeth Armstrong for providing a copy of this article.

5  The company was also involved in oil and gas exploration in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nevada, as well as planning a gold mine 180 miles north of Vancouver. BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine – correspondence, report by Diane M. Balcom, Vice President, Research and Corporate Finance, 20th Century Energy Corporation, 4 August 1980.

6  VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, Chris Gainor, “Mine Promoter Fails to Win Islanders,” Vancouver Sun, 8 October 1979. The three main stockholders of 20th Century Energy were Jeanette Zrnic of Vancouver, Raymond G. Boulton of Delta, and Louis Miklovic of Vancouver. Most of the shares were held in escrow by Guaranty Trust of Canada. BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, Vancouver Stock Exchange, Filing Statement 54/80, 26 March 1980.

7  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, James J. Hewitt, Minister of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources, to John Rich, 16 July 1979; Rich to Hewitt, 2 August 1979.

8  Gainor, “Mine Promoter”; BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, John Rich to William N. Vander Zalm, Minister of Municipal Affairs, 8 November 1979.

9  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, R.H. McClelland to John Rich, 4 February 1980.

10  Farrow, “Gambier Open Pit Mine”; VPL file, 1976, 1979, Vancouver Sun, 11 October 1979, 22 November 1979.

11  VPL file, 1976, 1979, Province, 28 October 1979; Wendy Ouston, “Moratorium Hard to Impose,” Province, 23 November 1979; BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 81–2, Dave Morris, Chief Planner, to Gambier Island Trust Committee, 17 March 1981.

12  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine – 2, T.P. O’Grady to Dave Morris, Chief Planner, Islands Trust, 18 September 1979.

13  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Studies, “Gambier Island Recreation and Visual Analyses,” prepared for the Environment and Land Use Committee Secretariat by Roger Horner for EIKOS Design Group, February 1980, 1–3, 7–8.

14  “Gambier Island Recreation,” 8, 16–28.

15  Underlining in the original. BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine–correspondence, John Rich to Gambier Island residents and property owners [nd]; Andrew R. Thompson, “The Public’s Commitment of the Islands Trust,” Public Meeting, Vancouver, 26 May 1980.

16  Norman, “Gambier Conflict,” 50.

17  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 22 February 1983, Supreme Court of British Columbia, affidavit, Victoria Registry no. 83,0374, Gambier Island Preservation Society vs Islands Trust, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of the Province of British Columbia, 20th Century Energy Corporation, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27, 32.

18  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Studies, David Barrett to John Rich, 30 October 1979; VPL file, 1980–1, Vancouver Sun, 1 February 1980.

19  VPL file, 1980–1, Province, 8[?] May 1980; VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, John Clarke, “Develop an Island and Ruin a Real Gem,” Globe and Mail, 5 July 1980; BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, Elspeth J. Armstrong and Beverley A. Baxter, local trustees, to Stephen Rogers, Minister of Environment, 29 March 1980; 20th Century Energy Corporation, Statement of Source and Application of Funds for the Six Months Ended March 31, 1980.

20  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, [Vancouver Sun, 7 May 1980].

21  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine, John Rich to R.H. McClelland, Minister of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources, 21 February 1980. In November, however, Islands Trust signed a joint declaration with the Gambier Island Trust Committee asking the Minister of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources to declare a restriction “on the use of surface rights by all persons holding mineral claims, first, on Gambier Island, and later within the Islands Trust area as a whole.” John Rich fonds, Gambier 81–2, Resolution of the Islands Trust and the Gambier Island Trust Committee, appended to Farris, Vaughan, Wills and Murphy per David Lunny to Elspeth Armstrong, 28 November 1980.

22  Norman, “Gambier Conflict,” 46.

23  The Acres Report Introduction and Summary is appended to BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 81–2, Notice to Shareholders, 20th Century Energy Corporation, 9 November 1981. See also VPL file, 1980–1, Moira Farrow, “Dams Needed For Gambier Mine,” Vancouver Sun, 15 July 1981; Ann Rogers to editor, Vancouver Sun, 4 August 1981; Andrea Maitland, “Rugged, Slightly Soiled Isle Sought for Open-Pit Mine Not Far From Cottagers,” Globe and Mail, 7 September 1981; VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, “Island for Sale,” Vancouver Sun, 16 July 1981.

24  Farrow, “Gambier Open Pit Mine.”

25  Elspeth Armstrong email to author, 2 May 2017; VPL file, 1980–1, Vancouver Sun, 7 July 1980; Province, 13 October 1981; Rob Dykstra, “Who Is Elspeth Armstrong?” Sunshine Coast News, 24 February 1976 [news clipping kindly forwarded by Ruth Simons of the Future of Howe Sound Society].

26  Norman, “Gambier Conflict,” 50, 53.

27  VPL file, 1982–3, Elspeth J. Armstrong to editor, Province, 5 February 1982.

28  VPL file, 1980–1, Suzanne Fournier, “Proposed Park Plan Feared to Be a Gambier Is. Trade-Off,” Province, 30 April 1980; Elspeth J. Armstrong and Beverley A. Baxter to editor, Vancouver Sun, 3 May 1980.

29  Elspeth J. Armstrong to editor, Province, 5 February 1982.

30  Maitland, “Rugged, Slightly Soiled Isle”; Norman, “Gambier Conflict,” 50.

31  VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, Edie Austin and Tom Barrett, “Minister Asked to Ban Gambier Mine,” Vancouver Sun, 6 June 1981. Davis clearly felt free to express his mind for he had been dismissed from cabinet by Premier Bill Vander Zalm in 1978 after being convicted of fraud for converting government-paid first-class airline tickets to economy class and keeping the refund. “Jack Davis (Canadian Politician),” Wikipedia, viewed 1 May 2017.

32  Elspeth J. Armstrong to editor, Province, 5 February 1982.

33  After spending “a considerable amount of time” in Germany,” Zrnic had failed in his efforts to sell a million shares a $7 a share. Notice to Shareholders, 20th Century Energy Corporation, 1, 3–4; VPL file, 19801, “Pit Mine Still Sought on Gambier,” Vancouver Sun, 22 October 1981.

34  Named as well were the province and 20th Century Energy. BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 81–2, Kirchner and Company, per C.J. (Kip) Wilson, to Chairman, Islands Trust, 11 February 1982; Gambier Island Preservation Society vs Islands Trust.

35  VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, 9 April 1983, Elspeth J. Armstrong to editor, Vancouver Sun, 13 April 1982.

36  Gambier Island Preservation Society vs Islands Trust, 39.

37  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 84, Supreme Court of British Columbia, Vancouver Registry no. A833586, Petition of Gambier Island Preservation Society, Camp Artaban Society, Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Vancouver, Joyce Roots, Elspeth Armstrong, Muriel Smith, and Jack Hush.

38  “Gambier Island Recreation,” 9; BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Mine – correspondence, Islands Trust press release, 12 May 1980.

39  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 84, Vancouver Registry no. A833586, affidavit of John Rich.

40  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier 84, Vancouver Registry no. A833586, Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Mr Justice Meredity; Islands Trust Press Release.

41  A number of mineral claims were made in the short interim between the expiry of the lease and the declaration of the order-in-council but there was clearly little concern that they would be developed. VPL file, Mining – British Columbia – Gambier Island, Elspeth Armstrong to editor, Vancouver Sun, 25 November 1985.

42  BIMA, John Rich fonds, Gambier Trust 79–80, Elspeth Armstrong to Rafe Mair, Vancouver, 19 February 1979.

Conclusion

1  Coupland, Polaroids from the Dead, 75.

2  Berelowitz, Dream City, 4. Antiurbanism is, of course, intimately linked to antimodernism, which emerged as early as the 1880s. See Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace. On the more recent antiurban theme in Canada, see Rodgers, Welcome to Resisterville; and Coates, ed., Canadian Countercultures.

3  See Ley, Hiebert, and Pratt, “Time to Grow Up?” 238–9, 262–4.

4  See Bottomley and Holdsworth, “A Consideration of Attitudes,” 68–9.

5  Vancouver Sun, 2 August 1977, 4.

6  Walker, The Country in the City, 11.

7  Erickson, “Political Women,” 96–100.

8  Sandra Thomas, “Green Space Paved for Parking on Point Grey Bike Route,” Vancouver Courier, 4 March 2014, http://www.vancourier.com/news/green-space-paved-for-parking-on-point-grey-bike-route-1.875299. Viewed 25 March 2016. The article’s title is misleading, as the park still exists.

9  Bowen Island Museum and Archives, Development and Sub-division, Box 2, Stan James File, Stan Knox, “Bowen ‘Firebreak’ Widens Split,” Vancouver Sun, 9 April 1976.

10  Ley, The New Middle Class, 21.

11  See also, Sandquist, “The Giant Killers.”

12  Christopher Dummitt argues, on a similar note, that Vancouver’s post-World War II mountaineers “sought to escape from, yet were inherently part of, a modernist ethos of risk management, rationality, and ‘newness.’” Dummitt, The Manly Modern, 78.

13  Keeling, “The Effluent Society,” 302–6; Weyler, Greenpeace, 52–4. On the antipollution movement in British Columbia, see Forkey, Canadians and the Natural Environment, 94–5; and Keeling, “Sink or Swim.”

14  It was not until the late 1980s, however, that the province’s environmentalists began to emphasize the importance of biodiversity in relation to old-growth forests. Wilson, Talk and Log, 14–15.

15  Colin Coates makes the same argument for the countercultural movement of the same era. Coates, “Canadian Countercultures,” 10, 20.

16  “Stanley Park Tree-Cutting Gets Green Light,” www.cbc.ca/news/canada/stanley-park-tree-cutting-gets-green-light-1.225917. Viewed 21 September 2016.

17  Mark Hume, “BC Court Orders Protesters Off Bluffs,” Globe and Mail, 16 May 2006, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bc-court-orders-protesters-off-bluffs/article1099665. Viewed 21 September 2016.

18  Amy Judd, “Gambier Island Residents Gearing Up to Fight Logging Plans,” Global News, 23 April 2014 (viewed 2 May 2017); Jeremy Shepherd, “Gambier Woodlot Logging Put on Hold,” North Shore News, 23 November 2104 (viewed 3 May 2017); Richard Wiefelspuett, “Protest against the Dock at Pebble Beach Continues,” Stop the Docks, http://stopthedocks.ca/protest-against-the-dock-at-pebble-beach-continues. Viewed 21 September 2016.

19  Rafe Mair, “A BC Gravel Mine Sound Off” Tyee, 8 July 2013, http://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2013/07/08/Gravel-Mine-Sound-Off; Save Howe Sound Facebook page, www.facebook.com/savehowesound. Viewed 21 September 2016.

20  Walker, The Country and the City, 8.