LESSON 6

Going Shopping Again?

また買い物？

Mata Kaimono?

In this lesson you will learn how to describe your experiences about shopping as well as how to express quantities, amounts, and numbers.

[cue 06-1]

Basic Sentences

1.	古本屋でマンガをたくさん買いました。 Furuhonya de manga o takusan kaimashita. I bought a lot of comic books at a used-book store.
2.	りんごを３つ下さい。それから，バナナを３本下さい。 Ringo o mit-tsu kudasai. Sore kara, banana o san-bon kudasai. Please give me three apples. In addition, please give me three bananas.
3.	うちには犬が３匹います。それから，猫が１匹います。 Uchi ni wa inu ga san-biki imasu. Sore kara, neko ga ip-piki imasu. We have three dogs. In addition, we have a cat.
4.	２に３を足すといくつになりますか。 Ni ni san o tasu to ikutsu ni narimasu ka. How much is 2 + 3? (When you add 3 to 2, how many does it become?)
5.	９から４を引くと５になります。 Kyū kara yon o hiku to go ni narimasu. 9 – 4 is 5. (When you subtract 4 from 9, it becomes 5.)
6.	店員が2, 3人いました。 Ten’in ga ni san nin imashita. There were 2 or 3 salesclerks.
7.	今日は全て３割引きですよ。 Kyō wa subete san-wari biki desu yo. Today, everything is 30% off!
8.	父の生年月日は１９５1年６月２３日です。 Chichi no seinengappi wa sen kyūhyaku gojū ichi-nen Rokugatsu nijū san-nichi desu. My father’s date of birth is June 23rd, 1951.
9.	バラやゆりなどを買いました。 Bara ya yuri nado o kaimashita. I bought roses and lilies and the like.
10.	ほうれん草を１束か２束買いましょう。 Hōrensō o hito-taba ka futataba kaimashō. I guess I’ll buy 1 or 2 bunches of spinach.
11.	ほうれん草とねぎを一束ずつ買いました。 Hōrensō to negi o hito-taba zutsu kaimashita. We bought one bunch each of spinach and green onions.
12.	「今何時ですか。」 “Ima nan-ji desu ka.” “What time is it now?”	「３時４５分です。」 “San-ji yonjūgo-fun desu.” “It’s 3:45.”
13.	田中さんだけに言いました。 Tanaka-san dake ni iimashita. I only told Mr. Tanaka.
14.	田中さんにしか言いませんでした。 Tanaka-san ni shika iimasen deshita. I only told Mr. Tanaka.
15.	お茶はいかがですか。 O-cha wa ikaga desu ka. How about some tea?
16.	このクラスの四分の三は男子です。 Kono kurasu no yonbun no san wa danshi desu. Three-fourths of (the students in) this class are boys.

[cue 06-2]

Basic Vocabulary

STORES

デパート (or 百貨店) depāto (or hyakkaten)	department store
スーパー sūpā	supermarket
コンビニ konbini	convenience store
本屋 (or 書店) hon’ya (or shoten)	bookstore
レジ reji	cashier
店員 ten’in	store clark
店長 tenchō	store manager
客 kyaku	customers, shoppers

CULTURE NOTE   Convenient Konbini

In Japan, convenience stores are called konbini. Wherever you are, in Japan, you can see some konbini such as 7-Eleven, Lawson, or Family­Mart. In cities, you can find one every few blocks. Like the 7-Elevens in the U.S., konbini sell prepared foods, drinks, toiletries, over-the-counter drugs, and stationery, but they offer more. You can buy tickets for shows and sports games, do simple banking, send a fax, make copies, and pay utility bills. Konbini stores usually serve as stations for popular delivery services called takuhaibin. When you go to an airport, you can drop off your suitcase at a konbini on the previous day and have it delivered to the airport when you check in. This is a common practice, because the Japanese do not think it’s cool to roll big suitcases in a train station. Konbini stores sell popular Japanese-style hot meals, (including oden, a Japanese hot-pot), snacks, and cigarettes. Because they are open 24/7, you never have to be hungry or thirsty as long as you have a small amount of money. They also sell magazines and comic books, so you can go there at any time, even at midnight, whenever you feel bored.

THINGS AT THE SUPERMARKET

肉 niku	meat
魚 sakana	fish
野菜 yasai	vegetables
果物 kudamono	fruit
牛肉 gyūniku, bīfu	beef
鶏肉 toriniku, chikin	chicken (meat)
豚肉 butaniku, pōku	pork
レタス retasu	lettuce
ねぎ negi	scallion, green onion
ほうれん草 hōrensō	spinach
りんご ringo	apple
みかん mikan	tangerine
桃 momo	peach
キャッシャー kyasshā	cashier
買い物かご kaimono kago	shopping basket

CULTURE NOTE   Depachika

If you want to explore Japanese food culture, visit depachika, a department store’s food floor in its basement. The word depachika is an abbreviation of depāto ‘department store’ and chika ‘basement.’ At depachika, they usually sell processed, baked, or cooked foods including ham, roasted meat, bento lunch boxes, sushi rolls, pickles, dumplings, and pastries. Most of them are from well-known makers, hotels, or restaurants, and some of them are prepared on-site. They also sell fresh fruit, seafood, and meat from special areas, like Kobe beef and Yubari melon that could cost a fortune. The presentation of foods is done meticulously, with elaborate lighting and showcases. Sales staff are very informative and courteous.

ONLINE SHOPPING

クレジットカード kurejitto kādo	credit card
ネットショッピング netto shoppingu	Internet shopping
買い物カート kaimono kāto	shopping cart
ランキング rankingu	rank
ネットオークション netto ōkushon	Internet auction
送料無料 sōryō-muryō	free shipping
クリック kurikku	click
商品 shōhin	merchandise, item

ATM TERMS

ATM ei tī emu	ATM
お預入れ o-azukeire	deposit
お引き出し o-hikidashi	withdrawal
残高照会 zandaka-shōkai	balance inquiry
暗証番号 anshō-bangō	PIN number
デビットカード debitto kādo	debit card

TIME DURING THE DAY

朝 asa	morning
昼 hiru	noon
晩 ban	evening
夜 yoru	night
夕方 yūgata	dusk
明け方 akegata	dawn

ADJECTIVES

高い takai	is high, is expensive
安い yasui	is cheap, is easy
欲しい hoshii	is desirable, is wanted
おいしい oishii	is delicious
すごい sugoi	awesome, wonderful

FASHION

エレガント（だ） eleganto (da)	(is) elegant
シック（だ） shikku (da)	(is) chic
派手（だ） hade (da)	(is) showy
地味（だ） jimi (da)	(is) conservative
子どもっぽい kodomoppoi	is childish
大人っぽい otonappoi	is adult-like
かわいい kawaii	is cute
かっこいい kakkoii	is cool
きれい（だ） kirei (da)	(is) pretty

VERBS

買う・買います kau/kaimasu	buys
売る・売ります uru/urimasu	sells
数える・数えます kazoeru/kazoemasu	counts, enumerates
かかる・ かかります kakaru/kakarimasu	takes (time, cost); time/cost is taken/required

Structure Notes

6.1. Numerals and numbers

In Japanese there are two classes of words corresponding to English number words: “numerals” and “numbers.” A number is a compound word consisting of a numeral (like ichi ‘one’) plus a counter (like -mai, the counter for flat, thin objects). You use simple numerals when you are talking about figures in the abstract, as in an arithmetic problem, where you are not counting anything in particular; you use numbers when your figures apply to something more definite, like a certain number of books, pencils, or people, or a certain quantity of water, distance, time, or money. To ask ‘how many…,’ you attach either iku- or (more often) nan- to the counter, as in iku-tsu ‘how many pieces’ or nan-mai ‘how many sheets (of flat items).’

6.2. Other quantity words

In addition to numbers there are some other words that indicate quantity or amount in a more general way. These words are nouns but are often used as adverbs, just like the numbers. Here are some you will find useful:

沢山 takusan	lots, much, many
少し sukoshi	a little, a few, a bit
大勢 ōzei	many (used only for people)
みんな minna	all, everything, everybody

The word minna only has the meaning ‘everybody’ when used as a noun with some particle: Minna ga kimashita ‘Everybody came’ or Minna kimashita ‘(They) all came.’ When used as an adverb it means ‘all’ or ‘every’ and can refer to people or things: Gakusei ga minna kimashita ‘The students all came.’ Here are some examples of these words in sentences:

洋服を沢山買いました。

Yōfuku o takusan kaimashita.

I bought a lot of clothes.

この店は子供服も少しあります。

Kono mise wa kodomo fuku mo sukoshi arimasu.

This store has some children’s clothes.

お客さんが大勢来ました。

O-kyaku-san ga ōzei kimashita.

Many shoppers came.

この店の漫画はみんな読んだことがあります。

Kono mise no manga wa minna yonda koto ga arimasu.

I have read all the comic books in this store.

6.3. Use of numbers and quantity words

Numbers and quantity words occur as ordinary nouns, connected by no to the nouns they modify. They occur also as adverbs without any particle following, and in this case they usually follow the NOUN + PARTICLE expression to which they refer, although sometimes they are put at the very beginning as if modifying the whole sentence, and sometimes you hear them in other positions.

If the particle after the noun is any particle other than wa, ga, or o, the number or quantity word must precede as a regular modifying noun: futari no hito kara ‘from two people,’ takusan no gakkō e ‘to many schools.’ But if the particle after the noun is wa, ga, or o, the number or quantity word can either precede with no, or follow as an adverb with no particle at all. There is a slight difference of meaning. If the quantity word or number is used as an adverb, the noun is referred to in an “indefinite” fashion: enpitsu ga ni-hon ‘two pencils (some or any two pencils),’ o-cha ga sukoshi ‘a little bit of tea.’ If the quantity word or number is used as a modifying noun, the reference is more “definite”: ni-hon no enpitsu ga ‘THE two pencils,’ kono sukoshi no o-cha ga ‘this little bit of tea.’

This is about the only place where Japanese maintains the English distinction between ‘A man’ (hito wa hitori) and ‘THE man’ (hitori no hito wa), and it is possible only when the particle involved is wa, ga, or o. When a number or quantity word is used as an adverb with no particle following, it’s as if the meaning were ‘to the extent of …’: tegami o ni-tsū kakimashita ‘I wrote letters to the extent of two’ = ‘I wrote two letters’; tegami o takusan kakimashita ‘I wrote letters to the extent of a lot’ = ‘I wrote a lot of letters.’ Here are more examples:

この二人のアメリカ人は私の友達です。

Kono futari no Ameriki-jin wa watashi no tomodachi desu.

These two Americans are my friends.

昨晩学生が二人遊びに来ました。

Sakuban gakusei ga futari asobi ni kimashita.

Last night two students came to call on me.

二人の学生は日本語ができますか。

Futari no gakusei wa Nihongo ga dekimasu ka.

Do the two students know Japanese?

日本語が少しできます。

Nihongo ga sukoshi deki masu.

They know a little Japanese.

「何曲ダウンロードしましたか。」

“Nankyoku daunrōdo shimashita ka.”

“How many pieces of music did you download?”

「３曲ダウンロードしました。」

“San-kyoku daunrōdo shimashita.”

“I downloaded three.”

6.4. Primary and secondary numerals

The numeral system of Japanese includes a primary set, most of which was borrowed from the Chinese—and a secondary set, consisting of early native Japanese elements. The secondary system is used only for counting certain things, and is virtually limited to the first ten number and quantity words. After ten, even those things counted with the secondary set take the primary numerals, and some people use primary numerals for figures lower than ten. A given numeral or number often has variant forms. In the chart on the following page, the more common variant is given first. In certain combinations, only one of the given variants may occur, but in general they are used interchangeably.

6.5. Primary numerals

From one to ten, the digits are simple words. From ten to twenty they are compound words consisting of jū ‘ten’ plus one of the other digits. The even tens (twenty, thirty, forty, etc.) are compound words consisting of one of the digits plus jū ‘ten.’ In other words, the Japanese reads 13 as ‘ten-three’ and 30 as ‘three-ten.’ The hundreds and thousands work like the tens: 300 is 3 x 100 (san-byaku), 3000 is 3 x 1000 (san-zen). You will notice some changes in the pronunciation of the individual elements when they occur in certain compounds. These are summarized below in note 6.8. Other numerals (like 21, 103, 1007, 2326) consist of a phrase of several words: sanzen sanbyaku sanjū san ‘3333.’ Here is a list of the primary numerals. Some of the numbers have more than one possible form, as you can see below. The more frequently used one is listed first, but the choice among variants depends on the context and individual preference.

Primary Numerals
0*	れい; ゼロ	rei; zero
1	いち	ichi
2	に	ni
3	さん	san
4	よん; し	yon; shi
5	ご	go
6	ろく	roku
7	なな; しち	nana; shichi
8	はち	hachi
9	きゅう; く	kyū; ku
10	じゅう	jū
11	じゅういち	jūichi
12	じゅうに	jūni
13	じゅうさん	jūsan
14	じゅうよん; じゅうし	jūyon; jūshi
15	じゅうご	jūgo
16	じゅうろく	jūroku
17	じゅうなな; じゅうしち	jūnana; jūshichi
18	じゅうはち	jūhachi
19	じゅうきゅう; じゅうく	jūkyū; jūku
20	にじゅう	nijū
21	にじゅういち	nijū ichi
22	にじゅうに	nijū ni
23	にじゅうさん	nijū san
24	にじゅうよん; にじゅうし	nijū yon; nijū shi
25	にじゅうご	nijū go
26	にじゅうろく	nijū roku
27	にじゅうなな; にじゅうしち	nijū nana; nijū shichi
28	にじゅうはち	nijū hachi
29	にじゅうきゅう; にじゅうく	nijū kyū; nijū ku
30	さんじゅう	sanjū
33	さんじゅうさん	sanjū san
40	よんじゅう; しじゅう	yonjū; shijū
44	よんじゅうよん	yonjū yon
50	ごじゅう	gojū
55	ごじゅうご	gojū go
60	ろくじゅう	rokujū
66	ろくじゅうろく	rokujū roku
70	ななじゅう	nanajū
77	ななじゅうなな	nanajū nana
80	はちじゅう	hachijū
88	はちじゅうはち	hachijū hachi
90	きゅうじゅう	kyūjū
99	きゅうじゅうきゅう	kyūjū kyū
100	ひゃく	hyaku
101	ひゃくいち	hyaku ichi
199	ひゃくきゅうじゅうきゅう	hyaku kyūjū kyū
200	にひゃく	nihyaku
300	さんびゃく	sanbyaku
400	よんひゃく	yonhyaku
500	ごひゃく	gohyaku
600	ろっぴゃく	roppyaku
700	ななひゃく	nanahyaku
800	はっぴゃく	happyaku
900	きゅうひゃく	kyūhyaku
1,000	せん	sen
2,000	にせん	nisen
3,000	さんぜん	sanzen
4,000	よんせん	yonsen
5,000	ごせん	gosen
6,000	ろくせん	rokusen
7,000	ななせん	nanasen
8,000	はっせん	hassen
9,000	きゅうせん	kyūsen
10,000	いちまん	ichiman
20,000	にまん	niman
30,000	さんまん	sanman
80,000	はちまん	hachiman
100,000	じゅうまん	jūman
500,000	ごじゅうまん	gojūman
1,000,000	ひゃくまん	hyakuman
100,000,000	いちおく	ichioku
1,000,000,000	じゅうおく	jūoku
100,000,000,000	いっちょう	itchō
1,000,000,000,000	じゅっちょう	jutchō

* The number 0 can also be pronounced as maru, which literally means a circle.

6.6. Arithmetic

To ask the price of things, you can say, for example:

いくらですか。 Ikura desu ka.	How much is it?
いくらになりますか。 Ikura ni narimasu ka.	How much does it become?
いくらしますか。 Ikura shimasu ka.	How much does it cost?

To ask the quantity of things, you can say:

いくつですか。 Ikutsu desu ka.	How many is it?
いくつになりますか。 Ikutsu ni narimasu ka.	How many does it become?

Common arithmetic problems are said as follows:

２に３を足すといくつになりますか。

Ni ni san o tasu to ikutsu ni narimasu ka.

How much is 2 + 3? (When you add 3 to 2, how many does it become?)

９から４を引くと５になります。

Kyū kara yon o hiku to go ni narimasu.

9 – 4 is 5. (When you subtract 4 from 9, it becomes 5.)

８に７を掛けるといくつになりますか。

Hachi ni nana o kakeru to ikutsu ni narimasu ka.

How much is 8 x 7? (When you multiply 8 by 7, how much does it become?)

３６を３で割ると１２になります。

Sanjū roku o san de waru to jūni ni narimasu.

36 ÷ 3 is 12. (When you divide 36 by 3, it becomes 12.)

6.7. Counters

There are three kinds of counters: “unit counters” (like 3 pounds, 2 hours, 4 years), “class counters” (like 400 head of cattle, a loaf of bread, 2 sheets of paper), and “ordinal counters.” Unit counters are used to refer to a quantity of something divisible like water, time, money, and distance. Class counters are used for general classes of things that aren’t ordinarily divisible, like animals, people, pencils, and books. Ordinal counters are used to specify the place in some order in time, place, and hierarchy.

Here is a list of some common unit counters:

-グラム -guramu	…grams
-キロ(グラム) -kiro(guramu)	…kilograms
-メートル -mētoru	…meters
-キロ(メートル) -kiro(mētoru)	…kilometers
-センチ(メートル) -senchi(mētoru)	…centimeters
-ミリ(メートル) -miri(mētoru)	…millimeters
-リットル -rittoru	…liters
-マイル -mairu	…miles
-インチ -inchi	…inches
-ドル -doru	…dollars
-円 -en	…yen (Japanese currency unit)
-ポンド -pondo	…pounds (English weight or money)
-時間 -jikan	…hours
-週間 -shūkan	…weeks
-ヶ月 -kagetsu	…months

Here is a list of some common class counters:

-台 -dai	vehicles, mounted machines
-杯 -hai	containerfuls
-本 -hon	slender objects (pencils, tubes, sticks, cigarettes, bottles, flowers)
-枚 -mai	flat, thin objects (sheets, newspapers, handkerchiefs, dishes)
-冊 -satsu	(bound) volumes (books, magazines)
-件 -ken	buildings
-通 -tsū	letters
-頭 -tō	large animals (horses, cows)
-匹 -hiki	animals, fish, insects
-着 -chaku	suits, dresses

Here’s a list of some commonly used ordinal counters:

-時 -ji	…o’clock
-階 -kai	…th floor
-月 -gatsu	…month names (e.g. January, February)
-ページ -pēji	page … (e.g. page 46)

6.8. Sound changes

There are a few irregularities when certain numerals are combined with counters. These are summarized below.

1. The last syllable of ichi and hachi is usually replaced by p before p, t before t or ch, s before s or sh, and k before k:

ip-pēji	1 page
it-tō	1 animal
it-tsū	1 letter
it-chaku	1 suit
is-sai	1 year old
ik-ken	1 building
hap-pēji	8 pages
hat-tō	8 animals
hat-tsū	8 letters
hat-chaku	8 suits
has-sai	8 years old
hak-ken	8 buildings

2. The numeral jū is usually replaced by jup before p, jut before t or ch, jus before s or sh, juk before k. Some speakers use jip-, jit-, jis-, and jik- instead of the forms with the vowel u.

jup-pēji	10 pages
jut-tō	10 animals
jut-tsū	10 letters
jut-chaku	10 suits
jus-sai	10 years old
juk-ken	10 buildings

3. The numerals san and yon and the element nan- ‘which, how many’ are pronounced as sam-, yom-, nam- before b, p, or m to assimilate the place of articulation. In this book, they are still written with ‘n’ instead of ‘m.’ So, san-pēji ‘3 pages’ will pronounced as sam-pēji. This change to m in the spelling works for any n before b, p, or m within a word, so sen ‘1,000’ becomes sem-, man ‘10,000’ becomes mam-.

4. Before some counters beginning with a voiced sound, the number yon ‘4’ appears in the form yo-:

4円 yo-en	4 yen
4年 yo-nen	4 years
4時 yo-ji	4 o’clock
4時間 yo-jikan	4 hours

Compare yon-byō ‘4 seconds,’ yon-jū ‘40,’ yon-man ‘40,000.’ For some words, where both forms are heard, the longer is to be preferred: yo(n)-ban ‘number 4,’ yo(n)-retsu ‘4 rows.’

5. Counters beginning with h or f (including the numeral hyaku ‘hundred’ when the second element in a compound numeral) replace this by p after ichi- (ip-), hachi- (hap-), jū (jup-). After san-, nan-, counters change initial h to b, initial f to p. After yon, a majority of speakers keep the initial h intact, but many people say yon-pun rather than yon-fun ‘4 minutes.’

6. The numerals roku- and hyaku- become rop- and hyap before counters beginning with h or f; the counters replace h or f by p. Some speakers use rop- and hyap- before counters beginning with a basic p also. Some speakers maintain the basic forms roku-h- and roku-f-, hyaku-h- and hyaku-f-, insetad of rop-p- and hyap-p-.

rop-pon, roku-hon	hyap-pon, hyaku-hon
rop-pai, roku-hai	hyap-pai, hyaku-hai
rop-piki, roku-hiki	hyap-piki, hyaku-hiki
rop-pun, roku-fun	hyap-pun, hyaku-fun
roku-pēji, rop-pēji	hyaku-pēji, hyap-pēji

7. The numerals roku- and hyaku- become rok- and hyak- before counters beginning with k-: rok-ken ‘6 buildings’, hyak-ken ‘100 buildings.’

8. After san- ‘3’ and nan- ‘how many,’ the elements -sen meaning ‘thousand,’ -kai ‘floor,’ and -ken ‘buildings’ are respectively -zen, -gai, and -gen.

san-zen 3,000	nan-zen how many thousand
san-gen 3 buildings	nan-gen how many buildings

9. With most counters, either ku or kyū may be used for ‘9,’ either shichi or nana for ‘7,’ either shi or yon (yo-) for ‘4.’ For some counters only one of the forms occurs: Shigatsu ‘April,’ Shichigatsu ‘July,’ Kugatsu ‘September’; yo-ji ‘4 o’clock,’ and ku-ji ‘9 o’clock.’

6.9. Secondary numerals

The secondary set of numerals consists of early native Japanese elements. They run from 1 to 10, and for each digit there are two forms: a long form, used when the numeral is a word by itself, and a short form, used when the numeral is combined with a counter. In addition, there are a few special short forms, used on enumerative occasions, like ‘counting off’ in gym or in the military.

The secondary numerals are used with certain counters. They are also used by themselves to count words that do not take any special counter: kaban ga hitotsu ‘one suitcase,’ futatsu no mado ga ‘the two windows,’ mittsu no tsukue ‘3 desks.’ For counting above 10, the primary numerals can be used by themselves, but they are often followed by the counter -ko: kaban ga jūgo or kaban ga jūgo-ko ‘15 suitcases.’

The secondary numerals are also commonly used to give ages: Ano kodomo wa itsutsu deshō ‘That child must be five (years old).’ Watashi wa kotoshi sanjū desu ‘I’m 30 this year.’ Okāsama wa o-ikutsu desu ka? ‘How old is your mother?’ There is a special word for ‘20 years old,’ hatachi. A somewhat more formal way of stating ages is with the primary numerals + the counter -sai ‘years of age’:

「あなたは何歳ですか。」 “Anata wa nan-sai desu ka.” “How old are you?”

「２１歳です。」 “Nijū is-sai desu.” “I’m 21.”

6.10. Secondary counters

Here are some counters often used with the secondary numerals. Some speakers use the secondary numerals only for the first few numbers, then switch to the other set; other speakers do not switch to the primary set of numerals until eleven.

-晩 -ban	nights
-袋 -fukuro	bagfuls
-箱 -hako	boxfuls
-部屋 -heya	rooms
-切れ -kire	slices, cuts, pieces
-組 -kumi	groups, sets (of matched objects)
-間 -ma	rooms
-皿 -sara	platefuls
-匙 -saji	spoonfuls
-揃え -soroe	sets
-束 -taba	bunches
-月 -tsuki	months (=-kagetsu used with primary numerals)

一晩ボストンのホテルに泊まった。

Hitoban Bosuton no hoteru ni tomatta.

I stayed at a hotel in Boston for one night.

このうちには寝室が二間しかない。

Kono uchi ni wa shinshitsu ga futama shika nai.

This house only has two bedrooms.

6.11. Counting people

There are some irregularities in the set of numbers used to count people. Most of the numbers are made up of primary numbers + the counter -nin, but there are different forms for 1, 2, and 4. (The expected forms *ichi-nin, *ni-nin do occur in some compounds, for example, ichinin-mae ‘food order for one person.’)

１人 hitori	1 person
２人 futari	2 people
３人 san-nin	3 people
４人 yo-nin	4 people
５人 go-nin	5 people
６人 roku-nin	6 people
７人 nana-nin, shichi-nin	7 people
８人 hachi-nin	8 people
９人 kyū-nin, ku-nin	9 people
１０人 jū-nin	10 people
１１人 jūichi-nin	11 people
何人 nan-nin	how many people?
２２２人 nihyaku nijū ni-nin	222 people

この店には店員が２人います。

Kono mise ni wa ten’in ga futari imasu.

There are two clerks in this store.

その３人のダンサーはアメリカ人です。

Sono san-nin no dansā wa Amerika-jin desu.

Those three dancers are Americans.

6.12. Counting birds

The usual counter for birds, any kinds of bird including sparrows, cranes, ducks, and chickens, is -wa, which has the forms -pa and -ba after certain numerals:

１羽	ichi-wa
２羽	ni-wa
３羽	san-ba, san-wa
４羽	yon-wa
５羽	go-wa
６羽	rop-pa, roku-wa
７羽	nana-wa, shichi-wa
８羽	hap-pa, hachi-wa
９羽	kyū-wa
１０羽	jup-pa, jip-pa
何羽	nan-ba	how many birds?

6.13. Counting days

There are a number of irregularities in counting days. The numbers mean either ‘so-and-so many days’ or ‘the so-and-so-many-th day of the month,’ except that these two meanings are distinguished for the first number: ichi-nichi ‘1 day,’ tsui-tachi ‘1st day.’

１日 tsuitachi	1st day
１日 ichinichi	1 day
２日 futsuka	2 days, 2nd day
３日 mikka	3 days, 3rd day
４日 yokka	4 days, 4th day
５日 itsuka	5 days, 5th day
６日 muika	6 days, 6th day
７日 nanoka	7 days, 7th day
８日 yōka	8 days, 8th day
９日 kokonoka	9 days, 9th day
１０日 tōka	10 days, 10th day
１１日 jūichi-nichi	11 days, 11th day
１２日 jūni-nichi	12 days, 12th day
１３日 jūsan-nichi	13 days, 13th day
１４日 jūyokka	14 days, 14th day
１５日 jūgo-nichi	15 days, 15th day
１６日 jūroku-nichi	16 days, 16th day
１７日 jūshichi-nichi	17 days, 17th day
１８日 jūhachi-nichi	18 days, 18th day
１９日 jūku-nichi	19 days, 19th day
２０日 hatsuka	20 days, 20th day
２１日 nijū ichi-nichi	21 days, 21st day
２２日 nijū ni-nichi	22 days, 22nd day
２３日 nijū san-nichi	23 days, 23rd day
２４日 nijū yokka	24 days, 24th day
２５日 nijū go-nichi	25 days, 25th day
２６日 nijū roku-nichi	26 days, 26th day
２７日 nijū shichi-nichi	27 days, 27th day
２８日 nijū hachi-nichi	28 days, 28th day
２９日 nijū ku-nichi	29 days, 29th day
３０日 sanjū-nichi	30 days, 30th day
３１日 sanjū ichi-nichi	31 days, 31st day
何日 nan-nichi	how many days, which day of the month?

Most of the numbers are made up of primary numerals + the counter -nichi (in rapid speech sometimes pronounced -nchi), but the numbers from 2 through 10, 14, 20, and 24 contain elements from the set of secondary numerals + the counter -ka.

6.14. Names of the months

The names of the months are made by adding the counter -gatsu to the primary numerals:

１月 Ichigatsu	January
２月 Nigatsu	February
３月 Sangatsu	March
４月 Shigatsu	April
５月 Gogatsu	May
６月 Rokugatsu	June
７月 Shichigatsu	July
８月 Hachigatsu	August
９月 Kugatsu	September
１０月 Jūgatsu	October
１１月 Jūichigatsu	November
１２月 Jūnigatsu	December

Notice that the older variants for 4, 7, and 9 (shi-, shichi-, and ku-) are always used in the month names instead of the more common forms yon-, nana-, and kyū. There is also another word for January, Shōgatsu. Be sure to differentiate Nigatsu ‘(the second month =) February’ from ni-kagetsu ‘two months.’ To ask ‘which month’ you say nan-gatsu; to ask ‘how many months’ you say nan-kagetsu.

6.15. Giving dates

To say which year it is, you attach the counter -nen to the appropriate numerals as in sen kyūhyaku gojū ni-nen ‘1952.’ If you add the month, it follows this, and then comes the day of the month—and, if you like, the day of the week and the time of day. For example:

１９５２年６月２３日月曜日午後３時

sen kyūhyaku gojū ni-nen Rokugatsu nijū san-nichi getsuyōbi gogo san-ji

3 p.m., Monday, 23 June 1952

6.16. Telling time

To say it is such-and-such o’clock, you use a primary numeral + the counter -ji: go-ji desu ‘it’s 5 o’clock.’ If you want to say ‘it’s five minutes past five (5:05)’ you say go-ji go-fun desu or go-ji go-fun sugi desu—the word sugi means ‘exceeding, more than.’ To say ‘it’s five minutes before five (4:55)’ you say go-ji go-fun mae desu. Mae, of course, means ‘before, in front of.’ Or you can say yo-ji gojū-go-fun desu just as you can say ‘four fifty-five’ in English. To say ‘at’ a certain time, you use the particle ni: go-ji ni kimashita ‘he came at five.’

If you want to add ‘a.m.’ and ‘p.m.,’ you put the words gozen ‘before-noon’ and gogo ‘after-noon’ in front of the time expression. So ‘from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.’ is gozen ku-ji kara gogo ku-ji made.

To say ‘half-past ten’ or the like, you just add -han ‘and a half’ at the end of the time expression: gogo roku-ji han ‘half past six in the evening.’

Notice the difference between san-ji ‘(the third hour =) 3 o’clock’ and san-jikan ‘3 hours.’ To ask ‘what time (= which hour, what o’clock)’ you say nan-ji. To ask ‘how much time, how long (=how many hours)’ you say nan-jikan.

「今何時ですか。」	「３時４５分です。」
“Ima nan-ji desu ka.”	“San-ji yonjū go-fun desu.”
“What time is it now?”	“It’s 3:45.”

6.17. -ぐらい -gurai / -ごろ -goro

The particle gurai means ‘approximate quantity, about so much.’ Gurai is often written (and sometimes pronounced) kurai. There is a related noun kurai that means ‘position, rank.’ Notice also the idioms kono-kurai (or kono-gurai) and kore-kurai (= kore gurai) ‘this much, to this extent.’

４時間ぐらいかかりました。	４時ぐらいに来てくれませんか。
Yo-jikan gurai kakarimashita.	Yo-ji gurai ni kite kuremasen ka.
It took about four hours.	Could you come at around 4 p.m?

これぐらいのことで文句を言ってはいけません。

Koregurai no koto de monku o itte wa ikemasen.

You should not complain about this kind of thing. (It’s not a big deal.)

By contrast, the particle goro means ‘approximate point in time, about then’ and cannot be used for quantity. The idiom kono-goro means ‘recently’ (= chikagoro). Compare the related noun koro ‘time, era, period,’ as in ano koro wa ‘at that time (period).’

４時ごろに来てくれませんか。

Yo-ji goro ni kite kuremasen ka.

Could you come at around 4 p.m?

あの頃は日本はまだ貧しい国でした。

Ano koro wa Nihon wa mada mazushii kuni deshita.

Japan was still a poor country at that time.

6.18. Particle や ya

The particle ya is used to make an incomplete enumeration. When you list several things but have not exhausted all the items on your list, you use ya. If you do exhaust the list, giving all the items, then you connect the items with the particle to. Notice that the particles to and ya usually occur after every item in the list except the last. After the last item, you use whatever particle is appropriate to show the relationship between the whole phrase and the rest of the sentence.

お酒やビールやワインを買いました。

O-sake ya bīru ya wain o kaimashita.

I bought things like sake, beer, and wine.

お酒とビールとワインを買いました。

O-sake to bīru to wain o kaimashita.

I bought sake, beer, and wine.

6.19. など nado, なんか nanka

The particle nado is used after a noun, with or without other particles (including ga, o, and wa) following. The English equivalent is often ‘and the like, et cetera, and so on, or something of the sort.’ The force of the particle is to make the limits of the preceding phrase somewhat more vague. It often occurs after a group of nouns that are usually connected to each other by the particle ya, but sometimes the particle is omitted.

Tシャツやセーターなどを買いました。

Tīshatsu ya sētā nado o kaimashita.

I bought T-shirts and sweaters and the like.

兄弟と喧嘩なんかしますか。

Kyōdai to kenka nanka shimasu ka.

Do you do such a thing as fight with your siblings?

Occasionally the particle nado occurs after a verb or adjective in the plain imperfect or perfect:

イギリスに留学するなどと言っています。

Igirisu ni ryūgaku suru nado to itte imasu.

He’s talking of going to study abroad in England and the like.

The particle nanka means ‘the likes of’ with negative or deprecatory implications:

私なんかそんなことはできません。

Watashi nanka sonna koto wa dekimasen

A person like me wouldn’t be able to do such a thing.

英語なんか知りません。

Eigo nanka shirimasen.

I don’t know any English (it’s too hard for me)!

6.20. Particle か ka meaning ‘or’

You have learned the particle ka as a sort of audible question mark. It also occurs after a noun with the meaning ‘(either…) or….’ Here are some examples:

本か雑誌を買って読みましょう。

Hon ka zasshi o katte yomimashō.

I guess I’ll buy a book or magazine to read.

あしたかあさって行くでしょう。

Ashita ka asatte iku deshō.

I expect he’ll go either tomorrow or the next day.

ほうれん草を１束か２束買いましょう。

Hōrensō o hito-taba ka futa-taba kaimashō.

I guess I’ll buy 1 or 2 bunches of spinach.

青木さんか鈴木さんが来ます。

Aoki-san ka Suzuki-san ga kimasu.

Mr. Aoki or Mr. Suzuki (or someone) will come.

Notice the difference in meaning between these two sentences:

お茶かコーヒーは好きですか。

O-cha ka kōhī wa suki desu ka.

Do you like tea or coffee? (either one)

お茶が好きですか。コーヒーが好きですか。

O-cha ga suki desu ka. Kōhī ga suki desu ka.

Do you like tea? Or, do you like coffee? (which one)

6.21. Particles は wa and を o with いかがですか ikaga desu ka

If you want to offer a person some tea, you usually say:

お茶はいかがですか。

O-cha wa ikaga desu ka.

How about some tea?

In this expression, the particle used is wa. If you use a quantity word, however, the particle must be o.

お茶を一杯いかがですか。	お茶をもう少しいかがですか。
O-cha o ip-pai ikaga desu ka.	O-cha o mō sukoshi ikaga desu ka.
How about a cup of tea?	How about a little more tea?

6.22. ひとつ hitotsu

Sometimes the word hitotsu is used, not to mean ‘one’ of something but to mean ‘just,’ ‘a little,’ ‘some,’ or ‘once’:

中華料理を一ついかがですか。

Chūka-ryōri o hitotsu ikaga desu ka.

How about some Chinese food?

では, 田中さんに一つ協力してみましょう。

Dewa Tanaka-san ni hitotsu kyōryoku shite mimashō.

Okay then, let me collaborate with Mr. Tanaka a little.

6.23. Only: -だけ -dake and -しか -shika

There are two common ways to say ‘only’ in Japanese: dake and shika. Dake is a particle that means something like ‘to the extent of’ and ‘to the limit of.’ When following a noun that would ordinarily take the particle ga or o, usually only dake occurs; but if the noun is followed by some particle other than ga or o, then both dake and the particle occur—usually in that order. Here are some examples of dake:

昨日の晩は私だけ映画を見に行ったんです。

Kinō no ban wa watashi dake eiga o mi ni itta n desu.

Last night I was the only one who went to see the movie.

この雑誌だけ読みませんでした。

Kono zasshi dake yomimasen deshita.

This is the only magazine I didn’t read.

これは先生だけに言ってください。

Kore wa sensei dake ni itte kudasai.

Please tell this only to the teacher.

Dake sometimes occurs after a verb or adjective with the meaning ‘as much as’: hoshii dake ‘as much as you desire (as is desired),’ dekiru dake ‘as much as possible.’ Examples:

できるだけはやく書きました。	あっただけ食べました。
Dekiru dake hayaku kakimashita.	Atta dake tabemashita.
I wrote as fast as I could.	I ate everything there was.

The other common way to say ‘only’ is to use the particle shika ‘but only.’ This particle is always followed by the negative; shika + the negative has about the same meaning as dake + the affirmative: Kudamono dake kaimashita = Kudamono shika kaimasen deshita ‘I only bought fruit; I bought nothing but fruit.’ The basic meaning of shika is something like ‘(nothing) but, except for.’ So Tanaka-san shika kimasen deshita means something like ‘except for Mr. Tanaka (somebody) didn’t come,’ that is: ‘ONLY Mr. Tanaka came.’

The particle shika, like the particle dake, usually does not occur together with the particles ga or o. If it occurs with other particles, the others precede shika. With dake it is more common for the other particles to follow:

先生だけに言いました。	先生にしか言いませんでした。
Sensei dake ni iimashita.	Sensei ni shika iimasen deshita.
I told only the teacher.	I told only the teacher.

If you want to use ‘only’ + a negative in English (‘Only the teacher I didn’t tell’), you have to use dake in Japanese, since shika + the negative would give just the opposite meaning:

先生だけに言いませんでした。

Sensei dake ni iimasen deshita.

The teacher is the only one I didn’t tell.

Both shika + the negative (but with an affirmative meaning in the English translation) and dake with either the negative (with negative meaning in English) or the affirmative are used to translate English ‘only’ after an ordinary noun. After a number or quantity word, just shika + the negative is used to mean ‘only.’ Dake means ‘just, neither more nor less than’:

十時間かかりました。

Jū-jikan kakarimashita.

It took ten hours.

十時間だけかかりました。

Jū-jikan dake kakarimashita.

It took just ten hours. (Which seems neither long nor short.)

十時間しかかかりませんでした。

Jū-jikan shika kakarimasen deshita.

It took only ten hours. (Which seems short.)

6.24. Approximate numbers

Two consecutive numbers can often be combined to mean ‘about 2 or 3, about 3 or 4’, etc. These are then added to a single counter.

店員が2, 3人いました。	六, 七年はかかるでしょう。
Ten’in ga ni san-nin imashita.	Roku shichi-nen wa kakaru deshō.
There were 2 or 3 salesclerks.	It will take 6 or 7 years.

Not all possible combinations occur. For instance, none occur with the counter -ji ‘o’clock’ or -gatsu ‘month.’ In such cases, you can use two full words connected by the particle ka ‘or’:

３時か４時に来るでしょう。	４月か５月でしょう。
San-ji ka yo-ji ni kuru deshō.	Shigatsu ka Gogatsu deshō.
He’ll come around 3 or 4 o’clock.	It will be April or May.

The secondary numerals usually do not combine in the same way. Instead, the two consecutive numbers are connected by ka:

バラを１束か２束買います。

Bara o hito-taba ka futa-taba kaimasu.

I will buy one or two bunches of roses.

6.25. Fractions

To express ordinary fractions, like 3/4, the Japanese say something like ‘three of four parts’ using the counter -bun ‘part.’ For ‘one-half’ there is the special word hanbun, and for ‘so-many and a half’ the regular number takes the suffix -han ‘and a half’:

このクラスの四分の三は男子です。

Kono kurasu no yonbun no san wa danshi desu.

Three-quarters of this class are boys.

武さんはもらったお金の半分を私にくれました。

Takeshi-san wa moratta o-kane no hanbun o watashi ni kuremashita.

Takeshi gave me half of the money he received.

水を３カップ半入れてください。

Mizu o san-kappu han irete kudasai.

Please add 3½ cups of water.

月曜日の朝，11時半にここへ来てください。

Getsuyōbi no asa, jūichi-ji han ni koko e kite kudasai.

Please come here at 11:30 a.m. on Monday morning.

２１は６３の三分の一です。

Nijū-ichi wa rokujū-san no sanbun no ichi desu.

21 is one-third of 63.

6.26. Percentage

The old-fashioned way of expressing percentage in Japanese is to use three different counters: -rin ‘.001 (0.1 percent),’ -bu ‘.01 (1 percent);’ and -wari ‘.10 (10 percent).’ In-between percentages are given by combining these numbers: niwari sanbu ichirin ‘.231 (23.1 percent).’ To say ‘200 is 25 percent of 800’ you say Nihyaku wa happyaku no ni-wari go-bu desu. However, pāsento ‘percent’ is more commonly used in modern Japanese. For example, the same sentence can be said as:

２００は８００の２５％です。

Nihyaku wa happyaku no nijū go-pāsento desu.

200 is 25 percent of 800.

Other examples:

今日は全て3割引きですよ。

Kyō wa subete san-wari biki desu yo.

Today, everything is 30% off!

この会社の２０パーセントの社員はタバコを吸います。

Kono kaisha no nijup-pāsento no shain wa tabako o suimasu.

Twenty percent of the employees in this company smoke.

6.27. Multiples

To express ‘two times (as much or as big, etc., as something else), three times, four times’ and so forth, you use the counter -bai ‘multiple.’

６０は２０の３倍です。	これはその２倍です。
Rokujū wa nijū no san-bai desu.	Kore wa sono ni-bai desu.
60 is 3 times 20.	This is twice (as much as) that.

To state simple multiplication problems, you can say, for example:

２０に３を掛けると６０になります。

Nijū ni san o kakeru to rokujū ni narimasu.

20 x 3 = 60.

6.28. ずつ zutsu

The particle zutsu is placed immediately after a number (numeral + counter) to mean something like ‘distributively.’ For the English translation you will find its equivalent as ‘each, every, at a time, apiece.’ The exact reference of the phrase NUMBER + zutsu is sometimes in doubt. The sentence Hito-taba zutsu kaimashita could mean (1) Everybody bought one bunch; (2) We bought one bunch of each (vegetable); (3) We bought one bunch at a time. The total information actually supplied to us by the sentence is: somebody bought, one bunch was the extent, and there was a distributive relationship between the buying and the one bunch. The NATURE of the relationship of ‘each of us,’ ‘each (vegetable),’ and ‘at a time’ has to be inferred from the context or the situation. Often a few additional words in the sentence will help indicate which of the three distributive relationships is referred to:

みんなが一束ずつ買いました。

Minna ga hito-taba zutsu kaimashita.

Everybody bought one bunch apiece.

ほうれん草とねぎを一束ずつ買いました。

Hōrensō to negi o hito-taba zutsu kaimashita.

We bought one bunch each of spinach and green onion.

毎朝一束ずつ買いました。

Maiasa hito-taba zutsu kaimashita.

We bought one bunch (at a time) every morning.

These sentences, too, could be construed with the other meanings, but the additional contexts make the given meanings more probable. There is a similar ambiguity with the English word ‘each.’ Here are some additional examples of -zutsu:

昨晩６人の友達に手紙を１通ずつ書きました。

Sakuban roku-nin no tomodachi ni tegami o ittsū zutsu kakimashita.

Last night I wrote each of my six friends a letter.

授業時間にことわざを一つずつ習いました。

Jugyō-jikan ni kotowaza o hitotsu zutsu naraimashita.

We learned one proverb in each class.

6.29. ごとに goto ni, おきに oki ni

The expression goto ni is added to a noun or noun phrase to give the meaning ‘every so many, each and every’: ni-jikan goto ni ‘every two hours,’ san-nen goto ni ‘every three years.’ The expression oki ni (from the infinitive of oku ‘puts aside’) means ‘regularly skipping’: ichi-nichi oki ni ‘every other day,’ san-gen oki ni ‘every fourth house.’

赤ん坊が生まれたら，夜中に２，３時間ごとにおこされた。

Akanbō ga umaretara, yonaka ni ni san-jikan goto ni okosareta.

After the baby was born, I had to wake up every 2 to 3 hours at night.

３ヶ月おきに，エンジンオイルを交換します。

San-kagetsu oki ni, enjin oiru o kōkan shimasu.

I change the engine oil every three months.

１週間ごとに携帯の充電をします。

Is-shūkan goto ni keitai no jūden o shimasu.

I charge my cell phone every week.

6.30. Stores that end in 屋 ya

We can refer to some types of stores by a friendly term that ends in ya. For example, bookstores are called either hon’ya or shoten. The former sounds friendly, but the latter sounds formal. In addition, -ya can also mean the person who is in the profession in some instances.

本屋 hon’ya	bookstore
靴屋 kutsuya	shoe store
おもちゃ屋 omochaya	toy store
花屋 hanaya	flower shop
酒屋 sakaya	liquor store
魚屋 sakanaya	fish market, fish seller
肉屋 nikuya	butcher
飲み屋 nomiya	bar
パン屋 pan’ya	bakery
電器屋 denkiya	electronics store
ラーメン屋 rāmen’ya	ramen shop
すし屋 sushiya	sushi shop
居酒屋 izakaya	Japanese-style bar
焼肉屋 yakinikuya	(Korean style) barbecue restaurant

[cue 06-3]

Conversation

Nana (N) and Akiko (A) are talking.

N: 日曜日は何をしましたか。

Nichiyōbi wa nani o shimashita ka.

What did you do on Sunday?

A: 渋谷に買い物に行きました。

Shibuya ni kaimono ni ikimashita.

I went to Shibuya to shop.

N: 一人でですか。

Hitori de desu ka.

By yourself?

A: いいえ, ２人の友達と３人で行きました。

Īe, futari no tomodachi to san-nin de ikimashita.

No, I went there with two of my friends—three of us went there.

N: 何を買いましたか。

Nani o kaimashita ka.

What did you buy?

A: ショルダーバッグと靴を二足買ったんです。

Shorudā baggu to, kutsu o ni-soku katta n desu.

I bought a shoulder bag and two pairs of shoes.

N: 安かったんですか。

Yasukatta n desu ka.

Were they cheap?

A: ええ。セールだったんです。すべて５０％オフ！

Ē. Sēru datta n desu. Subete gojup-pāsento ofu.

Yes. They had a sale. Everything was 50 percent off!

N: 半額ですか。

Hangaku desu ka.

Half price?

A: ええ。友達はドレスや，コートを買っていました。

Ē. Tomodachi wa doresu ya kōto o katte imashita.

Yes. My friends were buying dresses, coats, and things.

N: いいですね。

Ii desu ne.

That’s great!

A: お昼はイタリア料理のレストランで食べました。

O-hiru wa Itaria ryōri no resutoran de tabemashita.

We had lunch at an Italian restaurant.

N: どうでしたか。

Dō deshita ka.

How was it?

A: まあまあ美味しかったです。

Māmā oishikatta desu.

It was quite delicious.

Exercises

I. Read the following numbers.

1. 56

2. 397

3. 8,800

4. 1,290

5. 13,500

II. Following the example, say how many items there are.

Example:

バナナ banana (bananas)

バナナが２本あります。 Banana ga ni-hon arimasu.

1. りんご ringo (apples)

——————————————————————————

2. 本 hon (books)

——————————————————————————

3. 切手 kitte (stamps)

——————————————————————————

4. ねこ neko (cats)

——————————————————————————

5. 子ども kodomo (children)

——————————————————————————

III. Say the following in Japanese.

1. 3:15 p.m.

2. January 1st

3. Monday, April 9th

4. July 10, 1987

5. September 20, 2012

IV. Choose the appropriate item in the parentheses.

1. ３時（ごろ・など）に来てください。

San-ji (goro, nado) ni kite kudasai.

2. ５に３を（ひく・たす）といくつですか。

Go ni san o (hiku, tasu) to ikutsu desu ka.

3. コーヒーを５杯（ごろ・ぐらい）飲みます。

Kōhī o go-hai (goro, gurai) nomimasu.

4. 300円しか（あります・ありません）。

Sanbyaku-en shika (arimasu, arimasen).

5. (２時・２時間)ごとに電車があります。

(Ni-ji, Ni-jikan) goto ni densha ga arimasu.

 

 

Answers:

I 1. ごじゅうろく gojū roku 2. さんびゃくきゅうじゅうなな sanbyaku kyūjū nana 3. はっせんはっぴゃく hassen happyaku 4. せんにひゃくきゅうじゅう sen nihyaku kyūjū 5. いちまんさんぜんごひゃく ichiman sanzen gohyaku

II 1. りんごが三つあります。 Ringo ga mittsu arimasu. 2. 本が二冊あります。 Hon ga ni-satsu arimasu. 3. 切手が四枚あります。 Kitte ga yon-mai arimasu. 4. 猫が三匹います。 Neko ga san-biki imasu. 5. 子どもが二人います。 Kodomo ga futari imasu.

III 1. 午後３時15分 gogo san-ji jūgo-fun 2. １月１日 Ichigatsu tsuitachi 3. ４月９日月曜日 Shigatsu kokonoka Getsuyōbi 4. 1987年７月10日 sen kyūhyaku hachijūnana-nen Shichigatsu tōka 5. 2012年９月20日 nisen jūni-nen Kugatsu hatsuka

IV 1. ごろ goro 2. たす tasu 3. ぐらい gurai 4. ありません arimasen 5. ２時間 ni-jikan