The page references in this index correspond to the print edition from which this ebook was created, and clicking on them will take you to the the location in the ebook where the equivalent print page would begin. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Author’s note: as promised on p. xvii, I have added to Greek proper names the acute accent that shows the position of the strees when pronounced. Where the names listed below are anglicized equivalents, no stress mark is shown.
Abdul Hamid (Ottoman Sultan), 160, 181
Abdulmejid (Ottoman Sultan), 140
Acropolis (newspaper), 176, 185
Acropolis of Athens see Athens, Acropolis of
Adrianople (Edirne)
in Balkan Wars (1912–13), 194
Aegina, 96
Agathángelos, oracles attributed to, 40–1
Agia Sophia see St Sophia
AKEL see Cyprus, Communist Party of
Albania, 50, 161, 193, 200, 202, 265–71, 301–2, 361–2
Albanians, Albanian language
immigrants in Greece, 361–2
in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 358, 360
in Greek Revolution, 79, 86, 106, 193
under Ottoman rule, 21, 25, 26, 33, 90, 237–8
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 47, 48, 77–9
Alexander, King of the Hellenes (1917–20), 214, 219
Alexandria (Egypt), 46, 157, 159
Alfred, Prince (second son of Queen Victoria), 142–3
Áli Tepedelenlí, Pasha of Ioánnina (Ali Pasha), 50–52, 73, 77–8, 81, 85, 89
Amalia of Oldenburg (Queen of Greece, 1836–62), 137, 138
Americans (in Greek Revolution), 94–6
see also United States of America
Anatolia
Greek speakers settled in, 33, 82, 156
Greek territorial ambitions in, 202, 216–17
Greek campaign in, 217–32
Turocretans displaced to, 235
ancient Greece, ancient Greek civilization, 1, 3–9, 27–32, 61–2, 64, 109, 233
emulated during 1830s, 115–22, 130
ANEL (Independent Greeks) see political parties
Ankara (Turkey), 221–3
Annan, Kofi (UN Secretary General, 1997–2006), 370–73
anthropology, anthropologists, 34–5
Archbishop Damaskinós see Damaskinós
Argentina, 379
Árgos, 110
army (Greek)
in Anatolia (1919–22), 217–26, 233
involvement in politics, 117, 126, 139, 186–9, 240–49, 254–6, 328–43
Asia Minor Catastrophe (1922), 225–6, 230–38, 308
Assembly see National Assembly of the Provisional Greek Government; Constituent Assembly
Ástros (2nd National Assembly at, 1823), 88, 98
Athens
Acropolis of, 119–20, 239, 272, 291–2
and self-determination for Greek Cypriots, 311–12, 316, 317–18, 320
Battle for (1944), 288–93
before the Revolution, 69
city-planning in 19th century, 118–20, 165
designated national capital, 6, 118
during the Revolution, 76, 91, 93
infrastructure projects since the 1980s, 351, 367, 392
occupied during WWII, 272, 274, 285, 287
Polytechnic of (1973 uprising and legacy), 334–8, 343–4, 352, 377–8, 395
Treaty of (1913), 197
unrest in, 330, 334, 377–8, 382–3
see also Olympic Games in Athens
Áthos, Mount (Holy Mountain of Orthodoxy), 20, 363, 376
Australian troops in Greece (WWII), 271–3
Austria, Austrians, 15, 44–6, 68, 79, 83, 138, 153, 154, 184, 264
in WWI, 201–16
Avranás, Aléxandros, 392
Axis Occupation of Greece (1941–4) see Occupation
Aydin, vilayet of (administrative district), 136, 217–26
Ayvalik (Kydoniés, western Anatolia), 82
bailout see Memorandum of Understanding
Balkan Wars
(1912–13), 192–201
bankruptcy
(1932), 244–5
Barrès, Maurice, 175
Basil II (Byzantine emperor, ‘Bulgar-Slayer’), 180–81, 192
Bavaria, Bavarians, 110–22, 129, 133–4, 139, 308, 343, 349
Beirut agreement (May 1944), 286–7
Benákis, Emmanuel, 157, 213, 219
Bentham, Jeremy, 94
Berlin, Congress and Treaty of (1878), 153, 158, 160–61, 196
Bevin, Ernest (British Foreign Secretary), 300
Bonaparte see Napoleon Bonaparte
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 153, 184, 200–201
brigands, brigandage, 34, 49–50, 117, 151, 152–3, 179, 243, 276
Britain see Great Britain
British embassy, Athens, 316, 364
Treaty of (1812), 48
Bulgaria
autonomous province (1878–1908), 152–5, 166
Communist rule in, 293, 301–2, 303–4
in WWI, 201–16
nation state (since 1908), 184, 192–8, 243, 357
Bulgarians, Bulgarian language, 21, 25, 79, 149, 161–3, 177–81, 237–8
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 6, 66–8, 69, 89, 92, 94, 97, 100
Byzantine Empire, 7–13, 130–33, 165, 180–81, 206, 223, 233
Cacoyannis, Michael, 322, 325–6
Cairo, Greek government in exile in (1941–4), 273, 285, 286–7
Campbell, John, 34–5
Canada, 307
Candia see Heraklion
Canning, Stratford, 100
Capodistria, John see Kapodístrias, Ioánnis
Caserta (Italy), Greek government in exile in (1944), 186–7
Castlereagh, Viscount (Robert Stewart), 97
Catherine the Great (empress of Russia), 17–19, 362
Catholic Church, Roman Catholics, 11, 12–14, 81, 137
Cavafy, C. P., 110
Centre Union see political parties
Chaeronea, Battle of (338 BCE), 130
Chalkidikí, 214
Chamberlain, Neville, 264
Chams see Tsámides
Charílaos Trikoúpis Suspension Bridge, 148, 351
Chíos, 76, 82, 111, 193, 202, 226
Christódoulos (Archbishop of Athens and All Greece, 1998–2008), 364–5
Church of Cyprus see Cyprus, Church of
Church of Greece, 117, 212, 215, 304, 348, 364–5
Churchill, Winston, 195, 204, 265, 266, 268–9, 287, 291, 292, 294–5
CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency), 330, 353
cinema, Greek, 321–6
civil war in Greece, 11
during the 1940s, 256, 283–306
during the Revolution (1824–5, 1831–2), 85–90, 98, 203, 205
during WWI (‘National Schism’), 171, 201–31, 245, 247
Coalition of the Radical Left see political parties: SYRIZA
Cochrane, Thomas, Lord, 95
Codrington, Edward (Admiral), 102
Cold War, 291–4, 302, 308, 309, 343–4, 351–2, 355–6, 361, 365, 390
‘Colonels’ see dictatorship (1967–74)
Comintern, 249–50
Committee for Union and Progress, 181, 185, 187
Communism, 240, 250, 255–6, 260–61, 270, 279, 280, 347–8
Communist Party of Greece (KKE) see political parties
Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (1913–17, 1920–22), 197, 201–26, 241, 248, 266, 293
as Crown Prince, 165, 167–9, 193–4
Constantine II, King of the Hellenes (1964–74), 328–33, 345
Constantine XI Palaiologos (Byzantine emperor), 40, 206, 223
Constantinople
capital of Byzantine Empire, 7–8, 39–41, 60
capital of Ottoman Empire, 75, 184–5, 193
goal of ‘Grand Idea’, 122–9, 206–7, 216
Greek community of, 157–60, 182–3, 314–15
seat of Ecumenical Patriarchate of the Orthodox Church, 10–11, 16–17, 117
see also Istanbul
Constantinople Organization (1908–12), 182–3
Constituent Assembly
(1844), 126–9
(1863–4), 143–4
(1910–11), 188–91
(1924), 241
(1945, proposed), 295
Constitution (Greece)
(1822, Provisional), 76, 84–5, 88, 94, 116, 139
(1911), 189–90
(1952), 306–7
(1975), 345–6
Constitution Square see Sýntagma Square
Coray, Adamance see Koraís
Corfu, 15, 20, 43–4, 45, 105, 130–31, 208, 290
Corinth, 86
Coron, 91
Corsica, 219
Coubertin, Pierre de, 164–5
Crete
Cretan State (1898–1913), 169, 177, 184, 186
during Greek Revolution, 82, 87, 111
during interwar period, 235
home of Venizélos, 177, 188, 242, 317
revolts in (‘Cretan Question’), 124–5, 150–52, 155, 166–7
under Ottoman rule, 36–7
under Venetian rule, 13–14
unified with Greece (1913), 197
Crusades, 12–13
Cyclades, 81
Cyprus
before the 1950s, 13, 82, 153, 156, 208
British sovereign bases in, 320, 340
Church of, 310–321
Communist Party of (AKEL), 316
coup and invasion (1974), 338–42, 346, 352
during the 1950s, 309–21
independence of (1960), 319–21
Republic of, 1, 11, 320, 328, 332, 344–6, 355, 370–73, 383, 393–4, 395–6
Turkish Cypriots, 318–21, 328, 341–2, 370–73
Czechoslovakia, 264, 265, 339, 393
Damalá (3rd National Assembly at, 1827), 93, 104–5
Damaskinós (Archbishop of Athens and All Greece), 294, 309
Danubian principalities, 15, 16–17, 48, 149–50
Dardanelles
Battle of (1912), 194
campaign (1915), 206
in Italo-Ottoman war (1911–12), 192
see also Gallipoli
Daskalogiánnis (leader of Cretan revolt, 1770), 36–7
Dassin, Jules, 323
debt
Europe’s, to Greece, 31, 95–6, 113
Greek, to Europe, 96, 125–6, 136, 164, 168–9, 244–5, 388, 394–8
Delacroix, Eugène, 76
Deligiánnis, Kanéllos, 146
Deligiánnis, Theódoros see Diligiánnis, Theódoros
Demertzís, Konstantínos (prime minister, 1936), 252, 254
Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), 300–302
demotic (spoken variety of Greek language), 175–6, 190, 259, 279–80, 345–6
Denktash, Rauf (president, TRNC, 1983–2005), 370, 371
Denmark, Prince William of see George I, King of the Hellenes
Dervenákia, Battle of (1822), 86–7
Diaspora (Greek) see emigration
dictatorship
(1936–41), 252–70, 287, 329, 385
(1967–74), 9, 10, 260, 330–44, 385
see also Metaxas
Digenís (hero of traditional folk songs), 37–8, 315
Diligiánnis, Theódoros (prime minister in late 19th century), 146–8, 154–5, 166–9, 171–2
Dimitríou, Andréas (executed in Cyprus, 1956), 316
Dodecanese, 192, 218, 309, 328
see also individual islands
drachma (national currency, 1833–2001), 6, 116–17, 244–5, 274, 296
Dragashan, Battle of (1821), 79, 83
Dragoúmis, Íon, 170, 175, 182–3, 219
Durrell, Lawrence, 29
EAM (National Liberation Front), 278–96, 300, 303–5
‘Eastern Crisis’ (1875–8), 147, 152–4
‘Eastern Question’, 49, 64, 98, 135–6, 202
Eçevit, Bulent (prime minister of Turkey, 1974), 340
EDES (National Republican Hellenic League), 281–90, 294–5
Edirne see Adrianople
EEC see European Economic Community
Egypt, 46, 90–93, 157, 273, 281, 318
EKKA (National and Social Liberation), 281–2
ELAS (Hellenic Popular Liberation Army), 279–96, 300
Elgin Marbles see Sculptures of the Parthenon
Elytis, Odysseus (Odysséas Elýtis), 239, 325
emigration, 19, 156–7, 140–41, 156–7, 159, 173, 307
Engonópoulos, Níkos, 239
Enlightenment
Enver Pasha (Young Turk leader), 181–3, 191
EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Combatants), 315–21, 339
Epiros, 20, 135, 161, 167, 193–4, 235, 237, 288, 294
‘Northern Epiros’ (southern Albania), 309
Erdoğan, Recip Tayyip (prime minister of Turkey, 2003–14), 370–73
euro (currency), Eurozone, 6, 11, 366–7, 378–89, 393–4, 397
European Economic Community (EEC), 321, 344, 349–51, 354
European Union (EU), 1, 321, 351, 357, 364, 366–73, 378–89, 393–5, 397–8
Exarchate, Bulgarian see Bulgaria, Bulgarians
Exárcheia district (Athens), 377–8
Eynard, Jean-Gabriel (Swiss philhellene), 96
Fabvier, Charles (French philhellene), 95
Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp, 129, 131
fascism, 255, 257–8, 260, 269, 270, 384–5
see also neo-fascists, Nazis
feminism in Greece, 173, 348, 354–5
Feraíos see Rígas
Finlay, George, 76–7, 85, 91, 92, 94, 107, 113, 141, 276–7
foreign loans see loans (to Greek government)
Foreign Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (British), 249, 252, 264–5, 287, 314
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 168, 178, 357–61, 363, 365, 368, 383
France
blockades Greek ports, 134–5, 135–6, 154–6, 203
in WWI, 201–16
policy towards Greece, 97–104, 107
Franco, General Francisco, 255–6
Fraternal Instruction (Koraís, 1798), 58
French Revolution, 43–73
Friendly Society (Philikí Etairía), 69–73, 77–85, 94, 103, 157, 166, 279
Gallipoli campaign (WWI), 206, 221
Gavriilídis, Vlásis, 185
George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913), 143–5, 153, 163–4, 170, 171, 186, 188, 195–6
George II, King of the Hellenes (1922–4, 1935–47), 226, 240–41, 247–9, 254–6, 329
return to Greece (1947), 298–9
role during WWII, 270–71, 272–3, 286–7
George IV, King (UK), 103
George, Crown Prince of Greece, 165, 168, 177
Germanós, Bishop of Old Patras, 80
Germany
and financial crisis (2010–), 386–7, 395
as new ‘Great Power’, 154–5
in WWI, 201–16
Metaxas trained in, 253
Nazi regime in (1933–45), 257–8, 260, 261, 263–5, 269, 291
occupies Greece in WWII, 228, 272–86
postwar, 307
unification of, 114, 139, 148–9
Giannarás, Chrístos, 363
Giannópoulos, Pericles, 174–5
Gibbon, Edward, 60
Gizíkis, Phaídon (General, president under dictatorship, 1973–4), 337–8, 341
Gligorov, Kiro (prime minister, FYROM, 1991–9), 361
Glinós, Dimítris, 279–80
Golden Dawn see political parties
Gorgopótamos viaduct, 277
Goudí (Athens)
execution of the ‘Six’ at (1922), 226–7, 240, 388
Goúnaris, Dimítrios (prime minister, 1915, 1921–2), 207, 219, 222
Grámmos (mountain range), 302
‘Grand Idea’, 127–9, 134, 136–9, 140, 147, 150–55, 160, 166–71, 182–3, 191, 194, 198, 207–232, 361
Grande Bretagne Hotel (Sýntagma Square, Athens), 120, 213, 271–2, 289–90, 317
Great Britain
and Cyprus conflict (1955–9), 309–21
and Cyprus coup and invasion (1974), 340–42
blockades Greek ports, 134–5, 135–6, 154–6, 203
leaves the gold standard (1931), 244–5
policy towards Greece, 97–104, 107, 110–11, 201–29, 249, 264–300, 304
relations with Greece since 1960, 320
see also Foreign Office
Greek language
history of, 2
Pontian dialect of, 236–7
varieties of (‘Language Question’), 24–5, 120–21, 175–6, 190, 259, 279–80, 345–6
Greek Rally see political parties
Grívas, Geórgios (Colonel, leader of EOKA), 315–21, 338
Guys, Pierre Augustin, 28–9, 31, 95
Hadjidákis, Mános, 323–4
Hadjikyriákos-Ghíkas, Níkos, 239
Hagia Sophia see St Sophia
Hastings, Frank Abney, 95, 106
Hellenic Nomarchy (1806), 62–6, 78
Hellenic Popular Liberation Army see ELAS
Hellenic Republic (official name for Greece since 1974), 9, 345
Heraklion (formerly Candia), 14, 36
historicism, 131–3
Hitler, Adolf, 253, 260, 265, 268, 270, 273, 284, 395
Holland, Henry (British traveller in Greece), 67–8
Holocaust in Greece (1943–4), 275–6
Howe, Samuel Gridley (American philhellene), 96
Hoxha, Enver, 362
Huntington, Samuel, 11
during Greek Revolution, 81, 83, 87, 92–3, 107–8
Hypsilantes see Ypsilántis
Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad, Viceroy of Egypt, 90–93, 99
Ilinden uprising (1903), 178
Ímbros (Gökçeada), 193
Independent Greeks see political parties: ANEL
Inönü, Ismet (Ismet Pasha), 228, 231, 313
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 177–80
International Monetary Fund, 380, 385, 397
Ioannídis, Dimítrios (Brigadier-General, leader of dictatorship, 1973–4), 337–42
Ioannídis, Ioánnis (joint KKE leader, 1941–5), 278
Ioánnina, 20, 35–6, 50, 51, 77, 81, 85–6, 89, 194, 196
Ionian islands, 253
British Protectorate of (1814–64), 92–3, 97, 122, 130–31
ceded to Greece (1864), 142–4, 148, 195, 309
during French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1797–1815), 47
under Venetian rule, 13, 15–16, 20
see also individual islands
Ismit (Turkey), 369
Isnik (Nicaea, Turkey), 237
see also Constantinople
Italy
as new ‘Great Power’, 154–5
at war with Ottoman Empire (1911–12), 192–3
Fascist regime in (1922–43), 257–8, 260, 263–8
unification of, 114, 137–8, 148–9
Izmir see Smyrna
Jassy (Iaşi, Moldavia), 20, 26, 78
Jewish communities in Greece
Romaniot, 32, 82, 237–8, 275–6
Sephardic, 162–3, 237–8, 275–6
Juncker, Jean-Claude (president, European Commission, 2014–), 379
Kalávryta, 80
Kallérgis, Dimítrios, 126
Kapodístrias, Ioánnis (John Capodistria)
Governor of Greece (1827–31), 93, 104–9
joint foreign minister of Russia, 69, 71, 72
legacy of, 110, 116, 139, 187, 349, 376
Karagiózis (shadow-puppet theatre), 374
Karamanlídes (Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians), 156
Karamanlís, Konstantínos (prime minister 1955–63, 1974–80, president 1980–85, 1990–95), 321, 326–7, 341–6, 365
Karamanlís, Kóstas (Konstantínos) (prime minister, 2004–9), 371, 375–8
Karaolís, Michael (executed in Cyprus, 1956), 316
Karateodori Pasha (Aléxandros Karatheodorís), 158–9
Karystiáni, Ioánna, 335–6
Kásos (Dodecanese), 87
Kastellórizo (Dodecanese), 328
Kastoriá (Epiros), 178, 180, 360
Kateríni (Macedonia), 212
katharévousa (formal variety of Greek language), 121, 190, 259, 345–6
Kazantzákis, Níkos, 109, 174, 240, 261, 325
Kemal, Mustafa (later called Atatürk), 168, 191, 220–26, 228, 229, 244, 313
Kiphisiá (suburb of Athens), 187, 246, 266–7
Kissinger, Henry (US Secretary of State, 1973–7), 339–42
KKE (Communist Party of Greece) see political parties
Kláras, Athanásios see Velouchiótis, Áris
Kokkiniá (Níkaia, Piraeus), 237
Koléttis, Ioánnis
during Greek Revolution, 89–90
early career, 51
later political career, 112, 127–9
leader of ‘French’ party, 99
Kolokotrónis, Gennaíos, 124
Kolokotrónis, Pános, 88
Kolokotrónis, Theódoros
and ‘Russian’ party, 99, 123–4
family of, 36
later political career, 112
leader during Revolution, 76, 80, 83, 86–7, 88, 98, 303
Kondýlis, Geórgios (General), 242, 247–9, 252
Konstantás, Grigórios, 23–4
Koraís, Adamántios (Adamance Coray), 57–66, 72, 109, 121
Kordátos, Giánnis, 260
Korean War (1950–53), 301, 307
Koróni see Coron
Koryzís, Aléxandros (prime minister, 1941), 271–2
Koskotás, George (banker), 354
Kosovo, 364–5
Koundouriótis, Pávlos (Admiral), 194
Kozáni (Macedonia), 20
Küçük Kaynarcı, Treaty of (1774), 19
Kýkkos monastery (Cyprus), 311
Laibach (Ljubljana), 79
Lámbros, Spyrídon, 166
Language Question see Greek language (varieties of)
Lánthimos, Giórgos, 392
Lausanne
Convention (January 1923), 231–2, 234–6, 315
peace conference (1922–3), 231–2
Treaty of (July 1923), 228, 236, 313
Leeper, Reginald (Rex) (British ambassador to Greek government, 1943–6), 286–7, 299
Leghorn see Livorno
Lehman Brothers (investment bank), 376
Lemnos (Límnos), 193, 208, 216
Lenin, Vladimir, 249
Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg (King of the Belgians), 110, 113
Lepanto (Náfpaktos), 86
Lesbos (Lésvos), 82, 183, 193, 202, 226
Liáni, Dímitra (2nd wife of Andréas Papandréou), 354–5
Liberal Party see political parties
Libya, 192
Livorno (Italy), 19
Ljubljana see Laibach
Lloyd George, David, 195, 204, 216, 220, 222, 229
loans (to Greek government), 96, 98, 100, 125–6, 136, 243–4, 396
see also Memorandum of Understanding
London Greek Conference (1826–32), 100, 102–3, 106–7, 110–11, 124
London
conference (May 1917), 214
Greek community of, 159
Treaty of (1913), 194–6
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 110, 114–15
Macedonia, Socialist Republic of (1943–91), 357–8
see also Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia
geographical region in Ottoman Empire, 161–3, 166, 177–81
in Balkan Wars (1912–13), 192–4
in WWI, 209–16
region of Greek state (since 1913), 235, 250, 273, 284 and n.19, 287–8, 293, 309, 357–61
Macmillan, Harold, 314–15, 318
Mahmud II (Ottoman Sultan), 52–3, 90–91, 104, 124
Maison, Nicolas (General), 103, 106
Makários II (Archbishop and Ethnarch of Cyprus), 311
Makários III
Archbishop and Ethnarch of Cyprus, 311–21
President, Republic of Cyprus (1960–77), 328, 338–42, 346
Makrónisos (detention centre), 302
Máni (southern Peloponnese) 34, 45, 108
Maniadákis, Konstantínos (minister of internal security, 1936–41), 259–60
Mánthos of Ioánnina (historian), 35–6
Mariupol, 18
Márkaris, Pétros, 392
Marmarotoúris, Ioánnis, 69
Marseille, 19
Marshall Plan (US aid to Greece), 307–8
Marx, Karl, 173–4
Maurras, Charles, 175
Mavrokordátos, Aléxandros
during Greek Revolution, 83–5, 86–90, 96–100
later political career, 112, 128, 136
Mavrokordátos, Nikólaos, 17, 22
Mavromichális, Petróbey, 76, 83, 88, 94, 95, 108
family of, 108–9
Mávros, Geórgios (Centre Union leader), 344
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 137
Melás, Pávlos, 180
Memorandum of Understanding (between Greece and ‘Troika’, 2010, 2012, 2015), 126, 380–89, 397–8
Menderes, Adnan (prime minister of Turkey, 1950–60), 313–14, 315
Mercoúri, Melína, 4, 9–10, 322–3
metapolítefsi (change of political system, 1974), 342–74, 385
Metaxás, Ioánnis (General, dictator 1936–41), 204, 230, 252–70, 274, 293, 329, 331, 332
Methóni see Modon
Metternich, Klemens von, 68
Miaoúlis, Andréas (Admiral), 108
Miliés (Mount Pelion), 23
Miliónis, Chrístos (hero of folk song), 38–9
Military League (1909–10), 186–8
Miller, Henry, 29
Missolonghi (Mesolóngi), 87, 89, 91–3, 94–5
Mitropoulos, Dimitri, 239–40
Mitsotákis, Konstantínos (prime minister, 1990–93), 356, 358–9
Mnimónio see Memorandum of Understanding
Modon (Methóni), 91
Moldavia, 15, 16–17, 77–9, 149–50
Molotov, Vyacheslav (Soviet foreign minister), 297
monarchy, referendum on
(1924), 241
(1935), 247–8
(1946), 298–9
(1974), 345
Monastir (Bitola, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), 168, 181
Montenegro, 153, 193, 197, 202, 364
Móralis, Giánnis, 239
Morea see Peloponnese
Morgenthau, Henry (US ambassador), 234, 235–6
Moúdros (Lemnos), 208
armistice signed at (1918), 216
Moúskos, Michael see Makários III
Muhammad Ali (Mehmet), Viceroy of Egypt, 90–91
Mussolini, Benito, 253, 260, 263–70, 284
Mustafa IV (Ottoman Sultan), 52
Musurus Pasha (Konstantínos Mousoúros), 159
Mytilíni see Lesbos
Náfpaktos see Lepanto
Náfplio (Nauplia, Napoli di Romania), 86, 138
first capital of Greece, 91–3, 105–6, 109–13, 118
Nansen, Fridtjof, 234
Napists see ‘Russian’ party
Napoleon Bonaparte, 44–53 passim, 53
Napoleon III of France, 135
National and Social Liberation see EKKA
National Assembly of the Provisional Greek Government
(1823, Ástros), 88, 98,
(1827, Troezen/Damalá), 93, 104–5
(1832, Prónoia), 109–10
National Liberation Front see EAM
National Radical Union see political parties
National Republican Hellenic League see EDES
National Resistance (WWII) see Occupation
‘National Schism’, 203, 206, 207, 215, 229, 247
see also civil war in Greece (during WWI)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 307, 315, 321, 327, 330, 343–4, 351–2, 364, 396
Navaríno, Battle of (1827), 102–3
Náxos, 214
Nazis, 4, 257–8, 260, 263–5, 273, 284, 395
Greek collaborators with, 283–5, 288–9, 306
see also fascism, neo-fascists
neo-fascists, 384–5
Never on a Sunday (dir. Dassin, 1960), 323
New Zealand troops in Greece (WWII), 271–3
Niárchos, Stávros, 25
see also Stávros Niárchos Foundation Cultural Centre
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 100, 103–4, 293
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 206
Nicolson, Harold, 217
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 173–4
Níkaia see Kokkiniá
Nixon, Richard (US president, 1968–74), 339–40
Nobel Prize for Literature, 239, 325
Obrenović, Miloš (Serbian leader), 53
Öcalan, Abdullah (PKK leader), 368
Occupation of Greece by Axis (Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, 1941–4), 272–86, 347–8, 395
Office of Strategic Services, American (OSS), 276–8
Olga, Grand Duchess, Queen of Greece (1867–1913), 145
Olympic Games in Athens
(1896), 164–6
Omér Vryónis, Pasha of Ioánnina, 86
Onássis Cultural Centre (Athens), 392
Onássis, Aristotle, 25
Orthodox Church
in Cyprus, 309–21
patron of Greek education (18th century), 12, 20–21, 25
priests in Civil War, 303–4
revival of Orthodoxy since 1989 (‘Neo-Orthodoxy’), 362–3, 364
see also Church of Greece
‘Orthodox commonwealth’, 20–27, 28, 31–2, 51, 54, 79, 105, 117, 123, 130, 149, 356
Osman Pasvanoglu, Pasha of Vidin, 51–2
Otto I, King of Greece (1833–62), 110–141, 144
legacy of, 154, 170, 186, 204, 329, 349
Ottoman Empire, 14–226 passim
legacy of (since 1923), 229, 236, 239, 262, 274, 276, 291, 295, 301, 310–11, 349, 363, 374, 377, 391
Ottoman Parliament, 160, 181–3
Pacifico, Don (Don Pacifico affair, 1847–50), 134–5
Palairet, Michael (British Minister in Athens), 269–70
Palmer-Sikelianou, Eva, 240
Palmerston, Viscount (Henry John Temple), 134–5, 139
Pángalos, Theódoros (dictator, 1925–6), 241–2, 368
Pángalos, Theódoros (foreign minister, 1996–9), 368
Papadímos, Loukás (prime minister, 2011–12), 383
Papadópoulos, Geórgios (Colonel, prime minister and president under dictatorship, 1967–73), 330–37
Papadópoulos, Tássos (president of Cyprus, 2003–8), 372
Papágos, Aléxandros (General, prime minister 1952–5), 268–9, 312, 326
Papakonstantínou, Geórgios (finance minister, 2009–11), 379
Papandréou, Andréas (prime minister, 1981–9, 1993–6), 326–8, 344–5, 347–55, 360, 365
Papandréou, Geórgios (foreign minister 1999–2004, prime minister 2009–11), 369–73, 378–83
Papandréou, Geórgios (prime minister, 1944, 1964–5), 286–90, 292, 294, 326–30, 344
Papandréou, Margaret, 354–5
Paparrigópoulos, Konstantínos, 130–33, 147, 155, 160, 165, 303, 374
Paris
adopted home of Adamantios Korais, 57–62
Greek community established in, 19
Peace Conference (1919), 217–18, 222
Treaty of (1856), 136
Parrén, Callirhoe, 173
parties, political see political parties
PASOK see political parties
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 15
Pasvanoglu see Osman Pasvanoglu
Paternal Instruction (1798), 58, 71
Patras, 80
Patriarch, Patriarchate (Orthodox), 10–11, 12–13, 16–17, 58, 65, 75, 117
Pattakós, Stylianós (Brigadier, leading figure in dictatorship, 1967–73), 330, 333
Paul, King of the Hellenes (1947–64), 327–8
Peloponnese
during Revolution, 80–93, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105–6, 108–11
during the 1940s, 284, 287–8, 299
People’s Party (Λαϊκό Κόμμα) see political parties
Péta, Battle of (1822), 86–7
Petróbey see Mavromichális
Phanariots, 14, 16–17, 65, 75, 93, 158, 356–7
Phatzéas, Grigórios, 22–3
Pheraíos see Rígas
philhellenism, philhellenes, 80, 86, 94–6, 106, 115–16, 276–7
Philikí Etairía see Friendly Society
Philippídis, Daniel, 23–4
Philippoúpolis see Plovdiv
Philomuse Society, 69
Philorthodox Society, 124, 329
Pikiónis, Dimítris, 239
Piraeus, 134–6, 171, 172, 212, 237, 261–3, 307
Plastíras, Nikólaos (General, prime minister 1945, 1950–52), 245–6, 294–5, 326
Plovdiv, revolt in (1886), 154
political parties in Greece
ANEL (Independent Greeks), 384, 386, 387, 389
Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 249–56, 259–60, 278–306, 344, 355, 384, 386, 395
Golden Dawn, 384–5, 386, 387, 391, 395
Greek Rally, 326
Liberal Party, 189–91, 207, 209, 215, 220, 242–6, 251, 253–5, 286, 297–8, 326
National Radical Union, 326–7, 343
New Democracy, 343–6, 349, 355–6, 360, 371, 375–8
Party of Nationalists (Εθνικοφρόνων), 207, 219
Party of the Liberal-Minded (Ελευθεροφρόνων), 253
PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist Movement), 344–5, 347–55, 360, 364, 365–73, 375, 378–84, 392–3
People’s Party (Λαϊκό Κόμμα), 219–26, 245–9, 252, 254–5, 297–8
Socialist Labour Party, 249
SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left), 11, 384–9, 392–3, 395
United Democratic Left (EDA), 324, 326
Polytechnic (uprising 1973) see Athens: Polytechnic
Potemkin, Prince Gregory, 24
Prevelákis, Pantelís, 235
Préveza, 45–6
Psarrós, Dimítrios (EKKA leader), 281–2
Psycháris, Giánnis (Jean Psichari), 175–6
Raidestós (Tekirdağ), 162
Rállis, Dimítrios (prime minister, 1909), 186–7
Rállis, Ioánnis (prime minister under Occupation, 1943–4), 283–4, 285
rebétika, 10, 171–3, 261–3, 323–6, 374
referendum see monarchy
refugees in Greece
(1914), 213
(1922), 231–8, 242, 244–5, 361
Republic of Cyprus see Cyprus, Republic of
Resistance (WWII) see Occupation
Revett, Nicholas, 28
Riedesel, Johann Hermann von, 29
Rígas Velestinlís (of Velestíno, also called Pheraíos), 44–6, 51, 53–67, 78, 128, 279, 356
Risorgimento, 137–8
Rítsos, Giánnis, 260–61, 324–5
Rizospástis (The Radical, Communist Party daily), 260, 289, 324
Roman Catholicism see Catholic Church; Roman Catholics
Romania, Romanians, 21, 149–50, 153, 197, 202, 210, 243, 265, 293, 356
see also Vlachs; Danubian principalities; Wallachia; Moldavia
Romans
ancient civilization of, 5
self-designation of Byzantines (Romaioi), 7–9, 36
Romiós, Romioí (alternative designation to Hellene(s)), 9–12, 32
Roúmeli (northern Greek mainland), 77, 80–81, 82, 91, 106, 281–2
Rousópoulos, Theódoros, 376
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 29, 60
Rum millet, 32–3, 158–60, 181–3
Runciman, Steven, 12
Rupel (frontier fortress), 209–10
Russia
and Greek Revolution, 77–9, 83, 88, 94, 97–104, 107
and pan-Slavism, 150
Greeks settled in after 1770s, 17–19, 361–2
in WWI, 201, 202, 206, 209, 216
policy towards Greece, 123–4, 151–2, 152
post-Communist, 11–12, 293, 361–2, 395–6
Soviet, 240, 243, 249–50, 261, 286, 288, 292–4, 305, 347
wars against the Ottoman Empire, 15, 17, 19, 24, 40, 48, 103–4, 135–6, 152–4
‘Russian’ party in 19th-century Greece, 99, 123–4, 137, 150, 303
Sakarya river, Battle of (1921), 223, 229
Salonica (Thessaloníki), 10, 162–3, 178–9, 181–2, 194, 195, 228, 235–6, 246, 251–2
Aristotle University of, 258, 331–2
demonstrations in (1992), 358–9
expansion of, 307
Samarás, Antónis (foreign minister 1990–92, prime minister 2012–15), 360, 383–5
Samothrace, 193
Sampsón, Níkos (named president of Cyprus, 1973), 339–40, 342
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 153, 158
Santoríni, 81
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 382–3
Sarrail, General Maurice-Paul, 208, 210, 211
Schäuble, Wolfgang (German finance minister, 2009–17), 387, 395
‘Schism, National’ see ‘National Schism’
Scobie, Ronald (General), 291
Sculptures of the Parthenon (‘Elgin Marbles’), 4, 10, 28
Security Battalions, 283–5
Seferis, George (Giórgos Seféris), 3–4, 121, 239, 245, 292, 309, 320, 325
Selim III (Ottoman Sultan), 52
Serbia
autonomous province (1829–78), 149, 151–2
in WWI, 202–16
kingdom of, 153, 192–3, 196–7, 357, 363
part of Yugoslav Federation, 363–4
see also Yugoslavia
Serbs, Serbian language
and Greek Revolution, 79
under Ottoman rule, 21, 25, 52–3
Sevastopol, 18
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 217–18, 220, 221
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 95
shipping, shipowners, 25–6, 72–3, 93, 108, 307
Siántos, Geórgios (acting General Secretary, KKE, 1941–5), 278, 292
Sikelianós, Ángelos, 240
Simítis, Kóstas (prime minister, 1996–2004), 365–73, 375
Skalkóttas, Níkos, 239
Skopje (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), 360
Skra di Legen, Battle of (1918), 216
Smyrna (Izmir), 58–9, 82, 156, 202, 217–26, 236
Social Contract, The (J.-J. Rousseau), 60
socialism, socialist movement (in Greece), 173–4
Socialist Labour Party see political parties
Song of Daskalogiánnis see Daskalogiánnis
Sophoúlis, Themistocles (prime minister, 1945–6, 1947–9), 298
Souliótis-Nikolaḯdis, Athanásios, 182–3
Soútsos, Panagiótis, 113, 121, 124
Spanish Civil War, 255–6
Special Operations Executive, British (SOE), 276–8, 281–2
Sphakiá (Crete), 36–7
Spon, Jacob, 28
Sporades, 111
St Sophia (Hagia Sophia, Constantinople), 39–40
Stalin, Joseph, 253, 260, 292–3, 301–2
Stávros Niárchos Foundation Cultural Centre (Athens), 392
Stella (dir. Cacoyannis, 1955), 322
Stephanópoulos, Stéphanos (prime minister, 1965–6), 330
Stréït, Geórgios (foreign minister, 1914), 204
Stuart, James, 28
Suez crisis (1956), 318
Switzerland, Swiss (during Greek Revolution), 96
Syngrós, Andréas, 159, 163, 239
Sýntagma Square (Constitution Square), Athens, 126, 189, 213, 215, 289–91, 317, 341
SYRIZA see political parties
Sýros, 81
Taganrog, 18
Tanzimat (‘reorganization’ of Ottoman Empire, 1839, 1856), 140–41, 183, 185
Tatóï (royal estate, outside Athens), 219, 330
Ténedos (Bozcaada), 193
Tepedelenlí, Áli see Áli Tepedelenlí
terrorism (in Greece, since 1974), 352–3, 377
Thémelis, Níkos, 366
Theodorákis, Míkis, 323–6, 331, 341
Theotokás, Giórgos, 238–9, 242–3, 245, 287, 304, 397
Theotókis, Geórgios (prime minister, 1905–9), 184, 186, 378
Theotókis, Nikiphóros (philosopher and cleric), 21
Thessaly, 23, 124, 153, 190, 235
ceded to Greece (1881), 153–4
war in (1897), 167–9
Thrace, 161, 196, 197, 217–18, 231, 235, 250, 293
Muslim minority of, 232, 237–8
Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 47
TMT (Turkish Resistance Organization, Cyprus), 319
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 28
trades unions, 190, 250–52, 255, 258–9
travellers, travel literature, 27–32, 34, 66–8, 73
Tríkala (Thessaly), 283
Trikoúpis, Charílaos (prime minister in late 19th century), 146–8, 155, 163–5, 169, 191, 379
Trikoúpis, Spyrídon (historian and diplomat), 75 n.2, 146
Tripolitsá (Trípoli, Peloponnese), 76, 82, 88, 91, 163
Troezen see Damalá
Truman, Harry (US President), 300–301, 307, 310
Tsaldáris, Konstantínos (prime minister, 1946–7), 299
Tsaldáris, Panagís (prime minister, 1933–5), 245–7, 252
Tsámides (Chams), 237–8
Tsaroúchis, Giánnis, 239, 263, 374
Tsípras, Aléxis (prime minister, 2015–), 11, 384–9, 395
Tsolákoglou, Geórgios (General, prime minister under Occupation, 1941–2), 273–4
Tsouderós, Emmanuel (prime minister, Government in Exile, 1941–4), 272–3, 286
Turcocretans see Crete: Turcocretans
Turkey, Republic of, 49, 158, 221–6
Greek rapprochement with, 243–4, 245, 262, 264, 309
invades Cyprus (1974), 340–42, 346
policy of, over Cyprus, 313–21, 332
relations with Greece since 1974, 351–2, 368–73
US policy towards, 300–301
Turkish Cypriots see Cyprus: Turkish Cypriots
Turkish nationalist movement, 185, 191, 221–6
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC, 1983–), 370–73
underworld see urban underworld
United Democratic Left (EDA) see political parties
United Nations Organization (UN), 296, 313, 319, 359, 370–73
peacekeeping role in Cyprus, 328, 370
United States of America
and financial crisis (2007–8), 376
constitution emulated by Greeks, 56, 61, 84–5
Greek emigration to, 173
influence in Greece after WWII, 300–42, 343
policy over Cyprus, 321, 340–42
policy towards Greece, 101
University of Athens see Athens, University of; Salonica, Aristotle University of
urban underworld, 171–3, 261–3
Valtinós, Thanásis, 284 n. 19, 333–4
Vamvakáris, Márkos, 263
Vapheiádis, Márkos (leader of DSE, leader of Political Committee for National Liberation, 1947–9), 300
Várkiza agreement (1945), 295–6
Várnalis, Kóstas, 260
Varoufákis, Yánis (finance minister, 2015), 386–9, 396
Vássos, Colonel Timoléon, 167
Velestinlís see Rígas
Velestíno (Thessaly), 54
Velouchiótis, Áris (pseudonym of Athanásios Kláras), 282–3, 295, 303
Venice
Greek community established in, 19, 68–9
Venetian Republic, 13–14, 17, 36, 43
Venizélos, Elefthérios, 177, 182, 187–232, 241–6, 251, 252, 253, 310
legacy of, 258–9, 262, 264, 286, 291, 297, 317–18, 326, 329, 356
Venizélos, Sophocles (prime minister, 1950–51), 326
Vergína (ancient Aigai), 359, 361
Verona, Congress of (1822), 96–7
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 217
Victoria (Queen, UK), 142–3
Vidin, 51
Congress of (1814–15), 48, 68, 71, 77
Vikélas, Dimítrios, 164
Vítsi (mountain range), 302
Vlachs, Vlachic (Wallachian) language, 25, 26, 79, 89, 149–50, 237–8
Volanákis, Konstantínos, 163
von Hess, Peter, 112
von Klenze, Leo, 119
Voúlgaris, Evgénios (philosopher and cleric), 20–21
Vryónis, Omér see Omér Vryónis
Wall Street Crash (1929), 244–5, 251–2
Wallachia, 15, 16–17, 78–9, 149–50
Washington, DC, 300
Waterlow, Sydney (British Minister in Athens), 248, 252
Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), 97, 100, 101, 103–4
Wheler, Sir George, 28
Wilhelm, Kaiser of Germany, 197, 201, 204, 210, 266
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 30
Woodhouse, C.M., 276–7, 278, 279–80
Yalta conference (1945), 292
Yom Kippur War (1973), 352
Young Turks (1908–14), 163, 181–5, 187, 193, 195
see also Committee for Union and Progress
Ypsilántis (Hypsilantes), Aléxandros, 77–9, 83
Ypsilántis (Hypsilantes), Dimítrios, 83–5, 87, 106
Yugoslavia, 11, 243, 271, 301–2, 303–4, 357–61
Zachariádis, Níkos (KKE General Secretary, 1931–56), 259–60, 278, 297–8, 302
Zambélios, Spyrídon, 130–31, 160, 165, 303
Zante (Zákynthos), 92
Zérvas, Napoléon (EDES leader), 281, 288, 290
Zorba the Greek
novel by Kazantzákis, 261, 325
film dir. Cacoyannis, 325–6
Zorlu, Fatin (foreign minister of Turkey, 1957–60), 314–15, 319
Zouráris, Kóstas (Member of Parliament, Independent Greeks, 2015–), 363
Zurich-London agreements (1958–9), 319–21
see also Cyprus