Index

Absolute, The

attachment to, 117

Christian theology and, 315

logical philosophy and, 67, 74, 76

Mahayana Buddhism and, 110–111

representation of, 54–62

Upanishads and, 110

See also First Cause; God; Reality

Adams, R. M., 3

agape-love

marriage and, 206–210, 212–214

See also Eros

agnosticism, 170

atheist-agnostic mentality, 292

Agron, Michael, 286

Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), 55, 186

Amida, 95–100, 102, 104

American Academy of Asian Studies, 1, 5, 7, 11, 15, 23, 24, 25

American Oriental Society, 5

Anjin-ketsujo-sho, 98, 99

Aquinas, Thomas, 18, 180n2, 211, 230

five proofs of God, 186–188

Aristotle, 46, 82, 230

Aristotelian idea, 348

Atman. See Self

Augustine, Saint, 58, 66, 253, 319

Avatamsaka Sutra, 95, 96, 160–161

avidya, 93, 110, 156, 304, 308

Baird, Reed, 28

Bankei, 131, 148

Bateson, Gregory, 15, 24

Behold the Spirit (Watts), 1–2, 9, 17, 18

Benedict, Ruth, 144

Bertelannfy, Ludwig von, 162

Beyond Theology (Watts), 9, 20

Bible, the, 224, 233, 243, 245

Acts, 197

Genesis, 230, 235, 295n7

Proverbs, 237, 259

New Testament, 225

Old Testament, 178, 198, 209, 233

Blake, William, 147, 294, 324–325

Block, Marguerite, 5

Bodhidharma, 108, 109, 131

Bokuju (Mu-chou), 101, 116, 130

Bollingen Foundation, 7

Bontempo, C. J., 12

Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are, The (Watts), 9, 20

Brahman

Buddhism and, 92, 93, 109–110

logical philosophy and, 70, 73, 74

maya and, 312

negation and, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 254

See also Hinduism

Brannigan, Michael C., 6, 9, 10

Braun, H., 3, 16, 151, 152, 153

Brown, Norman O., 25, 320–325

Brown, Spencer, 84–85, 87

Buddha. See Buddhism; Siddhartha

Buddhism, 63, 64, 72, 74, 76

anatman doctrine, 162

Indian, 110, 115, 145

Japanese, 96, 105

psychedelics and, 23, 297–299

Pure Land School, 95, 96, 97, 99

Tibetan, 297

See also Ch’an Buddhism; Dhyana Buddhism; Hinayana Buddhism; Mahayana Buddhism; Zen Buddhism

Bunnell, Sterling, 286

Campbell, Joseph, 20

Camus, Albert, 354

Ch’an Buddhism, 96, 108

See also Dhyana Buddhism; Zen Buddhism

Chatterjee, S. C., 12

Chaudhuri, Haridas, 24, 25, 310n1

Chesterton, G. K., 259

Chopra, Samir, 4

Chou-chu, 113, 119

See also Joshu

Chuang-tzu, 20, 111, 117, 143, 164n3, 307, 310

Chung-yung, 144

Christ, Jesus

Divine humanity of, 167–168, 177, 188

marriage and, 18, 205–208, 214–215

priesthood and, 194–196, 198–203

See also Christianity

Christianity, 26, 64, 69

Anglican Communion, 16, 193

Catholic Church, 193, 194, 244

contemplative prayer, 168, 173–175

Holy Communion, 199–200, 203, 225–227

Holy Trinity, 111, 176, 193, 198, 226

Incarnation, 195, 197, 198, 203, 253

marriage, 18, 205–215

mystical theology, 18, 167–180

priesthood, functions of, 18, 193–204

Watts, Alan, and, 16–18

worship in, 224–228

See also Christ; Church of England; Saint Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite

Church of England, 1, 16, 229, 230

Chrysanthemum and Sword (Benedict), 144

Clark, David K., 6

Cohen, S., 22–23

Columbus, Peter J., 1, 2, 6, 14

comparative religion, 241

contemplation, 251–260

Hebrew-Christian morality, 242–244

myth, 229–239

new concepts of religion, 244–246

religions of the future, 246–249

Watts and, 19–21

compassion, 16, 111, 163

Amida’s, 97–99, 103

Confucius, 119, 143

Cunningham, E., 23

Dante, 245, 325

Daoism, 1, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25

See also Taoism

death, 26, 136, 157, 233

of God, 233

of Alan Watts, 2, 26

mysticism and, 84, 85

psychedelics and, 287, 290

psychoanalysis and, 321–322, 324

psychotherapy and, 354–360

spiritual death, 172, 175, 181n7

Dewey, John, 160

transactional theory of, 161

dharma, 100, 102, 105, 134, 156, 162

Dharmadhatu, 103, 160, 162, 270, 299

Dharmakaya, 92, 111, 159, 162, 163

Dhyana Buddhism, 85, 86, 108, 109, 248, 252

See also Zen Buddhism; Ch’an Buddhism

Dictionary of American Religious Biography, 3

Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 17

Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite, Saint, 18, 76n4, 167, 180n2, 220

“Epistle I, To Gaius Therapeutes,” 179

“Epistle V, To Dorotheus Liturgus,” 179–180

mystical theology of, 168–175

“On Mystical Theology,” 176–179

See also mystical experience

Ditman, Keith, 286

Divine Names, The (Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite), 168, 177–178

Doubt and Certainty in Science (Young), 351

Drake, Francis, 335

duhkha, 304, 306

dvaita, 304–305

Earle, William, 81

Eddington, A. S., 70–71

Ego, 73, 76, 80

as an abstraction, 306–307, 308

agency of, 162, 163, 246, 309

concept of, 312–313

illusion of, 254–256, 258, 340–341, 353

psychedelics and, 277, 280–281

social role, 146, 291–191, 341–342

Zen and, 132–135

Einstein, Albert, 47, 48, 292

Eka, 129, 131

Ellwood, Robert S., 17

Enlightenment, 15, 117, 239, 356

Awakening, 125n8

bodhi, 93, 103

Buddhist life-goal, 92

freedom in, 104

Japanese Buddhism and, 96, 98

kali-yuga and, 95

pratyeka-buddhas and, 105

satori, 100

epistemology, 70, 72, 73, 79, 81

Epistle to the Romans (St. Paul), 95, 197, 251

See also the Bible

Eros

and Logos, 325, 335

marriage and, 206, 207, 208, 214

and Thanatos, 321–322, 323

Essays in Persuasion (Keynes), 322

Evolution of Physics, The (Einstein & Infeld), 47

Faber, F. W., 104

Farber, Seymour M., 25

Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 16

First Cause

Absolute, The, 56–58, 61

God as, 186–189

Fox, George, 241

Freud, Sigmund, 25

dualism of the instincts, 322

on “oceanic feeling,” 248, 359

on psycho-hydraulics, 234–235

and psychoanalysis, 321, 323–325

unitary view of man, 319–320

Frye, Northrop, 86

Fuller, Buckminster, 83, 347

Furlong, Monica, 2

Gainsborough, Louis, 24

Galileo, 86, 276

Gehart, Diane, 6

gender

difference, 331–333

feminine within, 336–337

neglect of the feminine, 333–336

Ginsberg, Allen, 146

Gnosis, 182n19, 239

Gnostic heresy, 168

God, 183–185, 191

Buddhism and, 91, 95, 102, 104, 107

death of, 233

evidence for, 185–186

Hindu conception of, 242

logical analysis of, 67–69

monarchical image of, 224, 238, 241–243, 245–246, 290–292, 295, 341, 346

nature of, 188–191

organic image of, 237–238

popular belief in, 76

proofs of, 186–188

relations to the world, 167–176

Zen and, 117–118, 119, 145, 148, 151–153

See also The Absolute; Brahman; Christianity; comparative religion; First Cause; Ground of Being

Gödel, Kurt, 75

Gödel’s theory, 272

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 48, 72, 153

Goso, 138

Ground of Being, 86, 223, 234, 244, 245, 247, 285

See also The Absolute; Brahman; God; Christianity

Guy, D., 13

Haeckel, Ernst, 235

Hakuin, 131, 147, 299

Harvard University, 1, 7, 22, 263

Heide, F. J., 6

Hekigan-shu, 105

Heraclitus, 51

Herbert, George, 99

Hilgard, Ernest, 21

Hinayana Buddhism, 91, 92, 93, 108, 156

Hinduism

acculturation and liberation, 314

immediate experience, 247

negation in, 74, 76, 253–254

psychology and, 24, 25

Watts, Alan, and, 1, 3, 8, 12, 20, 21

See also comparative religion; Vedanta

Hokoji, 99, 133

Honen (Shonin), 96, 97

Housman, A. E., 235

Howe, Eric Graham, 23, 24

Hsi-yun, 113

Hugel, Friedrich von, 169

Hui-hai, 116, 137

Hui-neng, 100, 109, 117, 146

human potential movement, 2, 24

Humphreys, Christmas, 13, 14

ignorance. See avidya

Infeld, L., 47, 48

Jackson, Carl T., 2–3, 5, 8

John, Saint, 194, 198, 206

Jolicoeur, R., 9

Joshu, 101, 129–130, 134, 135

See also Chao-chu

Joyous Cosmology, The (Watts), 9

Jung, C. G., 212, 349, 357

Kapleau, Phillip, 14

karma, 162

bondage of, 96–97

meaning of, 91, 227, 238

resolution of, 92, 116, 120, 130

kensho, 290

Keynes, J. M., 322

King’s School, 1, 16

koan, 123, 134, 137, 152

study of, 120–121

See also Zen Buddhism

Koestler, Arthur, 152–153

Korzybski, Alfred, 159

Krippner, Stanley, 21

language

Absolute and, 54–62

and ego, 254

epistemology and, 79–80, 81–87, 127–128

of God, 259

problem of religious language, 10, 64–66

problem of pure consciousness, 10, 117–118

metaphysical experience and, 67–77

and reasoning about the unseen, 49–54

religious experience, 246–249

social conventions and, 312–313

wonder and, 45–48, 49, 72–74, 82–83

Lankavatara Sutra, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102–103

Lao-Tzu, 20, 83, 111, 119, 122, 143, 238, 243, 307

Leary, Timothy, 6, 22

libido, 235, 320, 321, 325, 350

Lieh-tzu, 20

lila, 111, 282

Lilly, John, 347

Lin-chi, 120, 144

See also Rinzai

logical philosophy, 79

contribution to metaphysics, 67–71

technique of negation, 74–76

Lotus and the Robot, The (Koestler), 152

Mahakasyapa, 109

Maha-parinibbana Sutta, 91

Mahayana Buddhism, 15, 16, 74

faith and works in, 91–106

parallels in modern thought, 155–163, 270

Zen and, 108, 110–11, 112, 137

Mahoney, S., 16

Malraux, Andre, 231

Marxism, 328

Maslow, Abraham H., 25

Matchette Foundation, Franklin J., 7, 77

Maxwell, James Clerk, 47, 82

maya, 63, 273, 282, 311–312, 314, 316

Milstead, C., 13

Milton, John, 237

Mitrinovic, Dimitrije, 19

moksha, 25, 72, 290, 314

mondo, 15, 100, 115–116, 119, 120

See also Zen Buddhism

morality

Buddhism and, 96, 102–105

Christianity and, 206, 223, 242–244

pantheism and, 223

personal, 340

Moses, 176, 195, 251

Mumonkon, 23, 100–101, 119, 125n6

mushin (no-mind), 135–137, 309, 310n3

mystical experience, 169, 260, 290, 329

components of, 72

philosophia perennis and, 19

psychedelics and, 285–287, 292–293, 294

role of language in, 10, 18

Self remembering itself, 282, 289

See also Saint Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite

Mystical Theology (Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite), 168

Myth and Ritual in Christianity (Watts), 9

Myth of Sisyphus, The (Camus), 354

Nansen, 101, 129

Nature, Man and Woman (Watts), 6, 9

Nature of the Physical World (Eddington), 70

Needham, Joseph, 8, 164

Newton, Isaac, 234

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5, 322

Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 80

Nirvana, 72, 99, 103, 110, 116, 137, 220, 306

and Samsara, 92, 93, 100, 101, 111, 112–113

nominalism, 265–266, 270

Nordstrom, Louis, 8, 14, 27

Northrop, F. S. C., 68

Northwestern University, 1, 5, 7, 17, 227

Odell, E. H., 20

Odell, S. J., 12

Oldmeadow, H., 9

ontology, 70, 72, 73, 81, 322

organism-environment field

behaviorism and, 267–271

existence and, 255–257, 341

Mahayana Buddhism and, 157, 161–162

man-as-whole, 266–267

mystical experience and, 84, 281, 329

polarity and, 288

psychedelics and, 263, 271–272, 279–280, 291–292

theory of, 21, 22, 247, 264

Zen and, 151–152

Orwell, George, 80

Outlines of a Metaphysics (Matchette)

Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism (Suzuki), 16, 155, 158

Pagel, W., 86

Pali Canon, 91, 93

pantheism, 8, 110, 119–120, 134, 198, 223

Paradise Lost (Milton), 237

Patmore, Coventry, 175, 206

Paul, Saint, 95, 184, 198, 205, 212, 238, 251, 253, 319

Perry, W. N., 20

Phillips, Bernard, 252

Pilgrim, Richard, 4, 8, 14, 27

polarity, 144, 288, 321

Ponce, D. E., 3

Prajnaparamita-hrdaya Sutra, 129

Pratt, James Bissett, 158

Prebish, Charles, 3

Pribram, Karl, 351

Psalm 139, 170–171

See also the Bible

psychedelic experience

description of, 7, 276–279, 287–290, 297–299

illusion and, 282–283

organism-environment field, 263, 271–272, 279–280, 291–292

psychiatric nomenclature, 263, 275–276

study of, 273–275, 285–287

resistance to, 290–295

Watts, Alan, and, 21–23, 286

psychiatry

contemporary approaches in, 342–345

fallibility of the will, 148

transformations of mind, 304

unexamined assumptions of, 308, 315–316

See also psychoanalysis, psychology, psychotherapy

psychoanalysis, 307, 327, 344, 350

function of, 320

Howe, E. Graham, and, 23

id, 321, 325

Oedipus complex, 237

as science of culture, 324

repression, 320–323

success of, 323

symbolism, 332

superego, 325

Watts, Alan, and, 24, 25

See also ego; Freud; libido

psychology

behaviorism, 267–271

Buddhism as, 94, 96–99, 101, 103, 143, 304–306, 309

Hindu psychology, 304

human ecology and, 339–342

human nature and, 327–330

Oriental psychology, 304, 306, 307, 308

Watts, Alan, and, 23–26

Western psychology, 304, 309

See also psychiatry; psychoanalysis; psychotherapy

psychotherapy

and acculturation, 314–315

Buddhist “psychotherapy,” 306

death and dying, 354–360

function of, 315

Oriental (Asian) philosophy and, 303–304, 311

surrender of the ego, 306–307

unconscious assumptions of, 349–354

See also psychiatry; psychoanalysis; psychology

Psychotherapy East and West (Watts), 6, 9, 15, 19–20, 24, 153

realism, 265

Reality

Amida and, 95

Christianity and, 170, 191, 215

Hinayana Buddhism and, 72, 110

Hinduism and, 76, 92, 109–110, 248

logical analysis of, 67, 69, 70–71, 74

Mahayana Buddhism and, 74, 92, 99, 103–104, 110–111, 158–159

Taoism and, 111–112

Zen and, 107, 109, 113–115, 118–121, 124, 125n8, 158

See also The Absolute

relativity

awareness of, 288–289

Mahayana Buddhism and, 158

the world as, 51–52, 55–56, 58

Zen and, 152

Rice, Donadrian L., 1, 2, 6

Richards, W. A., 7

Rinzai, 100, 130, 138

See also Lin-chi

Rinzai-Roku, 98, 100

Robinson, John-David, 21

Roszak, Theodore, 26

Ruland, V., 8

Sadler, A. W., 2, 9

Saikontan, 139

Samadhi, 247, 248, 290, 359

Samsara, 128, 130, 138

escape from, 93, 116, 137

karma and, 125n4

Nirvana and, 92, 93, 100, 101, 111, 112–113

wheel of existence, 64, 76, 93, 101, 128, 304

Saptasatikaprajnaparamita Sutra, 103

Sasaki, Ruth Fuller, 13–14, 15

Sasaki, Sokei-an, 13, 15

satori, 100, 121, 145, 147–148, 290

koans and, 121

Science and Human Behavior (Skinner), 267

Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, 1, 7, 16, 17

Self, 76, 111, 117, 157, 282, 289

Atman, 316, 330, 358

Shinjinmei, 127, 134

Shinran (Shonin), 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103

Siddhartha, Gautama (Buddha), 91, 94, 109, 110

Skinner, B. F., 267–271

Smith, David L., 4

Solomon, David, 22

Solomon, Lawrence N., 25

Spiegelberg, Frederic, 23, 24, 25

Spirit of Zen, The (Watts), 5, 9, 13, 14, 15

Stuart, David, 2

Subbiondo, Joseph L., 24

Sukhavativyuha Sutra, 94–95, 97

Suligoj, H., 9

sunyata, 74, 92, 123, 158

application of, 163

ground of human consciousness, 111

meaning of, 63, 160

ultimate reality of, 64, 92, 111, 129, 159

Supreme Identity, The (Watts), 9, 17, 153

Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro, 94, 98, 100, 101, 106n5, 156, 158

Sasaki, Ruth Fuller, and, 13

Watts, Alan, and, 15, 16, 24, 155

Suzuki, Shunryu, 14

Taber, Grieg, 16

Takakusu, Junjiro, 160, 163n1

Tannisho, 98

Tao, 101

liberation and, 129–130

unconscious process of, 307

unity and, 137–138, 143–144, 148, 238

Zen and, 111–114, 116–119

See also Taoism

Tao te Ching (Lao-Tzu; Lao-tse), 336

Tao: The Watercourse Way (Watts), 9, 20

Taoism, 146, 156, 247, 303

acculturation and, 314

identity and, 80, 325

influence on Zen, 109, 111–113

gender and, 336

See also Tao

Tathata, 111, 112, 129

meaning of, 74, 159, 160

non-duality of, 99, 103

reality as, 92, 111

technology

alienation and, 144–145, 292, 339–340, 346–347, 354

basic premise of, 236

and control, 308, 320, 328

hostility and, 246

misuse of, 264, 280

ideal of, 239

science and, 83, 233–234

Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 289–290

Theological Outlines (Dionysius pseudo-Areopagite), 177, 178

This is IT, and Other Essays on Zen and Spiritual Experience (Watts), 9, 16

Tillich, Paul, 86, 286

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), 81

trishna, 107, 110, 111, 112

Two Hands of God, The (Watts), 9

Ummon, 121, 137

unconscious, the, 73, 306

Freud and, 234–235, 309, 321, 323

Oriental psychologies and, 306–307

psychiatry and, 308, 350

trust in, 354

See also mushin

Ungerer, Philip D., 25, 339–348

United States of America

gender stereotypes, 332

monarchical image of God, 229, 230, 241, 293

use of psychedelics, 293, 295

University of Vermont, 1, 19

Upanishads, 87n1, 93, 109–110

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, 70

Kena Upanishad, 66, 70, 76

upaya, 109, 137

Van Eyck, Jan, 234

Vedanta, 11, 63–64, 80, 92

See also Hinduism

Vedanta and the West (Watts), 11

Versluis, Arthur, 3

Wallia, C. S., 21

Watts, Alan W.

biography, 1–2

Buddhism and, 12–16

Christianity and, 16–18

comparative religion and, 19–21

death of, 2, 3, 26

mysticism and, 10–12

psychedelics and, 21–23

psychology and, 23–26

relevance of, 5–10

reputation of, 2–5, 26–28

reviews of, 345

Way of Zen, The (Watts), 9, 14, 15

Wisdom or Insecurity, The (Watts), 9, 11

White, Lynn, 333

Whitehead, Alfred North, 155, 160, 246–247

Whitman, Walt, 82

Whittemore, Alan Griffith, 1–2

Wilson, Roger H. L., 25

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 81, 85, 144, 155, 159, 267

wonder, 45–48, 49, 72–74, 82–83, 257

worship

Buddhism and, 105

faith and belief, 219–220

marriage and, 210, 213, 214

mythological terms of, 221–224

radial view of, 223, 225–228

Yoga, 81, 156, 258, 296, 303

breathing, 134

meaning of, 87, 251

nirvikalpa samadhi, 359

siddhi, 239

Young, J. Z., 351

Zen Buddhism, 107–109, 123–125

Beat Zen, 143–149

Chinese religion and, 111–113

cultural effects of, 122–123

direct pointing of, 115–120

harmony in, 113–115

Indian religion and, 109–111

liberation in, 119, 127–139

meditation, 85, 120–121

and politics, 151–153

Watts, Alan, and, 12–16, 345–346

See also Ch’an Buddhism; Dhyana Buddhism; koan; mondo

Zen Dust (Sasaki & Miura), 14

Zenrin-kushu, 76n2, 131, 132, 138