Abdurishit, Abulahät 68
Abdushukur, Emir 119–121, 126, 156, 188
Afghanistan 245
aircraft hijacking 158
alphabet, choice of 45–46, 51–52
Al-Qaeda 60, 63–66, 71–72, 75–79, 82, 84, 87, 89, 92–95, 98, 106–111, 114–115, 118–120, 125–127, 188–190, 196
in the Islamic Maghreb 92
Amnesty International 134
Anand, Dibyesh 23
Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) 45
Armitage, Richard 77
assassinations 180
assimilation and assimilationist policies 4–8, 25, 31–32, 47–51, 56, 59, 129, 137–142, 149–150, 153, 154, 156, 158, 163, 174–178, 195, 200, 204, 211–213, 222, 226–228, 230, 231, 234, 237, 238
Associated Press 214
Ata-Jurt organization 240
‘Axis of Evil’ speech (2002) 64, 79
‘Baren incident’ (1990) 53–54, 74, 100–104, 117, 166–167
Barmin, Valery 39
Becquelin, Nicholas 136–137, 153
see also Olympic Games
Bellar-Hann, Ildiko 138
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) 174–175, 195, 228
‘big data’ 249
bin Laden, Osama 70–72, 75, 77, 119
biometric data 206
biopolitics 16, 203, 209, 237, 244
Bishkek
alleged planned attack on US embassy (2002) 79, 205
alleged attack on Chinese embassy (2016) 204–205
Bolsonaro, Jair 250
Brazil 250
Brophy, David 36
Bush, George W. 63–64, 69, 76, 79
Byler, Darren 182, 206, 226, 231, 235
Cambodia 183
cemeteries 229
Chatterjee, Partha 23
checkpoints 154, 158, 167–168, 181, 224–225, 238
Chen Quanguo 1, 204–209, 212, 224, 232
China Electronic Technology Group 202, 206
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 42–48, 51, 54, 146, 153, 175, 177, 204, 209
CCP Cadres
as Uyghur ‘family members’ 3, 167–168, 206, 225–226
Chinese New Year 231
civil liberties 52
civilians, violent targeting of 13, 74, 99, 128, 169–173, 195–196
closed-circuit television (CCTV) 3, 161, 167, 172, 181, 204, 216–218, 225
coerced labour 220–222, 231–233
collectivization of agriculture 46–47
colonial relationships 23–27, 32, 57–61, 137, 139, 150, 154, 158, 195, 243–244
see also settler colonialism
Confucian thought 31
‘convenience police stations’ 204–205, 238
counterterrorism 15, 65–66, 76, 81, 88, 90, 129, 132–134, 139, 154, 159, 163–165, 168–172, 174–179, 200, 208–210, 221, 227, 243, 247
counterterrorism industrial complex 82, 91, 94, 116
‘Counterterrorism Law’ 178–179, 206
Craner, Lorne 76
crimes against humanity 11–12, 251
cultural renaissance, Uyghur 51
database of Uyghurs 1, 3, 202, 206–207
see also Integrated Joint Operations Platform (IJOP)
Davis, Elizabeth Van Wie 89
Davud., Mikael 125
decolonization processes absent in the case of Xinjiang 25, 27, 50–53, 58–59
De-extremification Regulations 210–213, 223, 234
dehumanization 14–18, 165, 200–201, 245
demonization of the Uyghurs 147, 150, 159
discriminatory hiring practices 152
displacement of populations 153, 220–221
‘Document No. 7’ (1996) 55–56, 132
‘Document No. 11’ (2013) 167
drugs, administration of 217
Dwyer, Adrienne 139
Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association (ETESA) 187, 190
Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) 71–72, 75, 80–95, 97–116, 127, 133, 142, 164–165, 187, 205
designated as a terrorist group 77–80
Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) 100–101, 116–117
Eastern Turkistan Liberation Organization (ETLO) 71
Eastern Turkistan People’s Revolutionary Party (ETPRP) 49
Eastern Turkistan Republics (ETRs)
First (1933–34) 37–39, 52, 104, 241
Second (1944–49) 40–44, 46, 49, 52
Eastern Turkistan Youth League 71
East-West Center 85
economic growth relied on to ease ethnic tensions 136, 149
education 31, 139–141, 231–233
see also ‘re-education’ campaigns
Elishqu massacre (2014) 180
emigration see exodus of Uyghurs
ethnic cleansing 186
‘extremism’ 6, 14–15, 63–64, 132–134, 156, 163, 166–168, 173–178, 203, 209–211, 215, 222, 231, 234, 244
family members abroad 226
Financial Times 148
see also coerced labor
Foreign Policy (journal) 215
Foucault, Michel 16
‘freedom fighters’ 11
frontiers of settlement 25–26, 33, 59, 153
Geneva Convention 13
genocide
objectives of 199
genocide, cultural 2–6, 15, 18–20, 175, 194–197, 199–201, 204, 212, 221, 230, 232, 236–239, 243–251
logical conclusion to the PRC’s action against the Uyghurs 236–43
Ghulja 40–1, 55–56, 67, 74, 131, 179
The Global Times 161
Global War on Terror (GWOT) 6, 10–12, 15–20, 23, 60, 63–66, 69–70, 98–99, 127, 132, 158–159, 171, 196, 200, 243–251
identification of enemies 63–65
implications of Uyghur experience for the future of 243–246
mutations gone through by 245
‘Golden Period’ in Uyghur history 51–52
Great Leap Forward (GLF) 46–47
Guantanamo Bay 17, 78, 81, 85–86, 90–91, 106, 110–114, 247
Guma 208
Gunaratna, Rohan 83–84, 87–88, 92–93
Hage, Mohanad Ali 192
Hague Convention 13
Han migration into Xinjiang 46–47, 50, 58, 131–132, 136–137, 142, 237, 245
Häq, Abdul 90–91, 96, 106, 111, 117–121, 142, 156, 172, 188, 192, 241–242
homeland for the Uyghurs 8–10, 27–28, 52, 57–59, 129
house-to-house searches 167, 179–180, 184
Hu Jintao 149
Huawei (company) 108
human rights 90, 132, 134, 183, 196, 200, 244, 247–250
Human Rights Watch (HRW) 148, 206, 213
Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956) 45
Hungary 250
identity, Uyghur 2, 4, 8, 20, 140–141, 175, 196–197, 203, 208, 212–213, 218–223, 227–228
imprisonment, threat of 222–227, 230, 238
India 250
indigenous peoples 4–5, 8–9, 25, 60
indigenous texts 103
Integrated Joint Operations Platform (IJOP) 206–207, 224–225, 249
integration of Uyghurs into China 26–27, 43, 50–60, 135–141, 146, 149–150, 153, 177, 195, 237
international community 7, 12, 14, 66, 68, 132, 200, 245
internment centres and camps 1–3, 17, 20, 212–220
Isa, Dolkun 80
re-emergence of 52
Islam Awazi 119–121, 125–126, 241–242
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) 72, 106–107
Islamic movements in general 100–101
Islamic Turkistan (magazine) 118–119
Islamophobia 18, 147, 158–159, 171
jihad 121, 166, 168–172, 181, 193
jihadist groups 185
Jin Suren 34
Joscelyn, Thomas 90
Kadeer, Rabiya 146
Kashgar 128, 132, 135–138, 144, 151–152, 155–157, 167, 169, 180, 220, 239
Imam of 179
Kayseri 184
Kelly, James 78
Khaksar, Abdul Samad 109
Khalifä, Muhämmad Zakir Akhnad 118
Khorgus 151
Khotan 131, 135, 155–156, 181, 210
Khrushchev, Nikita 45
Kumul Khanate 36
Kunming
alleged bus bombing (2008) 89, 128, 143, 145
knife attack in train station (2014) 12, 20, 170–173, 185, 196
Kuo, Raymond 88
labor programs 220–222, 230–232
landscape transformation in Xinjiang 4, 20, 59, 149, 227–230
language 2, 4, 7, 60, 139, 150, 177, 216, 231
Laos 183
Legrand, Tim 66
lock-down 148
Lop 198
loyalty to the state and party 202, 209
Mäkhsum, Abdulhäkim-Haji 100–104, 118
Mäkhsum, Häsän 62, 72, 85–86, 100–101, 118, 242
community formed in Afghanistan by 101–118, 126–128, 192
Mämät, Mämtimin 117
Manchus 28
Mansur, Abdullah 119–121, 126, 188
Maoist ideology 43
Maralbeshi event (2013) 166–169
marginalization 60, 152, 165, 239
mass murder 199
‘melting pot’ approach to civic identity 154
Merton, Robert 164
militancy, Uyghur 19–20, 82, 88, 159, 164, 185, 192, 242
Modi, Narendra 250
mosques, demolition of 228
Muslim communities 8, 17–18, 212
Muslims working in internment centres 218
national consciousness, Uyghur 33
national identity 175
nationalism 33, 38, 54, 101, 103, 133, 175, 177, 242, 250
Netanyahu, Benjamin 250
New York Times 144
‘9/11’ events 11, 15, 113, 161
Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation 91
North Korea 64
Oidtmann, Max 23
Olympic Games 88–91, 117, 119, 128, 142–147, 171
Omar, Mullah 108
‘Open Up the West’ campaign 135–137, 141
Orban, Victor 250
Oslo 128
Pairing Assistance Program (PAP) 150–153, 163, 222
peaceful protest 54, 74, 146, 159
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 42
People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1–2, 5–11, 14–15, 18–19, 27, 45–46, 51–55, 60–61, 66–70
economic power of 246
motivations for action by 236–237
putting pressure on 251
see also repression of the Uyghurs
‘People’s War on Terror’ 173–182, 201–202, 210–211
Pereire, Kenneth 87
pilgrimage sites 229
police violence 157–158, 169, 173, 183
post-colonial situation 43
post-liberal world, post-privacy world and post-rights world 248–250
Powell, Colin 79
Project Beauty (2013) 167, 175–176
propaganda 2, 39, 91–92, 121, 123, 126–128, 216–217, 220, 227
protection of society 12–13, 16–18
Qadir, Sheikh Abdul 102
Qadirkhan, Yüsüp see Bilal, Sheikh
Qarahaji, Abudullah 105–107, 113–114, 116–117
Radio Free Asia (RFA) 100, 109, 113–114, 117, 171, 213, 215
railway, Urumqi-Kashgar 58, 135
racial differences 8
racism 164
‘re-education’ campaigns 203, 211–216, 219, 238
refugees 154–155, 183, 185, 189–194
religion and religiosity, suppression of 133, 176–177, 201, 209–211, 228–230
‘Religious Affairs Regulations’ 178
repression of the Uyghurs 2, 10, 18–19, 23, 55–57, 75, 81, 99, 132–134, 143–148, 154–159, 163, 165, 195, 200, 213, 236–244
stopping it getting any worse 246–248
resilience of the Uyghurs 243
resistance movements 36, 55, 60, 150, 155, 163, 166, 179, 195, 202, 210, 213, 227, 237–239
Rippa, Alessandro 152
‘rogue states’ 64
rules-based international order 250–251
Russia 29–34, 38–41, 44, 47, 250
Säyfullah, Commander 119–120, 126
Schriver, Randall 78
Second Generation Nationalities Policy 154, 173–174, 195, 230
securitization 1, 154–155, 237–238
security organs of the Chinese state 158–159, 162–166, 169–170, 179–181, 193
self-censorship 224
self-determination movements 32, 53, 55, 66, 68, 101, 133–136, 164
‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ 159, 163, 164, 187, 194–195
‘separatism’ 14–15, 54–55, 59–60, 68–69, 158, 177
September 11 2001 attacks see ‘9/11’ events
settler colonialism 19, 26, 58–60, 129, 138, 150, 153, 158, 163, 194, 200, 204, 219, 221, 227, 237, 239, 245
definition of 60, 232–233, 250
Shanghai 152
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 56, 66–68
Sharia law 192
Shenzhen 151
Silk Road Economic Belt 174
social life of the Uyghurs 44, 46, 49, 140, 226
society, definition of 16
soft power 247
South China Morning Post 155
Soviet Union (USSR) 25, 32–41, 43–47, 49, 52, 54–55, 67, 153
see also Russia
Sovietization of Xinjiang 37–39
Special Economic Trading Areas (SETAs) 151
stability, establishment and maintenance of 174–175
‘staged development’ 153
Stalin, Joseph 38
Steele, Liza 88
Steenberg, Rune 152
StratFor 89
‘Strike First’ campaign 172
suicide and suicide attacks 181, 204, 217
Al-Suri Abu Musab 87
surveillance 3–4, 20, 55, 154–155, 176, 181, 184, 186, 204–207, 224–227, 238
Taklamakan Desert Highway 135
Taliban regime 65, 71–72, 75, 98, 105–111, 114–115, 118–120, 126–127
Tang Jiaxuan 70
Tarim Basin 25–29, 37, 50, 58, 134, 157–158, 181, 195
Taylor, Francis 76
terrorism
accusations against the Uyghurs 66–95
definition of 10–14, 74, 94, 155, 169–170, 178–179, 245–246
lack of legitimate grievances 21
terrorism analysts 90–94, 98, 100, 106, 120, 185
terrorism lists 65–66, 99, 116
‘Consolidated List’ 80, 97, 127
terrorist organizations 127–129
‘terrorist threat’ 6–7, 10–11, 14, 18–19, 60, 63, 66–94, 97–99, 127–129, 133, 141–143, 161–165, 171, 187, 194–197, 200, 204–205, 209, 237, 244, 249
international recognition of ETIM as 69–75
Thailand 183
‘three evils’ 3, 15, 67–68, 73, 94, 133, 186, 205
Tiananmen Square
car crash (2013) 161–162, 165, 168–169
protests (1989) 51
Tibet 1, 23, 32, 136, 143–144, 204
tourism 239
trafficking, human 182–186, 189, 193
relations with China 240
‘Turkistan’, use of the name 41
Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) 86–95, 97–99, 105–106, 116–129, 143, 145, 156–157, 162–165, 168–172, 185–196, 241–242
Turkistan National Congress 69
United Committee of Uyghurs’ Organizations 71
United Nations 5, 9, 13, 79, 244, 246, 250–251
United States 56, 246–247, 250–251
urban development 137–138, 151
Urumqi 25, 36, 40, 49, 57–58, 104, 108, 131–132, 135–138, 141–142, 152, 158, 182–183, 209, 252
Urumqi bus bombings (1992) 53–54, 60, 74
Urumqi bus bombings (1997) 56, 60, 67, 74, 170
Urumqi riots (2009) 20, 92, 121, 124, 129, 145–150, 153–155, 159, 171, 183
Urumqi train station and market attacks (2014) 20, 172–173, 196
Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP) 138, 140–141, 228
Uyghur people, origins and physical appearance of 7–8
Uyghur region, alternative names for 9–10
Uyghur relations with the modern Chinese state 19, 23, 193
‘Uyghurness’ 228
Uzbeks 7
veils, wearing of 155, 167, 169
Veracini, Lorenzo 26
villages, Uyghur, transformation of 229
violent incidents involving the Uyghurs 153, 156, 162–166, 169–170, 179–181, 203, 207–208, 237–238, 244
virtual private networks (VPNs) 206
Wang Enmao 47
Wang Lequan 145
war on terror, Chinese 194
see also Global War on Terror
warfare
between sovereign states 15–16
rules of engagement in 12–13, 16
see also ‘People’s War on Terror’
Wayne, Martin 88
Waziristan 114–120, 122–127, 156, 159, 188, 241, 255
‘weapons of mass destruction’ 64
work programs 140–141, 146, 153
World Uyghur Congress 92, 180, 184
Xhang Xhunxian 180
Xi Jinping 5, 171–175, 195, 204, 227, 234
Xinjiang
history of relations with countries other than China 28
map of province viii
‘Xinjiang Class’ schools 140, 153–154
‘Xinjiang Papers’ 172
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) 46–51, 136
Xinjiang University 139
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) 1, 7, 44–46, 51–56, 239
closed off from the rest of the world 48
Xinjiang Work Forums
Yakub Beg 29
Yüsüp, Zäydin 53, 100, 102–104
Zenn, Jacob 120
Zenz, Adrian 202–203, 211–214, 219–221, 232–233
Zhang Chunxian 149, 173–175, 181, 186, 204
Zhang Zhizhong 41
Zhu Hailun 210