1. Miles, Hallie Eustace, Untold Tales of War-Time London, pp.58-59
2. Ibid, pp.64-65
3. Ibid, pp.76-77
4. Weddell, Col. J.M., The Treatment of Wounds in War, p.2
5. Logan, David Dale, Detonation of High Explosive in Shell and Bomb and its Effects, pp.230-231
6. The words ‘Frightfulness’ and ‘Schrecklichkeit’ were both used in Britain in reference to the perceived German tendency towards brutal acts of war.
7. Times Digital Archive (TNA): The Times, 18 January 1916, p.9
8. TNA: Ibid, 19 January 1916, p.9
9. TNA: Ibid
10. Account of the Dover raid based on those given in TNA: WO 158/975 and AIR 1/573/16/15/154, and Dover and the European War 1914-18
11. Coxon, Stanley W.: Dover During the Dark Days, p.125
12. Ibid, pp.122-123
13. Miles: op. cit., pp.88-89
14. Ibid, pp.90-91
1. Robinson, The Zeppelin in Combat, p. 141
2. ‘H.V.B.’ was a radio signal (abbreviation of Handelsschiffsverkehrsbuch - a codebook officially used for communications between German Navy ships and merchant vessels). It denoted that the Zeppelin was carrying only this already compromised codebook, and none that were unknown to the Allies. For more see Castle, Ian: Zeppelin Onslaught - The Forgotten Blitz 1914-1915, pp.89-90
3. Robinson, op. cit., p.143
4. Jones, H.A.: The War in the Air, Vol. III, p.136
5. Robinson, op. cit., p.144
6. British Newspaper Archive (BNA): Evening Despatch, 3 February, p.4
7. TNA: AIR1/573/16/15/156.
8. Ibid
9. The original report on the raid (TNA:WO158/938) admits to struggling to reconcile the movements of individual Zeppelins, while a later historian, H. A.Jones, noted that there was a possibility they could have been dropped by L 16 (Jones: op. cit., p.143). Later Robinson (op. cit., p.144) refers to Peterson’s report in which he claimed he dropped all L 16‘s bombs on Great Yarmouth. It seems likely therefore that the concentration of bombs dropped in the Fens were those released by Peterson from L 16.
10. Robinson, op. cit., p.139
11. Ibid, p.142
12. BNA: Staffordshire Advertiser, 5 February 1916, p.10
13. BNA: Midland Daily Telegraph, 3 February 1916, p.3
14. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 4 February 1916, p.1
15. Information from Ian Holmes, from letter written by his grandmother on 1 Feb 1916.
16. Hackwood, Frederick, The History of Wednesbury, pp.119-120
17. Ibid, p.119
18. TNA: AIR1/573/16/15/156
19. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 4 February 1916, p.3. Samuel Whitehouse is one of the forgotten victims of the raid on Wednesbury. After some detective work I found him while researching this chapter. His death certificate confirms he suffered fatal burns during the raid at the Crown Tube Works.
20. BNA: Ibid
21. Albert Madeley is often listed as one of those killed in King Street but his Death Certificate states he sustained his fatal injuries in Oldbury Street.
22. BNA: Walsall Observer and South Staffordshire Chronicle, 28 December 1918, p.2
23. https://www.expressandstar.com/news/great-war/2014/07/31/horror-of-zeppelin-bombings/ accessed 20 Feb. 2019
24. http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/Walsall1/memories.htm accessed 20 Feb. 2019
25. BNA: Walsall Observer and South Staffordshire Chronicle, 28 December 1918, p.2
26. https://www.expressandstar.com/news/great-war/2014/07/31/horror-of-zeppelin-bombings/ accessed 20 Feb. 2019
27. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 5 February 1916, p.3
28. http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/Zeppelins/zeppelins.htm accessed 20 February 2019
29. BNA: Walsall Observer and South Staffordshire Chronicle, 26 February 1916 and Wolverhampton Chronicle, 23 February 1916
30. BNA: Northampton Mercury, 13 February 1920, p.8
31. Robinson: op. cit., p.143
32. Derby Daily Telegraph, 3 Feb. 1916
33. BNA: Lincolnshire Echo, 3 Feb. 1916, p.2
34. Derby Daily Telegraph, 3 Feb. 1916
35. Powis, Mick, Zeppelins Over the Midlands, pp.70-71
36. Scunthorpe and Lindsey United were the forerunners of Scunthorpe United Football Club
37. BNA: Lincolnshire Echo, 3 Feb. 1916, p.2
38. Ibid
39. Information supplied by Nigel Wood who interviewed Thomas Charity in the late 1990s
40. Derby Daily Telegraph, 20 December 1918
41. Kirk, P., Felix. P., and Bartnik, G., The Bombing of Rolls-Royce at Derby, p.36
42. TNA: AIR2/18/MA/Misc/351 - Report on Zeppelin Raid on Midlands (Derby & Burton-on-Trent)
43. Ibid
44. Litchurch Villa is now the Rolls-Royce Foremans’ Club and the garden where the bomb exploded is the Club’s bowling green.
45. Derby Daily Telegraph, 20 December 1918
46. TNA: AIR2/18/MA/Misc/351 - Report on Zeppelin Raid on Midlands (Derby & Burton-on-Trent)
47. Derby Daily Telegraph, 5 February 1916 and 20 December 1918
48. TNA: AIR2/18/MA/Misc/351
49. Derby Daily Telegraph, 20 December 1918
50. Recent writers name this fourth victim as Charles Henry Chapman. This is incorrect. Chapman’s death, at home, was unconnected to the air raid. A report in the Derby Daily Telegraph, 20 December 1918, and Baines’ Death Certificate confirm he was the fourth victim.
51. TNA: AIR2 / 18/M A/Misc/351
1. ‘May God Punish England’
2. It was the second Crown and Cushion public house damaged by bombs that night, the other being in Wednesbury.
3. Loughborough & North Leicestershire Gazette, 30 January 1919 - quoted in: Long, David, Night of the Zeppelin, p.28
4. Ibid, p.34
5. Ibid., pp.39-40
6. Ibid, p.44
7. Ibid, p. 69
8. The bombs in The Rushes and Empress Road are commemorated by small granite squares set into the roadway where they exploded. They are still there. See, Castle, The First Blitz in 100 Objects, pp.99-101
9. BNA: The Loughborough Echo, 11 February 1916, p.5
10. BNA: Nottingham Daily Express, 7 February 1916, p.6
11. TNA: Derby Daily Telegraph, 4 February 1916, p.4
12. TNA: Ibid, 5 February 1916, p.2
13. Stuart, Denis: History of Burton Upon Trent, p.20
14. As shown in Chapter 2, the bombs in the fens are now attributed to L 16.
15. Robinson, op. cit., p.145
16. Stuart: op. cit., p.21
17. TNA: AIR2/ 18/MA/Misc/351
18. BNA: Staffordshire Advertiser, 26 February 1916, p.10 and Lichfield Mercury, 4 February 1916, p.5
19. BNA: Lichfield Mercury, 4 February 1916, p.5
20. BNA: Staffordshire Advertiser, 26 February 1916, p.10
21. Stuart: op. cit., p.19
22. BNA: Staffordshire Advertiser, 26 February 1916, p.10, and Stuart: op. cit., p.18
23. BNA: Ibid, and Lichfield Mercury, 4 February 1916, p.5
24. Stuart: op. cit., pp.20-21
25. Robinson: op.cit., p.145
26. Bott, Ian M.: The Midlands Zeppelin Outrage, p.56
27. TNA: AIR1/573/16/15/156
28. Information from Ian Holmes, from a letter written by his grandmother on 1 Feb. 1916.
29. BNA: Lichfield Mercury, 4 February 1916, p.5 and Bott: Ibid, p.66
30. BNA: Walsall Observer and South Staffordshire Chronicle, 28 December 1918, Bott: op.cit., p.68, Powis, Mick: Zeppelins Over the Midlands, p.28
31. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 3 February 1916, p.5
32. BNA: as reported in Walsall Observer and South Staffordshire Chronicle, 12 February 1916, p.3
33. Cole, C. & Cheesman, E.F., The Air Defence of Britain 1914-1918, p.85
34. Snowden Gamble, C.F., The Story of a North Sea Air Station, p.165
35. Robinson: op.cit,. p.146
36. BNA: Lancashire Daily Post, 5 February 1916, p.2. The accounts by William Martin and George Denny.
37. BNA: Liverpool Daily Post, 4 February 1916, p.5
38. BNA: Daily Mirror, 4 February 1916, p.3
39. TDA: The Times, 4 February 1916, p.7
40. Jones, op. cit., p.142 (note 1). Other translations have appeared which differ slightly.
41. TDA: The Times, 4 June 1916, p.8
1. BNA: The Scotsman, 7 February 1916, p.9
2. Ibid
3. Chamberlain, Geoffrey, Airships: Cardington, (Lavenham 1984), pp.48-49
4. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 26 February 1917, p.6
5. BNA: Newcastle Daily Journal, 17 December 1918, p.8
6. Chamberlain later served as British Prime Minister, 1937-1940.
7. Jones, op. cit., p.146
8. Ibid, pp.156-157
9. See Zeppelin Onslaught, pp.234-237
10. Jones, op. cit., pp.162-163
11. BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 12 February 1916, p.5
12. Ibid
13. Ibid
14. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/157
15. Thanet Advertiser, Thanet’s Raid History, p.6
16. BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 12 February 1916, p.5
17. Thanet Advertiser, Thanet’s Raid History, p.6
18. Cole & Cheesman, op. cit., pp.89-90
19. TDA: The Times, 12 February 1916, p.7
20. Account of the Lowestoft raid is compiled from TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/158, and BNA: Framlingham Weekly News, 26 February 1916, p.2
21. I have been unable to establish which side of the harbour the restaurant stood.
22. BNA: Framlingham Weekly News, 26 February 1916, p.2
23. Snowden Gamble, op. cit., p.171
24. TDA: The Times, 22 February 1916, p.5
25. TDA: The Times, 21 February 1916, p.9
26. BNA: Dover Express and East Kent News, 25 February 1916, p.5
27. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/158
28. BNA: Dover Express and East Kent News, 25 February 1916, p.5
29. Grayzel, Susan, At Home and Under Fire, p.58
30. BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 4 March 1916, p.5
31. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/159
32. BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 4 March 1916, p.5
33. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/159
34. Lehmann & Mingos, The Zeppelins, pp.152-153
35. Lehmann was a reserve naval officer before the war, but when war broke out he was commanding the civilian airship, Sachsen, which was taken over by the army and he continued to serve.
36. Ibid
37. Robinson, op. cit., p.147
38. Lehmann, op. cit., pp.153-154
39. Flight Magazine, 2 March 1916, p.186
40. Lehmann, op. cit., p.152
1. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
2. Klein, Pitt: Bombs Away! Zeppelins at War, p.73
3. TNA: WO158/939, p.4
4. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160, uncensored Daily Mail report
5. Klein: op. cit., p.73
6. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
7. Sources for account of the Hull raid are taken from TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160, BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 8 March 1916, p.4, Hull Daily Mail, 7 March 1916, p.4, Lincolnshire Echo, 7 March 1916, p.3
8. Suddaby, Steven C.: Buzzer Nights: Zeppelin Raids on Hull, pp.101 & 108
9. Robinson: op. cit., p.149
10. I have only found one reference to the Walker Street bomb, a letter written by T.C. Turner included in TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
11. Suddaby: op. cit., p.106
12. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
13. Jones: op.cit.,p.185
14. BNA: Hull Daily Mail, 7 March 1916, p.4
15. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 8 March 1916, p.4
16. Ibid
17. Jones: op. cit., pp.185-186
18. BNA: Hull Daily Mail, 7 March 1916, p.4
19. Confirmed by William Jones’ death certificate.
20. The exact sequence of bombs is unclear but having read all the information available this appears to me to be the most likely course. With incendiary bombs weighing less than HE bombs there is a case for a slight southward drift of the bombs in the high winds.
21. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 8 March 1916, p.4
22. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
23. Credland: op. cit., p.58
24. Jones: op. cit., p.188 (note)
25. Ibid, pp.188-189
26. TNA: AIR1/574/16/17/160
27. BNA: The Dover Express, 24 March 1916, p.5
28. Ibid
29. Ibid
30. Dover Express, Dover and the European War 1914-18, p.20
31. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/161
32. Ibid, and BNA: The Dover Express, 24 March 1916, p.5
33. Account of raid on Ramsgate complied from TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/161 and BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 25 March 1916, p.5
34. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/161
35. Ibid
36. Cole & Cheesman, op. cit., p.116
37. BNA: Thanet Advertiser, 25 March 1916, p.5
38. TNA: AIR1/574/16/15/161
1. Jones: op. cit., pp.157-158
2. Ibid, pp.175-176
3. Ibid, 173-174
4. Robinson: op. cit., p.150
5. The two Zeppelin commanders Martin Dietrich and Max Dietrich were unrelated.
6. BNA, Lincolnshire Echo, 3 April 1916, p.4
7. TNA, AIR1/575/16/15/162
8. From Heritage to Legacy reproduced at http://www.greatermanchesterblitzvictims.co.uk/index.php?memorials=TRUE&memorial_id=68 (accessed 24/6/2019)
9. Article by Dr Alan Dowling, Cleethorpes and the Zeppelin Raid, Friends of Cleethorpes Heritage http://friendsofcleethorpesheritage.co.uk/home/alan-dowling-articles (accessed 24/6/2019)
10. From Heritage to Legacy, see note 8 above.
11. Private Stott is the forgotten victim. Most sources give 31 killed and fail to include Stott who died of his injuries two months later. The official figures only list 29 killed — those who had died by 3 April, the day before the first funerals took place.
12. Klein: op. cit., p.71
13. Ibid, p.72
14. BNA, Lincolnshire Echo, 3 April 1916, p.3
15. Robinson: op. cit., p.150
16. Ibid, p.152
17. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162
18. I have taken the sequence of bombs from that given on a map produced to accompany his report by the Chief Constable, Major E.P. Prest, now in the National Archives. The report was compiled on 4 May 1916 and included a number of bombs that had not been located when the first reports were compiled the day after the raid.
19. Jenkins, Gareth: Zeppelins Over Bury, pp.49-50
20. The GHQ, Home Forces official report states there were eight HE and 19 incendiaries dropped on Sudbury. However, police reports filed up to 3 April state only ‘about 8’ HE bombs and record no incendiaries. There is little information as to where bombs dropped in Sudbury, other than those that claimed lives. There is certainly one known incendiary, perhaps the others fell in fields outside the town only to be discovered some days later.
21. Although not listed amongst the casualties, a local newspaper reports two men (possibly soldiers of 2/6th) injured when an incendiary bomb smashed through the roof of their lodging house, ‘scattering burning fluid over the face of one’. The other man heaved the fiery bomb out of a window, badly burning his hands, before rescuing his friend. (Ipswich Evening Star, 4 April 1916)
22. ‘Memories of the late Doris Bardell, née Carter’, provided by her son, Michael Bardell
23. BNA: Essex County Chronicle, 7 April 1916, p.5
24. Munsun, J. (ed.), Echoes of the Great War, p.120
25. The house was ‘Lulworth’ at 5 London Road, occupied by Charles Joscelyne, a prominent stationer in the town.
26. BNA: Essex County Chronicle, 7 April 1916, p.5
27. Munsun: op. cit., p.120
28. Essex Society for Archaeology and History: Zeppelins Over Essex 31 March 1916, http://esah160.blogspot.com/2016/03/high-country-history-group-zeppelins.html (accessed 4/7/2019)
29. Munsun: op. cit., pp.120-121
1. Castle: Zeppelin Onslaught, pp.270-276
2. TNA, AIR1/2397/267/1
3. BNA, Bury Free Press, 8 April 1916, p.6
4. TNA, AIR1/575/16/15/162
5. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162, proofs of a Daily Sketch article dated 2 April 1916
6. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162
7. TNA: Ibid
8. TNA: AIR1/2397/267/1
9. Marben, Rolf: Zeppelin Adventures, p.38
10. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162
11. The 3.45-inch incendiary bomb was released through a tube in the cockpit floor where it was ignited by electrical contact strips and had two three- pointed hooks that would, hopefully, catch the airship’s envelope.
12. Robinson: op. cit., p.152
13. Marben: op. cit., pp.40-41
14. TNA: AIR1/2397/267/1
15. Ibid
16. Ibid
17. Ibid
18. Essex Readers’ Forum.: Essex Countryside, Volume 18, Number 165, October 1970, p.61
19. TNA: AIR1/2579
20. http://sussexhistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=1825.0;wap2, (accessed 12/9/19)
21. There was no reason for the authorities to make this information public and for many months all illustrations of Zeppelins produced for public consumption continued to be based on pre-war types.
22. TDA: The Times, 3 April 1916, p.9
23. Ibid
24. Otto Kühne was repatriated via Switzerland in December 1916. Joachim Breithaupt transferred to Holland in April 1918 before repatriation in September.
25. BNA: Lincolnshire Echo, 8 April 1916, p.2
26. Many of the men later moved to other camps, the majority ending up at Brocton, Staffordshire, which opened in 1917. One man, Obersignalmaat Erich Grund, was repatriated via Switzerland in December 1916.
27. From the diary of Private Alexander F. Morley, 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, courtesy of Northamptonshire Records Office
28. Worth in the region of £50,000 in current terms.
29. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162
30. Essex Readers’ Forum, op. cit., p.61
31. AIR1/575/16/15/162. Proofs of a Daily Sketch article dated 2 April 1916
32. Unfortunately no official list of recipients appears to have survived. However, Bernard Green in his book, Zeppelin L15 & The Wakefield Gold Medal, has made an excellent start in creating one.
1. Sunderland Echo, 10 March 2016, (accessed online 20/9/2019). Tributes to Sunderland victims of wartime Zeppelin attack to be unveiled. Quote from Harriet O’Leary.
2. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 3 April 1916, p.3
3. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 4 April 1916, p.6
4. Her name is often given as Sally Ann Holmes but this appears to be incorrect.
5. Sunderland Echo, 10 March 2016, Quote from Malcolm Holmes.
6. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 4 April 1916, p.6 & 23 December 1918, p.3
7. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 23 December 1918, p.3
8. Scheer: Admiral Reinhardt, Germany’s High Sea Fleet in the World War, pp.120-121
9. Ibid, p.121
10. TNA: WO 158/940
11. TNA: AIR1/576/16/15/163
12. Ibid
13. Ibid
14. Ibid
15. Cole & Cheesman, op. cit., pp.121-122
16. Jones, op. cit., pp.196 & 199
17. Castle, Zeppelin Onslaught, pp.27-30
18. Ibid, pp.168-171
19. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 4 April 1916, p.3
20. https://www.coquetandcoast.co.uk/amble-northumberland/showthread.php?t=168, (accessed 24/9/2019)
21. BNA: The Scotsman, 5 April 1916, p.7
22. Ibid
23. Ibid
24. TNA: AIR1/576/16/15/164
25. Jones: op. cit., p.197
26. The timing is disputed. Other sources say 11.40pm or 11.50pm
27. Location of bombs from report by Leith Police in TNA:, AIR1/576/16/15/164
28. BNA: Sunday Post, 9 Feb. 1919, p.16
29. BNA: The Scotsman, 4 April 1916, p.5
30. Almost £4m today
31. BNA: The Scotsman, 4 April 1916, p.5
32. The Watsonian, 1987-88 (magazine of George Watson’s College), Alastair C. McLaren, Edinburgh’s First Air Raid pp.27-28,
33. University of Edinburgh: http://libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk/untoldstories/2016/03/30/i-100th-anniversary-of-zeppelin-air-attack-on-edinburgh-a-school-student-walks-among-the-wreckage/ (accessed 11/10/2019)
34. University of Edinburgh: http://libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk/untoldstories/2016/04/01/ii-100th-anniversary-of-zeppelin-air-attack-on-edinburgh-incendiary-bombs-and-the-infirmary/ (accessed 11/10/2019)
35. It is unclear whether this bomb exploded or not. The police report says it did while a newspaper (The Scotsman, 4 April 1916) says: ‘A considerable hole, about eight feet by nine, was made in the roof where the shell seems to have burst, or partially so, on contact.’ The holes made in the floors and ceilings as it plunged down through the house measured only about ‘a square foot or so’.
36. King’s Park is more commonly known today as Holyrood Park.
37. A report in The Scotsman, 4 April 1916, indicated that Donoghue died instantly but he survived for eight days, dying from his injuries on 11 April. This brought the total deaths from the Marshall Street bomb to seven.
38. BNA: The Scotsman, 4 April 1916, p.5
39. The official statistics show eleven people killed in Edinburgh and two in Leith. However the police records list only nine killed in Edinburgh, the missing being Thomas Donoghue and James Farquhar. Both fatally injured, they were still alive when the police report was made.
40. BNA: The Scotsman, 4 April 1916, p.5
1. British records are confused as to which Zeppelins were involved, but settled on LZ 88, LZ 90 and LZ 93. LZ 93, however, only made her first raid on 2 April 1916 according to German flight records. Those same records show that LZ 81 set out on the raid.
2. Lehmann & Mingos: op. cit., pp.169-170
3. TNA: AIR1/575/16/15/162
4. Lehmann & Mingos: op. cit., p.147. See also page 57 above.
5. Ibid, pp.171-172
6. BNA: Suffolk and Essex Free Press, 5 April 1916, p. 6
7. Jones: op. cit., p.199 (note)
8. This bomb was not discovered until 8 April.
9. TNA: AIR1/577/16/15/165
10. It seems L 17 needed repairs because she undertook a test flight three days later then transferred to Hanover on 9 April, returning to Nordholz on 15 April.
11. Klein: op. cit., p.71
12. TNA: AIR1/577/16/15/166
13. Ibid
14. TNA: AIR/577/16/15/166
15. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 7 April 1916, p.3
16. https://thefallenservicemenofsouthwestcountydurham.com/the-zeppelin-raid-on-evenwood-5-april-1916/ (accessed 8 Nov 2019)
17. Information from local historian Colin Turner.
18. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 8 April 1916, p.3
19. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 7 April 1916, p.3
20. Beith, Margaret: The story of the WW1 Zeppelin Raid on Eldon, p.1
21. TNA: AIR1/577/16/15/166
22. BNA: Sunderland Daily Echo, 8 April 1916, p.3
23. It is worth noting that £44,000 of this was attributable to damage at the Leith whisky warehouse on 2 April.
24. Strahlmann, Dr. Fritz (Ed.). Zwei deutsche Luftschiffhäfen des Weltkrieges, Ahlhorn und Wildeshausen (English translation - Memories of Ahlhorn, Alex Reid), p.72
25. TNA: WO 158/940
26. BNA: Cambridge Independent Press, 28 April 1916, p.5
27. Ibid
28. BNA: Cambridge Independent Press, 28 April 1916, p.5
29. BNA: Lancashire Daily Post, 26 April 1916, p.2
30. TNA: WO 158/941. Information from rescued crew of Zeppelin L 7, shot down at sea on 4 May 1916.
31. It was the same target attacked by Mathy and L 13 on the night of 31 March 1916.
1. Jones: op. cit., p.164
2. British authorities mistook LZ 81 for the old Z XII, however she was on the Eastern Front at the time.
3. TNA: WO 158/941
4. BNA: Dover Express and East Kent News, 28 April 1916, p.5
5. TNA: Details of the raid extracted from WO 158/941 and AIR1/578/16/15/168
6. Information from Phil Redman, Albert Redman’s grandson.
7. BNA: Essex Newsman, 29 April 1916, p.5
8. Neumann, Major Georg Paul: The German Air Force in the Great War, p.118. This account by Lt Rohde was collected by Leutnant Peter Martin Lampel, one of a number of officers who assisted Neumann.
9. Neumann: op. cit., p.118-119
10. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/168
11. Ibid
12. Linnarz’s flight report
13. Neumann: op. cit., p.122
14. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/168
15. Ibid
16. Ibid
17. Arthur Travers Harris is better known for his role as Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command in the Second World War
18. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/168
19. Cole & Cheesman: op. cit., p.32
20. Although a bullet with both explosive and incendiary properties, it was originally classed as an incendiary. Officially ‘Cartridge S.A. Incendiary BIK .303 inch (VIIK) Mark I’
21. TNA: MUN 7/429.
22. Officially the ‘Cartridge S.A. Ball .303 inch PSA (VII.A) Mark 1’
23. Jones: op. cit., pp.384-385
24. TNA: AIR1/719/35/8
25. Officially the ‘Cartridge S.A. Incendiary Buckingham .303 inch (VII.B) Mark II’
26. Jones: op. cit., p.384
27. Officially the ‘Cartridge S.A. Tracer SPK .303 inch Mark VII.T’
28. The first raid had been against Dunkirk.
29. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170. It is not clear if the report was published
30. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 4 May 1916, p.5
31. Letter written by Annie Ryder, a friend and work colleague of Norah Chapman. Kindly provided by Haydn Gate, Annie Ryder’s great great nephew.
32. http://www.clementshallhistorygroup.org.uk/projects/world-war-1/exploring-the-impact-of-the-may-1916-zeppelin-attack/ (accessed 16 Jan 2020)
33. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 4 May 1916, p.5
34. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170
35. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 4 May 1916, p.5
36. Ibid and BNA: Yorkshire Post, 28 December 1918, p.7
37. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170
38. Cole & Cheesman, op. cit., pp.133-134
1. Robinson: op. cit., p.158
2. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170
3. Fergus, David: The Zepps are Coming, The Scots Magazine, Vol.132, No.5, Feb 1990, p.506
4. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170
5. Fergus: op. cit., p.507
6. TNA: AIR1/578/16/15/170. The police report states 40 feet, a military report says 40 yards.
7. Fergus: op .cit., p.507
8. Robinson: op. cit., p.159
9. Exact details are vague but it appears that seven bombs fell at Deal, with another three near a gun battery at Sandwich.
10. Easdown, M., A Glint in the Sky, p.38
11. AIR1/579/16/15/171
12. Easdown: op. cit., p.38
13. Name changed to The Farrier in 2016.
14. Thanet Advertiser, Thanet’s Raid History, p.8
15. TNA: WO158/ 975, p.15
16. TNA: AIR1/579/16/15/171 and BNA: Western Times, 22 May 1916, p.4
17. Dover Express: Dover and the European War 1914-18, pp.20-21
18. Ibid, p.21 and AIR1/579/16/15/171
19. BNA: Dover Express and East Kent News, 26 May 1916, p.5
20. Dover Express: Dover and the European War 1914-18, p.21
21. Jones: op. cit., p.165
22. Jones: op. cit., pp.165-166
23. Ibid, p.166
24. The Navy took delivery of 10 ‘p-class’ Zeppelins and five ‘q-class’. The German Army received 12 ‘p-class’ and seven ‘q-class’.
25. Robinson: op. cit., p.385 & p.389
26. Robinson: op. cit., p.171
27. Author unknown: The Hornets of Zeebrugge, In Cross & Cockade Journal, Vol. 11, No.1, Spring 1970
28. TNA: AIR1/579/16/15/173
29. TNA: WO 158/942: L 14, L 21, L 22 and L 23
30. TNA: AIR 1/579/16/15/174 and WO158/942
31. Klein: op. cit., p.80
32. TNA: AIR 1/579/16/15/174 and WO158/942
33. Ibid
34. TDA: The Times, 31 July 1916, p.3
35. TNA: AIR 1/579/16/15/174
1. TNA: AIR 1/579/16/15/175. The bombs at Stanford are not included in WO 158/942. In WW2 the village was taken over by the army for training purposes.
2. Klein: op. cit., p.81
3. BNA: Hull Daily Mail, 14 August 1916, p.3. Report of article in German newspaper.
4. Snowden Gamble: op. cit., pp.180-181
5. Cole & Cheesman: op. cit., pp.143-144
6. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 4 Aug. 1916, p.1
7. TNA: AIR 1/580/16/15/176
8. Hewetson: First World War letters and Family Papers, MC 643, Norfolk Record Office
9. BNA: Birmingham Gazette, 4 Aug. 1916, p.1
10. Klein: op. cit., p.83
11. TNA: AIR1/580/16/15/177. This flare was only discovered ten months later, in June 1917
12. TNA: AIR1/580/16/15/177. Undated article from The Daily Chronicle
13. Ibid
14. BNA: Hull Daily Mail, 10 August 1916, p.4
15. TNA: AIR1/580/16/15/177. Undated article from The Daily Chronicle
16. Credland: op. cit., p.70
17. Although official figures give 10 killed, there are 11 names.
18. One elderly man sheltering in a mine died of shock. There is inconsistency in regards to recording victims who died of shock. In this instance the unnamed victim was not included as an air raid casualty.
19. Later in the war de Roeper was credited with five victories on the Western Front.
20. Robinson: op.cit., p.188
21. http://www.marsdenbannergroup.btck.co.uk/SalmonsHall (accessed 7 April 2020)
22. TNA: AIR1/580/16/15/177. Undated article from The Daily Chronicle
1. Eleven different Zeppelins took part in these four raids. L 11, L 13, L 16 and L 31 took part in all four, L 17 was involved in three, L 14, L 21, L 22 and L 24 in two and both L 23 and L 30 appeared once.
2. The bombs killed 10 and injured perhaps only 16 people.
3. Robinson: op. cit., pp.187-188
4. Ibid, p.188
5. The six men were: 2nd Lt. S.J. Parker and Privates R.J. Eagle, J. Robinson, J. McCarthy, E. Green and J.W. Harper.
6. http://www.ww1worcestershire.co.uk/key-dates/1916/08/worcester-boy-narrowly-escapes-german-seaplane-bombing-raid-at-dover/ (accessed 11 April 2020)
7. Von Buttlar: op. cit., p.111
8. TDA: The Times, 25 August 1916, p.6
9. TNA: WO 158/943 & AIR1/581/16/15/180
10. This figure is from the police report and is used in the Home Forces, Intelligence Branch report (WO 158/943). It differs from that given by the searchlight commander who reported 11 HE and six incendiaries (AIR 1/581/16/15/180)
11. TDA: The Times, 26 August 1916, p.7
12. Robinson: op. cit., p.190
13. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 1, Cutting from Daily News, unknown date
14. BNA: The Globe, 28 August 1916, p.2
15. Mrs Turner received £300 as compensation for her loss - currently worth about £26,000.
16. Now Belushi’s
17. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 1, Cutting from Daily Mail, unknown date
18. Ibid
19. The van was owned by J. Bartholomew & Sons of Southfleet, Kent.
20. TDA: The Times, 26 August 1916, p.7
21. Now renamed West Grove
22. BNA: The People, 27 August 1916, p.3
23. BNA: Pall Mall Gazette, 25 August 1916, p.2
24. BNA: Western Daily Press, 31 August 1916, p.5
25. The seven were: Robert Barrell, age 23, Robert Pulling (24), John Holmes (8), Mary Hurry (22), Annie Hurry (20), Winnie Hurry (17) and Rebecca Hurry (53).
26. At a later date the house numbers were changed; the house is now No. 290.
27. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 2
28. BNA: The Globe, 28 August 1916, p.2
29. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 1. Cutting from Daily Chronicle, unknown date
30. Reay, Colonel W.T., The Specials - How They Served London, (London 1920), pp.175-176
31. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 1. Cutting from Daily Mail, unknown date.
32. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/42, London Evening News, 31 January 1935
33. BNA: The Globe, 28 August 1916, p.1
34. Ibid
35. TNA: AIR 1/581/16/15/180 Part 1. Cutting from Daily Mail, unknown date.
36. Ibid, Cutting from Daily Chronicle, unknown date
37. Now Myrtledene Road
38. On 8/9 September 1915, Mathy’s raid on London in L 13 caused damage estimated at £530,787.
1. See Beesly, Room 40.
2. See Ferris, Airbandit and TNA: WO 32/10776
3. Gerhardt, Frederik C.: London 1916, pp.85-86, 103-105
4. BNA: Boston Guardian, 11 January 1919, p.9
5. BNA: Lincolnshire Echo, 6 September 1916, p.3
6. BNA: Boston Guardian, 11 January 1919, p.9
7. Ibid
8. Gerhardt: op. cit., p.98
9. TNA: WO158/944
10. TNA: WO15/944
11. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 4 December 1918, p.7
12. Ibid
13. Ibid: Nottingham Daily Express, 8 September 1916, p.3
14. Castle: Zeppelin Onslaught, p.251. During the raid of 13/14 October 1915 he reported bombing West Ham, the London Docks and Woolwich but had actually attacked various Norfolk villages.
15. In, London 1916, Gerhardt considers whether these bends, viewed through clouds from altitude, convinced von Buttlar that he had found the horseshoe bend of the Thames around the docks on the Isle of Dogs.
16. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part I. All details about bomb locations from this file.
17. Cole & Cheseman: op. cit., p.162
18. AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part II. Correction issued by Rawlinson 20 Dec 1916.
19. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part II
20. Ibid.
21. BNA: The Yarmouth Independent, 9 Sep. 1916. p.5
22. Gerhardt: op. cit., p.107
23. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part I
24. The Spähkorb is now in the collection of the Imperial War Museum, London.
25. Lehmann & Mingos: op. cit., p.92
26. Although the teeth of the winch’s gear wheels showed damage possibly caused by jamming a metal bar into them to stop them running free, La Quiante states he deliberately dropped the Spähkorb and winch to reduce weight as he battled against the wind. See Gerhardt: op. cit., p.92.
27. Gerhardt: op. cit., p.92
28. Gerhardt: op, cit., p.96
29. Lehmann, Ernst, Zeppelin - The story of lighter-than-air craft, p.153
1. For more information on Robinson’s background see Rimell’s The Airship VC.
2. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part II
3. Lehmann & Mingos: op. cit., p.196
4. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part II
5. Ibid, Part III
6. II meaning 2 in Roman numerals, not to be confused with SL 11
7. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part II
8. Ibid. A clock found in the wreckage of SL 11 had stopped at 3.10am (German time), which corresponds with the time the Clapton gun was in action.
9. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part III
10. Castle, Zeppelin Onslaught, pp.180-181
11. Lieutenant Brown had been admonished for opening fire when the target was out of range during a raid in April. His commanding officer thought he would ‘do better in the future’. See page 137.
12. TNA: AIR1/582/16/15/181 Part III
13. Ibid
14. Robinson only mentions Brock and Pomeroy bullets. He fails to mention Buckingham incendiary bullets, which also acted as tracers. It is unlikely he would have none loaded for a night action. He may have failed to mention them as it was assumed a tracer would be employed.
15. Rimell, Airship VC, pp.112-114
16. TNA: AIR1/583/16/15/181 Part IV Report from The Guardian, 5 Sept 1916
17. BNS: Lincolnshire Echo, 4 Sept 1916, p.2
18. BNA: Daily Mirror, 4 Sept 1916, p.2
19. BNA: Illustrated Police News, 7 Sept 1916, p.2
20. Robinson: op. cit., p.194
21. Rimell, Airship VC, p.62
22. AIR1/583/16/15/182, Report from Daily News, 23 Sep.1916
23. Strange, Mike: In Memoriam, in Village Voice - The Dersingham Magazine, Oct/ Nov 2017, pp.67-69 https://dersingham.org.uk/magazine.html (accessed 12/6/20)
1. Rimell: Airship VC, p. 112
2. TNA: WO 158/944
3. Lehmann & Mingos, op. cit., pp.197-198
4. Von Hoeppner, Germany’s War In The Air, p.90
5. TNA: AIR1/583/16/15/182. Report from Daily Chronicle, 23 Sept. 1916
6. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/181, Part I. Report by commander, Harwich Garrison.
7. Ganzel in L 23 reported searchlight activity and gunfire at 10.45pm (UK time) from Lincoln where he dropped his bombs. British reports credit this to L 14 but her commander reports making an attack an hour later.
8. BNA: Boston Guardian, 18 January 1919, p.4
9. BNA: Nottingham Evening Post, 27 September 1916, p.3
10. Nottingham Daily Express, 26 September 1916
11. This would be classed as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) today.
12. BNA: Nottingham Evening Post, 12 September 1919, p.3
13. BNA: Nottingham Evening Post, 27 September 1916, p.3
14. Ibid
15. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15, 183, Part II
16. Hook, John, Warriors for the Working Week, (Privately published, London, 1994), p.39
17. Ibid, p.42
18. Ibid, p.44
19. Ibid, p.41
20. Ibid, p.42
21. The timings given in Manger’s report tie in with the raid near Sleaford, while L 13 was in action 45 minutes later.
22. British reports credited the movements of this Zeppelin to L 23 but comparing British timings with those from the reports by Eichler (L 13) and Ganzel (L 23) it appears that this attack should be credited to L 13.
23. BNA: Boston Guardian, 18 January 1919, p.4
24. Details from information supplied to author by local historian Ron Borsberry.
25. BNA: Boston Guardian, 18 January 1919, p.4
26. TNA: WO158/945. This report attributes these bombs to L 32, but Mathy’s own report is clear that he dropped them.
27. Robinson never took to the air again as a Home Defence pilot but, frustrated, he successfully lobbied to be allowed to return to active service and arrived in France as a flight commander with No. 48 squadron in March 1917. He was shot down behind enemy lines the following month and remained a POW for the rest of the war. Suffering harsh treatment he was severely weakened when he returned home in December 1918 and died a victim of the ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic on 31 December 1918.
28. Klein: op. cit., p.93
29. TNA: AIR 1/584/16/15/183 Part I
30. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41, London Evening News, 23 February 1935
31. TNA: Ibid, 20 February 1935
32. TNA: Ibid, 7 February 1935
33. The area was redeveloped to create the 2012 Olympic Park and Stadium
34. TNA: WO158/945
35. Rimell, Zeppelin!, p.120.
1. TNA: AIR 1/584/16/15/183 Part I
2. Brown, John W: Zeppelins Over Streatham, pp.14-15
3. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41,London Evening News, 9 March 1935
4. Ibid, 28 February 1935
5. BNA: Liverpool Post and Mercury, 25 September 1916, p.5
6. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41,London Evening News, 8 February 1935
7. In his autobiography, Max Wall says Betty was the wife of Bill Hobbs, ‘a performer of sorts’. Frustratingly I have been unable to find Betty in the GRO Death Index and the London Fire Brigade only lists her as ‘female, name and age unknown’.
8. BNA: Liverpool Post and Mercury, 25 September 1916, p.5
9. BNA: The Globe,28 September 1916, p.5
10. Ibid
11. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1916, p.9
12. Part of Essex in 1916.
13. Mathy believed these 10 bombs fell on Islington after he dropped two on the City. His two bombs prior to Leyton were those at 269 Brixton Road and at Kennington Park when, inexplicably, Mathy thought he was over the City of London.
14. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1916, p.9
15. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part II
16. See Castle, Zeppelin Onslaught, pp.181-182
17. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41. London Evening News, 16 February 1935
18. TNA: Ibid, 18 February 1935
19. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1916, p.9
20. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41 London Evening News, 18 February 1935
21. Renamed Whipps Cross Hospital in 1917.
22. TNA: AIR1/2417/303/41, London Evening News, 12 February 1935
23. TNA: Ibid, 4 March 1935
24. TNA: Ibid, 18 February 1935
25. Bundesarchiv, Militärarchiv Freiburg, RM 116/28-353-354
26. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part I
27. Rimell, Zeppelin!, p.130
28. TNA: AIR 1/584/16/15/183 Part I
29. Tracer refers to either Buckingham or ‘Sparklet’ incendiary bullets.
30. TNA: AIR 1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Morning Post, 25 September 1916, p.7
31. Rimell, Zeppelin!, p.128
32. TNA: AIR 1/608/16/15/264
33. TNA: AIR 1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Morning Post, 25 September 1916, p.8
34. Ibid
35. BNA: Daily Mirror, 25 September 1916, p.2
36. Ibid
37. TDA: The Times, 25 September 1916, p.10
38. Essex Archives, J/P 12/7. Telegrams, Reports, Statements, and Correspondence Concerned with Zeppelin Raids on Essex. Report by Capt. Ffinch.
39. Ibid
40. He had served as Chaplain in the Suffolk Regiment at Gallipoli where he was awarded the Military Cross, earning the nickname ‘The Fighting Parson’.
41. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/183 Part II, Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1916, p.9
42. Ibid
43. Zeppelina Clark married Jack Williams in 1939. She died in 2004. But she was not the first to bear the name. On 28 May 1915, Edward and Alice Risley’s daughter was born in Stoke Newington, London, three days prior to London’s first Zeppelin raid, which started in that area. They registered their daughter as May Zeppilina Risley. I am grateful to Mark Barnes for this information about the earlier birth.
1. MacDonagh: In London During the Great War, pp.131-132
2. Ibid, pp.132-133
3. Ibid, p.133
4. TNA: AIR2/123/B10869
5. Beesly, Room 40, pp.3-7 & 145
6. Klein: op. cit., p.96
7. Rimell, R.L., The Last Flight of the L32, p.14
8. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 2 January 1919, p.8
9. A police report shows this as the first bomb dropped in the York raid, while a newspaper reports it as the last.
10. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 2 January 1919, p.8 and AIR1/584/16/15/184, Daily Telegraph, 27 September 1916. Account of the raid on the outskirts of York is based on these sources.
11. TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/184
12. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 2 January 1919, p.8
13. Sheffield Archives: MD7126/1
14. This incendiary bomb is now in the collection of ‘The Whitaker’ museum in Rawtenstall, Lancashire.
15. TNA: AIR1/584.16/15/186 Part II. Daily Telegraph, 27 September 1916
16. BNA: Liverpool Echo, 26 September 1916. p.6
17. Carter-Clavell, Scott, The First Air Raid on Lancashire, p.67
18. Robinson: op. cit., p.212
19. The official report in WO/158/945 states L 21 south-west of Bolton at 12.40am and commencing the attack at 12.45am. This appears to be an error and differs from local reports given by police and other eyewitnesses.
20. This account of the raid on Bolton relies heavily on local newspaper coverage, as well as Smith: Zeppelins Over Lancashire, and Carter-Clavell: op. cit., and documents in TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/184
21. Carter-Clavell, Scott: op. cit., p.76. Quote from Bolton Evening News
22. Ibid, p.77
23. This bomb is usually included in the second loop flown over Bolton by L 21, but I believe it may have dropped during the first.
24. https://gm1914.wordpress.com/2015/01/15/zeppelin-over-bolton/ (accessed 2/10/20)
25. Robinson: op. cit., p. 211
26. This account of the Sheffield raid relies heavily on an article in the Sheffield Independent, 3 December 1918, pp. 1 & 3, documents in TNA: AIR1/584/16/15/184, and other references passim.
27. Police reports state the bomb fell in Earldom Street, but Earldom Road appears more likely.
28. BNA: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 27 September 1916, p.9
29. At the time of the raid the figure of 28 deaths in Sheffield was generally given and continues to be so. However, George Ineson died after the main inquest and was forgotten. His name did appear in the Sheffield Independent on 5 December 1918, confirming 29 deaths in the city.
30. BNA: Sheffield Daily Independent, 29 September 1916, p.5
31. This bomb was discovered 11 years later at Mill Race Dam (alongside Sanderson’s Weir) on the River Don. Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 16 August 1927
32. BNA: Sheffield Independent, 29 September 1916, p.5
33. BNA: Sheffield Independent, 3 December 1918, p.3
34. There is a myth still quoted that the guns did not fire because the officers were at a function at the Grand Hotel in the city centre. Even if they had been away from their gun stations earlier, the TARA order given at about 10.30pm would have resulted in their return, about 95 minutes before L 22 appeared.
35. In 1919 a newspaper stated the Darnell bomb landed in Nightingale Street but the police report compiled at the time shows it as Britannia Road.
36. Jones: op. cit., p.231
1. Klein: op. cit., p.98
2. BNA: Pall Mall Gazette, 26 September 1916, p.1
3. TNA: WO158/945, p.20
4. Klein: op. cit., p.98
5. To add further confusion there are also reports in newspapers (eg: Pall Mall Gazette, 26 September 1916, p.1) of two policemen diving for cover during a raid on a ‘south coast town’ and subsequently rescuing children from a burning house. Portsmouth was the only place on the south coast bombed that night.
6. Klein: op. cit., p.99
7. Gerhardt: op. cit., p.155. (My translation).
8. Klein: op. cit., p.101. Slight variations of this quote have appeared in numerous publications over the years, but invariably incorrectly attributed to Heinrich Mathy.
9. Ibid, p.102
10. Ibid, p.103
11. Robinson: op. cit., p.214
12. Smith, Richard C., Hornchurch’s Air Heroes of the First World War, p.34
13. Rimell, Zeppelin!, p.145. Letter written by Tempest’s father
14. Tempest, Major W.J.: How I Shot Down L.31, in The Great War...I Was There!, p.871
15. Rimell: Zeppelin!, p.145
16. TNA: AIR1/585/16/15/185
17. Rimell: Zeppelin!, p.145
18. Tempest: op. cit., p.871
19. BNA: Hertfordshire Mercury, 7 October 1916, p.6
20. TNA: WO158/945 and AIR1/585/16/15/185
21. Ibid
22. Ibid
23. Ibid
24. Ibid
25. Robinson: op. cit., p.214
26. BNA: Hertfordshire Mercury, 7 October 1916, p.6
27. Tempest: op. cit., pp.871-872
28. Bennett, J.E.: The Potters Bar Zeppelin, pp.6-7
29. MacDonagh: op. cit., p.138
30. Ibid, p.139
1. TNA: WO 158/944. Report of 2/3 September raid.
2. Information supplied by Alexander Cordes, archivist at the Aeronauticum Museum, Nordholz.
3. Neumann: op. cit., pp.126-127
4. TNA:AIR 1/2397/267/9
5. Ibid
6. TNA: AIR1/586/16/15/188 Part I
7. BNA: Northern Daily Mail, 1 December 1916, p.6
8. Hartlepools United became Hartlepool in 1968, then Hartlepool United in 1977.
9. After the war the football club tried to get compensation from the German government but failed. The ‘temporary’ stand built to replace the one destroyed remained in use until the 1980s.
10. TNA: AIR1/586/16/15/188 Part I
11. Ibid
12. BNA: Northern Daily Mail, 29 November 1916, p.3
13. Van Emden, Richard, and Humphries, Steve: All Quiet on the Home Front, pp.169-170
14. Ibid, p.170
15. TNA: AIR1/586/16/15/188 Part I
16. Undated Daily Sketch newspaper cutting in Pyott family scrapbook.
17. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 4 January 1919, p.9
18. TNA: WO 158/946. The official report states that only L 13 bombed York but there is some confusion evident in reports submitted that night.
19. TNA: AIR 1/2397/267/9
20. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 4 January 1919, p.9
21. Ibid
22. TNA: AIR1/586/16/15/188 Part I
23. BNA: Yorkshire Post, 4 January 1919, p.9
24. Snowden Gamble: op. cit., pp.198-199
25. Ibid, p.199
26. BNA:Northern Daily Mail, 29 November 1916, p.3
27. Cole & Cheesman: op. cit., p.183
1. BNA: Northern Daily Mail, 29 November 1916, p.3
2. Ibid
3. TNA: AIR1/587/16/15/189
4. Zeppelin L 12 damaged by the Dover AA guns, 10 August 1915, See Castle, Zeppelin Onslaught, p.169
5. See Appendix II
6. This figure is slightly different from that given at the time in official reports. Some listed as injured died after figures were first collated, some were just missed out completely. See Appendix II and Appendix III.
7. Robinson: op. cit., p.222
8. Robinson: op. cit., p.398. In 1916 there were 253 individual reconnaissance flights over the North Sea carried out over 89 days.
9. Ibid, p.225
10. Scheer: op. cit.,p.212
11. Jones: op. cit., p.247
12. Ibid
13. Ibid, p.245
14. Ibid, p.246
15. TDA: The Times, 29 November 1916, p.9
16. Ibid