Page 1-2: Portrait and details: William Williams, Portrait of Benjamin Lay, 1750–1758, courtesy National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Page 3: Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament (London, 1808), courtesy Beneicke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Page 4: Isaac Sailmaker, Ships in the Thames Estuary near Sheerness, 1707–1708, courtesy Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, New Haven, Connecticut.
Page 4: John Cleveley the Elder, The Royal George at Deptford Showing the Launch of The Cambridge (1757), courtesy National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England.
Page 5: Detail, Peter Cooper, The Southeast Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, c. 1720, courtesy Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 5: G. Wood, The Prospect of Philadelphia from Wickacove, 1735, Philadelphia, courtesy Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware.
Page 6: Unidentified artist, Quaker Meeting, late 18th/early 19th century, courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Page 7: Artist unknown, Friends’ Meeting House, High Street, Burlington, New Jersey, date unknown, courtesy Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
Page 7: William Dell, The Tryal of Spirits, Both in Teachers and Hearers, Wherein is held forth the clear Discovery and Downfal of the Carnal and Anti-Christian Clergy of these Nations, testified from the Word of God to the University Congregations in Cambridge (London: T. Sowle, 1699, orig. publ. 1653), courtesy Germantown Historical Society, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
Page 8: Mason Chamberlin, Portrait of Benjamin Franklin, 1762, courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Page 9: Charles Willson Peale, Portrait of Dr. Benjamin Rush, 1783–1786, Philadelphia, courtesy Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware.
Page 10: William Williams, Self Portrait, 1788–1790, courtesy Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware.
Page 10: Benjamin West, Self-Portrait, 1770–1776, courtesy Baltimore Museum of Art.
Page 11: William Blake, The Great Red Dragon and the Beast from the Sea, c. 1805, courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Page 12: Henry Dawkins, Benjamin Lay, engraving, c. 1760, collection of the author.
Page 8: Roberts Vaux portrait by Albert Newsam, lithograph, undated, courtesy Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 18: “Above ordinances” detail from illustration in The Quakers Dream: or, the Devil’s Pilgrimage in England (London, 1655), courtesy Haverford College Library, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
Page 72: From Benjamin Lay, All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates (Philadelphia, 1738), courtesy Library Company of Philadelphia.
Page 102: Diogenes, from Thomas Stanley, History of Philosophy: Containing the Lives, Opinions, Actions and Discourses of the Philosophers of Every Sect (London, 1655–1661), 3 vols., courtesy Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Page 112: Roger Crab, from The English Hermite, or, Wonder of this Age: Being a Relation of the Life of Roger Crab, living neer Uxbridg, taken from his own Mouth (London, 1655), courtesy, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Page 129: Engraving of Benjamin Lay by William Kneass, from Roberts Vaux, Memoirs of the Loves of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford, Two of the Earliest Public Advocates for the Emancipation of the Enslaved Africans (Philadelphia: Solomon W. Conrad, 1815), collection of the author.