The Stalin Cult

Bolshevik, 14, 31–33, 135, see also collectivism, intelligentsia, kruzhok, tsarist carryover, vanguard, and vozhd’; patron, xiv, 275 n. 123, see also patronage; personality cult, 2, 19–22, 25, 124, 134, 223, 227, 245 n. 49, 247 n. 73, 265 n. 11; virtues, 19, 124, 135, 137–138, 164, 178, 181, 211, 219, 265 n. 11, 267 n. 23

Bolshoi Theater (Moscow), 38, 59, 60, 64, 77, 80, 97, 142, 274 n. 108

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Napoleon III

Bourdieu, Pierre, 218

Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, 54

Brodskaia, Lidia Isaakovna, 160

Brodsky, Isaak Izrailevich, 36, 87, 92, 102, 113, 136, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–155, 160, 167, 169–170, 173–174, 196, 207–208, 211–212, 272 n. 83, 274 n. 102, 276 n. 129, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153, 289 n. 143, 292 n. 21

Brodsky, Joseph, 225

Brubaker, Rogers, 46–47

Bryan, William Jennings, 15

Bubnov, Aleksandr Pavlovich, 187, 189

Bubnov, Andrei Sergeevich, 159

Buchanan, George, 10

Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich, 36, 56–57, 67, 142

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 33, 122, 159

Bukovsky, Vladimir Konstantinovich, xiv

Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 66, 69–71, 77, 79–81, 83

Bust, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin Sculpture

Calvino, Italo, 54

Canonical image, 12, 18, 53, 190, 236, 246 n. 62, see also communism, and Stalin’s visual representations; of Lenin, 22, 34, 36, 55, 198–202; of Stalin, xiv, xv, xix, 31, 34, 36, 37–39, 41, 63, 71, 77, 81, 86, 107, 108, 111, 131, 132, 139, 148, 170, 172, 180, 181, 191, 193, 201–202, 214, 228, 229, 235, 236, 287 n. 98, 288 n. 122

Caricature, 36, 37, 53, 96, 151, 172, 253 n. 87

Cassirer, Ernst, 226

Cathedral of Christ the Redeemer (Moscow), 99, 100, 236

Catherine the Great, 120

Ceauşescu, Elena, 222

Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 222

Celebrity evening: notes at, 203–204, 213–218, 225, Plate 20–Plate 21

Censorship, xiv, xix–xx, 4, 6, 18, 19, 131, 166, 218, 225, 269 n. 54, 270 n. 65, 273 n. 93; by Glavlit, 127, 128, 130, 171, 173, 183, 234, 249 n. 12; by Glavrepertkom, 130–131, 269 n. 49

Center and periphery, 92, 177, 260 n. 42, 261 n. 48, 280 n. 187, 284 n. 44–45, see also Moscow as center of power

Central Committee, 22, 34, 37, 50, 84, 103, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133, 134, 139, 140, 152, 168, 194, 198–200, 219, 236, 237, 239 n. 6, 249 n. 10, 267 n. 31, 274 n. 106, 281 n. 1, 289 n. 143, 290 n. 149, 294 n. 71

Central Committee Special Sector, 125–126, 130, 269 n. 48, 269 n. 51, 269 n. 54

Central House of Art Workers (Moscow), see TsDRI

Centrality, xvi, 88–89, 91, 100, 187, 240 n. 13, 261 n. 48, see also sacrality

Centralization in Soviet Union, 89, 165, 283 n. 33

Centralization of Stalin Cult production, 29, 33, 127, 158–164, 165, 168, 282 n. 11

Chervenkov, Valko, 78

Chiaureli, Mikhail Edisherovich, 59, 78, 123, 254 n. 105, 272 n. 78

Chkalov, Valery Pavlovich, 40

Chukovsky, Kornei Ivanovich, 160

Churchill, Winston, 15, 25, 55, 57, 59, 96, 222

Cinema, see movie

Cinematic template, 103, 144, 170, 173, 201, 224

Circus (1936, movie), 160

Civil War, 12, 22, 47, 148, 156, 159, 167, 168, 202, 225, 235, 245 n. 49, 259 n. 36, 276 n. 135; battle of Tsaritsyn, 42, 53, 145

Clark, Katerina, 44, 88

Closed society and personality cult, xvii, 5, 24, 222

Cole, Thomas, 109–110, 263–264 n. 82

Collectivism, xviii–xix, 1, 19, 20, 25, 121, 123, 134, 135, 164, 223, 224

Collectivization of agriculture, see Great Break

Comintern, 35, 46, 122, 234, 267 n. 31

Comment book, xx, 100, 115, 136, 179, 203–213, 218–220, 225, 235, 291 n. 10–11, 291 n. 20, 292 n. 31, 292 n. 35, 294 n. 71, Plates 14–17

Commissar of war, 12, 66, 145

Commissariat for Heavy Industry, 175

Commission for the immortalization of Lenin’s memory, xix, 22, 24, 148, 276 n. 136–137

Committee for Arts Affairs, 130, 152, 169, 173, 175–180, 209, 234, 235, 282 n. 14

Communism, Stalin as symbol of, xvii, 1, 14, 16, 25, 38, 41, 72, 91, 100, 140, 193, 221, 222, 261 n. 53

Competition, Stalin Portrait, 30, 102–103, 128, 165, 171, 172–181, 184, 197, 224, 230, 262 n. 61, 262 n. 63, 283 n. 34, 283 n. 36, 286 n. 91 Comrade Stalin and V. Ketskhoveli (painting), 179

Comrade Stalin and Voroshilov on the Volga Steamship (painting), 147

Comrade Stalin at the Meeting of the Constitutional Commission (painting), 176

Comrade Stalin Gives His Report to the Seventeenth Party Congress . . . (1934, painting), 37

“Comrade Stalin in Photography” (photo album), 183

Comrade Stalin in the Metro (painting), 185

Comrade Stalin with Pioneers (sculpture), 176

Comrade Voroshilov at the Cavalry Parade (painting), 269 n. 42

Congress, xiv, 48, 59, 106, 190, 249 n. 10, 273 n. 88, 274 n. 108; of Soviets, 32, 74, 103, 274 n. 107, 285 n. 73; Party, 34, 36, 37, 38, 59, 63, 81, 83, 221, 261 n. 58, 273 n. 88, 294 n. 4

Council of Ministers, 146, 282 n. 12

Council of People’s Commissars, 282 n.12

Court portrait, 89–90, 115–116, 140, 251 n. 38

Creativity, artistic, see inspiration

Cult of the tsar, see tsar cult

Cult products: definition, xiv, xix, 234; mass dissemination, xvii, 4–5, 22, 24, 217–218, 225

Dacha meeting of 1933, 92, 95, 113, 138, 142–143, 272 n. 82, 275 n. 109, 275 n. 121

Dagmar of Denmark, 141

The Defense of Tsaritsyn (1942, movie), 53

Deineka, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 136, 150, 159, 167

Deni, Viktor Nikolaevich, 36–37, 96, 151, 277 n. 146

Denisov, Konstantin Afanasievich, 198–202

Denisovsky, Nikolai Fedorovich, 196

Desacralization, 2, 4, 7, 9, 22, 240 n. 20

De-Stalinization, xiv–xv, 84–85, 126, 146, 162, 201, 202, 205, 219–220, 221, 223, 239 n. 7, 247 n. 73, 258 n. 14, 270 n. 67, 272 n. 77, 278 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 294 n. 4

Devdariani, Gayoz, 21

Dikii, see Diky, Aleksei Denisovich Diky, Aleksei Denisovich, 47, 213–217, 225, 292 n. 42, 292–293 n. 43, 293 n. 44, 293 n. 50, 293 n. 54

Dimitrov, Georgy Mikhailovich, 46, 52, 122

Dissertation, art-historical, 193–194, 288 n. 123

Dixon, Mary, 160

Dobrynin, M., 130

Documentary, 7, 94, 207, 279 n. 176, 282 n. 15, see also kinokhronika

Dubrovin, Vasily, 152

Dugladze, Vakhtang Valerianovich, 182

Durand, Asher Brown, 110

Durkheim, David Émile, xvi

Dvinsky, Boris Aleksandrovich, 52, 270 n. 58

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich, 22, 171, 187–188

Dzhabaev, Dzhambul, 88, 93, 178

Dzhaparidze, Alyosha, 152

Dzhaparidze, Ucha, 179

Dzhugashvili, Ekaterina Georgievna, 101

Early, Stephen, 18

Eisenhower, Dwight David, 59

Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, 37

Elchaninov, Andrei, 7

Ellinskaia, Anna, 202

Embroidery, 107–108, 177, 263 n. 77–78

Engels, Friedrich, 19, 22, 41, 184, 197

Enlightenment, 2, 24, 115, 120, 240 n. 20

Ennker, Benno, 248–249 n. 2

Entangled modern personality cults, 14–19, xix, 25, 55, 74, 96, 222

Epshtein, M. M., 211

Ermler, Fridrikh Markovich (Breslav, Vladimir Markovich), 122, 180

Erzia, Stepan Dmitrievich, 220

Ethnicity, see ethnoterritorial federation, Russianness, and Soviet patriotism

Ethnoterritorial federation, Stalin as representation of, 46–47, 79, 86, 180, 193, 217, 221, 252 n. 66, 252 n. 69–70

Exhibition, xx, 136, 143, 150, 152, 160, 166, 167, 168, 172–181, 193, 200, 201, 203–213, 219, 220, 224, 225, 235, 236, 261 n. 58, 279 n. 166, 284 n. 40, 284 n. 62, 285 n. 67, 288 n. 130, 291 n. 10, 292 n. 35; “Achievements of Soviet Realist Art,”, 284 n. 44; “All-Union Agricultural Exhibition,” 52, 175; “Art of the Georgian SSR” (1937–1938), 175, 179, 182, 206, 212, 284 n. 59, 289 n. 138, Plate 17; “Artists of the RSFSR over the Past Fifteen Years” (1933), 31, 172–173, 181, 291 n. 13, 291 n. 19, Plates 14–16; “Famous People of the Country,” 176–177; “Fifteen Years of the Red Army” (1933), 113, 136–137, 142, 207, 272 n. 80, 272 n. 84; “Five Years of the Red Army” (1923), 207, 291 n. 20; “Industry of Socialism” (1939), 175, 176, 283 n. 33, 285 n. 64, 291 n. 10; “J. V. Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land in the Fine Arts” (1939), 137, 138–139, 175–180, 274 n. 101, 283 n. 36, 283 n. 38, 284 n. 43; “Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in the Visual Arts” (1949), 180, 212; “Lenin and Stalin in the Visual Folk Arts,” 175; “Stalin and the People of the Soviet Land” (1939), 210–211; “Stalin and the Stalin Epoch in the Works of Soviet Graphic Artists,” 284 n. 62; “Stalin and the Stalin Era in Works of Art” (1949), 284 n. 62; “Ten Years of the Red Army” (1928), 136, 208; “The Image of Stalin in the Arts” (1949), 211–212; “Twenty Years of the Red Army” (1938), 175, 261 n. 59; “Twenty-five Years of the Red Army” (1943), 37; “V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin in Sculpture” (1939), 175; “Young Artists” (1934), 209; annual MOSSKh sculpture, 204, 209; of Stalin’s 70th birthday (1949), 138, 144, 206, 286 n. 91; of Stalin’s 70th birthday gifts (1949), 75–76, 256 n. 136–137; of the Iofan model of Palace of Soviets, 100, 291 n. 10; Tenth AKhR exhibition, 192, 208, 272 n. 80

Exhibition comment book, see comment book

Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 178–179

Fakelore, 94, 258 n. 20

Falaleev, Fedor Yakovlevich, 56

Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, 231

The Fall of Berlin (1949–1950, movie), 79, 217, 272 n. 78, Plate 19

Fedorov, Nikolai, 22

Fedoseev, Nikolai E., 21, 89

Feuchtwanger, Lion, 121

Field, Daniel, 9

Fifth Army (novel), 156, 157

Film, see movie

First Cavalry (movie), 133–134

First Cavalry (painting), 143, 190

First World War: and mass politics, xviii, 9–10, 204, 244 n. 43; and modern personality cult, xviii, xix, 12–14, 15, 16, 25, 222

Fiveisky, Sergei Pavlovich, 202

Five-Year Plan: First, 33, 37, 44, 111, 168, 193, 208, 218, 223, 262 n. 67, 268 n. 40, 282 n. 11, 292 n. 25, see also Great Break; Second, 37, 41, 137, 180; Third, 137

Flower Bouquet (painting), 32

Folklore, 47, 64, 75–77, 88, 91, 93–94, 107–108, 158, 177, 178, 229, 258 n. 20, 259 n. 25, 263 n. 77–78

France, cult of Napoleon III in, xvii, 2–5, 9, 24, 25, 222, 243 n. 12, 243 n. 19, 243 n. 24

Freedberg, David, 95

Freidin, Gregory, 20

French Revolution, xvii–xviii, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 24, 240 n. 20

Friedrich, Caspar David, 108

Frunze, Timur Mikhailovich, 147

Gabitashvili, David Dimitrievich, 106

Gaidaryov, A., 215

Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin Simonovich, 133

Gaulle, Charles de, xviii, 222

Gaze, 69–70, 73, 81, 105, 114, 188, 264 n. 90

Geertz, Clifford, xiv

Gelovani, Mikhail Georgievich, 47, 53, 78, 214, 216–217

Generation “P” (novel), 259 n. 35

Gerasimov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, xix, 37, 88, 92, 96–98, 101–105, 111–113, 128–130, 135–138, 141–143, 147, 150–151, 153–154, 161–162, 165, 169, 172–174, 177–179, 181, 183, 186, 190, 192–194, 196, 198–199, 201, 209–211, 219–220, 223, 252 n. 59, 260 n. 40, 260 n. 43, 260 n. 44, 261 n. 58, 262 n. 66, 262 n. 67, 263 n. 78, 276–277 n. 138, 277 n. 146, 278 n. 153, 278–279 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 282 n. 8, 282 n. 16, 289 n. 143

Gerasimov, Sergei Vasilievich, 150, 159, 195, 285 n. 73

Gerasimova, Galina Aleksandrovna, 154

Gerasimova, Lidia, 154

Germany: Hitler’s cult in, xviii, 2, 3, 12, 14–15, 17, 18–19, 25, 48, 96, 164, 222, 237, 242 n. 8, 243 n. 11, 246 n. 57, 246 n. 70, 273 n. 93, 281 n. 2

Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 78

A Gift for Comrade Stalin (painting), 76

Girl with a Jug (painting), 284 n. 44

GlavIskusstvo, 127, 168, 208, 234, 235, 237, 282 n. 13

Glavlit, see censorship

“Glory to the Great Stalin!” (1950, painting), 106, Plate 4

Glazunov, Ilia Sergeevich, 220

Goebbels, Joseph, 18–19

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 231

Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 41

Gogol bust, 41

Goldshtab, Semyon Lvovich, 214, 293 n. 45

Golikov, Filipp Ivanovich, 57

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 54

Göring, Hermann Wilhelm, 96

Gorkin, Aleksandr Fedorovich, 57

Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Aleksei Maksimovich), 35, 121–122, 134–135, 149, 160, 191, 262 n. 73

Grabar, Igor Emmanuilovich, 147, 150, 160, 173, 179, 195–196

Great Art soviet for painting, see Art soviet of Painting-Sculpture Factory

Great Break, xiv, xv, 15, 29, 33, 37, 38, 88, 107, 151, 169, 170, 222, 225, 234, 235, see also Five Year Plan, First

The Great Citizen (1937, movie), 122

Great Terror, see purge

Great War, see First World War

Grekov, Mitrofan Borisovich, 147–148, 167

Grigoriev, Aleksandr Vladimirovich, 167, 281 n. 7

Gronsky, Ivan Mikhailovich, 33, 194, 197

Groys, Boris Efimovich, 115, 149

Guided tour of exhibition, 213, 256 n. 137, see also Tretyakov Gallery

GUM (Moscow), 41, 67, 74, 80, 150, 187, 189, 234

Gurary, Samary Mikhailovich, 55

Gusak, Nikolai Afanasievich, 92

Gutman, L. I., 196, 198

Harriman, William Averell, 59

Harvesting the Grain (painting), 286 n. 95

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 188, 196, 198

Hellbeck, Jochen, 149

Hero of the Soviet Union, 12, 37, 40–41, 61, 137, 174, 176–177, 180, 213, 287 n. 109, 291 n. 20

Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 41

Hirohito, 222

Hitler, Adolf, 3, 12, 14–15, 18–19, 25, 48, 53, 55, 74, 96, 122, 164, 222, 242–243 n. 8, 273 n. 93

Hitler-Stalin Pact, 48, 96, 293 n. 45

Hoffmann, Heinrich, 18, 96

Holiday, 36, 37, 53, 63–75, 85, 145, 223, 255 n. 110; All-Union Physical Culture Day, 69–70, 75, see also parade; cycle, 48, 60, 63, 64, 75, 230, 255 n. 110; Day of Lenin’s Death (January 21), 36, 63–65, 75, 80, 81, 85, 255 n. 111; Day of Soviet Artillery, 256 n. 133; Day of Tankmen (September 8), 71, 75; Day of the Bolshevik Press (May 5), 68, 75; Day of the October Revolution (November 7), 36, 53, 54, 59, 65, 68, 71, 72–73, 75, 77, 79–80, 84–85, 97, 102, 145, 173, 254 n. 104, 262 n. 61, see also parade; Day of the Red Army (February 23), 65–66, 70, 71, 75, 255 n. 117; Day of the Soviet Air Force, 37, 71, 72, 75, 85, 256 n. 130; Day of the Soviet Navy (July 27), 70–71, 75, 85; Day of the Stalin Constitution (December 5), 34, 74–75, 81; International Women’s Day (March 8), 66, 81; May Day (International Workers’ Day, May 1), 53, 55, 65, 66–68, 69, 71, 75, 79, 80, 84, 227, 282 n. 8, see also parade; New Year, 46, 63; Victory Day (May 9), 56–57, 60, 68–69, 72, 75, 215, 256 n. 123

House of Moscow Artists, see Maslovka

Housing for artists, 20, 148, 150, 277 n. 144, 277 n. 151, 294 n. 71, see also Maslovka

Howe, Louis McHenry, 18

Hubert in Wonderland (book), 128

Hymn to October (1942, painting), 97, 210, 211

“I am certain” (poem), 35, 119–120, 134, 162

Iar-Kravchenko, Anatolii, see Yar-Kravchenko, Anatoly Nikiforovich

Ibarruri, Dolores, 78

Iconoclasm, xv, 10, 22, 148, 201, 221, 294 n. 2

Iconography, 41, 111–112, 235, 251 n. 52, 252 n. 53, 283 n. 33, 289 n. 138, 289 n. 142, see also canonical image; of Lenin, 108, 111–112, 129, 198–201, see also Leniniana; of Stalin, 103, 139, 177, 180, 198, 202, 214, 223

Image politics, see mass media

IMEL, 34, 122, 125, 126, 235, 266 n. 16, 267 n. 21

Immodest modesty, 123–124, 134–135, 157; of Stalin, 123–135, 139, 164, 224, 231, 280 n. 191

In the Classroom (painting), 191

Industrialization, see Great Break

Ingulov, Sergei Borisovich, 173

Inspiration, artistic, 30, 103, 105, 113, 143, 155–156, 180, 201, 203, 292 n. 31

Intelligentsia, 19–20, 31, 98, 124, 134, 194, 207, 237, 267 n. 23; artistic, 102, 107, 145, 153, 156, 158, 179–180, 200, 237; circle, see kruzhok

Interrogations of Communists (by Deineka and by Ioganson, painting), 136

Iofan, Boris Mikhailovich, 99–100

Ioganson, Boris Vladimirovich, 106, 136, 150, 159, 173, 210, 284 n. 44

Ionov, I., 266 n. 13

Iremashvili, Iosif, 21

Iskusstvo (journal), 127, 171, 175, 193, 194–195, 196, 197, 235, 237, 262 n. 66, 267 n. 31, 282 n. 19, 289 n. 138

Iskusstvo (publisher), 128, 131, 132, 170, 173–174, 183, 235, 262 n. 61, 269 n. 53, 282 n. 15–16, 285 n. 74

Italy, Fascist: Mussolini’s cult in, xviii, 2, 3, 12–14, 18–19, 25, 54–55, 164, 222, 237, 243 n. 244 n. 44, 245 n. 50–51, 245 n. 53, 246 n. 70

Itinerants, see Wanderers

Ivan the Great (Ivan III), 101

Izo Department, 168, 235, 282 n. 13

IZOGIZ, 102, 128, 168, 170, 174, 235, 262 n. 61, 269 n. 42, 282 n. 15

Izokombinat, see Visual art factory

Izvestia (newspaper), 31, 33, 34–35, 136, 142, 171, 173, 248 n. 1

J. V. Stalin among the People in the Kremlin (Our Wise Leader, Dear Teacher) (1952, painting), 106, Plate 5

J. V. Stalin among the Yenisei Fishermen (painting), 194

J. V. Stalin and A. M. Gorky (painting), 186

J. V. Stalin and M. I. Kalinin (painting), 186

J. V. Stalin in His Office (painting), 186

J. V. Stalin in His Youth (statue), 194

Kabakov, 268–269 n. 40

Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich, 38, 50, 56–57, 68, 71, 77, 83, 103, 123–124, 128, 134, 137, 147, 149, 156, 164, 191, 212, 224, 268–269 n. 40, 274 n. 107, 275 n. 123, 280–281 n. 192, 281 n. 193

Kahlo, Frida, xiv

Kalashnikov, A., 103

Kalashnikova, M., 77

Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 29, 36, 38, 50, 56, 68, 103, 123, 151, 188, 190, 208, 210, 227

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich (Rozenfeld, L. B.), 47, 122

Kandinsky, Vasily Vasilievich, 166, 170

Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig, xvii, 230

Kapler, Aleksei Yakovlevich, 134, 180

Karachunsky, Aleksandr, 112

Kardashov, 113

Karpov, Boris Nikolaevich, 34, 53, 55

Katsman, Evgeny Aleksandrovich, 92, 95, 113, 135–136, 138, 142–146, 150, 153–155, 159, 167, 174, 178, 196, 209–210, 248 n. 1, 271 n. 75, 272 n. 77, 272–273 n. 84, 274 n. 107, 275–276 n.108, 277–278 n. 151, 278 n. 152, 279–280 n. 178, 280–281 n. 192, 282 n. 8, 291–292 n. 20

Kavtaradze, Sergei Ivanovich, xiii

Kerensky, Aleksandr Fedorovich, 10–12

Kerr, Archibald Clark, 259 n. 34

Kerzhentsev, Platon Mikhailovich, 102, 122, 127, 169, 173, 179

Khachaturian, Aram Ilich, 179

Khlevniuk, Oleg Vitalievich, 126

Khmelko, Mikhail Ivanovich, 212

Khodasevich, Mikhail F., 159

Khrapchenko, Mikhail Borisovich, 152

Khrennikov, Tikhon Nikolaevich, 179–180

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, xiv, 50, 52, 54, 77–78, 83–84, 126, 134, 146, 159, 201–202, 205, 220, 221, 275 n. 123

Khudfond, see Art Fund

Khudsovet, see Art soviet

Khvostenko, Tatiana Vasilievna, 158–159

Khvostenko, Vasily Veniaminovich, 159–160

Kim Il Sung, 24

Kim Jong Il, 24

Kinning, Neili, 75

Kinokhronika, 170, 173

Kirkorov, Viktor, 92

Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 37–38, 42, 46, 63, 150, 157–158, 183–184, 252 n. 58, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153

Kleinbort, Lev Naumovich, 19, 246 n. 68

Klucis, Gustav, see Klutsis, Gustav Gustavovich

Klutsis, Gustav Gustavovich, 36, 250 n. 33

Kniga otzyvov, see comment book

Kolchak, Aleksandr Vasilievich, 136

Kolonitskii, see Kolonitsky, Boris Ivanovich

Kolonitsky, Boris Ivanovich, 12

Koltsov, Mikhail Efimovich, 127

Konchalovsky, Petr Petrovich, 196

Kondakova, Vera, 81

Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 67, 71, 126

Kontraktatsiia, 168–169, 181, 234, 235

Koplenig, Johann, 78

Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich, 10–12

Kosmin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 195–196

Kostianytsyn, Vasily Nikolaevich, 137

Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 67, 77

Kotov, Petr Ivanovich, 189

Krasin, Leonid Borisovich, 22

Kremlin (Moscow): as heart of Moscow, 73, 88, 90, 92, 101, 104, 260 n. 42, 260 n. 45; studio, 135, 159, 167, 272 n. 77, 272 n. 84, 280 n. 192; wall burial, 146, 221

Krinsky, Vladimir Fedorovich, 161

Krupskaia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, 22, 191–192

Kruzhki, see kruzhok

Kruzhok, 2, 19–22, 25, 89, 223, 235, 247 n. 71, 247 n. 75–76, 247 n. 79

Krylov, Porfiry Nikitich, 53

Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maksimilianovich, 199–200

Kugach, Yury Petrovich, 106

Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich, 160, 184

Kupriianov, Mikhail Vasilievich, 53

Kurchatov, Igor Vasilievich, 294 n. 4

Kutuzov (1944, movie), 213

Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 101, 213, 217

Kuusinen, Otto Wille, 200

Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich, 67

Lakhuti, 267 n. 20

Landscape painting: American, 108–111, 263 n. 81, 263 n. 82; Soviet, 91, 263 n. 82, 274 n. 103, 285 n. 69, 288 n. 116

Le Bon, Gustave, 12

Leader, Teacher, and Friend (J. V. Stalin in the Presidium of the Second Congress of Kolkhoz Farmer-Shock Workers in February 1935) (1936–1937, painting), 106, 262 n. 71, Plate 6

The Leader’s Childhood (book), 133, 270 n. 65

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, xix, 9–10, 12, 21–24, 29, 33, 36, 38–42, 44, 46, 50, 55–56, 59, 63–68, 72–75, 77, 80–81, 83–85, 87, 89, 92–93, 95, 97, 99–101, 107–108, 111–113, 120–126, 129–130, 136, 138, 145, 148, 155, 162–163, 166, 171, 175, 180, 183–184, 186–189, 191, 198–202, 208, 211, 217, 221, 223, 227, 246–247 n. 70, 250 n. 33, 255 n. 113, 261 n. 56, 262 n. 71

Lenin and Stalin in Gorki (painting), 185

Lenin and Stalin in the Petrograd Defense Headquarters (painting), 212

Lenin at the Smolny (1930, painting), 87, 147, 211, Plate 1

Lenin cult, xix, 12, 22–25, 125, 172, 201, 202, 211, 245 n. 49, 246 n. 69–70, 248 n. 90, 251 n. 52, 261 n. 56, see also Commission for the immortalization of Lenin’s memory; and Stalin, 24, 29, 31, 248 n. 95

Lenin in 1918 (movie), 134, 271 n. 70

Lenin in October (1937, movie), xv, 31, 214

Lenin Mausoleum (Moscow), 22, 73, 87, 101, 201, 221, 261 n. 46

Lenin Museum, Central (Moscow), 147, 176, 187, 189, 198, 200, 206, 211, 235, 248 n. 90, 276 n. 130

Lenin sculpture, 22, 23, 87, 97, 99–100, 184, 262 n. 71

Leningrad artists and patronage, 151, 161, 280 n. 187

Leningrad Institute of Proletarian Visual Art, 170

Leniniana, 22, 88, see also iconography of Lenin

Lenin’s visual representations, see also canonical image and iconography; and Stalin, 36, 39, 41–42, 55, 63–65, 67, 68, 72–74, 77, 81, 84, 85, 87–88, 95, 97, 107, 187–190, 191, 227, 255 n. 113, 262 n. 71; depiction in, 100, 111–112, 113, 129, 199, 211, 217, 223, n. 84, 264 n. 87; gaze, 65, 72, 107, 111; manner of speaking, 217; modesty, 120–121, n. 5; secondary, 39, 64–65, 73, 77, 95, 262 n. 71

Leonardo da Vinci, 145

Leopold I, 14

Lepeshinskaia, Olga Borisovna, 199–200

Levchenko, Viktor Ivanovich, 40

Lichnost’, 19, 20, 25, 37, 122, 192, 193, 213, 288 n. 119; valorization of individual personality, 10, 29, 228, 230, 244 n. 44

Lindbergh, Charles Augustus, 40

Lipgart, Ernest Karlovich, 140

Litvinov, Maksim Maksimovich (Vallakh, Meer-Genokh Moiseevich), 145

LOSSKh, 165, 235

Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich, 225

Louis XIV, 5, 14, 222

Ludwig, Emil, 121

Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich, 88, 127, 159, 168, 192, 208, 261 n. 57

Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 178

M. I. Kalinin Speaks with Delegates at the All-Union Congress of Female Workers and Farm Women (painting), 190, 287 n. 109

Maiorsky, N. N., 46

Maisky, Ivan, 259 n. 34

Makarov, A. I., 191

Malenkov, Georgy Maksimilianovich, 50, 56–57, 67, 69, 77–81, 83–84, 101

Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich, 166–167

Malkov, I., 128

Malkov, P. V., 174

Maltsev, F. S., 198

Man with a Rifle (1938, movie), 49, 214

Mandelstam, Osip Emilievich, 47

Manizer, Matvei Genrikhovich, 129–130, 193

Manuilsky, Dmitry Zakharovich, 35

Mao Zedong, 77, 84

Maria Fedorovna, see Dagmar of Denmark

Marx, Karl Heinrich, 19, 22, 41, 121, 184, 197, 231

Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, see IMEL

Mashkov, Ilia Ivanovich, 174

Mashkovtsev, Nikolai Georgievich, 113

Masing-Delic, Irene, 134

Maslovka, 158–164, 235, 279 n. 176, 279 n. 178

Mass media, 6, 31–33, 77, 170, 215, 217, 219, 225, 293 n. 62; and image politics, xviii, 15–18, 19; and modern personality cult, xvii, xviii, 3–5, 13, 14, 18, 24, 222

Mass politics, 9–10, 18, 25, 204, 219, 225, see also First World War; and modern personality cult, xvii, 3–4, 5, 13, 18, 24, 25, 204, 222; and tsar cult, 6–9, 244 n. 33

Mass reproduction of art work, 22, 102, 103, 128–129, 130, 170, 174, 182–183, 201, 225, 269 n. 42, 280 n. 192, 283 n. 31

Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 88

McKinley, William, 15

Meeting of Stalin and Voroshilov with Gerasimov, Brodsky, and Katsman (1933), see dacha meeting

Meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council (painting), 208

Mekhlis, Lev Zakharovich, 33–34, 103, 125, 151, 270 n. 58, 270 n. 64

Melentiev, German Aleksandrovich, 176

Melnikova, Ira, 80

Merkurov, Sergei Dmitrievich, 22–23, 113, 193, 209

Michelangelo Buonarroti, 145, 231

Mikhailov, A., 192

Mikhailov, N. I., 283 n. 22

Mikhoels, Solomon Mikhailovich, 60–62

Mikoian, Anastas Ivanovich, 21, 50, 56, 67–68, 78, 83, 103, 153

Mironov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 213

Mochalsky, Dmitry Konstantinovich, 59, 114

Modorov, Fedor Aleksandrovich, 113, 128, 186, 268–269 n. 40

Molotov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich, 21, 36, 38, 42, 50, 52, 67–68, 70, 73, 77–78, 83, 101, 103, 106, 113, 123, 132, 146–147, 160, 164, 186, 191, 224, 226, 233, 276–277 n. 138

Monarchical cult, 9, 14, 59, 115, 240 n. 20, 244 n. 27, 245 n. 54, see also tsar cult; and modern personality cult, xvii-xviii, 3, 4, 5, 25, 222, 240 n. 21, 243 n. 19

Moor, Dmitry (Orlov, Dmitry Stakhievich), 102

Moravov, Aleksandr Viktorovich, 187

Morning of Our Motherland (1949, painting), 107, 109–112, 160, 211–212, 263 n. 82, Plate 8

Moscow: and Leningrad artists, 151, 161; as center of power, 59–60, 88–89, 101, 151, 161–162, 257 n. 5, 260 n. 42, 280 n. 187; general plan for the reconstruction of, 90, 98, 99, 100–101, 281 n. 193, see also Palace of Soviets

Moscow Art Institute, 170, 237

Moscow Association of Artists, see Art soviet of Painting-Sculpture Factory

Moscow Diary (novel), 98

Moscow Union of Soviet Arts, 165, 235

MOSSKh, 150, 165, 170, 177, 195, 235, 281 n. 1, 283 n. 36, 286 n. 83, see also exhibition, annual MOSSKh sculpture

Movie, xvii, 13, 22, 130, 145, 147, 164, 205, 218, 219, 233, 282 n. 18, 293 n. 61; actor starring as Stalin, xv, 47, 48, 49, 53, 203, 213–220, 225, 293 n. 44–45, 293 n. 50, 293 n. 54, Plate 19; screenplay, 122, 123, 133–134, 259 n. 36, 270 n. 67, 271 n. 68, 271 n. 70; Stalin, 30, 31, 47, 48, 49, 53, 59, 78–79, 133–134, 170, 174, 213–217, 222, 228, 234, 259 n. 32, 270 n. 67; still picture, 48, 49, 53, 78, 253 n. 78, 254 n. 105

Mukhina, Vera Ignatievna, 14, 79, 141, 151–152, 179

Münzenberg, Willi, 133

Museum of the Revolution (Baku, Moscow or Sverdlovsk), 139, 141, 152, 176, 235

Mussolini, Benito, xix, 3, 12–14, 18–19, 25, 54, 164, 222

Nalbandian, Dmitry Arkadievich, 87, 161, 181, 187, 198, 262 n. 71

Naming after Stalin, 162–163, 225, see also toponymics

Napoleon I, 3–4, 93

Napoleon III, xvii, xix, 2–5, 9, 24–25, 222, 243 n. 19

Narkompros, 127, 168–169, 234, 235, 282 n. 12–14, 283 n. 31

Narod (people), 6, 8–9, 210, 292 n. 35

Nationality, see ethnoterritorial federation, Russianness, and Soviet patriotism

Nazism, see Germany

Neiman, Mark, 198

NEP (New Economic Policy), 91, 205, 218, 219, 235, Plate 13

Nesterov, Mikhail, 196

Nicholas I, 8, 120, 244 n. 29, 264 n. 90, 265 n. 3

Nicholas II, 6–9, 140–141

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 2, 19

Nietzschean elements, 2, 19, 139, 246 n. 69, 251 n. 52

NKVD, see secret police

Norinsky, K. M., 21

The Oath (1946, movie), 59, 254 n. 105, 287 n. 98, 293 n. 54

The Oath of the Peoples (movie), 123

obraz(y), xvii, 192–194, 236, see also canonical image

Ogarev, Nikolai Platanovich, 41

OGPU, see secret police

Oil painting, see painting

Ordzhonikidze, Eteri Grigorievna, 145

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo (Grigory Konstantinovich), 21, 34–35, 38, 113, 134, 175, 266 n. 16, 274 n. 107, 293–294 n. 62

Oreshnikov, Viktor Mikhailovich, 212

Orlova, Liubov Petrovna, 160, 213

OSt, 167, 208, 236, 272 n. 77

Osten, Maria, 127–128

Ostuzhev, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 178

Painting, see also landscape painting; spatial organization in concentric circle(s), 89, 91, 97–98, 105–107, 111, 223, 260 n. 42, 264 n. 84

Palace of Soviets (Moscow), 14, 99–102, 123, 184, 236, 281 n. 193, 291 n. 10, see also exhibition of the Iofan model of Palace of Soviets

Pallbearer, 42, 43, 252 n. 58

Papanin, Ivan Dmitrievich, 40, 180

Parade, 40, 41, 57, 59, 66, 71, 242 n. 8, 251 n. 47; All-Union Physical Culture Day, 37, 38, 45, 59, 70, 85, 256 n. 125; Day of the October Revolution, 44–46, 73, 80, 81, 85, 122; May Day, 53, 56, 66–68, 79, 80, 227

Party Congress, see congress

Party leader, see vozhd’

Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich, xiv

Patricentrism, xviii, 5, 24, 222, 224, 241 n. 23

Patronage, 12, 20, 25, 119–164, 167, 168, 175, 216, 278 n. 153, 279 n. 173, 280 n. 192, 281 n. 193, 283 n. 33; along ethnic lines, 153, 275 n. 123, 278 n. 160; and personalized power, xix, 12, 120, 137–138, 148–154, 178, 190, 198, 200, 272 n. 83, 277 n. 144; by art sector, 147, 164, 224, 280 n. 192; by Stalin, 135–136, 147, 149, 151–152, 164, 273 n. 87; by Voroshilov, xix, 24, 135, 142, 145–158, 164, 167, 175, 199, 201, 224, 272 n. 77, 272 n. 84, 275 n. 125–126, 276 n. 129, 276 n. 138, 277 n. 144–146, 277 n. 151, 278 n. 152–153, 278 n. 159, 278 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 279 n. 173–174; shefstvo, see shefstvo

Patterson, Jim, 160

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 41

Peace conference, see Second World War

Peace pipes (caricature), 96

Peasants: and the tsar cult, 6, 8–9; premodern mentality of, 2, 222, 241 n. 3

Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich, 259 n. 35

Peonies (painting), 147

People’s Commissar for Defense of the USSR, see People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs

People’s Commissar for Education, 159

People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, 88, 146, 157, 178

People’s Commissar(iat) of Enlightenment, see Narkompros

People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 236

People’s tribune: Stalin’s image as, 193, 194

Peredvizhniki, see Wanderers

Perelman, Viktor Nikolaevich, 113, 150, 153, 279–280 n. 178

Personality cult: after February Revolution 1917, 10–12, 245 n. 47, 245 n. 49

Personality cult (modern), see also entangled modern personality cults, France, Germany, and Italy; and Bolshevik-style Marxism, 19–22, 124, 135, 223–224, 246 n. 68, see also collectivism, and tsarist carryover; characteristics of, xvii–xviii, 5, 24, 222, 244 n. 27, see also closed society, mass media, mass politics, patricentrism, and secularism; definition of, xv–xvi; succession principle of, 24, 188, see also Stalin as Lenin’s successor

Peter I, 8, 244 n. 33

Petrov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 135

Petrovsky, Grigory Ivanovich, 199

Photographic template, 30, 31, 36, 75, 77, 102, 103, 139, 144, 170, 173, 174, 187, 201, 224, 249 n. 12

Photography, xv, 15, 31, 202; versus painting, 7, 102, 103, 140, 144, 194–199, 285 n. 77, 288 n. 130

Photomontage, 36, 37, 47, 71, 255 n. 111, 255 n. 113

Physical imperfections, 18–19, 138–139, 252 n. 58, 255 n. 112, 273 n. 93

Pilsudski, Joseph, 15

Pimenov, Yury Ivanovich, 150, 159

Planned economy, 148–149, 156, 165, 182, see also Stakhanovism

Planning of art production, 103, 156, 165, 182, 201, 208, 224, 283 n. 33

Plastov, Arkady Aleksandrovich, 159, 187–188, 191

Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich, 19, 25

Pogodin, Rady Petrovich, 179

Pokarzhevsky, Petr Dmitrievich, 187

Politburo, 22, 113, 122, 123, 125, 126, 150, 186, 202, 227, 236, 248 n. 2, 249 n. 10, 253 n. 81, 266 n. 15, 267 n. 31, 268 n. 40, 272 n. 80, 272 n. 83, 285 n. 64

Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (painting), 128, 268 n. 40

Political religion, xvi, 2, 6, 9, 13, 22, 24, 240 n. 18, 240 n. 20, 245 n. 53, 248 n. 90

Polotsky, Simeon, 93, 258 n. 18

Popov, Georgy Mikhailovich, 57, 67

Popular sovereignty, xvii–xviii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 24, 25, 140, 222, 240 n. 21, 241 n. 3

Portrait of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1900, painting), 140–141, Plate 10

Portrait of J. V. Stalin (1945, painting), 87, Plate 2

Portrait of J. V. Stalin by Isaak Brodsky (1937, painting), Plate 12

Portrait of J. V. Stalin by Pavel Filonov (1936, painting), Plate 11

Portrait of Louis XIV (1701, painting), 5

Portrait of S. M. Kirov (painting), 179

Portrait of V. I. Lenin by Denisov (painting), 198–201, 202

Posing for artists, 102, 103, 137–145, 170, 177, 178–179, 224, 272 nn. 83–84, 274 n. 102, 274 n. 105–108, 276 n. 138

Poskryobyshev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 33–34, 50, 121, 125, 128–132, 135, 173, 266 n. 16, 269 n. 42, 269–270 n. 54, 270 n. 58

Pospelov, Petr Nikolaevich, 200, 219, 270 n. 65

Pravda (newspaper), xiv, xix, 29, 35–86, 92–94, 100, 103, 107, 112, 119, 128, 179, 202, 219, 223, 227–233, 234, 249 n. 3–6, 249 n. 6, 251 n. 37, 251 n. 40, 251 n. 52, 252 n. 58–59, 254 n. 108, 256 n. 123, 270 n. 64, 279 n. 166, 283 n. 31, 290 n. 154, 293 n. 62, 294 n. 65; importance of, 30–33, 79, 171; in visual representations, 24, 55, 68, 77, 78; Stalin’s control of, 31–35

Private Aleksandr Matrosov (1947, movie), 213, 293 n. 44

The Proclamation of the German Empire (1877, painting), 89–90

Progress (1853, painting), 110

Proletary (publisher), 124

Proletkult, 167, 236

Protopopov, A. V., 193

Purge, xiv, 42, 46, 47–48, 62, 86, 134, 136, 139, 148, 160, 175, 176, 224, 226, 230, 272 n. 77, 276 n. 135, 281 n. 193, 281 n. 7, 289 n. 143

Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 41, 100–101

Pushkin Fine Arts Museum (Moscow), 100, 172, 175, 176, 236, 281 n. 5, 291 n. 10

RABIS, 153, 236, 261 n. 57, 278 n. 162–163, 282 n. 14

Radimov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, 135, 159–160, 167, 272 n. 77, 279 n. 166, 279–280 n. 178, 281 n. 7

Radio, 14, 18, 25, 40, 59–60, 86, 114, 207, 214–215, 223, 229, 233, 255 n. 116, 260 n. 37, 293 n. 44

Rákosi, Mátyás, 78, 81

Ram, Harsha, 20

Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino), 145

Rasputin, Grigory Efimovich, 6

Razumovskaia, S., 197

Reagan, Ronald Wilson, xviii, 222

Realist art, see socialist realist art, and Wanderers (prerevolutionary)

Reception of the Georgian Delegation at the Kremlin (painting), 212

Red Army, embodiment of, 66, 98, 103, 145, 149, 153, 158, 175, 276 n. 129

Red Army Soldiers Bathing (painting), 136

Red corner, xvi, 182

Rembrandt Harmenzoon van Rijn, 171, 197

Repentance (1986, movie), 221

Repin, Ilya Yefimovich, 6, 145, 148, 167

Repin Institute (Leningrad), 170, 236

Rerberg, Ivan, 183

Reshetnikov, Fedor Pavlovich, 132, 160

Retouched: paintings, 179, 183, 186, 224, 225, 269 n. 42, 285 n. 76, 286 n. 95, 289 n. 143; photographs, 34, 36, 37, 38, 53, 70, 77, 96, 183, 224, 250 n. 16, 255 n. 112, 258 n. 17; woodcuts, 129

Revenge of Muscovy, 8, 244 n. 41, see also tsarist carryover

Revolution: as linear movement, 91, 223; Lenin as embodiment of, 72, 111, 112, 211, 223

Riangina, Serafima Vasilievna, 159

Riazhsky, Georgy Georgievich, 173

Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 5

River in the Catskills (1843, painting), 109–110

Robespierre, Maximilien, 22

Rodchenko, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 166

Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich, 126

Romakov, Yury A., 201

Romanova, Maria Fedorovna, 141

Romm, Mikhail Ilich, xv, 160, 180

Romov, Sergei Matveevich, 197

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xviii, 14–15, 18–19, 55, 222

Roosevelt, Theodore, 15

Rovinsky, Lev Yakovlevich, 33

Rozin, Peisakh Itskovich, 107

Rukhliadev, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 161

Rumiantsev, A. M., 198

Russian Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 129–130

Russian Orthodox (Church), xvi–xvii, 1, 6, 20, 22, 98, 210, 217, 235, 236

Russian Revolution: 1905, 6–7, 9; February Revolution 1917, 8, 10–11; October Revolution 1917, 12, 31, 39, 42, 145, 166, 193, 196, 205, 218, 223, 236, 280 n. 192; visual representations of, see revolution

Russianness: and the tsar, 6, 8, 244 n. 33; shift to, 45, 47, 48, 70, 80, 81, 214

Russocentric nationalism, see Soviet patriotism

Rykov, Aleksei Ivanovich, 122–123, 139

Ryndziunskaia, Marina Davydovna, 139–141, 144, 176, 274 n. 101

Ryzhkov, Semyon, 146

Sacral aura, see sacrality

Sacrality, xvi-xviii, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12–13, 18–19, 24, 88–89, 126, 211, 219, 240 n. 13–16, 240 n. 20, 241 n. 3, 244 n. 29, 245 n. 53, 257 n. 5; and art, 89–90, 115–116, 210, 212; and Stalin, 35, 40, 41, 59, 83, 98, 142, 212, 232, 245 n. 52, 260 n. 42, 262 n. 73, see also Stalin as society’s center

Sadoven, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 87, 104, 262 n. 67

Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich, 294 n. 4

The Schoolgirl (painting), 185

Scott, Joan Wallach, 95

Sculpture, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin sculpture

Second World War, 121, 146, 249 n. 4, 275 n. 123, 282 n. 18; Peace conference, 55, 59, 96; Stalin’s cult during, xiv, 53, 55–58, 62, 66, 70, 77, 86, 223, 228–229, 230, 232; visual representations of Stalin during, 47, 52–56, 57, 86, 216, 223, 262 n. 67

Secret police, 33, 60, 150, 166, 171, 236, 249 n. 10, 270 n. 61, 283 n. 22

Secretariat, see Stalin’s Secretariat

Secularism, xvii, 5, 13, 24, 222, 240 n. 14, 240 n. 20–21, 241 n. 3

Selvinsky, Ilya Lvovich, 156

Serebriany, Iosif Aleksandrovich, 106

Sergeev, Artyom Fedorovich, xiii

The Seven Wives of Ivan the Terrible (play), Plate 13

Shabanov, Aleksei Grigorievich, 215–216

Shabelnikov, Vladilen, 141

Shadr, Ivan Dmitrievich, 23, 277 n. 144

Sharapov, Dmitry Filippovich, 141

Shaumian, Stepan Georgievich, 152

Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 57

Shchors (screenplay), 271 n. 68

Shchukin, Dmitry Ivanovich, 159, 178, 217

Shchusev, Aleksei Viktorovich, 161

She Saw Stalin (1950, painting), 114

Shefstvo, 153, 155, 278 n. 162

Shegal, Grigory M., 106, 113, 159, 262 n. 71

Shelepin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 154

Shelgunov, Vasily Andreevich, 21

Shepilov, Dmitry Mikhailovich, 129, 131

Shevchenko, Taras Grigorievich, 41

Shils, Erward Albert, xvi

Shkiriatov, Matvei Fedorovich, 50, 67

Shmidt, Otto, 38, 40

The Shooting of the 26 Baku Commissars (painting), 150

Show trial, 47–48

Shtange, Galina, 260 n. 37

Shterenberg, David Petrovich, 159, 272 n. 77

Shtiglits Art College (Leningrad), 170, 236

Shurpin, Fedor Savvich, 107–109, 111, 160, 187, 191, 211–212, 263–264 n. 82

Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 50, 56–57, 67–68, 78

Simonov, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 126

Sinkó, Ervin, 121

Široký, Viliam, 78

Slonim, Ilia Lvovich, 145

Smirnova, Vera, 123, 267 n. 21

Socialism: Stalin as symbol of builder of, 38, 44, 46, 72, 87, 105, 188, 189, 191, 196, 197, 223

Socialist realist art, xvii, 37, 47, 91, 107–108, 114–115, 137–138, 147, 148, 154–155, 159, 161, 170, 172, 202, 223, 242 n. 7, 256 n. 143, 264 n. 96, 271 n. 75, 283 n. 31, 283 n. 33, 285 n. 77, 287 n. 99, 288 n. 116, 288 n. 129; and mimetic representation, 140, 144–145, 188–189, 194–198, 202, 280 n. 185, 287 n. 100, 289 n. 135; Stalin’s concept of, 142–143; versus avant-garde, 91, 142, 148, 166, 168, 170, 218

Socialist realist novel, 44, 145, 156; hero in, xv, 239 n. 11, 259 n. 35, 264 n. 92

Society of Easel Painters, see OSt

Sokolov, Mikhail Georgievich, 190

Sokolov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 53

Sokolov-Skalia, Pavel Petrovich, 59, 114, 159, 186–187, 191

Soloviev, Aleksandr Konstantinovich, 227

Southern Knot (play), 293 n. 44

Sovetskaia Kul’tura (newspaper), 200, 219, 279 n. 166, 282 n. 18

Sovetskoe Iskusstvo (newspaper), 107, 153, 158–159, 160–161, 171, 172–173, 184, 195–196, 207, 219, 236, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 18

Soviet Army, see Red Army

Soviet patriotism, 47, 70, 256 n. 127

Soviet time, see holiday cycle

Soviet-Finnish Winter War, 146, 148, 224

Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact, see Hitler-Stalin Pact

Sovnarkom, 169, 199, 237, 275 n. 125, 279 n. 178, 282 n. 12

Spandarian, Suren Spandarovich, 38

Spatial arrangement, see Moscow, painting, and St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg: spatial arrangement, 90–91

Stakhanov, Aleksei Grigorievich, 41

Stakhanovism, 66, 75, 174, 180, 182, 237

Stakhanovite, 41, 86, 113–114, 137, 176, 178, 273 n. 88

Stalin: and Hero of Socialist Labor (medal), 50, 57, 68, 77, 256 n. 124; and Hero of the Soviet Union (title), 57; as embodiment of history, xv, xvii, 39, 65, 72, 73, 91, 100, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 140, 188, 191, 197, 203, 223; as General Secretary, 29, 138, 236, 270 n. 58; as Lenin’s successor (the Lenin of today), 24, 33, 39, 40, 59, 64, 68, 72–73, 85, 93, 100, 120, 122, 140, 145, 163, 188, 254 n. 105, 261 n. 46, 262 n. 71, 287 n. 98; as society’s center, 88–89, 96–97, 100, 101, 239 n. 11, 260 n. 42, 262 n. 71, 262 n. 73, see also sacrality; death, xiv, xx, 12, 81–85, 88, 125, 141, 162, 192, 201–202, 219, 221–222, 223, 226, 238 n. 3, n. 24, 294 n. 1; dedication to, 121–122, n. 25, 263 n. 78, 267 n. 20; designation as vozhd’, 35, 105, 121, 132, 193; sculpture, 37, 52–53, 61, 79, 92–93, 97, 107, 114, 121, 139–141, 144–145, 151–152, 170, 176, 177, 183–185, 193–194, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 257 n. 152, 274 n. 101, 274 n. 103, 286 n. 83; Georgian accent of Stalin and his actors, 46, 47, 214, 217, 259 n. 35; Georgianness, 46–47, 48, 75; manner of speaking, 96, 112, 222, 260 n. 37

Stalin, Vasily Iosifovich, xiii

Stalin among the Cadets (1932, painting), 195, 289 n. 132

Stalin among the Female Delegates (painting), 127, 267 n. 31

Stalin and Gorky with Lenin (painting), 191

Stalin and Lenin in Gorky (photograph), 36, 63, 81, 84, 255 n. 112

Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin (1938, painting), xix, 88, 95, 97–108, 178, 201, 223, 260 n. 43–44, 261 n. 47, 261 n. 58, 261 n. 59, 262 n. 60, 262 n. 66–67, Plate 3

Stalin at the Sixteenth Party Congress (painting), 261 n. 58

Stalin Constitution, 46, 47, 74–75, 212; in arts, 99, 100–101, 176, 177

Stalin cult: and cults of Party magnates, 37, 38, 42, 52, 86, 123, 132, 134, 148, 224, 227, 237, 270 n. 57; and Soviet hero (cults), 37, 41, 61, 86, 174; and writer cults, 41, 149, 251 n. 52–53

The Stalin Harvest (painting), 187

Stalin portrait: as icon, xiii–xiv, xvi-xvii, 85, 143, 193, 210, 292 n. 25, see also canonical image, iconography, obraz(y), and sacrality

Stalin portrait by Nikolai Andreev (drawing), 138–139, 273 n. 92, Plate 9

Stalin portrait competition, see competition

Stalin Prize, 69, 85, 169, 214, 215, 216, 262 n. 66, 263 n. 78, 293 n. 50

Stalin Reading Letters from Children (1951, painting), 160

Stalin Visits the Sick Voroshilov (painting), 266 n. 16

Stalin with a Child (sculpture), 286 n. 83

Stalin with Lenin in Gorki (painting), 179

Stalin’s absence from public, xiv, 36–37, 42, 48, 53, 55–56, 59, 86, 229, 253 n. 77

Stalin’s control of his own cult, xix–xx, 29, 31–35, 123–137, 138–139, 163–164, 223–224, 225, 266 n. 16, 267 n. 21, 268 n. 35, 270 n. 58, 270 n. 63

Stalin’s name, see also naming after Stalin, and toponymics; adjectivized, 37, 63, 74, 75; in caption, 39–40, 42–44, 53, 65, 67, 68–69, 77–78, 233, 251 n. 40; visual representations of, 37, 68, 71, 72, 83, 93, 229, 250 n. 30, 255 n. 121

Stalin’s Oath (sculpture), 114

Stalin’s opposition to his cult, xviii, xix, 119–123, 125, 126, 144, 163, 164, 224, 267 n. 21, 267 n. 31

Stalin’s Secretariat, 33–35, 124–125, 127–133, 135, 151, 171, 173, 225, 236, 250 n. 13, 270 n. 58

Stalin’s succession, 57, 69–70, 81–85, 256 n. 126

Stalin’s verbal representations, 35, 37, 40, 50–51, 63, 74–75, 229, 250 n. 28; slogans, 52, 57, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77; metaphor of, 35, 44, 59, 79, 86, 91–95, 107, 254 n. 105, 256 n. 132, 258 n. 24, 259 n. 29, 260 n. 42, 263 n. 74

Stalin’s visual representations, 139, see also birthday of Stalin, canonical image, iconography, obraz(y), and physical imperfections; 1930 until mid-1933, 36–37, 38, 40, 86, 227, 230, 232; age of, 36, 48, 53, 54, 55, 57, 68, 72, 74, 79, 81, 83, 86, 107, 202, 253 n. 79; and Lenin, see Lenin’s visual representations and Stalin; and linear movement, 91, 107, 139, see also revolution; as father of peoples, xiii, 44, 47, 49, 93–94, 108, 121, 149, 158, 177, 193, 233, 236; as generalissimo, 48, 54, 57, 59, 65–66, 68, 71, 72, 86, 107, 108, 126, 193, 221, 230, 232, 236, 254 n. 104, 255 n. 111; as vozhd’, 35, 44, 63, 83, 88, 91, 121, 126, 150, 193, 230, 232; as wartime commander, xv, 54, 108, 193–194, 223; calmness of Stalin, 25, 39, 88, 95, 112, 113, 138, 139, 191, 193, 216, 222, 259 n. 36; children in, 44, 45, 49, 59, 68, 70, 78, 80, 81, 86, 114, 128; Churchill versus Stalin, 14–16, 25, 55, 96; cigarette, 25, 96, 255 n. 112; clothing of, 36, 38, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57–59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74–75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 98, 107, 129; distinction of Stalin from other functionaries, xix, 38, 39, 56, 59, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 80, 81, 86, 95, 98, 191, 223, 250 n. 33; eyes, 15, 47, 113–114, 132, 142, 193; gaze, xvii, 15, 36, 38–39, 50, 52, 53, 54, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 83, 88, 91, 99, 100–101, 105, 107–108, 109–112, 114, 132, 139, 157, 189, 193, 254 n. 105; gray(ing) hair, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 68, 72, 74, 79, 83, 86, 107; hair style, 36, 48, 50, 68, 81; Hitler versus Stalin, 15, 25, 55, 74, 96, 222; immobility of Stalin’s body, 25, 39, 74, 95, 98, 107, 112, 139, 214, 259 n. 32; mid-1933 until late 1930s, 37–48, 62, 86, 223, 228–229, 232, 239 n. 6; modesty, 19, 120–123, 124, 139, 144–145, 164, 249 n. 3, 260 n. 37, 265 n. 11; moustache, 48, 52, 54, 57, 68, 72, 75, 79, 86, 121; Napoleonic hand gesture, 36, 55, 56, 60, 61, 84; pipe, 14–15, 25, 39, 57, 78, 95–96, 113, 130, 142, 259 n. 34, 259 n. 35, 294 n. 4; placement in Pravda, 38, 40, 50, 55, 57, 64, 65, 67, 68, 77, 81, 233, 252 n. 59, 254 n. 104; postwar, 55–75, 107, 111, 228, 229, 230, 232, 254 n. 99, 255 n. 111; Roosevelt versus Hitler, 15, 17; Roosevelt versus Stalin, 55; secondary, 38, 44, 52–55, 56–57, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 93, 97, 106, 191, 227, 228–231, 233, 253 n. 70, 254 n. 91, 255 n. 111, 257 n. 151; smiling, 44, 50, 52, 55, 80, 86, 252 n. 63; Stalin’s presence in absence, 59–60, 86, 114, 223, 228–229; touching of face, 38, 81, 251 n. 37; with foreign dignitaries, 53, 55, 59, 63, 77, 83, 232; wrinkles in Stalin’s face, 48, 52, 53, 107, 112, 113

Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeevich, 107

Stankevich, Nikolai, 247 n. 75

Stary Bolshevik (publisher), 121, 266 n. 13

Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich, 135, 145, 272 n. 77

Statistics of Stalin’s visual representations in Pravda, 35, 50–51, 62, 227–233, 249 n. 5

Statue, see Lenin sculpture and Stalin sculpture

Stetsky, Aleksei Ivanovich, 102, 194

Stolygvo, A., 131–132

Stories of Stalin’s Childhood (children’s book), 123, 267 n. 21

Strobl, Zsigmond Kisfaludi, 147

Stroganov Art College (Moscow), 170, 237

Sturua, Robert Robertovich, 114

Supreme Soviet, 50, 54, 59, 69, 77, 79, 199, 255 n. 117

Suren Sandarian’s Arrival at Comrade Stalin’s Place of Exile (painting), 185

Surikov Institute (Moscow), 170, 237

Suslov, Mikhail Andreevich, 78

Susman, Warren, 231

Svarog, Vasily Semenovich, 150, 159–160

Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhailovich, 134

Svidersky, Aleksei Ivanovich, 127

Sysoev, Petr, 130

Talensky, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 34

TASS (news agency), 133, 237, 253 n. 73, 270 n. 63

Tatlin, Vladimir Evgrafovich, 159, 166

Tehran Conference (1945, painting), 96–97

Telephone: Stalin’s use of, 33, 133, 267 n. 28, 270 n. 61

Terpsikhorov, Nikolai Borisovich, 137

Terror, see purge

Theater, 7, 21, 122, 130, 147, 164, 205, 224, 225, 276 n. 138, 282 n. 18, 292 n. 42–43, 293 n. 44

The Third Blow (1948, movie), 47, 213, 214–215, 216

Thoré, Théophile Étienne Joseph, 115

Three Warriors (1898, painting), 105

Timoshenko, Semyon Konstantinovich, 81

Tipazhnost’, 192, 288 n. 119

To the Great Russian People (painting), 212

Togliatti, Palmiro, 77

Toidze, Irakly Moiseevich, 130, 179

Tolstoy, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 101–102, 179

Tomsky, Nikolai Vasilievich, 41, 113–114, 122, 193, 208, 273 n. 88

Toponymics, 134, 275 n. 123; of Lenin, 23, 92, 100, 258 n. 15; of Stalin, 60, 91, 92, 93, 221, 228, 258 n. 14, 280 n. 191

Tovstukha, Ivan Pavlovich, 124, 133, 270 n. 58

Tretyakov, Pavel Mikhailovich, 145, 166

Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), 172, 173, 176–179, 195, 234, 236, 263 n. 78, 274 n. 108, 284 n. 62, 289 n. 138, Plate 14, Plate 17; comment

book, 206, 210, 212; guided tour of, 87–88, 104–105, 206, 211–212, 273 n. 92

Trotsky, Lev Davydovich, 1, 29, 122, 156, 208, 227, 265–266 n. 11

Truesdell, Matthew, 3

Truman, Harry S., 57, 59

Tsar cult, xviii, 2, 5–9, 10, 12, 20, 22, 24–25, 120, 140–141, 222, 244 n. 29, 244 n. 33, 244 n. 36, 244 n. 38, 247 n. 74, 258 n. 18, 261 n. 56, 264 n. 90, 265 n. 3

Tsarist carryover, 8, 20, 25, 222, 244 n. 39, 244 n. 40

TsDRI (Moscow), 102, 104, 142, 143, 158, 162, 237, 260 n. 40, 260 n. 44, 261 n. 57–58, 273 n. 89, 282 n. 14

Tsedenbal, Yumjaagiin, 77–78

Tsyplakov, Viktor Grigorievich, 111

Tucker, Robert, 21, 126

Turgenev, Andrei, 247 n. 75

Turner, Victor, xvi

Tvorchestvo (journal), 171, 237, 282 n. 19

Ulbricht, Walter Ernst Paul, 77

Unforgettable 1919 (play), 259 n. 36, 293 n. 44

An Unforgettable Meeting (1936–1937, painting), 105–106, 160

Unshlikht, Iosif Stanislavovich, 159

Unshlikht, Stefania Arnoldovna, 159, 272 n. 77

USSR Academy of Arts, 169–170, 234, 236, 288 n. 123

USSR in Construction (journal), 34, 255 n. 113

USSR Union of Artists (SKh SSSR), 165

Utrillo, Maurice, 161

V. I. Lenin (Lenin at the Smolny) (1947, painting), 111–112

V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin at the Bay (1950, painting), 107

V. I. Lenin at the Second Congress of Soviets (painting), 285 n. 73

V. I. Lenin’s Funeral on Red Square (painting), 187–190, 287 n. 98

Valery Chkalov (movie), 294 n. 65

Valtsev, Vitaly Gennadievich, 194

Vanguard, 19, 25, 142–143

Vasilevsky, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 67, 126

Vasiliev, Pavel N., 54, 64, 68, 86, 263 n. 78

Vasnetsov, Viktor Mikhailovich, 105

Vepkhvadze, I. A., 179

Vereisky, Georgy Semyonovich, 285 n. 74

Verne, Jules-Gabriel, 160

Vershinin, Konstantin Andreevich, 71

Vertov, Dziga (Kaufman, David), 37

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod Vitalievich, 133, 259–260 n. 36

Visitor comment book, see comment book

Visitors with Kalinin (1927, painting), 209–210, Plate 18

Visual art factory, 170, 183–184, 199, 235, 286 n. 86, see also Art soviet

Voegelin, Erich, xvi

The Voice of the Leader (painting), 59, 114

Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich, 126, 270 n. 58

Voloshin, Maximilian Aleksandrovich, 20

Volter, Philippe, 150

Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich, xix, 12, 21–22, 24, 37–38, 50, 52, 56–57, 66, 71, 78, 83, 88, 92, 94–95, 97–99, 102–103, 105, 113, 120, 123, 128, 135–138, 142–161, 164, 167, 175, 178, 190, 199, 201–202, 212, 224, 260 n. 43, 266 n. 16, 268–269 n. 40, 269 n. 42, 272 n. 77, 272–273 n. 84, 274 n. 102, 275 n. 125, 276 n. 129, 276 n. 137, 276–277 n. 138, 277 n. 144, 277 n. 146, 277–278 n. 151, 278 n. 152, 278 n. 153, 278 n. 159, 278–279 n. 165, 279 n. 166, 279 n. 174

Voroshilova, Yekaterina Davydovna, 147, 156, 206, 260 n. 43, 278–279 n. 165

Vozhd’: concept of, 19, 25, 149, 237; cult of, 1, 25, 134, 140; see also Stalin’s visual representations

Voznesensky, Nikolai Alekseevich, 56–57, 67

VseKoKhudozhnik, 128, 153, 168–170, 181, 183, 184, 234, 235, 237

Vuchetich, Evgeny Viktorovich, 121

The Vyborg Side (movie), 253 n. 78

Walker, Barbara, 19

Wanderers, xvii, 6, 105, 135, 147, 148, 166–167, 170, 205, 236, 271 n. 76

Weber, Max, xvi

Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 15

Werner, Anton von, 89

Wilhelm I, 89

Wilhelm II, 48, 68

Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 18

Wittfogel, Karl August, 47

Worker and Female Kolkhoz Farmer (sculpture), 14, 151

World War I, see First World War

World War II, see Second World War

World’s Fair, 14, 175, 178

Wortman, Richard, 6

Yakovlev, Vasily Nikolaevich, 150, 162, 179, 263 n. 78, 274 n. 103, 277–278 n. 151

Yampolsky, Mikhail Veniaminovich, 98

Yar-Kravchenko, Anatoly Nikiforovich, 212, 282 n. 15

Yaroslavsky, Yemelian Mikhailovich, 21, 122, 266 n. 16

Yefanov, Vasily Prokofievich, 105, 107, 160, 263 n. 78

Yegolin, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 132

Yelisabedashvili, G. I., 34

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich, 125

Yenukidze, Avel Safronovich, 147, 150, 164, 224, 281 n. 193

Yerushev, N. N., 187–190, 287 n. 98

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 103, 174, 212

The Young Stalin in the Gori Citadel (painting), 182

Youth of the World–for Peace (1951, painting), 106

Yumashev, Ivan Stepanovich, 71

Zamoshkin, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 107–108, 263 n. 78

Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 62, 130, 132, 152, 212 Zhdanovshchina, see Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich

Zhivoi, xvii, 95, 136–137, 143, 199, 210

Zhivov, Viktor Markovich, 20

Zholkovsky, Alexander Konstantinovich, 20, 134

Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich, 126, 204, 209

Zinoviev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 47, 122, 208, 226

Zoshchenko, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 62