Notes

1. On “sacrament” in the interpretation of John, see Paul N. Anderson, The Christology of the Fourth Gospel: Its Unity and Disunity in the Light of John 6, WUNT 2.78 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), 112–14.

2. Carson, John, 279–80.

3. Augustine, John, 26.12.171. Cf. Calvin, John 1–10, 170.

4. Jo-Ann A. Brant, John, PCNT (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011), 120, suggests that Jesus’s words were an insult, since to state that a person is ruled by their stomachs is according to Greco-Roman literature to call them a fool.

5. Stephen Fowl, “John 6:25–35,” Int 61 (2007): 314–16.

6. Cf. Calvin, John 1–10, 154.

7. BDAG 980.

8. Cf. Carson, John, 284.

9. Cf. Wallace, Greek Grammar, 476.

10. Barrett, John, 287.

11. Cf. Luther, John, 23:23.

12. As Calvin explains, “Faith excludes neither love nor any other good work, but contains them all within itself” (John 1–10, 155).

13. See Augustine, John, 25.12.164.

14. Michaels, John, 368.

15. Cf. Ridderbos, John, 226.

16. Köstenberger, “John,” 446. Cf. Hoskyns, Fourth Gospel, 293–94; Barrett, John, 288–89.

17. Cf. Peder Borgen, Bread from Heaven: An Exegetical Study of the Concept of Manna in the Gospel of John and the Writings of Philo, NovTSup 10 (Leiden: Brill, 1965), 61–69.

18. See John McHugh, “ ‘In Him was Life’: John’s Gospel and the Parting of the Ways,” in Jews and Christians, ed. J. D. G. Dunn; WUNT 66 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1992), 123–58 (especially 138).

19. Cf. Neyrey, John, 123–28. When the pericope is taken as a monologue and not in its dialogical form, the crowd’s request is often taken as respectful. Cf. Ridderbos, John, 228.

20. Morris, John, 323–24; Carson, John, 301.

21. Augustine, John, 25.14.165.

22. Luther, John, 23:44.

23. Bultmann, John, 225–26; Barrett, John, 291–92.

24. Carson, John, 340.

25. BDF § 444.3.

26. Carson, John, 290.

27. BDF § 138.1.

28. See Wallace, Greek Grammar, 468–69.

29. Cf. Schnackenburg, John, 2:47.

30. Cf. Wallace, Greek Grammar, 619–21.

31. Morris, John, 326.

32. BDAG 204.

33. Hoskyns, Fourth Gospel, 295.

34. BDAG 318.

35. Morris, John, 328.

36. Augustine, John, 26.8.170.

37. Cf. Ridderbos, John, 234.

38. See Borgen, Bread from Heaven, 86–87.

39. Ridderbos, John, 235.

40. Cf. Michaels, John, 390.

41. See Ridderbos, John, 236–38.

42. Cf. Schnackenburg, John, 2:60.

43. See Brant, John, 124.

44. Alan M. Stibbs, The Meaning of the Word “Blood” in Scripture (London: Tyndale Press, 1947).

45. See BDAG 1019. Cf. Bernard, John, 1:210.

46. Cf. Michaels, John, 399.

47. Cf. Barrett, John, 300.

48. See Carson, John, 299–300.

49. BDAG 930.

50. Bultmann, John, 445.

51. BDF § 373.1.

52. Ridderbos, John, 245–46.

53. Cf. Wallace, Greek Grammar, 647–48.

54. BDAG 1107.

55. Michaels, John, 185.

56. Hoskyns, Fourth Gospel, 215.

57. E.g., see Brown, John, 1:300–303.

58. Cf. Luther, John, 23:166.

59. Cf. Michaels, John, 409.

60. Barrett, John, 305.

61. Schlatter, Der Evangelist Johannes, 182–83.

62. Moulton, Grammar, 1:193.

63. The only other occurrences of the title in Scripture are in the Synoptics (Mark 1:24; Luke 4:34), where it is spoken by a demon!

64. Carson, John, 304. Cf. Barrett, John, 307: “Satan has made Judas his ally, a subordinate devil.” See also Mark 8:33, where Jesus calls Peter “Satan” after a similarly robust confession.

65. See Brown, John, 1:298; Barrett, John, 308.

66. Luther, John, 23:194.

67. According to Calvin, John 1–10, 162, “every man’s faith is an abundant witness to the eternal predestination of God, so that it is sacrilege to inquire further.”

68. Luther, John, 23:81.

69. Hoskyns, Fourth Gospel, 295.