Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations.
Abeel, John, 37
African Americans: in Bahamas, 140, 149–54; and disease outbreaks, 122–23; Dunmore’s views on, 6, 109, 115–16, 154–56; in England, 28; and Ethiopian Regiment, 216n35; in “floating town,” 120, 122–23; historical portrayals of Dunmore, 4; as loyalists, 137; in New York, 28. See also blacks; slaves
Agnew, John, 121
Alexander, Peter, 137–38
American Revolution: British and loyalist perspectives on, 6, 94–130; and Dunmore proclamation of emancipation (1775), 2, 6, 104, 105; “floating town” of loyalists, 96–97, 119–25; French Canadians in, 99, 100, 213n10; historiography of, 3–4; patriot propaganda, 3, 6, 101–2; property losses by loyalists, 102–3, 113. See also specific battles and military leaders by name
Amherst, Jeffery, 173
Anne (queen of Great Britain), 10
Articles of War, 120
Atholl, 1st Marquess of (John Murray), 17
Atholl, 3rd Duke of (John Murray), 18–19, 21
Atholl, 4th Duke of (John Murray), 139
Attakullakulla (Cherokee chief), 63, 204n16
Austen, Jane, 179–80
Backscheider, Paula, 235n4
Bahama Gazette: on Dunmore’s involvement with Bowles expedition, 165; as loyalist voice, 145; on Native American trade in Bahamas, 167–68; printing of, 143
Bahama Islands (colony): defense of, 156–59; Dunmore as governor, 1, 6, 140–78; Dunmore’s amnesty proclamation for runaway slaves, 150–51; loyalist refugees in, 2, 140, 144–47; map of, 141; political environment in, 144–47, 170–74; slaves and free blacks in, 149–54, 227n49
Baker, Joshua, 78
Bancroft, George, 3
Baptists, 27
Barry, George, 155
Battle of Culloden, 7, 12–13, 24, 84
Battle of Great Bridge, 110–12; view of (by Lord Rawdon), 111
Battle of Long Island, 126
Battle of New Orleans, 178
Battle of Prestonpans, 12
Battle of Yorktown, 7
Battles of Lexington and Concord, 94
Bedford, 4th Duke of (John Russell), 19
Bedford Whigs, 19
Bellew, Henry, 121
Berkeley, Norborne. See Botetourt, 4th Baron (Norborne Berkeley)
Bermuda, 139–40
Black Pioneers, 126
blacks: in Bahamas, 140, 149–54; and disease outbreaks, 122–23; Dunmore’s views on, 6, 109, 115–16, 154–56; in England, 28; and Ethiopian Regiment, 216n35; in “floating town,” 120, 122–23; historical portrayals of Dunmore, 4; as loyalists, 137; in New York, 28. See also African Americans; slaves
Blair, James, 51
Bland, Richard, 200n78
Board of American Loyalists, 2, 145
Bolton’s Tavern, New York, 31
Bonnamy, Broomfield, 162, 164, 168
Bonnie Prince Charlie. See Stuart, Charles Edward (Prince)
Boodle’s, 21
Botetourt, 4th Baron (Norborne Berkeley), 38–39, 42, 44, 61, 65
Bowles, William Augustus, 162–69, 163, 179–80
Bradstreet, John, 36
British Empire: arming slaves, 6; consent of subjects within, 5; North American expansion, 5, 140–78; trade laws within, 5. See also American Revolution and specific colonies by name
British government: House of Commons, 10, 175; House of Lords, 12, 16, 20, 24, 134, 138–39, 186; Privy Council, 10, 14, 19, 39, 45, 60, 64, 70–71, 74–75, 173–74
Brown, Christopher, 215n32
Brown, Thomas, 171
Brown, Wallace, 177
Bruton Parish Church (Virginia), 45
Bryan, Andrew, 216n35
Bullitt, Thomas, 68, 69, 205n31
Bute, 3rd Earl of (John Stuart), 16, 61, 114–15
Camden-Yorke opinion (1757), 75
Cameron, Alexander, 102
Cameron, Allen, 99–100
Campbell, John, 70
Campbell, William, 126
Camp Charlotte peace. See Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1775)
Canada: colonial government in, 131, 147, 160; French Canadians in American Revolution, 99, 100, 213n10
Candidates, The (Munford), 218n59
Caretta, Vincent, 235n9
Carondelet, baron de (Francisco Luis Hector), 168
Cathcart, Charles Schaw, 15, 20
Cat Island, 145
Chalmers, George, 171, 175, 225n36
Charles IV (king of Spain), 166
Charleston, South Carolina, 128–30, 132
Charlotte (queen of Great Britain), 142
Cherokees: and Bowles, 165; and Dunmore’s War, 61, 76, 88, 204n16; and loyalist plans in colonies, 132; and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 90; in western lands, 160
Chesapeake Bay, map of, 98
Chickasaws, 160
Choctaws, 160
Christian, William, 89
Clark, Elijah, 169
Clinton, George, 32
Clinton, Henry, 117–19, 124, 126, 132–34, 215n28, 219n74
Colden, Cadwallader, 29, 30, 32–36, 37, 198n40
College of New York, 31
College of William and Mary, 53, 69, 205n31
Common Sense (Paine), 26
Connolly, John, 68; and American Revolution, 97, 100; and Dunmore’s War, 67, 70–73, 80, 82, 92, 211n100
Conway, Stephen, 191n17
Cornstalk (Shawnee chief), 88, 89
Cosby, William, 33
Cosway, Richard, 233n116
counterfeiting, 46–51, 49, 202n103
Court of Exchequer, 33
Cowley, William, 99
Craton, Michael, 226n42
Crawford, William, 88, 90, 208n61
Creeks: and Bowles, 165, 168; and Dunmore’s War, 76; and loyalist plans in North America, 132; Spain’s support to, 160, 162, 164; and Treaty of New York, 167
Cresap, Michael, 77, 80, 81–82, 85, 90, 208n58, 209n70
Cresswell, Nicholas, 211n99
Croghan, George, 79, 80, 87, 92, 210n92
Crooked Island, 176
Culloden, Battle of, 7, 12–13, 24, 84
Cumberland, Duke of (Prince William Augustus), 10, 12–13
Cunningham, William, 169
Dartmouth, 2nd Earl of (William Legge): authorized Dunmore’s return to England, 118; on Dunmore’s performance, 50, 73; on Native Americans and slaves for defense, 106; patronage of, 19, 21; and Royal Proclamation of 1763, 56, 74, 75, 76; on Virginia–Pennsylvania border dispute, 73
Dawson, Joyce, 127–28
Declaration of Independence, 54, 108
DeLancey, James, 37
DeLancey, Stephen, 149
Delawares: and Dunmore’s War, 77, 80–81, 85, 86, 88; and Ohio Valley lands, 61; and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 90. See also Pipe, Captain (Delaware chief); White Eyes (Delaware chief)
D’Esté, Augustus Frederick, 7, 173–74, 175, 178, 181, 233n116
Dinwiddie, Robert, 60, 62, 71, 203–4n8
Dixon, Jeremiah, 65
Donelson, John, 63
Donne, John, 188
Douglas, Katherine Sprowle, 222n109
Dowdeswell, William, 179
due process, 49–51
Dumaresq, Rebecca, 176
Dundas, Henry, 6, 171, 173, 175
Dunmore, 1st Earl of (Charles Murray), 10, 12
Dunmore, 2nd Earl of (John Murray), 1, 10, 12, 13–14
Dunmore, 3rd Earl of (William Murray of Taymount), 9, 11, 13–14, 24, 102
Dunmore, 4th Earl of (John Murray), 23, 182; achievements of, 5; in American Revolution, 94–130; appointment as Bahama Islands’ governor, 140; appointment as New York’s governor, 20; appointment as Virginia’s governor, 38–39; Bahamas governorship, 1, 2, 5, 6, 140–78; on black soldiers, 6, 132–33; British expansion in North America attempted by, 159–70; children of, 19, 20–21, 56; compensation controversy with Colden, 32–36; contemporary views of, 3; death of, 183; defiance of imperial policy, 38–39; and Dunmore’s War, 56–93; education of, 14–15, 21–22; election to House of Lords, 16; family’s political history, 9–24; finances of, 17, 179–80; historiography on, 3–4; infidelity rumors, 51–52; in Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, 1, 4, 9, 12, 13; land interests of, 4, 39–40, 45, 60, 92; loyalism of, 2; marriage of, 16; military career of, 15; New York governorship, 2, 25–42; personality and worldview of, 4, 21–22; proclamation of emancipation issued by, 104, 105; property losses of, 138–39; return to England, 134–39, 179–88; salary of, 27, 144; slaves of, 41, 42, 44–45, 96, 113, 126, 138, 154; views on slavery, 153–56; Virginia governorship, 2, 42–93; on Yellow Creek massacre, 81
Dunmore, Lady (Charlotte Stewart): children of, 19, 20–21, 56; on daughter’s marriage to Prince Augustus, 173; marriage of, 16; reception in Virginia, 52–54, 202n119; return to England, 95–96
Dunmore Pineapple, 17, 18, 194n45
Dunmore proclamation of emancipation (1775), 2, 6, 104–6, 105
Dunmore’s War, 2, 4, 5, 56–93. See also Ohio Valley; Pittsburgh; Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1775)
Dunmore Town, Bahamas, 154, 171
Dutch Church, 27
East Florida: Bahamas proximity to, 140; creation of colony in, 57; free blacks in, 150; loyalist refugees in, 125; map of, 142; Panton, Leslie, and Company operations in, 161; as Spanish colony, 2, 6, 144, 160
Eduardo, Miguel Antonio, 120
emancipation. See Dunmore proclamation of emancipation (1775)
Enlightenment, the, 21
Ethiopian Church of Jesus Christ, 216n35
Ethiopian Regiment, 107–8, 110, 112, 122–23, 137, 216n35, 220n85
ethnic diversity: in “floating town,” 120; in New York, 27–28, 29
Eton College, 14
Fall of British Tyranny, The (Leacock), 114, 116
Farmer, Samuel, 120
“fee simple” land ownership, 206–7n48
Fitzmaurice, Viscount (William Petty), 15
“floating town”: authority structure in, 119–21; creation of, 96–97; disease and death in, 121–25; ethnic diversity in, 120; population of, 212n5; religion in, 121
Florida. See East Florida; West Florida
Floyd, John, 89
Forbes, John, 174–75, 176, 234n122
Forbes, Thomas, 230–31n84
Ford, John, 49
Ford, John, Jr., 49
Fordyce, Charles, 112
Fort Charlotte, 158–59, 170, 171, 175, 176, 229nn74–75
Fort Dunmore, 83. See also Fort Pitt
Fort Nassau, 158
Fort Stanwix, 61. See also Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)
Fox, Rachael, 125
France, 7, 9. See also French Canadians
Franklin, Benjamin, 215n32
Free Port Act of 1787, 157, 162
French Canadians, 99, 100, 213n10
Freneau, Philip, 3, 22, 128–30
Frey, Sylvia, 216n35
Gage, Thomas, 30, 33, 90, 99, 120
Galloway, Lord, 19
General Assembly (Virginia), 43, 44, 95
Genet, Edmond, 170
Gentleman’s Magazine, on Hanover-Murray marriage, 8
George II (king of Great Britain), 7, 13–14, 15, 16
George III (king of Great Britain): coronation of, 16; and Royal Proclamation of 1763, 56–57; son’s marriage to Augusta Murray, 7; —, reaction to, 173–74, 179; statue in New York, 25, 54
Georgia (colony): loyalist flight from, 2, 140; and slave trade, 108
Germain, George, 118, 126, 133
Gibson, John, 78
Glorious Revolution (1688), 9, 10
Governor’s Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia), 45–46, 46, 95; entry hall, 47
Gower, 2nd Earl of (Granville Leveson-Gower, later 1st Marquess of Stafford): on Foy’s value to Dunmore, 21; patronage of, 19, 20, 38, 174, 175
Gower, Susanna Stewart (Marchioness of Stafford), 174
Grand Ohio Company, 59, 62, 74, 75, 87, 91
Graves, Samuel, 120
Great Bridge, Battle of, 110–12; view of (by Lord Rawdon), 111
Great Britain. See British Empire; British government
Greenhill, Paschal, 50
Grenville, George, 159
Grenville, William, 159, 166, 173
Gunn, William, 174
Gwatkin, Thomas, 121
Gwynn’s Island, 123, 124; sketch of (by Thomas Jefferson), 123
Haiti. See Saint Domingue
Haldimand, Frederick, 209n70
Hamilton, William, 8
Hamond, Andrew Snape, 95, 117, 119, 124, 125, 220n85
Hancock, David, 195n60
Hanover, Augustus Frederick (Prince), 1, 7–8, 172–74, 179, 193n36
Hanover, George III of. See George III (king of Great Britain)
Hawkesbury, 1st Baron (Charles Jenkinson), 173
Hector, Francisco Luis. See Carondelet, baron de (Francisco Luis Hector)
Henderson, Richard, 207n48
Henry, Patrick, 91, 94, 106, 202n103
Hepburn, James, 145
Hillsborough, Earl of (Wills Hill), 31–32, 34, 36, 43, 61–64, 74–75
History of the United States of America (Bancroft), 3
Hog Island, 232n110
Holton, Woody, 211n104
Holyroodhouse, Palace of, 12
homestead ethic, 62
Honeyman, Robert, 220n84
Hopkins, Ezek, 119
Horsmanden, Daniel, 41
House of Lords, 12, 16, 20, 24, 134, 138–39, 186
Hughes, Charles Philpot, 62
Hume, David, 21
Hunter, Katherine, 102
Hutchinson, Thomas, 126
Illinois-Wabash Company, 76
indentured servants, 6, 101, 104, 107; and Dunmore proclamation of emancipation, 105
India, colonial government in, 147
Innes, Enoch, 81–82
Iroquois, 28, 61. See also Six Nations and individual tribes by name
Jackson, Luther Porter, 191n13
Jacobite Rebellions: of 1715, 9; of 1745, 1, 4, 9
jail fever, 122
James II (king of Great Britain), 9, 10
James III (exiled), 9–12
Jamieson, Neil, 112
Jasanoff, Maya, 222n2, 223–24n13, 228n62
Jay, John, 199n66
Jefferson, Thomas, 108; sketch of Gwynn’s Island, 123
Jenkinson, Charles. See Hawkesbury, 1st Baron (Charles Jenkinson)
Johnson, Guy, 99
Johnson, William, 29–30, 38–39, 42, 61, 92
Johnston, Robert, 148
Jones, David, 65
Jones, John, 125
Jones, Mary, 7
judicial system: in Bahamas, 148–49; due process in, 49–51
Kalm, Peter, 33
Kenyon, Lloyd, 173
Kiashuta (Seneca chief), 79, 80, 81
“King’s List,” 16
land grants: in Bahamas, 171; Dunmore’s use of, 4, 5; “fee simple” ownership, 206–7n48; in New York, 27, 32, 39–40; and political culture, 28–29; restrictions on Dunmore’s ability to perform, 63–64; and Royal Proclamation of 1763, 5, 40, 56–59, 65, 75–76; —, map of line, 58; as source of power, 92; for veterans, 62, 74, 88, 203–4n8; in Virginia, 5, 62–63, 65, 70
Leacock, John, 114, 115, 116, 217n52, 218n56
Legge, William. See Dartmouth, 2nd Earl of (William Legge)
Lendrum, John, 3
Leslie, Alexander, 133
Leveson-Gower, Granville. See Gower, 2nd Earl of (Granville Leveson-Gower, later 1st Marquess of Stafford)
Lewis, Andrew, 85, 88, 89, 124
Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 94
Life of Samuel Johnson (Boswell), 2–3
Linnaeus, Carolus, 33
Little Carpenter. See Attakullakulla (Cherokee chief)
Livingston, Robert R., 37
Livingston, William, 35
Livingston family, 29
Logan, Isabella, 137
London Gazette, on Forbes’ appointment as governor of Bahama Islands, 174
Long Island, Battle of, 126
Loughborough, 1st Baron (Alexander Wedderburn), 173
Louis XVI (king of France), 7
Louisiana: as possible destination for loyalist refugees, 133; as Spanish colony, 160; white population in, 230n79
Loyalist Claims Commission, 120, 128
loyalists: in Bahamas, 2–3, 140, 144–47, 176; Dunmore’s work on behalf of, 3, 4, 130, 136–39; evacuation to “floating town,” 95, 112–14; property losses by, 102–3, 113, 136–39
Lutherans, 27
maroon communities, 150
Maryland, slave patrols in, 109
Mason, Charles, 65
Matson, John, 147–49
Maxwell, Richard, 2, 140, 145–46, 148, 151
Mazzei, Philip, 193n36
McDowell, John, 222n106
McFarlane, Andrew, 72
McGillivray, Alexander, 161, 162, 164, 167, 168
McKee, Alexander, 79, 81, 86, 92
Men Who Lost the War, The (O’Shaughnessy), 190n11
Methodists, 27
Miamis, 88
microhistory, 186
Miller, John, 161–62, 167, 168, 176–77
Miller, Bonnamy, and Company, 161–62, 164, 167
Mingoes: and Dunmore’s War, 77–78, 80–81, 88; and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 90
Ministerial Line. See Royal Proclamation of 1763
Miranda, Francisco de, 166
Miskito Indians, 155
Mississippi River Valley, 6
Mohicans, 86–87
Moncrief, James, 134
Moñino y Redondo, José, 165
Montgomery, Thomas, 128
Moore, John, 173
Moravians, 27
Morris, Gouverneur, 52
Morris, Lewis, 33
Mosquito Shore, 154–55
Munford, Robert, 218n59
Murray, Alexander (Dunmore’s son), 20, 142
Murray, Augusta, 1, 2, 7–9, 20, 172–74, 181–82
Murray, Catherine, 20
Murray, Charles. See Dunmore, 1st Earl of (Charles Murray)
Murray, George (Dunmore’s son), 20, 170, 234n127
Murray, George (Jacobite general), 11, 13
Murray, John (Dunmore’s son), 20, 180–81
Murray, John. See Atholl, 1st Marquess of (John Murray); Atholl, 3rd Duke of (John Murray); Atholl, 4th Duke of (John Murray); Dunmore, 2nd Earl of (John Murray); Dunmore, 4th Earl of (John Murray)
Murray, Leveson Granville (Dunmore’s son), 21
Murray, Susan, 20
Murray, Thomas, 12
Murray, Virginia, 56
Murray, William (Dunmore’s son), 20, 52
Murray, William (no relation), 75
Murray, William. See Tullibardine, Marquess of (William Murray)
Murray, William of Taymount. See Dunmore, 3rd Earl of (William Murray of Taymount)
Nairne, Catherine, 9
Nairne, Margaret, 9
Native Americans: as consumers of British goods, 160–61; diplomacy of, 208–9n65; and Dunmore’s War, 56–93; map of population groups, 58; in New York, 28; and Seven Years’ War, 106–7; as slaves, 155–56, 187. See also specific tribes and leaders by name
Neilson, Charles, 103
Nelson, William, 44
Neville, John, 208n61
Newcastle, 1st Duke of (Thomas Pelham-Holles), 13–14
Newell, James, 88
New Hampshire, 39–40
New Orleans, Battle of, 178
New Providence Island, 145, 149, 158
New York (colony): Dunmore as governor of, 2, 25–42; ethnic and religious diversity in, 27–28, 29, 196n15; land grants in, 27, 32, 39–40; political environment of, 26, 28–30; public opinion of Dunmore in, 36; public opinion of monarchy in, 5, 26; slaves in, 28, 196–97n17
New York, Treaty of (1790), 167
Nicholas, Robert Carter, 46, 47, 48
Niles, Hezekiah, 3
Norfolk: burning of, 117; evacuation of, 114; “floating town” stationed near, 102, 123
Norfolk Intelligencer, The, patriot propaganda published in, 101–2
North Carolina, Pittsylvania gang in, 48
Oates, Stephen, 187
Ohio Indians. See Delawares; Mingoes; Shawnees
Ohio Valley, 4, 57–62; map of, 64
Old Church of Jesus Christ (New York), 27
Old Episcopal Church (New York), 31
Old Farm (Virginia), 45
O’Shaughnessy, Andrew, 190n11
Ottawas, 88
Oxford History of the British Empire, The (Marshall), 187
Paine, Thomas, 26
Panton, William, 161, 167, 175
Panton, Leslie, and Company, 161, 162, 165
Paradise, Lucy Ludwell, 178
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 136, 144, 160
Parker, Peter, 118
Parr, John, 166
patriot propaganda: demonization of Dunmore, 3, 6; in Virginia’s newspapers, 101–2
patronage system, 19–20
“Paxton Boys” uprising, 84
Pearis, Richard, 231n84
Pelham-Holles, Thomas. See Newcastle, 1st Duke of (Thomas Pelham-Holles)
Pendleton, Edmund, 91, 95, 101, 106, 194n58
Penn, John, 73
Pennsylvania: and Dunmore’s War, 79; Virginia’s border dispute with, 59, 65–73
Petty, William. See Shelburne, Earl of (Viscount Fitzmaurice, William Petty)
Phillipsburg Proclamation (1779), 215n28
Pinkney, John, 202–3n119, 210n91
Pipe, Captain (Delaware chief), 86
Pitt, William, the Younger, 138, 147, 175, 224n18
Pittsburgh, 65–73, 79, 85; plan of fort at, 66
Pittsylvania gang, 48–51
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763–64), 86
Portland, 3rd Duke of (Wiliam Cavendish-Bentinck), 175, 234n122
Porto Bello (hunting lodge), 96
Preston, William, 70
Prestonpans, Battle of, 12
Prevost, Augustine, 22, 51, 85–86, 87
Privy Council: Dunmore (1st Earl) appointment to, 10; Gower as president of, 19; and land grants, 60, 64, 70, 71; and Murray-Hanover marriage, 173–74; Murray (William) pardoned by, 14; on New York–New Hampshire land dispute, 19; on slave importation tax, 19; and Vandalia colony proposal, 74–75
Proclamation Line. See Royal Proclamation of 1763
proclamation of emancipation. See Dunmore proclamation of emancipation (1775)
proconsular despotism, 147
propaganda. See patriot propaganda
property rights, 104
proprietary charters, 70–71
Pybus, Cassandra, 216n34, 235n9
Quarles, Benjamin, 4
Quebec, 57
Queen’s Own Loyal Virginia Regiment, 107–8, 124, 220n85
Randolph, John, 48
Randolph, Peyton, 48
Randolph, Sukey, 51
Reformed German Protestants, 27
Regulator movements, 84
Reid, John, 36
Reily, Philip, 72
religion: in “floating town,” 121; in New York, 27–28, 29, 196n15. See also specific churches and denominations by name
Reynolds, Joshua, 24, 183, 195n67; John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (painting), 23
Rind, Clementine, 52
Rivington, James, 39
Robertson, Thomas, 232n107
Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of (Charles Watson-Wentworth), 211n103
Rockingham Whigs, 19
Rodríguez Miró, Esteban, 162
Romney, George, 174
Rough Crossings (Schama), 4
royal charters, 70–71
Royal Marriage Act of 1772, 7, 172
royal prerogative, 38
Royal Proclamation of 1763, 5, 40, 56–59, 65, 75–76; map of line, 58
Russell, John. See Bedford, 4th Duke of (John Russell)
St. Clair, Arthur, 71, 79, 83, 90, 210n92
Saint Domingue, 7, 140, 149, 171–72
St. George’s Church (Hanover Square, London), 1, 7
St. George’s Island, 124
Saunders, Gail, 226n42
Schoepf, Johann David, 141, 142, 143
Scots: in “floating town,” 120, 217n51; as Jacobites, 9; in New York, 28; as tobacco merchants, 44; in Virginia, 114, 116
Scots Guards, 24
“Seven Men of Moidart,” 10
Seven Years’ War, 5, 15, 57, 107
Sevier, John, 169
Shacocks, 28
Shaffer, Jason, 218n56
Shawnees: Bullitt’s unauthorized negotiations with, 69; and Dunmore’s War, 22, 76–77, 80–82, 85–90; and Ohio Valley lands, 61; and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 5, 90
Shedden, Robert, 102–3
Shelburne, Earl of (Viscount Fitzmaurice, William Petty), 15
Shuttleworth, John, 213n11
Silver, Peter, 203n5
Silverman, Kenneth, 186
slaves: amnesty proclamation for runaways in Bahamas, 150–51; arming of runaways, 2, 3; in Bahamas, 141, 149–54, 227n49; Dunmore’s ownership of, 41, 42, 44–45, 96, 113, 126, 154; Dunmore’s views on, 153–56; in “floating town,” 100–101; from Mosquito Shore, 155; Native Americans as, 155–56, 187; in New York, 28, 196–97n17; political actions of, 6; and proclamation of emancipation (1775), 104, 105, 107; tax on imports of, 43–44, 45, 201n88; in Virginia, 109, 200–201n88; wartime roles of, 100. See also African Americans; blacks
slave tribunals, 151–53
Smith, Adam, 21
Smith, Amelia, 154
Smith, Devereux, 72
Smith, William, Jr., 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 222n1
smuggling, 157
Society for the Advancement of Useful Knowledge, 22
South Carolina (colony): loyalist flight to, 2, 128–30, 132, 140; and slave trade, 108
Spanish Empire, 6, 162, 165–66. See also specific colonies by name
Speir, William, 79
Spencer’s Bight, 152
Stafford, Marchioness of. See Gower, Susanna Stewart (Marchioness of Stafford)
Stafford, 1st Marquess of. See Gower, 2nd Earl of (Granville Leveson-Gower, later 1st Marquess of Stafford)
Stewart, Alexander, 16
Stewart, Charlotte. See Dunmore, Lady (Charlotte Stewart)
Stewart, Euphemia, 173
Stokes, Anthony, 146
Stuart, Charles Edward (Prince), 1, 7, 9, 11, 12–13
Stuart, John. See Bute, 3rd Earl of (John Stuart)
Sydney, 1st Viscount (Thomas Townsend), 134, 135–36, 144, 146, 149
Tait, James, 137
taxes: on land (quitrents), 5, 57; on slave imports, 43–44, 45, 201n88
Terry, Moses, 50
Thomas’s Massachusetts Spy, on Dunmore, 115
Townsend, Thomas. See Sydney, 1st Viscount (Thomas Townsend)
Towse, Francis, 117
Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1775), 5, 89–90, 91
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), 2, 61, 76, 89, 93
Treaty of New York (1790), 167
Treaty of Paris (1783), 136, 144, 160
Tucker, James, 125
Tullibardine, Marquess of (William Murray), 10–11, 13
Upaiahatche, Philatouche (Creek headman), 169
Vandalia colony proposal, 59, 62, 74, 75, 91, 93
Van Dam, Rip, 33
Virginia: backcountry, 4; Dunmore as governor, 2, 42–93; and Dunmore’s War, 79; land grants in, 5, 62–63, 65, 70; Pennsylvania’s border dispute with, 59, 65–73; public opinion of monarchy in, 5, 26; slaves in, 109, 200–201n88
Virginia Committee of Safety, 113
Virginia Gazette (s) (Williamsburg and Norfolk; various editors): on Battle of Great Bridge, 112; on celebration of Lady Dunmore’s arrival, 52; on counterfeiters, 51; on Dunmore’s proclamation, 109; patriot propaganda published in, 101–2, 115, 214n20; on typhus outbreak in “floating town,” 122
Wabash Company, 76
Wallace, Hugh, 39
Walpole, Horace, 19
War of Austrian Succession, 10
Washington, George: and Dinwiddie’s land grants, 60, 65; on Dunmore, 2; indentured servants of, 101; and land grants in Ohio Valley, 67, 68–69; loyalist plans revealed to, 99; and Native Americans in western lands, 167
Washington, Harry, 120
Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of (Charles Watson-Wentworth)
Watts, John, 29
Wedderburn, Alexander. See Loughborough, 1st Baron (Alexander Wedderburn)
Wedgwood, Josiah, 17
Wells, John, 145
Wells, Mary, 125
Wells, William, 125
western lands: land grant policies for, 63–65, 73–76; regulation lacking in, 84; settlement of, 5; and Spanish colonies, 160; speculation in, 5. See also land grants
West Florida: British plans to recover, 6, 136; creation of colony in, 57; map of, 142; Panton, Leslie, and Company operations in, 161; as Spanish colony, 144, 160; white population in, 230n79
West Indian Regiments, 6
Wharton, Thomas, 91
White Eyes (Delaware chief), 76–77, 79–82, 86–88
Wilkinson, Moses (“Daddy Moses”), 121
Williamson, Adam, 6
Woodford, William, 110, 112, 116, 117, 218n64
Wylly, William, 147–49, 152–53, 156, 165, 170, 175, 226n42, 228n58
Yellow Creek massacre (1774), 78, 91, 208n61
Yorktown, Battle of, 7
Young, Alfred, 185
Young, Richard, 120
Zane, Ebenezer, 77
Zenger, John Peter, 198n38