abortion, 83, 117, 154, 193, 194, 199, 200, 212, 214, 221, 285
adventure, search for, 141, 143
agriculture: alternative, 310; and Third World women, 231-45; state controls over, 238; subsistence, 316
akadi crop, 170
auto industry, 253, 255, 278, 279
bathua, as food, 81
Bikini Island tests, 84
bio-mass: growth of, 310-11; use of, 315
biodiversity, 29, 30, 240, 241, 267, 270; conservation of, 164-73; destruction of, 81, 164
biotechnology, 7, 16, 31, 32, 138, 172, 241, 267, 273; amorality of, 183-4
body: sale of parts of, 206 (ban on, 208-9); as area of investment, 175; as property, 205-7, 214, 215
catching-up development, 8, 55-69, 119, 127-30, 298, 300; and liberation of women, 64-8; impossibility of, 59
Chernobyl disaster, 15, 62, 67, 90-7, 155, 159, 314; reactions to, 90-3, 95
child-bearing, 186; right to, 190
childbirth, 23, 83, 84, 200; medicalization of, 26-8
children: deaths of, 77; economically active, 85; newness of, 139; playing with, 256; sensitivity to toxic contamination, 82
Chipko movement, 12, 85, 248-50, 303
colonialism, 10, 12, 45, 56, 71, 74, 105, 126, 180, 285
colonization, 2, 7, 29, 32, 43, 44, 47, 56, 59, 64, 106, 143, 144, 147, 178, 223, 244, 264, 274, 284, 302; intellectual, 271-6; of women, 29, 119, 120-1, 135, 136
commodity production, 298-312, 319
commons: destruction of, 12, 86, 105, 129, 150, 269, 283, 284; intellectual, privatization of, 238
composting technology, 315, 316
conscious partiality, 38
consumption, patterns of, 252, 258
contraceptives, 188, 189, 191, 192, 199, 200, 227, 279, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294; hormonal, 289, 293; injectable, 192, 193, 291
costs, externalization of, 58, 59
dams: building of, 12, 101, 151; people’s, 306-12
Debt-for-Nature swaps, 153
decolonization: identity and, 56; of North, 266-76
development, 2, 11, 55-69, 70, 71, 108, 111, 152, 251, 270, 284, 303, 305; aid, 62; as uprooting, 98-9; people-centred, 302
dichotomization of reality, 5, 8
division of labour, sexual, 120, 232, 257, 293, 295, 319
eco-colonialism, 68
eco-marketing, 300
ecofeminism, 1, 6, 13-16, 116, 160, 293, 295, 321
ecology, definition of, 104
ecology movement, 158; in South, 99
embryo: freezing of, 201, 213; protection of, 211 (against mother, 154); research on, 48; separate from mother, 49, 211, 226
Enlightenment, 151, 152, 156, 178-80, 224-6
environmental degradation, 6, 14, 57, 58, 61, 70, 116, 153, 252, 253, 267, 285, 290, 303
esoteric movement, 19
essentialism, 160
ethics, 48, 50, 52, 67, 94, 184, 257, 259, 265
family planning, 191, 192, 280, 290, 291
farmers, small, displacement of, 233-8
fertility: ‘natural’, 286, 295; as disease, 188-9, 191; awareness of, 294; control of, 120, 286, 290
foetus: as person, 214; damage to, 292; defective, 212; protection of, 87; rights of, 213; well-being of, 87
food: crisis of, 78-81; pollution of, 260; power around, 231; preparation of, 61, 166; surplus, dumping of, 235, 236; women as producers of, 166
forestry: scientific, 25; women and, 167
freedom, 6-8, 66, 140, 244; concept of, 248-50
fuelwood, search for, 153, 167
Gaia, 272
Gandmardhan movement, 100
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 231-45, 274; Uruguay Round, 237, 275
genetic engineering, 16, 28, 31, 48, 65, 94, 96, 122, 154, 172, 174, 185, 186, 198
genetic screening, 201, 209, 210
germ plasm, seen as free resource, 30, 31
Germany, unification of, 63, 116, 118, 119, 300
GNP, paradigm of, 57, 61, 71, 74, 75, 251, 268, 270
green capitalism, 300
green consumerism, 33
green movement, 18, 117, 158, 159
Green Revolution, 28, 81, 112, 113, 167, 305, 308
growth see GNP
Gulf War, 9, 62; movement against, 159
Hegelianism, 5, 157, 178, 224, 225
homeland, 158; search for, 141
homesickness, 141
homo scientificus, 47
household technology, 7
housewifeization, 118, 120, 258
housework, 40, 120, 166, 225, 257, 258
ignorance, 22; spread of, 271-6
immanence, 225
indigenous knowledge, of women, 164-73
industrialization, 25, 55-9, 139, 142, 147, 153, 274, 300
intellectual property rights, 31, 32, 110, 122, 231, 238-42, 243, 273, 275
IVF technology, 27, 49, 138, 139, 185, 187, 188, 200
Kinder und Kuche, 118
knowledge: fragmentation of, 26; related to violence, 46, 51
land: degradation of, 277; privatization of, 74; right to, 242
life, right to, 77
life-style, 55, 61, 142, 254, 318; changes of, 57, 254; of North, 63, 123, 253, 259, 279
living relation, recreation of, 226-9
Love Canal disaster, 4, 82-3, 85
market economy, 63, 71, 121, 122, 206
Marxism, 5, 16, 19, 157, 160, 318
mati, 99
militarization, 43, 64, 109, 114, 124, 128, 129, 177, 257
Minamata disaster, 83, 260, 305
mobility, world-scale, 98
modernization, 2, 11; violence of, 144
monocultures, 113, 164, 166, 169
Mother Earth, 19, 44, 52, 129, 130, 249; dependence to, 18
motherland, masculinization of, 108-15
multinational corporations, 9, 108, 231, 233
Narmada Valley movement, 4, 10, 306
nation state, 124, 125; formation of, 109
nationalism, 112, 128; rise of, 109-11
nature, 25, 26; as enemy, 90-7; as goddess, 266; as illusion, 155; as living organism, 44; as Mother, 144, 156, 157, 161; concept of, 156; control of, 140; distancing from, 156; domination of, 45; emancipation from, 180; fear of, 144; flight into, 132; protection of, 154; respect for, 319; warfare against, 155; nostalgia for, 152
needs, fundamental human, 254, 255
New Age movement, 19
nostalgia, 142; for the rural, 133
nuclear contamination of foodstuffs, 91
nuclear energy, 15, 22, 94, 95; movement against, 96, 158
overpopulation, 189
parenthood, multiple, 201
patents, 31, 110, 122, 172, 239, 243; laws, 275
patriarchy, 2, 4, 14, 16, 44, 46, 64, 74, 119, 126, 186, 204, 255, 295; as business, 193-5
population, 277-96; as problem, 268; control of, 189-91, 219, 292-3; growth of, 86, 278; ‘law’ of, 285; surplus, 86, 235
pornography, 135-6, 137, 143, 145
poverty, 253; as cause of environmental degradation, 268; as deprivation, 72; as subsistence, 72; creation of, 70-3; dealing with, 78; feminization of, 77; growth of, 268-71; in industrialized world, 77; trap, 76
praxis, 40
pregnancy, 93; tests, 186, 213
progress, 143-5, 164; as myth, 93; model of, 70
radioactive contamination, 92
reproduction: ecology of, 277-96; human, reduction of, 26-8; manipulation of, 121; of plants, reduction of, 29-32; state control of, 295
reproduction technology, 138-9, 154; new, 174-97, 198-217
reproductive alternatives, 198-217
reproductive rights, 190, 220, 282, 285
research: basic, 50; feminist, 36-54; fundamental, funding of, 46; funded by military, 94, 95
resettlement, 114; impossibility of, 104
right to life movements, 214, 215
sacredness: of life, 17; as conservation category, 169-72
savages, 178, 180, 266; romanticization of, 150-2, 147; women as, 177, 179
Schlage Lock development, 4
science, 3, 6, 18, 36-54, 223, 272; and responsibility, 50; Chinese, 177; crisis in, 22-35; European, 177; irresponsibility of, 51; military, 51; modern, 3; sacredness of, 273
Scientific Revolution, 22, 29, 267
seed: corporate, 29, 308; handling of, 167; hybrid, 172; ownership of, 238-42; patented, 241; sacred, 169
self-determination, 66, 128, 218-19; concept of, 223; criticism of, 220; male, 226
Seveso incident, 14
sex determination, 194
sexuality, 14, 15, 17, 143, 282, 288, 294; and nature, 136-8; as consumer good, 138; as sacred refuge, 137; control of, 120, 293; in industrialized societies, 137
shakti, 250
shopping, 141, 255, 258 Shringar Bhum, 102
slavery, 178, 179, 242, 266, 285
social science, 37; critique of, 43
socialist countries, 8, 55, 63, 116, 124, 127, 298, 301
soil: as sacred mother, 98, 104; desacralization of, 103, 106; sacredness of, 99, 102, 104; sovereignty in, 106
state control, of reproduction, 209-15
sterilization, 87, 182, 190, 191, 192, 200, 219, 289, 291, 292
Structural Adjustment, 77, 233, 235, 289, 300, 302
struggle, involvement in, 39, 40
subsistence, 55-69, 151, 232, 261
subsistence perspective, 8, 242-4, 297-323
surrogate motherhood, 16, 200, 202-5
survival strategies of women, 84-6
sustainable development, 60, 84, 270, 299, 300
symbiosis, 228
technology, 3, 6, 56, 65, 223, 273; military, 51
Three Mile Island incident, 13
tourism, 132, 134, 145 see also prostitution toxic dumping, 4, 12, 82-3, 252, 314
Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 238, 239, 274
tribal peoples: annihilation of, 149; as responsible for environmental degradation, 153; brutality against, 148; rights of, 149
ultrasound scanning of foetus, 27
uniformity in production, 24, 165
uprooting of peoples, 99, 103, 112, 114
utopia, of self-determination, 218-19
violence, 24, 113, 128, 134-5, 143-5, 176, 313; and the state, 122-4; as methodological principle, 47; related to knowledge, 46, 51
wakomonoyado, tradition of, 126
water: preservation of, 306; supplies of, 306-12
wheat: exports by US, 236; production of, 233; subsidisation of, 234
White Man, model of, 46, 52, 56, 93, 105, 132-63
wildness: of fertility, 138; of nature, 140, 143, 156 (search for, 132); of woman’s body, 226
witch hunts, 16, 134, 176, 287; study of, 145
woman, romantic image of, 134, 146
womb: artificial, 188; as child’s environment, 87
women’s liberation, 2, 64, 228
Women’s Liberation Movement, 36, 37
Women’s Studies, 36-54; academization of, 43
women’s work, invisibility of, 167
women: as internal colony, 119; as Mother, need for, 140; killed as witches, 145 see also witch hunts; naturization of, 151; romantic image of, 147
World Bank, 9, 10, 86, 101, 104, 151, 191, 231, 233, 235, 270, 302