1. Speciesism: a belief that different species of animals are significantly different from one another in their capacities to feel pleasure and pain and live an autonomous existence, usually involving the idea that one's own species has the right to rule and use others. From Marjorie Spiegel, The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery (New York: Mirror Books, 1996).
2. Spiegel, The Dreaded Comparison; Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust (New York: Lantern Books, 2002).
3. Spiegel, The Dreaded Comparison, pp. 27–28, 30.
4. Ethical eating is the manifestation of one's belief of moral justice through a dietary practice that causes the least amount of ecological and social suffering. For example, purchasing equal-exchange coffee instead of regular coffee because it directly supports antipoverty measures among Third World coffee growers is a form of ethical eating. Organic and fair-trade food consumption as well as veganism are types of ethical eating or ethical consumption.
5. Alka Chandna, “Are Animal Rights Activists Racist?” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.americanhotmama.com/are_animal_rights_activists_raci.htm [emphasis added].
6. Doris Witt, Black Hunger: Soul Food and America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 133–134.
7. M. K. Gandhi, Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha) (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2001).
1. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairos.
2. National Agricultural Statistical Service, USDA, Washington D.C. Retrieved from www.slate.com/id/2112698.
3. Retrieved from www.spcnetwork.com/mii/2000/000508.htm.
4. Ibid.
5. Marilyn Hughes Gaston and Gayle Porter, Prime Time: The African American Woman's Guide to Midlife Health and Wellness (New York: One World Press, 2001), p. 174.
6. Erik Marcus, Vegan: New Ethics of Eating (Ithaca, N.Y.: McBooks Press, 2001).
7. Ibid.
8. Genesis 1:26 (Living Bible) reads, “Then God said, ‘Let us make a man—someone like ourselves, to be the master of all life upon the earth and in the skies and in the seas.’” Many people interpret this passage of scripture as God's mandate for humans to dominate animals.
9. Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide (Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2005), p. 117.
10. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures for African Americans 2005–2006 (Atlanta: author, 2005), p. 1.
11. Ibid.
12. Retrieved from www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3018809.
13. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures for African Americans 2005–2006, p. 16.
14. Marcus, Vegan: New Ethics of Eating, p. 4.
1. Pamela A. Smith, “Green Lap, Brown Embrace, Blue Body: The Ecospirituality of Alice Walker,” Cross Currents 48 (1998/1999), 471–487.
2. Chela Sandoval, Methodology of the Oppressed (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000).
3. Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott, directors, The Corporation [documentary film, 2003].
4. Anita Roddick, Body and Soul: Profits with Principles (London: Crown, 1991).
5. Norman Walker, The Natural Way to Vibrant Health (Prescott, Ariz.: Norwalk Press, 1972); Norman Walker, Colon Health: The Key to a Vibrant Life (Prescott, Ariz.: Norwalk Press, 1995).
6. John R. Lee, Jesse Hanley, and Virginia Hopkins, “How We Got into Xenohormone Hell and How to Get Out,” in What Your Doctor May Not Tell You about Perimenopause (New York: Warner Wellness, 1999), pp. 76–92.
7. Carol J. Adams, The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (New York: Continuum, 1990).
8. Jeremy Rifkin, ed., The Green Lifestyle Handbook: 1001 Ways You Can Heal the Earth (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990).
9. Thich Nhat Hanh, Anger: Wisdom for Cooling the Flames (New York: Riverhead Books, 2001); Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, ed., Health and Healing (New Delhi, India: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1996).
10. Edmond Bordeaux Szekely, The Essene Gospel of Peace: Book 1 (Colorado Springs, Colo.: I.B.S. International, 1981).
11. Layli Phillips, ed., The Womanist Reader (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. xx.
12. Ibid.
13. Barbara Smith, ed., Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press, 1998); Martin Delveaux, “Transcending Ecofeminism: Alice Walker, Spiritual Ecowomanism, and Environmental Ethics” (2001), retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.ecofem.org/journal.
14. Alice Walker, Living by the Word: Essays (San Diego, Calif.: Harvest, 1988); Alice Walker, Anything We Love Can Be Saved (New York: Random House, 1997).
15. Alice Walker and Sharon Salzberg, “The Power of Loving-Kindness,” Shambhala Sun, January 1997 [interview moderated by Melvin McLeod]. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=2049.
16. Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, Africa Wo/Man Palava: The Nigerian Novel by Women (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
1. Quoted in Witt, Black Hunger, pp. 133–134.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Vernellia Randall, Dying While Black: An In-Depth Look at a Crisis in the American Healthcare System (Dayton, Ohio: Seven Principles Press, 2006); John Robbins, “Racism, Food, and Health” (2006), retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.healthyat100.org//display.asp?catid=3&pageid=7.
5. Witt, Black Hunger, pp. 133–134.
6. Psyche A. Williams-Forson, Building Houses Out of Chicken Legs: Black Women, Food, & Power (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Witt, Black Hunger.
7. Carol Simontacchi, The Crazy Makers: How the Food Industry Is Destroying Our Brains and Harming Our Children (New York: Penguin-Putnam, 2000).
8. William Dufty, Sugar Blues (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1976).
9. Sydney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985); Dufty, Sugar Blues.
10. Simontacchi, The Crazy Makers.
11. Dani Veracity, “The Politics of Sugar: Why Your Government Lies to You about this Disease-Promoting Ingredient” (2005). Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.newstarget.com/009797.html.
12. Kymberlie Adams Matthews, “The True Cost of Coffee,” Satya, March 2007, p. 45.
13. Dufty, Sugar Blues.
14. Mintz, Sweetness and Power; Dufty, Sugar Blues.
15. Derrick Jensen, Endgame, Volume I: The Problem of Civilization (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2006), p. 153.
16. Dufty, Sugar Blues.
17. Nancy Appleton, Lick the Sugar Habit: How to Break Your Sugar Addiction Naturally (New York: Avery, 1996); Connie Bennett and Stephen Sinatra, Sugar Shock! How Sweets and Simple Carbs Can Derail Your Life—and How you Can Get Back on Track (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2007).
18. “830 Million are Hungry,” The Ecologist, March 2001.
19. Michael F. Jacobson, Six Arguments for a Greener Diet: How a More Plant-Based Diet Could Save Your Health and the Environment (Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2006).
20. Ibid., p. 93.
21. pattrice jones, Aftershock: Confronting Trauma in a Violent World: A Guide for Activists and Their Allies (New York: Lantern Books, 2007), pp. 206–207.
22. Jacobson, Six Arguments for a Greener Diet.
23. Ibid.
24. Neal Barnard, Food for Life: How the New Four Food Groups Can Save Your Life (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1994).
25. Randall, Dying While Black; Robbins, “Racism, Food, and Health.”
26. Jacobson, Six Arguments for a Greener Diet.
27. Adrienne T. Washington, “Timidity No Answer to Racism in Katrina Debacle,” Washington Times, September 6, 2005, p. B2.
28. bell hooks and Cornel West, Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life (Boston: South End Press, 1991), p. 98.
29. John Robbins, Diet for a New America (Novato, Calif.: H. J. Kramer Press, 1987).
30. Ibid., p. 363.
31. Ibid.
32. Simontacchi, The Crazy Makers, p. 20.
33. Robbins, “Racism, Food, and Health.”
34. Randall, Dying While Black.
35. Mark Engler, “The Sugarglades,” Satya, March 2007, 26–29.
36. Jon Hunt, “Just for the Taste of It,” Satya, March 2007, 34–36.
37. Celine Anaya Gautier, “Slaves in Paradise,” Satya, March 2007, 38–39.
38. Jensen, Endgame Volume I.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 185.
41. Queen Afua, Sacred Woman (New York: Ballantine, 2000).
42. Patterson, Eternal Treblinka.
43. Jones, Aftershock: Confronting Trauma in a Violent World.
44. Barnard, Food for Life; John Robbins, The Food Revolution: How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Conari Press, 2001); Kerrie Saunders, The Vegan Diet as Chronic Disease Prevention: Evidence Supporting the New Four Food Groups (New York: Lantern Books, 2005).
45. Ibid.
46. Liz Appel, “White Supremacy in the Movement against the Prison-Industrial Complex” Social Justice 30:2 (2003), 81–88; Arnold Farr, “6 Whiteness Visible,” in What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question, George Yancy, ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 143–158; Chithra Karunakaran, professor of sociology at CUNY and former co-chair of the National Women's Studies Anti-White Supremacy Task Force, personal interview, November 19, 2006; Narina Nagra, “Whiteness in Seattle: Anti-Globalization Activists Examine Racism within the Movement,” Alternatives Journal, Winter 2003, 27–28; Saskia Poldervaart, “Utopian Aspects of Social Movements in Postmodern Times: Some Examples of DIY Politics in the Netherlands,” Utopian Studies 12:2 (2001), 143–164; and Rachel Slocum, “Anti-Racist Practice and the Work of Community Food Organizations,” Antipode 38:2 (2006), 327–349.
47. The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.kingdomofyah.com/index.html.
48. Queen Afua Wellness Institute. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.queenafuaonline.com/hba/pages/home.htm.
49. Anne Wilson Schaef, When Society Becomes an Addict (New York: HarperCollins, 1987), pp. 17–18.
50. Allison Diamant, Gwendolyn Flynn, Joyce Jones Guinyard, LaVonna Blair Lewis, Lori Miller Nascimento, David C. Sloane, and Antronette K. Yancey, American Journal of Public Health 95:4 (2005), 668–674; Robbins, “Racism, Food, and Health.”
51. Vani R. Henderson and Bridget Kelly, “Food Advertising in the Age of Obesity: Content Analysis of Food Advertising on General Market and African American Television,” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 37 (2005), 191–196.
1. The Vegan Research Panel, “Vegan Statistics.” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.imaner.net/panel/statistics.htm.
2. Katherine Turman, “Heeding Hip Hop's Higher Calling.” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.motherjones.com/arts/qa/2003/09/ma_514_01.html.
3. To be fair, there are a few rare examples of veganism in the hip hop movement, namely, the songs “Be Healthy” by Dead Prez and “Animal Kingdom” by Prince.
4. “Veganism.” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism.
5. The Vegan Society, “Articles of Association.” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.vegansociety.com/about_us/memorandum.php.
6. Ibid.
7. “Speciesism.” Retrieved December 10, 2008, from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism.
8. Beyoncé sings these lyrics in her “Ring the Alarm” hit song.
9. “Crazy in Love,” lyrics by Beyoncé.
10. Retrieved from www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/sfgate/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=2539.
11. Retrieved from www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13370421.
12. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saartjie_Baartman.
13. Patricia Hill-Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 11, 139.
14. Spiegel, The Dreaded Comparison.
15. Retrieved from books.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1972800,00.html.
16. Retrieved from www.about-tracy-chapman.net/articles_chapmangiggles.htm.
1. Antonella Dewell, et al., “A Very-Low-Fat Vegan Diet Increases Intake of Protective Dietary Factors and Decreases Intake of Pathogenic Dietary Factors,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108:2 (2008), 347–56; Gwen Foster, et al., “Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Are Lower in African-American Vegans Compared to Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarians,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17:5 (1998), 425–34; Reed Mangels, “A Vegetarian Diet Helps to Protect Older African Americans from Hypertension,” Vegetarian Journal 13:2 (1994), 347–356; M. F. McCarty, “Mortality from Western Cancers Rose Dramatically among African-Americans During the 20th Century: Are Dietary Animal Products to Blame?” Medical Hypotheses 57:2 (2001), 169–74.
2. Susus are financial groups that are based largely in Ghana and Nigeria. In Africa, the money collected is held in a susu account and is maintained by a susu collector. In America, the group operating the susu rotates the responsibility of holding the money amongst its members. Deposits are made over a period of time, after which one designated member of the group receives all of the monies collected. The cycle begins again, rotating responsibility and recipient until the susu agreement is dissolved. B. O. Iganiga and A. Asemota, “The Nigerian Unorganized Rural Financial Institutions and Operations: A Framework for Improved Rural Credit Schemes in a Fragile Environment,” Journal of Social Science 17:1 (2008), 63–71.
3. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott#Boycott.
1. Queen Afua, Sacred Woman.
2. Retrieved from www.setiadd.org/articles_bin/art_sounds.html.
3. Naomi Doumbia and Adama Doumbia, The Way of the Elders: West African Spirituality and Tradition (Saint Paul, Minn.: Llewellyn Publications, 2004).
4. Retrieved from www.enn.com/today.html?id=8239.
5. Diane Peters, “Heal Your Home,” Black Woman and Child (2006), pp. 12–13.
6. Retrieved from www.drmcdougall.com/newsletter/march_april97.html.
7. Retrieved from birthpsychology.com/primalhealth/primal10.html.
8. Sobonfu E. Somé, Welcoming Spirit Home: Ancient African Teachings to Celebrate Children and Community (Novato, Calif.: New World Library, 1999).
9. July Goldsmith, “Traditional Childbirth,” Mothering (Spring 1989).
10. Retrieved from birthpsychology.com/primalhealth/primal10.html.
11. Brian Lanker, I Dream a World: Portraits of Black Women Who Changed America (New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 1999).
1. Margaret Bass, “On Being a Fat Black Girl in a Fat-Hating Culture,” in Recovering the Black Female Body: Self-Representations by African American Women, Michael Bennett and Vanessa D. Dickerson, eds. (Rutgers, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000), pp. 219–230.
2. Ibid.