Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
bold denotes photo; f denotes figure
1949 Revolution (China),
111
“About This” (Mayakovsky),
51“advanced” peoples,
10,
28,
38African Americans,
122,
125–26,
131,
133,
135,
137,
139,
140,
141,
143,
145,
146,
147,
177,
178,
183American Joint Distribution Committee,
161American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC),
145,
146“American Russians” (Mayakovsky),
67,
73“Amur Partisans” (song),
139anti-Semitism,
44,
144,
151,
152,
159,
160,
161,
162,
163,
164,
165,
166,
168,
169,
171,
172,
173,
174,
178,
179,
242n38,
246n79artist: as ethnographer,
108; as revolutionary,
1Asia: as revolutionary horizon,
11,
85; Russian identification with,
13–17authenticity,
133,
143,
151,
162,
165,
166,
168,
169,
170,
177; and anticapitalism,
121,
132.
See also black authenticity;
socialist authenticity“The Author as Producer” (Benjamin),
87,
92,
108avant-garde: heteronormative masculinism as associated with historical avant-garde,
82; international avant-garde,
2,
6,
8; and notion of authenticity,
130; Soviet Jewish avant-garde (
see Soviet Jewish avant-garde); use of term,
4; and vanguard,
11,
12,
40,
84,
88,
149,
150,
198,
204–205n10avant-gardism: definitions of,
26; and ethnography,
40; as linked to ethnicity,
29,
160; replacement of with authenticity,
121
Battleship Potemkin (film),
99
Beijing, as new revolutionary center,
184Benjamin, Walter,
6,
21–25,
27,
28,
29,
40,
42,
50,
51,
60,
61,
69,
70,
78,
87–88,
92,
97,
99,
103,
108,
117,
149,
158,
159,
212n70Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain (Baldwin),
6
Biberman, Herbert,
101,
103,
105,
106,
107,
108,
114,
115,
116–17,
118,
149Black and White (
Chernye i belye) (film project),
43,
68,
121,
122,
123–31,
136,
140,
141,
142,
145,
147,
151,
153
“Black and White” (Blek end uait) (Mayakovsky),
52,
67,
70,
73–75,
76,
77,
79,
136,
139,
140Black Belt,
33,
39,
128,
133,
134,
135,
141,
146,
215n88,
236n54“Black Boys and Native Sons” (Howe),
177“Black Like Mao” (Kelley and Esch),
186“Blueprint for Negro Writing” (Wright),
132“Blue River” (Grebner),
138–40Bolshevik Revolution,
10,
139,
140; as an Asian revolution,
12–13,
17,
18,
21; religious visions of,
10,
51,
157Bolsheviks,
1,
10,
11,
12,
16,
17,
20,
30,
32,
35,
41,
85,
153Bolshevik vanguard,
7,
12,
13Buck-Morss, Susan,
26,
41budetliane (people of the future),
50.
See also futurism
Call It Sleep (Roth),
155
“Camp ‘Nit Gedaige’” (“Don’t Be Down”) (Mayakovsky),
63,
139,
153Cantos LII–LXXI (Pound),
13
CCP (Chinese Communist Party),
85,
98,
111And China Has Hands (Tsiang),
103
Chinese Communist Party (CCP),
85,
98,
111Chinese Dramatic and Benevolent Association,
103Comintern (Third Communist International),
6,
8,
10,
11,
12,
13,
19,
33,
36,
85,
96,
98,
100,
117,
120,
141,
145,
164,
183The Communist Manifesto (Marx),
193
Congress for Cultural Freedom,
171Connery, Christopher,
196Contemporary Negro Writers of the USA (Gilenson),
144
“Contradiction and Overdetermination” (Althusser),
186Cooper, James Fenimore,
58,
59The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (Cruse),
120,
163
“Criteria of Negro Art” (Du Bois),
131Cuba: Hughes’s visit to,
68,
76,
81; Mayakovsky’s visit to,
41,
45,
48,
49,
56,
57f,
59,
60,
61cultural inauthenticity,
43cultural nationalism,
144
Darkness at Noon (Koestler),
119
Defying Dixie (Gilmore),
147
“Democracy Versus the Melting-Pot” (Kallen),
31,
33democratic revolution,
10Den Shi-khua (Tret’iakov),
226n27
“The Destruction of Tenochtitlan” (Williams),
59double assimilation,
35,
36,
55“Drama for Winter Night” (Hughes),
65
Eisenstein, Sergei,
2,
40,
68,
81–82,
84,
86,
97,
99,
101,
122,
125equality: communist programs for,
131; competing models of,
151,
169; experiments with art and,
4; formal equality of African Americans,
131; gender equality,
45,
185,
186; Moscow’s promises of,
28; Soviet Union as isolated bastion of,
143; structural equality,
168; universal equality,
30,
159; USSR as beacon of racial, ethnic, and national equality,
1; USSR as champion of African American equality,
178ethnic: formation of term,
28; use of term,
4ethnic avant-garde: bloodstained passing of,
44; conceptual scaffolding for,
41; distinct way of seeing as central to,
6; resuscitation of,
185; Tatlin’s Tower as emblem for,
41; use of term,
4ethnicity: concept of,
28; and revolution,
157; understanding of,
28–29exoticism,
42,
49,
58,
60,
61,
62,
72,
80,
82,
84,
86,
97,
98,
100,
113,
115,
130,
132
factography,
42,
82,
84,
85,
88,
89,
91,
93,
96,
98,
100,
101,
104,
108,
113,
116,
117,
125,
126,
130.
See also literature of factFederal Theatre Project,
101Fiddler on the Roof (musical),
175–76
First Congress of the Peoples of the East (1920),
11,
13
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.,
237n66Give Us Europe (
Daesh’ Evropu) (Meyerhold),
23
Goncharova, Natal’ia,
15,
16Gooding-Williams, Robert,
131Great Mosque of Samarra,
9Grebner, Georgii Eduardovich,
123–28,
130,
131,
135,
137,
139,
140,
141,
143,
147,
149,
153Guomindang (Nationalist Party),
85,
98
Had Gadya (Lissitzky),
156,
166
Halpern, Moishe Leib,
150heteronormative masculinism,
82historical development, Hegelian notion of,
12“Homeward!” (Mayakovsky),
66,
67House Un-American Activities Committee,
101Howe, Irving,
44,
152,
162,
163,
164,
166,
169,
175,
176–77,
178,
184Hughes, Langston,
2,
4,
28,
35,
43,
49,
65,
67,
68,
69,
71,
72,
74–82,
84,
85,
97,
101,
108,
112,
113–14,
113,
119,
120,
121,
122,
123,
124,
128,
130,
131,
133,
135,
136,
138,
141–47,
151,
152,
160,
178,
184
imperialism,
2,
11,
36,
39,
42,
61,
79,
83,
85,
86,
98,
99,
111,
122,
186.
See also anti-imperialism“Indo-Russian Union” (Khlebnikov),
13,
27intercultural education,
182international avant-garde,
2,
6,
8International Literature journal,
71
International Workers Relief Film (Mezhrabpomfil’m),
122,
123,
137,
140,
142
Japhetic language/civilization,
37,
38,
51Jewish Americans,
1,
34,
36,
63,
65,
101,
139,
149,
151,
152,
153,
154,
158,
161,
162,
169,
170,
173,
177,
178,
183Jewish Labor Committee (AFL-CIO),
169
Khlebnikov, Velimir,
12,
13–14,
16,
17,
18,
19,
24,
27,
50,
51Kruchenykh, Alexei,
40,
50,
51
La condition humaine (Malraux),
85
La prose du Transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne de France (Cendrars and Delaunay),
50
Laundresses (Shevchenko),
14
Leary, John Patrick,
75,
76Left Front of the Arts (LEF),
56,
66,
68,
82,
83,
84,
88,
108,
125,
130,
162,
172“Left March” (Mayakovsky),
52Leonardo da Vinci,
26,
62Les demoiselles d’Avignon (Picasso),
13,
15
The Liberal Imagination (Trilling),
171
liberal multiculturalism,
31,
147liberal pluralism,
44,
151,
168,
169,
171,
172,
173,
175,
182,
238–39n6,
245n75Lissitzky, El,
9,
88,
156,
157,
158,
159,
166,
169,
172“The Lost Young Intellectual: A Marginal Man, Twice Alienated” (Howe),
163,
164Lunacharsky, Anatoly,
20,
21
“Marxism and the National Question” (Stalin),
31,
32–33Marxist discourse,
44,
185Mayakovsky, Vladimir,
2,
21,
41–42,
43,
47–56,
57f,
56–63,
65–85,
93,
97,
98,
108,
113,
114,
132,
133,
136,
139,
140,
149,
150,
162,
163; “Afro-Cuban” poems of,
4,
43,
48,
68,
70–74; and minority writing,
48,
49,
62,
68McKay, Claude,
1,
4,
14,
17,
18,
19–20,
21,
24,
27,
28,
60,
67,
81,
84,
97,
146Messenger (magazine),
145
Mexican Communist Party,
8Mexico: Eisenstein’s visit to,
68,
80,
81–82,
97,
101,
122; Mayakovsky’s visit to,
41,
45,
48,
49,
51,
56,
57f,
59,
60,
61,
62,
76,
93“Mexico” (Mayakovsky),
58,
59,
73Meyerhold, Vsevolod,
2,
23,
114Mezhrabpomfil’m (International Workers Relief Film),
122,
123,
137,
140,
142modernism,
2,
6,
7,
22,
45,
88,
131,
150,
151,
152,
158,
162,
163,
170,
177,
197Moscow, as capital of now-time,
6–27Moscow, the Fourth Rome (Clark),
6
multinationalness (
mnogonatsional’nost’),
28,
181,
182,
199My Discovery of America (Mayakovsky),
48
Mystery-Bouffe (Mayakovsky),
51,
59
national character,
33,
173Nationalist Party (Guomindang),
85,
98nationalities policy,
6,
28,
29,
30,
31,
35,
36,
38,
39,
71,
81,
132,
173,
181,
209n40,
214n80,
215–16n94,
238–39n6nationality, Soviet concept of,
29national self-determination,
181nativization (
korenizatsiia),
33A Negro Looks at Soviet Central Asia (Hughes),
80
“The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (Hughes),
131“Negro Songs of Protest” (Gellert),
134,
135New Communist Movement,
192“New Theory of Language” (Marr),
38,
47New York Herald Tribune,
122
New York Intellectuals,
152,
162,
163,
164,
166,
170,
172,
174,
175,
178
“On Contradiction” (Mao),
186“150,000,000” (Mayakovsky),
55Orientologists/Orientology,
39,
40Other,
13,
16,
36,
40,
42,
51,
59,
63,
75,
77,
84,
97,
100,
114,
116,
183.
See also ethnic Other
Pamiatnik III Internatsionala (Punin),
7
Papazian, Elizabeth Astrid,
227n37Paris, decentering of,
6–7“Paris—Capital of the Nineteenth Century” (Benjamin),
6–7,
212n70particularism,
2,
4,
30,
31,
35,
36,
43,
151,
163,
178,
248n2particularistic practices,
29Peasants (Goncharova),
15
perceptual estrangement,
4,
8,
12Perloff, Marjorie,
49,
50political radicalism,
4,
178postcolonial orientalism,
187proletarian vanguard,
186protoconstructivism,
5,
158Pudovkin, Vsevolod,
21,
122
¡Que viva México! (film),
68,
86
racism: in American society,
164; biological racism,
6,
38,
62,
216–17n100; elimination of,
238–39n6; in USSR,
1,
20,
28,
145“Reflections on the Jewish Question” (Hook),
167“Réflexions sur la question juive” (Sartre),
152,
164,
165,
168Reid, Thomas Mayne,
58,
59revolutionary messianism,
159revolutionary politics,
13,
41,
82,
100,
130,
148,
150,
152,
158,
163,
190,
191revolutionary vanguard,
3,
17,
153“Rich, Powerful, and Smart: Jewish Overrepresentation Should Be Explained Instead of Avoided or Mystified” (Hollinger),
153Rivera, Diego,
48,
51,
52,
60,
63,
67,
68,
69,
81,
122,
197Roar, China! (Li Hua),
110,
111
Roar China (Tret’iakov):
Black and White compared to,
125,
127,
130; cover of,
94; description of,
42,
83–87,
91,
95; emphasis on imperialism in,
98; evocation of,
192; intermixture of cultures in,
97–98; Moscow production of,
97,
99,
100,
104,
105,
229n54; New York production of,
100–108,
102,
105,
106,
107,
112; other productions of,
109–112,
184; prophetic quality of,
96;
Salt of the Earth compared to,
114–16,
118
romantic anticapitalism,
12Rosenfelt, Deborah Silverton,
115,
116Rudnitsky, Konstantin,
96Russia: as avant-garde country of the East,
16; Benjamin’s visit to,
21,
23,
149; Derrida’s visit to,
2; Goldman’s visit to,
158; Hughes’s visit to,
49,
80,
112,
119,
131,
136,
141,
153; identification of with Asia,
16; Kallen’s visit to,
34,
149,
150; McKay’s visit to,
17; Nadir’s visit to,
150; Rivera’s visit to,
67–68; Robeson’s visit to,
178–79; Russian modernism,
22.
See also “Asiatic” Russia
Sartre, Jean-Paul,
152,
164,
165,
166,
167,
168,
172,
173,
175,
176,
177Second Congress of the Comintern (1920),
10,
11Secret Speech (Khrushchev),
163,
169seichas, use of term,
23,
24,
25
Select Committee on Communist Aggression (U.S. House of Representatives),
171Shklovskii, Viktor,
91,
125Singer, Isaac Bashevis,
169,
172“The Six” (Mayakovsky),
65“A Slap in the Face of Public Taste,”
49,
50Slezkine, Yuri,
30,
34,
36,
37,
153,
154,
155,
157,
159,
160,
161,
164,
170,
197socialist internationalism,
44,
82,
151,
163,
164,
168,
169,
171,
172,
173,
174,
175,
181,
182,
183,
238–39n6socialist realism,
4,
41,
68,
84,
88,
89,
151,
162,
163,
175,
178,
242n43socialist revolution,
10,
12,
27,
47,
97,
162,
166,
168,
172,
176socialist-to-Jewish transition,
164The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois),
131,
135
Southern Road (Brown),
133
Soviet avant-gardism,
150Soviet Jews,
34,
35,
44,
148,
150,
151,
153,
157,
158,
159,
160,
161,
166,
169,
170,
172,
173,
174,
176,
239n7,
244n66Spartak/Spartacus journal,
63,
64f
Stalin, Joseph,
30,
31,
32–33,
36,
38,
41,
132,
173,
174,
181Storm Over Asia (film),
21,
122
“Surrealism” (Benjamin),
25“Surrealist Map of the World,”
23
Talented Tenth elitism,
131“Talks at the Yenan Forum” (Mao),
186,
191“The Task of the Translator” (Benjamin),
69Tatlin, Vladimir,
5,
5,
8,
9,
10,
11,
13,
14,
20,
24,
28,
38,
39,
40,
47,
54,
158,
159,
194Tatlin’s Tower,
5–12,
5,
7,
27,
36,
39,
41,
47,
54,
75,
78,
79–80,
84,
88,
125,
194; as interweaving of avant-garde and ethnography,
40; as interweaving of avant-garde and vanguard,
8–9,
11Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed),
153
Tevye the Milkman (Sholem Aleichem),
175
theory: of combined and uneven development,
10,
24,
98; of permanent revolution,
10; weakest link theory,
10“Theses on the Philosophy of History” (Benjamin),
24,
158Three Songs About Lenin (documentary),
140
Tower of Babel,
9,
11,
37,
38,
40,
41,
47,
48,
54,
65,
69,
80,
84,
158,
159,
179,
184“Trans-National America” (Bourne),
182transrational (
zaum) poetry,
12,
40,
52travel sketches (of Mayakovsky),
57fA Treasury of Yiddish Stories (Howe),
163,
169
Tret’iakov, Sergei,
42,
83,
85–89,
92,
96,
97,
99,
100,
101,
103,
104,
106,
108,
111,
112,
114,
115,
116,
118,
125,
126,
130,
132,
140,
192“Tropics” (Mayakovsky),
57fTvorchestvo (futurist group),
83
United States: emergence of ethnicity paradigm in,
28; Mayakovsky’s visit to,
41,
45,
49,
52,
56,
59,
60,
62–63,
82,
150; universal equality,
30,
159; universalist aspirations,
29USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): as beacon of racial, ethnic, and national equality,
1; perceived exoticness of,
20; as site of cultural innovation,
1.
See also Russia;
Uzbekistan/Uzbeksutopian aspirations,
4,
41utopianism, premodern,
97
vanguard/vanguardism: artistic vanguardism,
1,
2; avant-garde and,
11,
12,
40,
84,
88,
149,
150,
198,
204–205n10; Bolshevik vanguard,
7,
12,
13; Jewish vanguardism,
160; political vanguard,
6,
10,
11,
191,
206–207n26; proletarian vanguard,
186; revolutionary vanguard,
3,
17,
153; Soviet vanguardism,
150,
204–205n10
The Ways of White Folks (Hughes),
147
“The Weary Blues” (Hughes),
138What Is to Be Done? (Lenin),
193
woodblock prints (
Roar, China!),
110,
111World of Our Fathers (Howe),
177
The World of Sholom Aleichem (Samuel),
174
Yiddish,
35,
63,
65,
109,
150,
154,
157,
158,
169,
170,
174,
177,
179,
221n40
zaum (transrational) poetry,
12,
40,
52