INDEX

Aboobaker, Aziz, 113

aging, 111–117, 126

Altman, Russ, 63–64

Alzheimer’s disease, 85–86, 121

amino acids, 35–36, 43

amyloid plaques, 38, 107

Andraka, Jack, 122

antibiotics, 46, 50, 123

antibodies, 81–82

antigens, 81

antisense therapy, 93, 107

atherosclerosis, 37

Babbage, Charles, 20–21

bacteria, 28, 33, 44–45

biomarkers for disease, 29, 74, 119

blood proteins, 28, 54, 56–58, 90–91

Borchers, Christoph, 58

brain, 109–111, 124

Brown, Louise, 97

Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 95

cancer. See also cancers, specific

detection, 39, 65, 95, 121–122, 130

treatment, 6–7, 60, 76, 78–81, 88–90, 95–97, 123, 130

cancers, specific

breast, 76, 82, 84–85

leukemia, 6, 89, 96

lung, 82, 90–91, 101, 122

ovarian, 121

pancreatic, 121–122

Carleton, Bruce, 78

CD47 (protein), 123–124

cell differentiation, 39–40

cells, 15–17, 33, 112–114, 124

cells, specific

B cells, 96

dendritic cells (DCs), 95

natural killer (NK) cells, 95

stem cells, 35, 40–42, 108, 113–114, 125

T cells, 95–96

Cerrato, Paul, 127

chemotherapy. See cancer: treatment

children, 6–7, 78–80, 96, 97, 105, 125–126

cholesterol, 36–37. See also LDL; statins

cholesterol, “bad.” See LDL

chromosomes, 34

Church, George, 111

clinical decision support systems (CDSS), 77–78

Clinton, Bill, 106

cloning, 40–41

Coley, William, 95

computers, 20–24

connectome, 110

copy number variants (CNVs), 37, 124

Crick, Francis, 27

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats) technology, 108

cyberchondria, 72

cystic fibrosis, 83, 108

Dalton, John, 16–17

Darwin, Charles, 17–18

Dawes, Martin, 77

dementia, 108

democratization of medicine, 127

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See DNA

diabetes, 64, 70, 133

diagnostics, molecular-level, 121–123

Diamandis, Peter, 117

“digital you,” 32, 52, 66, 68–74

diseases.

age-related, 113

autoimmune, 49

brain-related, 109

genetic, 9, 26–27, 36, 63

hereditary, 74–75, 85–86, 102, 106–107

neurological, 38

prion, 38

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). See also antisense therapy;

genome; noncoding DNA

bases (G, C, A, T), 34–36

function, 8, 18, 34

methylation, 40, 116

mutations, 26–27, 34

and nanosurgery, 108

sequencing, 27–28, 55–56

doctors, 8, 72–74, 134–136.

Dolly the sheep, 40–41

Down’s syndrome, 102

“Dr. Google,” 62, 72–74

drugs. See also antibiotics

adverse interactions, 63–64, 126

adverse reactions, 2–7, 77, 118

development and testing, 91–92, 101

and genetics, 75–77

n-of-1 trials, 101–102

personalized, 94–95

rate of prescriptions, 4, 75

drugs, specific

acetaminophen (Tylenol), 76

arsphenamine, 4

bucindolol (Gencaro), 101

cisplatin, 78–79

codeine, 81

doxorubicin, 2, 6–7, 80

Glybera, 107

Herceptin, 76, 82

Kalydeco, 83–84

Kynamro, 93, 107

patisiran, 107

penicillin, 4, 46

sunitinib, 89–90

Warfarin, 76

Xalkori, 82–83

Ebola virus, 94

Edwards, Steven, 117

Ehrlich, Paul, 4

electricity, 18–19

electronic medical record (EMR), 68–69

epigenetics, 39–40

ethics, 97–98

“evidence-based” medicine, 3

evolution, 17–18, 37–38

exercise, 86–87, 114–115

familial hypercholesterolemia, 36–37, 92

Faraday, Michael, 19

FDA (Federal Drug Administration). See Federal Drug Administration

fecal transplants, 46–47

Federal Drug Administration (FDA), 75, 93, 99–100, 107, 112

Feynman, Richard, 22–23

Fleming, Alexander, 4, 46

Flockhart, David, 77

folk remedies, 12

Francesco, Angela, 87

Galilei, Galileo, 13–14

Gaucher’s disease, 74–75

Gelsinger, Jesse, 106

genes.

actionable defects, 119–120

copy number variants (CNVs), 37–38

and drug effects, 75–77, 79

expression, 36, 39–40

mutations, 27, 34, 60, 87

patenting of, 98–99

silencing, 93, 107

genes, specific

ApoE, 85–86

BRCA1, 84, 98

CD44, 76

COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), 79

HTT (Huntington’s), 87

PCSK9, 108

RET (receptor tyrosine kinase), 89

TTR (transthyretin), 107

VKORC1, 76

gene therapy, 105–109

genetic screening, prenatal, 75, 102

genome

about, 8, 34–36

analysis of, 71–72

and data storage, 59–60, 111

and health questions, 54

sequencing, 9, 28, 32, 51, 55–56, 71, 106

genotype, 61, 98

Genotype-Specific Approaches to Therapies in Childhood (GATC), 78

Ginsburg, Geoffrey, 123

Grupp, Stephan, 96

Hayden, Michael, 78

Hayflick, Leonard, 112

Hayflick limit, 112

health devices, embedded, 65

health devices, mobile, 64–65

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, 68

heart disease, 37, 108, 130

Heimler, Richard, 82–83

Helminthic therapy, 49

herbal remedies, 12

HIV/AIDS, 85

homeopathic medicine, 12

Hood, Leroy, 118–120

Horvath, Steve, 116

Huntington’s disease, 87

“hygiene hypothesis,” 49

imaging, medical. See medical imaging

immune system, 48–49, 95, 106, 123

integrative personal omics profile (iPOP), 70

Internet health research, 62, 72–74

in vitro fertilization, 97

Jolie, Angelina, 84–85

“junk DNA.” See noncoding DNA

Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 97

Keller, Andreas, 121

kidney function, 126

Kurzweil, Raymond, 138

Lavoisier, Antoine, 16, 22

LDL (low-density lipoproteins), 36, 93

LDL-R (low-density lipoprotein receptor), 36

Lee, Gabsang, 125

Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 15–16

life span, average, 4

longevity. See aging

low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), 36

low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 36, 93

magical thinking, 11–13

Martin, Keith, 124–125

mass spectrometry, 28, 57–59

Maxwell, James, 19

Mazzone, Peter, 122

McConnell, Michael, 124

medical imaging

computed tomography (CT), 25

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 110

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 25

ultrasound, 26

X-ray, 25

medical profession, 68–69.

medicine, personalized. See personalized medicine

Meese, Eckart, 121

mental health, 109

messenger RNA (mRNA), 36

metabolites, 43

metabolome, 33, 43–44

microbiome, 33, 44–50, 58

microRNA (miRNA), 39, 121–122

microtechnology, 22

Milstein, César, 81

misfolded proteins, 38

mitochondria, 17, 97

modern science, 13–20

molecular information, categories of, 32–33

molecular medicine. See personalized medicine

“molecular you,” 32

monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 81–82

Montaner, Julio, 85

multiple sclerosis, 49

nanotechnology, 22

nerves, 87

neurons, 110, 124, 125

Newton, Isaac, 14–15

noncoding DNA, 38

oligomers, 93

optogenetics, 110

ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, 106

oxidation, 16

Parker, Alex, 83

Pasteur, Louis, 46

patient networks, 62–63

Pauling, Linus, 26

personalized medicine

about, 3, 13

and aging, 111–117

and the brain, 108–111, 124

consequences of, 136–141

and data mining, 61, 117–120

in the future, 130–141

and gene therapy, 105–108

and physical monitoring, 9–10

and preventative care, 118–120, 133–134

and technology, 20, 64–65, 124, 131–133

pharmaceutical industry, 4

pharmaceuticals. See drugs

pharmacogenomics, 75–77

phenotype, 61, 98

population-based medicine, 4

precision medicine. See personalized medicine

prenatal genetic screening, 75, 102

prescription drugs. See drugs

privacy, 69

proteins, 9, 26–28, 35–39, 43, 76–77.

proteome, 9, 32–33

proteomics, 9, 56–58

pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), 63

public-health initiatives, 4, 120

PXE (pseudoxanthoma elasticum), 63

reproduction, 35, 97

ribonucleic acid (RNA). See RNA

Riley-Day syndrome, 125

RNA (ribonucleic acid), 36, 93–94. See also messenger RNA (mRNA); microRNA (miRNA); RNA interference (RNAi); short interfering RNA (siRNA)

RNA interference (RNAi), 39

Roden, Dan, 98

Röntgen, Wilhelm, 25

Sanger, Fred, 27–28

Schork, Nicholas, 102

Schultz, Nicolai, 121

science, modern, 13–20

Shockley, William, 23–24

short interfering RNA (siRNA), 94, 107

sickle-cell disease, 26

singularity, 138

Sloan, John, 126

Snyder, Michael, 70

social media, 62–63, 74

Spector, Tim, 115

statins, 5–6, 37

stem cells. See under cells, specific

stratified medicine. See personalized medicine

technology

defined, 20

developments in, 20–29, 52–53

and personalized medicine, 20, 64–65, 124, 131–133

telomerase, 113–115

telomeres, 111–115

Terry, Patrick, 63

Terry, Sharon, 63

Thomas, Lewis, 95

three-dimensional (3D) printing, 124

three-parent children, 97

toll-like receptors (TLRs), 48

transistors, 24

Turing, Alan, 20–22

23andMe (genetic testing company), 63, 99–100

Ulam, Stanislaw, 138

Venter, Craig, 117

viruses, 105–107.

vision, 17–18

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 122

Wartman, Lukas, 89–90

Watson, James, 27

Weissman, Irving, 123–124

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID), 105

Yuste, Rafael, 111

Zhang, Feng, 108