1. Ali Tepedelenli, Pasha of Yanya [Ioannina], known as Ali Pasha (c. 1740–1822)2. Rigas Velestinlis, also called Pheraios (1757?–98), was the first to devise a constitution for a future Hellenic Republic in 1797.3. The tricolour banner of Rigas’s Hellenic Republic, showing the club of Hercules and three crosses.4. Adamantios Korais (Coray) (1748–1833), the ideological ‘father of the Greek nation’.5. Karaiskakis’ trophy from Arachova. Watercolour of 1827. The text reads ‘Trophy of the Hellenes against the Barbarians. Commander in Chief [Georgios] Karaïskakis, erected in the place [called] Plovarma’.6. Theodoros Kolokotronis, drawn from life (pencil sketch by Karl Krazeisen, 14 May 1827).7. Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, former foreign minister of Russia, Governor of Greece 1827–31, painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1818–19.8. Peter von Hess, Entry of King Otto of Greece into Nauplia on 6 February 1833 (1835), detail.9(a). King Otto of Greece as a young man.9(b). As king, wearing national costume, in a rare early photograph (daguerrotype) of about 1848.10. Alexandros Mavrokordatos (1791–1865), prime minister of Greece 1833–4, 1841, 1844, 1854–5.11. Ioannis Kolettis (1773–1847), prime minister of Greece 1834–5, 1844–7.
MAKING A CAPITAL CITY IN THE 1830S AND 1840S: THE IDEAL AND THE REAL
12. Leo von Klenze, Ideal View of Athens with the Acropolis and the Areios Pagos (1846).13. The same view as it actually was at about the same time. F. Stademann, Panorama von Athen (Munich, 1841).14. King George I of the Hellenes (reigned 1863–1913).15. Konstantinos Volanakis, The Opening of the Corinth Canal (1893). The most ambitious of the infrastrucure projects initiated by Charilaos Trikoupis (here), it also contributed to Greece’s bankruptcy later the same year.16(a). Prime ministers and rivals: Theodoros Diligiannis (1824–1905);16(b). Charilaos Trikoupis (1832–96)17. Paul Mathiopoulos, Panepistimiou street (1900–1910). ‘Gentlemen and ladies wearing the latest fashions from the west could stroll or sit outside in cafés described by an American visitor as “like those in Paris”, while horse-drawn omnibuses rumbled slowly past’ (p. 171).18. Georgios Jakobides (Iakovidis), Pavlos Melas (1904), based on a photograph taken shortly before Melas was killed in an ambush while fighting in Macedonia.19. Pericles Giannopoulos, who committed suicide in a bizarre manner in 1910. Charcoal drawing by Sophia Laskaridou, 1897.20. The future rivals: (right) Eleftherios Venizelos (1864–1936) and (left) King Constantine I of the Hellenes (reigned 1913–17, 1920–22), pictured at the time of the Balkan Wars.21(a). Previously unpublished images of the Balkan Wars (1912–13). Serres had been captured by Bulgarian forces in 1912 and then by the Greek army in 1913.21(b). The village of Doxato, near Drama, was destroyed in fighting between Greece and Bulgaria in June 1913.22. Postcard of 1920 showing the territory of ‘Great Greece’, according to the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. Venizelos appears in the top left-hand corner. The inscription reads: ‘Greece is destined to live, and will live’. The treaty was never ratified.23(a). After the defeat in September 1922 Greek men of military age living in western Anatolia were held in Turkey as prisoners of war.23(b). Released in July 1923, they began arriving in Greece, as described by US diplomat Henry Morgenthau (see pp. 235–6).24. Eleftherios Venizelos in 1928, at the start of what was to prove the last stable, elected government in Greece until the 1950s. Oil painting by F. Papoulas, 1928.25. A propaganda photograph of the dictator Ioannis Metaxas (ruled 1936–41), with the title ‘Saviour of the Nation’.26. Rebetika: a bouzouki band in the 1930s. Musicians such as these were persecuted by the Metaxas regime, but rebetika would rise to become one of the best-loved forms of Greek popular culture after the Second World War.
IMAGES OF WAR AND OCCUPATION, 1941–4
27(a). Occupation27(b). Resistance (‘People’s Rule’ in ‘Free Greece’).28(a). A burnt mountain village;28(b). Men being rounded up in an Athens neighbourhood (a ‘blocco’) during the Occupation (see p. 285).29. Young soldiers of the Democratic Army face defeat at the hands of US-backed government forces in the final phase of the Greek Civil War (1947–9).30. Melina Mercouri in Never on a Sunday (1960). She went on to serve as Minister for Culture in all three socialist governments led by Andreas Papandreou (1981–9, 1993–4).31. A tank prepares to crush the gate of the Athens Polytechnic in the early hours of 17 November 1973.32. Propaganda poster for the regime of the ‘Colonels’ (1967–74). The caption reads: ‘Greece. Long live the 21st of April 1967’.33. Konstantinos Karamanlis, prime minister 1955–63, 1974–9 and later president, the restorer of Greek democracy in 1974, photographed in 1975.
A DECADE OF ‘CHANGE’ AND BEYOND
34. Andreas Papandreou, architect of ‘CHANGE’ (prime minister 1981–9, 1993–6), photographed in June 1984.35. The ‘modernizer’, Kostas Simitis, Greece’s longest continuously serving prime minister (1996–2004).36. The Charilaos Trikoupis Suspension Bridge, connecting northwest Greece with the road network that links Athens with the Peloponnese, opened in 2004.
CYPRUS SINCE 1974
37. The bronze statue of Archbishop Makarios III (1913–77), the first President of Cyprus, near the Kykkos Monastery in the Troodos mountains.38. The flag of the ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ overlooks the Greek-Cypriot sector of divided Nicosia, capital of the Republic of Cyprus.39. The ‘dead zone’ that divides the city along the cease-fire line.40. Street art of the post-2010 ‘crisis’: Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime by Wild Drawings, Exarcheia, Athens, 2013.41. Alexis Tsipras celebrates his election victory on 25 January 2015 in the ‘Propylaea’ of the University of Athens. The venue will have been chosen because of its association with student protest since the 1970s. Under the portico Greece’s first ruler, ‘Otto I’, looks down with a matching gesture from a frieze completed shortly after he had lost his throne in 1862.
