Abbott Laboratories, 191
Abilify, 192
ABLE Act. See Achieving a Better Life Experience Act
abused and neglected children: in poverty, 167–68; vulnerability of, 14–15, 167–68. See also foster children
Achieving a Better Life Experience Act (ABLE Act), 101
administrative costs, 71–72, 163–64
Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), 171
adoption assistance, 72
agencies. See human service agencies
A. Holly Paterson Extended Care Facility, 136, 136–38
aid programs: fiscal federalism and, 28–29; grant-in-aid programs, 33–35; poverty industry undermining, 3–4; statutory purpose of, clarified and enforced, 217–18; strengthening of, 7; structural improvements to, 219–21
Alabama, 66–67
Alaska, 153
Albany County nursing home, 135–36, 136
Alliance One Credit Company, 199–200
American Senior Communities, 195
anti-psychotic medications, 75, 184–88, 192
Arizona, 50
Asbury Park Press, 201
AseraCare, 205
ASFA. See Adoption and Safe Families Act
Ashcroft, John, 123–25
asset limit, SSI, 100–101
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 188
audits: failure of, 141–42; improved, 220; OIG, 16–17; by poverty industry, 51–52
Baltimore City Office of Child Support Enforcement, 145, 154
Baltimore County Department of Social Services (BCDSS), 11–12, 97
BCDSS. See Baltimore County Department of Social Services
Bearden v. Georgia, 202
bed taxes: Medicaid and, 119–26, 133, 139–40; nursing homes and, 133, 139
bipartisanship, in poverty industry, 112, 208
Blagojevich, “Rod,” 38
Blake, Fred, 85
Bridgeton, NJ, 200
Bristol Myers Squibb, 192
Brown, Jerry, 142
budget: cuts, 25–27, 52; fiscal federalism and, 26
burial spaces, 87
California: foster care in, 191; Medicaid in, 142
CASA. See court-appointed special advocate
caseworkers: children’s best interests and, 23; child support and, 166, 172; reunification and, 172
Centene Corporation, 38–40
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. (CMS), 30, 37, 43, 47, 141, 218
CFPB. See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
children: abused and neglected, 14–15, 167–68; best interests of, 23, 149–56, 168–70; child support supporting, 179, 213–15; debtor prison strategies and, 203; mentally disabled, 85–86; parens patriae and, 17–21, 23, 25, 27, 103, 208–9; in poverty, 13–14, 161, 167–68; rights of, 20–21, 23–25, 102–4, 212; serving, 170–71. See also foster children; juvenile justice system
child support, as revenue source: administrative costs and, 163–64; in Alaska, 153; caseworkers opposing, 166, 172; children supported by, 179, 213–15; in Department of Revenue, Child Support Enforcement Division v. Pealatree, 153; double dipping and, 83; “family first” rule and, 159–60, 215; Federal Parent Locator Service Child Support Services Portal and, 143; foster care and, 5, 76, 146–47, 164–79; in Harvey v. Marshall, 145, 154–57; history and, 148–51; laws regarding, 150–52, 168–70; in Maryland, 145, 153–57, 159–60, 215; MAXIMUS and, 143, 145, 154–56; origins of, 148–49; “pass through” and, 215; poverty and, 161, 167–68; in Powers v. Office of Child Support, 152–53; redirection of, 179, 208, 213–15; TANF and, 144, 150, 214; Title IV-D and, 150, 157, 173; Title IV-E and, 168–73; in Vermont, 151–53. See also welfare cost recovery
child welfare system: ASFA and, 171; funding structure of, 168; history of, 17–24; missions, poverty industry diverting, 170–75. See also foster care
Christie, Chris, 130–32
Clakamas County Circuit Court, 199–200
cloak of power, 20–25
CMS. See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.
CNSI, Inc., 42
Collection Referral Assessment Fee, 200
Colorado, 190
conflicts of interest, organizational. See organizational conflicts of interest
Congressional Research Service (CRS), 54
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), 108
contingency-fee revenue maximization contracts, 59–60, 219
Corbett, Tom, 39
cost-avoidance benefits, 174
cost recovery: foster children and, 166–76, 179; illegalities in, 167, 174–78; OIG and, 163, 172–74. See also welfare cost recovery
counsel, right to, 23–24
county governments, 92
court-appointed special advocate (CASA), 188
courts: fees and fines, 5–6, 198–203; juvenile, 21–23, 25, 212–13; revenue strategies of, 5–6, 198–203. See also Supreme Court, U.S.
CRS. See Congressional Research Service
current maintenance, foster children, 81, 104–5
Daily Journal, 200
Daniels, Mitch, 194
data analytics, 86–90
debtor prison strategies, 198–203
deep poverty, 16
defense industry, 3, 37–38, 53–54
Deloitte Consulting, 39–40, 128
dental care, 16
Depakote, 191
Department of Justice, U.S. (DOJ), 30–31
Department of Revenue, Child Support Enforcement Division v. Pealatree, 153
DiNapoli, Thomas, 129
disability: foster children and, 83, 85–88, 98–100; mental, 85–86; SSDI benefits for, 83–84, 88, 95; vulnerability and, 15–16. See also Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance; Supplemental Security Income
discount drug programs, 6, 184, 204–5
disproportionate share hospitals (DSH), 112, 114, 141
Disproportionate Share Program, 141–42
DOJ. See Department of Justice, U.S.
drugs, as revenue source: anti-psychotic medications, 75, 184–88, 192; discount, 6, 184, 204–5; in foster care, 5, 186–92; harm resulting from, 185–86; juvenile detention centers using, 5, 186–92; lawsuits and, 190–92; in nursing homes, 5, 16–17, 183–86, 191–93; pharmaceutical industry encouraging, 189–92, 204–5; psychotropic drugs, 5, 16, 75, 183–89, 191, 193; Reinstein and, 189–90
DSH. See disproportionate share hospitals
due process rights, 20, 23–24, 103–4, 178
Duncan Solutions, 200
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT), 98, 126
economics: family, 162–63; public, 163–64
elderly poor, 16–17. See also nursing homes
electronic monitoring, 204
Ely Lily, 192
England: parens patriae in, 17–18, 20, 25, 208–9; Poor Laws, 147, 149
EPSDT. See Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment
Eskenazi Health, 196–97
extreme poverty, 16
FAIR Act. See Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act
False Claims Act (FCA), 30–31, 60–61, 218
families: in culture of conflict, 158–61; economics of, 162–63; homeless, 13; impoverished and fragile, 13–14, 160, 167–68; reunification of, 167, 170–77, 214–15; serving, 170–71. See also child support, as revenue source; foster care; Temporary Aid for Needy Families program
“family first” rule, in child support, 159–60, 215
FCA. See False Claims Act
Federal Activities Inventory Reform (FAIR) Act, 45
federal aid: converted purpose of, illegal, 58–59; diverted into state revenue, 47–53, 117, 141–42; fiscal federalism subverted in, 53–57, 55; flow of, 32–35; purpose of, 48. See also aid programs
federal financial participation (FFP), 58
federal healthcare funds, 4–5
federalism, 32–33. See also fiscal federalism
Federal Parent Locator Service Child Support Services Portal, 143
fees and fines, court, 5–6, 198–203
Fee Waiver/Deferral Fee, 200
FFP. See federal financial participation
Fineman, Martha Albertson, 6
fiscal federalism: agency self-interest and, 26–27, 56; aid programs and, 28–29; defined, 33; flow of federal aid in, 32–35; iron triangle and, 28–29, 32–35, 53–57, 55; Medicaid and, 33–35; private sector and, 28–29; safety net and, 217; subversion of, 53–57, 55; Title IV-E Foster Care and, 33–35
fiscal integrity, of safety net, 217–21
flex funds, 220
flexible block grant proposals, 220
Florida: court fees and fines in, 202; foster care, 89–90, 187; juvenile justice system, 75, 186–87, 190–91; Medicaid in, 142
for-profit nursing homes, 185–86, 193–97
foster care: aging out of, 15; in Alabama, 66–67; in California, 191; child support and, 5, 76, 146–47, 164–79; in Colorado, 190; confidentiality in, 21; drugs used in, 5, 186–92; fiduciary obligations breached by, 106–10; in Florida, 89–90, 187; in Georgia, 22–23, 67, 69, 75, 88, 177, 188–89; in Hawaii, 105–6; in Iowa, 82, 88–89, 91, 95; juvenile court and, 212–13; in Kentucky, 52, 74–75, 84–87, 93–94, 99–100; in Maryland, 4, 11–12, 19, 24, 82–83, 91, 97, 99, 103, 109–10, 211–12; in Massachusetts, 187; MAXIMUS and, 82–84, 87, 89, 91–92, 95–96, 99, 165; in Nebraska, 76–77, 87, 95–96; in New York, 77–79; in North Carolina, 78–79, 92, 146–47, 165–66, 176–77; parental rights and, 146, 165–66, 171, 175–78, 214; PCG and, 50, 82, 84–86, 88–90, 95; penetration rate in, 70, 90, 168; poverty linked to, 14; racial disparities in, 70; “reasonable efforts” requirement of, 168; revenue maximization contractors hired by, 82–90; revenue rationales of, 91–93; states legally obligated to pay for, 93–94, 101–2, 104–10; as symbolic, 65; in Texas, 71–72, 75, 187–88; Title IV-B and, 68–69. See also Title IV-E Foster Care
foster children: assets and income of, 76–77; burial spaces of, 87; as collateral, 164–65, 174–78; cost recovery and, 166–76, 179; current maintenance needs, 81, 104–5; with disabilities, 83, 85–88, 98–100; family reunification of, 167, 170–77, 214–15; hypothetical example of, 68, 68–77; legal concerns with, 58–61, 101–10, 167; Medicaid for, 65, 73–74, 98; mentally disabled, 85–86; multiple revenue strategies using, 65–77; OASDI of, 1, 5, 11–12, 52, 59, 65, 73, 77–80, 106; pilot project work plan for, 83; prescription medications for, 5, 74–75; PTSD in, 65; representative payee of, 80–81, 94–98, 106–9, 212; resource limit of, 100–101; resources taken from, helping, 93–94; rights of, 20–21, 23–25, 102–4; Social Security benefits of, 1–2, 4–5, 11–12, 52, 59, 65, 73–75, 77–110, 210–13; SSBG and, 75–76; SSI of, 73–75, 80, 82–84, 86–92, 95, 98–100; TANF and, 75; as units, 89; VA benefits of, 65, 73, 210–13
Foster Children Self Support Act, 211
fragile families, 13–14, 160, 167–68
FRA program. See Hospital Federal Reimbursement Allowance program
Friedman, Mark, 48
Geodon, 192
Georgia: foster care in, 22–23, 67, 69, 75, 88, 177, 188–89; Medicaid in, 47, 59; SMILE accounting system, 88
Georgia Department of Human Resources, 22–23, 67, 69
Gephardt, Richard, 39–40
gifts, for revenue maximization contractors, 127–28
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 178
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 190, 192
government: auditors, 141–42, 220; county, 92; inherent functions of, 44–46; intergovernmental collaboration in, 57; private sector partnering with, 1–3; purpose of, 18–19, 33, 90–91. See also federalism; states
Graham, Bob, 31
grant-in-aid programs, 33–35
Greenstein, Bruce, 42
Gregg, Judd, 5, 49–50, 112, 121
Grell, Glen, 39
GSK. See GlaxoSmithKline
guardians, wards’ rights subverted by, 24–25
Harvey v. Marshall, 145, 154–57
Hawaii, 105–6
HCR Manor Care, 193
Health and Hospital Corporation (HHC), 193–97
healthcare: federal funds for, 4–5; pay-to-play tactics in, 38
Health Management Systems (HMS), 36–37
HHC. See Health and Hospital Corporation
HMS. See Health Management Systems
homeless families, 13
Hospital Federal Reimbursement Allowance (FRA) program, 123–26
hospitals: discount drug programs in, 6; DSH, 112, 114, 141; Eskenazi Health, 196–97
human service agencies: confidentiality of, 20–22, 25; county governments running, 92; federal aid diverted from, 47–53, 117, 141–42; as guardians, 24–25; as leaders, 221; mission restored in, 206, 208–17, 221; parens patriae and, 17–21, 23, 25, 27, 103, 208–9; purpose of, 13, 17–19, 26–27, 90–91, 98, 110, 147–58, 166, 208–17, 221; revenue maximization contractors relied on by, 29, 47, 82–90; revenue strategies of, 1–5, 25–26, 29, 47, 82–90; underfunded, 207. See also self-interest, agency
hunger assistance requests, 13
IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
IGTs. See intergovernmental transfers
illegalities, in poverty industry, 29–31, 219; conflict with statutory purpose and policy, 57–61; converted purpose of federal aid funds, 58–59; of cost recovery, 167, 174–78; of foster children as revenue source, 58–61, 101–10, 167; of Medicaid as revenue source, 58–61; policy debate over, 90–101; profit from, 197–204; revenue maximization contractors and, 59–61; termination of parental rights and, 175–78
Illinois: MAXIMUS in, 38; nursing homes in, 185–86
impoverished families, 13–14, 160, 167–68
Indiana: HHC in, 193–97; Medicaid in, 138–39, 141, 183, 193–97; nursing homes in, 138–39, 193–97
Indianapolis Star, 196
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 98, 126
industry, 2
inherently governmental functions, 44–46
interdependence: recognition of, 7; of vulnerable populations, 7, 17, 221
intergovernmental collaboration, 57
intergovernmental transfers (IGTs): Medicaid and, 114–16, 115, 119, 133–34, 142; nursing homes and, 133–34
Iowa: court fees and fines in, 198–99; foster care, 82, 88–89, 91, 95
iron triangle: fiscal federalism and, 28–29, 32–35, 53–57, 55; poverty industry and, 3–4, 28–29, 53–57, 55; traditional, 3, 53, 55
Johnson & Johnson, 191
judges: children’s rights and, 25; due process and, 24; kickbacks received by, 205–6; Title IV-E Foster Care and, 70
juvenile justice system: agency self-interest and, 21–23, 25; courts, 21–23, 25, 212–13; detention, 5, 87, 186–92, 205–6; drugs used in, 5, 186–92; in Florida, 75, 186–87, 190–91; foster care and, 212–13; in Pennsylvania, 205–6; SSI and, 87
Kentucky: foster care, 52, 74–75, 84–87, 93–94, 99–100; PCG and, 74–75
Kernan, Joe, 194
kinship care, 52
laws: child support, 150–52, 168–70; foster children’s federal benefits and, 210–11; Poor Laws, 147, 149
lawyers, right to, 23–24
License Sanction Assessment Fee, 200
litigation: against drug industry, 190–92; poverty industry reeled in by, 209, 211–12
“load the cannon” strategy, 89
Lydeker, Susan, 201
Maine, 50
maintenance of state effort, 218
Maryland: bastardy act, 147–48; child support in, 145, 153–57, 159–60, 215; Department of Human Resources, 19; fiduciary obligations breached by, 109–10; foster care in, 4, 11–12, 19, 24, 82–83, 91, 97, 99, 103, 109–10, 211–12; Medicaid in, 140, 216; nursing homes in, 140
Massachusetts: foster care in, 187; Medicaid in, 121–23, 220–21
matching grant programs, 29, 33, 104–5; Medicaid, 111–21, 116, 123–27, 130, 134–35, 137, 141; statutory purpose of, 217–18; Title IV-E Foster Care, 29, 33, 104–5
MAXIMUS, Inc., 28, 36; child support and, 143, 145, 154–56; foster care and, 82–84, 87, 89, 91–92, 95–96, 99, 165; in Illinois, 38; Medicaid and, 30, 37, 132; pilot project work plan of, 83; probation and, 203; revolving door at, 41
McDowell, Stromatt & Associates, 84–85
Medicaid, as revenue source: auditors failing to stop, 141–42; bed taxes, 119–26, 133, 139–40; in California, 142; Centene Corporation and, 38–39; CMS and, 30, 37, 43, 47, 141, 218; DSH and, 112, 114, 141; fiscal federalism and, 33–35; in Florida, 142; for foster children, 65, 73–74, 98; fraud and, 113, 218; funds diverted into state revenue, 48–50; in Georgia, 47, 59; IGTs, 114–16, 115, 119, 133–34, 142; illegalities and, 58–61; in Indiana, 138–39, 141, 183, 193–97; maintenance of state effort and, 218; in Maryland, 140, 216; in Massachusetts, 121–23, 220–21; matching grants and, 111–21, 116, 123–27, 130, 134–35, 137, 141; MAXIMUS and, 30, 37, 132; Mediscam, 5, 112–13; in Michigan, 114–15, 115, 127–28; in Missouri, 39, 123–26; in New Hampshire, 5, 50, 112, 121; in New Jersey, 130–33, 216; in New York, 128–29, 135–38, 136–37; in North Carolina, 141; in nursing homes, 133–40, 136–37, 183, 193–97; OCIs in, 44; in Oregon, 116–17; PCG and, 44, 123, 130–31; poverty industry auditing, 51–52; private contractors and, 123; redirection of, 207–8, 216–17; revenue maximization consultants as money guides for, 46–47; school-based claiming, 74, 126–33; scope of, 4–5, 111; special education and, 130–31; TCM services, 73–74; in Texas, 118–19, 141–42, 216; UPLs, 115–19, 116, 133–35, 137; in Washington, 45
Medicaid Enhancement Tax (MET), 112
Medicare: audits, 51–52; CMS and, 30, 37, 43, 47, 141, 218; OCIs in, 43–44
mental illness: of disabled poor, 15–16; parens patriae and, 18; rights and, 24; substance abuse and, 15–16; in women, 16
mentally disabled children, targeted, 85–86
MET. See Medicaid Enhancement Tax
Michigan: Medicaid in, 114–15, 115, 127–28; school-based claiming in, 127–28
military-industrial complex, 3, 53–54
Montana, 52–53
Mountlake Terrace, WA, 204
Myers and Stauffer, LC, 139
National Misdemeanant Private Probations Operations, 203
Nebraska: Department of Health and Human Services, 95–96; foster care, 76–77, 87, 95–96
neglect. See abused and neglected children
Neidorff, Michael, 39
New Hampshire, 5, 50, 112, 121
New Jersey: court fees and fines in, 200–201; Medicaid in, 130–33, 216
New York: foster care, 77–79; Medicaid in, 128–29, 135–38, 136–37; nursing homes in, 135–38, 136–37; school-based claiming in, 128–29
Nixon, Jay, 39
North Carolina: conflicts of interest in, 44; court fees and fines in, 202; foster care in, 78–79, 92, 146–47, 165–66, 176–77; Medicaid in, 141
Northrop Grumman, 36
nursing homes: A. Holly Paterson Extended Care Facility, 136, 136–38; Albany County, 135–36, 136; bed taxes and, 133, 139; dismal conditions of, 16–17; drugs used in, 5, 16–17, 183–86, 191–93; for-profit, 185–86, 193–97; HHC, 193–97; IGTs and, 133–34; in Illinois, 185–86; in Indiana, 138–39, 193–97; in Maryland, 140; Medicaid as revenue source and, 133–40, 136–37, 183, 193–97; in New York, 135–38, 136–37; UPLs and, 133–35, 137
OASDI. See Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance
Obama, Barack, 141
O’Bannon, Frank, 194
OCIs. See organizational conflicts of interest
Office of Inspector General (OIG), 43, 105–6; audits by, 16–17; cost recovery and, 163, 172–74
OIG. See Office of Inspector General
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI): of foster children, 1, 5, 11–12, 52, 59, 65, 73, 77–80, 106; representative payee of, 80
Omnicare, 191
Oregon: court fees and fines in, 199–200; UPLs in, 116–17
organizational conflicts of interest (OCIs), 42–44
Orshansky, Mollie, 13–14
parens patriae (state as parent): children and, 17–21, 23, 25, 27, 103, 208–9; in England, 17–18, 20, 25, 208–9
parental rights, terminated: foster care and, 146, 165–66, 171, 175–78, 214; illegality of, 175–78
PASS. See Plan for Achieving Self Support
“pass through,” of child support, 215
paternity establishment, 148, 172–73
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 141
Paxil, 192
Payment Assessment/Fee, 199–200
pay-to-play tactics, 37–39, 128
PCG. See Public Consulting Group
Pence, Mike, 194
Pennsylvania: court fees and fines in, 199; Deloitte Consulting in, 39–40; juvenile detention in, 205–6
Perry, Rick, 118
personnel, revolving door of, 40–41
Pfizer, 192
pharmaceutical industry, 189–92, 204–5
Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, 192
Philadelphia, 199
pilot project work plan, 83
Pioneer Credit, 200–201
Plan for Achieving Self Support (PASS), 101
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 65
poverty: children in, 13–14, 161, 167–68; child support and, 161, 167–68; debtor prisons and, 198–203; deep or extreme, 16; of disabled poor, 15–16; of elderly, 16–17; families in, 13–14, 160, 167–68; foster care linked to, 14; line, 13–14; welfare cost recovery increasing, 161
poverty industry: aid programs undermined by, 3–4; bipartisan practices in, 112, 208; child welfare agencies’ missions diverted by, 170–75; conflicts of interest in, 42–44; defined, 2; endless strategies of, 204–6; family reunification and, 167, 170–77, 214–15; federal aid as state revenue in, 47–53, 117, 141–42; formation of, 1, 3; growth of, 6, 26, 183–206; impact of, 3, 32, 54–55, 143; iron triangle and, 3–4, 28–29, 53–57, 55; litigation against, 209, 211–12; pay-to-play tactics in, 37–39, 128; poverty industry auditing, 51–52; reeled in, 207–21; revolving door in, 40–41; scope of, 3, 29, 31, 35–47, 143. See also illegalities, in poverty industry; private sector, in poverty industry; revenue strategies
power, cloak of, 20–25
Powers v. Office of Child Support, 152–53
predictive analytics, 89–90
prescription medications, for foster children, 5, 74–75
private collection, 198–202
private sector, in poverty industry: cloak of power and, 20–25; fiscal federalism and, 28–29; government entities partnering with, 1–3; growth of, 26; inherently governmental functions and, 44–46; proper use of, 207, 211, 219; scope of, 36–37. See also revenue maximization contractors
privatization, pressure to increase, 45
probation revenue strategy, 198, 203–4
ProPublica, 189
Protecting the Resources of Children in State Custody bill, 211–12
psychotropic drugs, 5, 16, 75, 183–89, 191, 193
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
Public Consulting Group (PCG): F.M. Blake, 84–86, 99–100; foster care and, 50, 82, 84–86, 88–90, 95; growth of, 36; Kentucky and, 74–75; Medicaid and, 44, 123, 130–31; revolving door at, 40–41
public economics, welfare cost recovery impacting, 163–64
pyramid schemes, 117
quality assessment fee (QAF), 139
racial disparities, in foster care, 70
“reasonable efforts” requirement, 168
reforms, 6
Reinstein, Michael, 189–90
Rendell, Ed, 39
representative payee: of foster children, 80–81, 94–98, 106–9, 212; SSA and, 94–96, 106–9, 212; volunteer, 96
reunification, family, 167, 170–77, 214–15
revenue maximization contractors, 2, 27, 133; agencies relying on, 29, 47, 82–90; contingency-fee contracts, 59–60, 219; data analytics used by, 86–90; foster care agencies hiring, 82–90; gifts for, 127–28; illegalities and, 59–61; iron triangle and, 28–29; as money guides, 46–47; reined in, 218–19; scope of, 46–47; social welfare maximization yielding to, 56
revenue strategies: budget cuts and, 25–27; contingency-fee, 59–60, 219; of courts, 5–6, 198–203; debtor prisons, 198–203; double dipping in, 83; electronic monitoring, 204; endless, 204–6; entrenched, 208; federal healthcare funds in, 4–5; of human service agencies, 1–5, 25–26, 29, 47, 82–90; overlapping, 169–70; probation, 198, 203–4; rationales, 91–93; scope of, 46–47; Title IV-B Child Welfare Services and Promoting Safe and Stable Families program, 68–69; Title IV-E, 46, 50, 65–66, 67, 69–72; unknown data of, 216. See also child support, as revenue source; drugs, as revenue source; foster children; Medicaid, as revenue source; nursing homes
revolving door, in poverty industry, 40–41
Ridge, Tom, 39–40
rights: of children, 20–21, 23–25, 102–4, 212; to counsel, 23–24; due process, 20, 23–24, 103–4, 178; mental illness and, 24; parental, 146, 165–66, 171, 175–78, 214; subverted, 24–25
Rubio, Marco, 220
Ryan, Paul, 220
safety net: fiscal federalism and, 217; fiscal integrity restored to, 217–21; revenue maximization contractors reined in for, 218–19; siphoning of, 1; structural improvements to aid programs and, 219–21
San Jose Mercury News, 191
Scalia, Antonin, 178
school-based claiming, Medicaid: in Michigan, 127–28; in New Jersey, 130–33; in New York, 128–29; as revenue source, 74, 126–33
self-interest, agency: agency purpose in conflict with, 13, 17–19, 26–27, 148–57, 166, 208, 221; cloak of power in, 20–25; fiscal federalism and, 26–27, 56; juvenile justice system and, 21–23, 25; state interests in conflict with, 26–27; vulnerable populations and, 13, 18–27, 90–91, 110, 147, 151–58, 166, 221; wards’ rights subverted for, 24–25
SEMI. See Special Education Medicaid Initiative
SMILE accounting system, 88
Social Security Act, 102, 107, 150, 157, 173
Social Security Administration (SSA): juvenile courts and, 212–13; representative payee and, 94–96, 106–9, 212; staff hired from, 85
Social Security Advocacy Management Services (SSAMS), 82
Social Security benefits: of foster children, 1–2, 4–5, 11–12, 52, 59, 65, 73–75, 77–110, 210–13; juvenile court and, 212–13; in “load the cannon” strategy, 89; in overlapping revenue strategies, 170; policy debate over, 90–101; representative payee of, 80–81, 94–98, 106–9, 212; SSDI, 83–84, 88, 95; Title IV-E and, 91. See also Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance; Supplemental Security Income
Social Services Block Grant (SSBG), 75–76
social welfare maximization, yielding to revenue maximization, 56
South Carolina, 177
special education funds, 128–32
Special Education Medicaid Initiative (SEMI), 130–31
SSA. See Social Security Administration
SSAMS. See Social Security Advocacy Management Services
SSI. See Supplemental Security Income
Stark, Pete, 210–11
state as parent. See parens patriae
states: accountability of, 216–17; agency interests in conflict with, 26–27; audits of, 141–42; broad discretion of, 215; cash-strapped, 207; double dipping by, 83; federal aid as revenue for, 47–53, 117, 141–42; as leaders, 221; as legally obligated to pay for foster care, 93–94, 101–2, 104–10; maintenance of state effort and, 218; services cut by, 52–53. See also federalism
substance abuse, 15–16
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 45–46
substantive due process, 178
supplantation, 48–49
Supplemental Security Income (SSI): asset limit, 100–101; data analytics identifying, 86–87; of foster children, 73–75, 80, 82–84, 86–92, 95, 98–100; juvenile detention and, 87; maximum attainment of, 91–92
Supreme Court, U.S., 101; Bearden v. Georgia, 202; on court fees and fines, 202; FCA and, 61; Ginsburg on, 178; In re Gault, 21, 23, 25, 103; Scalia on, 178; on substantive due process, 178; Troxel v. Granville, 178; Washington State Dep’t of Social & Health Services v. Guardianship Estate of Keffeler, 102
TANF. See Temporary Aid for Needy Families program
targeted case management (TCM) services, 73–74
Tauzin, Billy, 205
taxes: bed, 119–26, 133, 139–40; MET, 112; refunds of, 160
TCM services. See targeted case management services
Temporary Aid for Needy Families program (TANF): child support and, 144, 150, 214; foster children and, 75; goals of, 214
Tennessee, 215
Texas: foster care in, 71–72, 75, 187–88; Medicaid in, 118–19, 141–42, 216
Thompson, Tommy, 40
340B Drug Discount Program, 204–5
Title IV-B Child Welfare Services and Promoting Safe and Stable Families program, 68–69
Title IV-D of the Social Security Act, 150, 157, 173
Title IV-E Foster Care: administrative costs, 71–72; adoption assistance, 72; child support and, 168–73; current maintenance costs required by, 104–5; disability and, 99–100; fiscal federalism and, 33–35; illegalities and, 58–59, 61; judges on, 70; as matching grant program, 29, 33, 104–5; penetration rate and, 168; revenue strategies and, 46, 50, 65–66, 67, 69–72; Social Security benefits and, 91; training costs, 72
training costs, Title IV-E, 72
Troxel v. Granville, 178
UMMS. See University of Massachusetts Medical School
United States (U.S.): bastardy acts, 147–51, 156; CMS, 30, 37, 43, 47, 141, 218; Department of Justice, 30–31; federalism in, 32–33; parens patriae in, 18–19. See also Supreme Court, U.S.
University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), 44
Upper Payment Limits (UPLs): Medicaid and, 115–19, 116, 133–35, 137; nursing homes and, 133–35, 137
U.S. See United States
VA benefits. See Veteran’s Assistance benefits
Vermont, 151–53
Veteran’s Assistance (VA) benefits, 65, 73, 210–13
volunteer representative payee programs, 96
vulnerability, 221
vulnerable populations: abused and neglected children, 14–15, 167–68; agencies’ purpose and, 13, 17–19, 26–27, 90–91, 98, 110, 147–58, 166, 208–17, 221; agencies’ self-interest and, 13, 18–27, 90–91, 110, 147, 151–58, 166, 221; disabled poor, 15–16; exploitation of, 1–7; impoverished, fragile families, 13–14, 160, 167–68; interdependence of, 7, 17, 221; parens patriae and, 17–21, 23, 25, 27, 103, 208–9; strength of, 6; unmet needs of, 1–3. See also elderly poor; foster children
Washington Post, 205
Washington State: court fees and fines in, 202–3; electronic monitoring in, 204; Medicaid in, 45
Washington State Dep’t of Social & Health Services v. Guardianship Estate of Keffeler, 102
welfare cost recovery, 144–46; bastardy acts and, 147–51, 156; conflicting purpose in, 148–57; culture of conflict in, 158–61; family economics impacted by, 162–63; history of, 149–51; impact of, 157–64; poverty increased by, 161; public economics impacted by, 163–64; societal costs of, 161; with tax refunds, 160
WellCare, 30–31
women, mental illness in, 16
Woodhouse, Barbara Bennett, 23–24
Yaple, Mike, 132–33
Zone Program Integrity Contractors (ZPICs), 43
Zyprexa, 192