3 More Flow of Control

1. 3.1 Using Boolean Expressions 112

   1. Evaluating Boolean Expressions 112

   2. Pitfall: Boolean Expressions Convert to int Values 116

   3. Enumeration Types (Optional) 119

2. 3.2 Multiway Branches 120

   1. Nested Statements 120

   2. Programming Tip: Use Braces in Nested Statements 121

   3. Multiway if-else Statements 123

   4. Programming Example: State Income Tax 125

   5. The switch Statement 128

   6. Pitfall: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement 132

   7. Using switch Statements for Menus 133

   8. Blocks 135

   9. Pitfall: Inadvertent Local Variables 138

3. 3.3 More About C++ Loop Statements 139

   1. The while Statements Reviewed 139

   2. Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 141

   3. The for Statement 144

   4. Pitfall: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement 149

   5. What Kind of Loop to Use 150

   6. Pitfall: Uninitialized Variables and Infinite Loops 152

   7. The break Statement 153

   8. Pitfall: The break Statement in Nested Loops 154

4. 3.4 Designing Loops 155

   1. Loops for Sums and Products 155

   2. Ending a Loop 157

   3. Nested Loops 160

   4. Debugging Loops 162

1. Chapter Summary 165

2. Answers to Self-Test Exercises 166

3. Practice Programs 172

4. Programming Projects 174

When you come to a fork in the road, take it.

ATTRIBUTED TO YOGI BERRA

Introduction

The order in which the statements in your program are performed is called flow of control. The if-else statement, the while statement, and the do-while statement are three ways to specify flow of control. This chapter explores some new ways to use these statements and introduces two new statements called the switch statement and the for statement, which are also used for flow of control. The actions of an if-else statement, a while statement, or a do-while statement are controlled by Boolean expressions. We begin by discussing Boolean expressions in more detail.

Prerequisites

This chapter uses material from Chapter 2.