FIGURES

1 Man with rooster walking past the statue of Mao in Kashgar, January 1990. Photograph by Sean R. Roberts.  22

2 Häsän Mäkhsum giving a religious lecture in Afghanistan, circa 1998–2001.  62

3 Prominent members of TIP since 2008. Pictured from the left top corner clockwise: Emir Abdul Häq; Deputy Emir Abdushakur (d. 2012); Commander Säyfullah (d. 2012); religious figure Abduläziz (d. 2012). The last three were killed by drone strikes in Pakistan during 2012, presumably ordered by the US.  96

4 A Uyghur man sells ‘knick-knacks’ in front of a newly built apartment complex, Korla 2007. © Joshua Kuchera.  130

5 ‘Counterterrorism’ mural in village near Kuqa, 2014. The mural reads, ‘The use of the internet to download and disseminate violent terrorism audio and video content will be subject to severe legal punishment.’ © Zheng Yanjing, https://chuansongme.com/n/860797252860.  160

6 Uyghur men sit at attention in a mass internment camp in Lop near Khotan, 2017.  198