1. Clarke, J. 1968. Man is the Prey. André Deutsch.
2. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
3. Ardrey, Robert. 1961. African Genesis. Collins.
4. The malarial mosquito and other arthropods kill at least a million people a year, but they are outside the scope of this book.
5. Norton-Griffiths, M. 2007. How Many Wildebeest Do You Need? World Economics Volume 8 No 2.
1. Campfire Association Zimbabwe is a conservation, educational and fundraising organisation to enable rural communities in Zimbabwe to manage their natural resources effectively.
2. Chardonnet, P., Soto, B. et al. (quoting Packer). 2010. Managing the Conflicts Between People and Lion. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife (IGF Foundation), France. FAO Paper 13.
3. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. 2006. The Ecology of Man-Eating Lions in Tanzania. Nature & Faune Volume 21 Issue 2. FAO, Accra.
4. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
5. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. Ibid.
6. Chardonnet, P., Soto, B. et al. 2010. Managing the Conflicts Between People and Lion. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife (IGF Foundation), France. FAO Paper 13.
7. Anderson, J. Pers. comm.
8. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
9. See Chapter Twelve.
10. HuntNetwork. 4 September 2009. huntnetwork.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4655&keywords=gar
11. See Chapter Thirteen.
12. Rolf D. Baldus worked for 13 years in wildlife management in Tanzania, especially in and around the Selous Game Reserve. He is presently President of the Tropical Game Commission of CIC (International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation) and contributor to and editor of Wild Heart of Africa – The Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania (Rowland Ward 2011).
13. Norton-Griffiths, M. 2007. How Many Wildebeest Do You Need? World Economics Volume 8 No 2.
14. See Chapter Fourteen.
15. Sunday Times. Johannesburg. 23 March 1997.
16. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. Ibid.
17. Osborne, F.W. & Anstey, S. 2002. Elephant/Human Conflict and Community Development around the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique. Mid Zambezi Elephant Project, Harare, Zimbabwe.
18. The CIC with the FAO published several technical papers on wildlife management. www.cic-wildlife.org/?id=412.
19. See Chapter Five.
20. Storr, Will. Daily Telegraph. London. 10 August 2008.
21. See Chapter Six.
22. Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1961. Simba. Howard Timmins.
23. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Among the resolutions resulting from the conference was: ‘We urge commitment to ensuring that people who benefit from, or are impacted by, protected areas have the opportunity to participate in relevant decision-making on a fair and equitable basis in full respect of their human and social rights. We urge commitment to protected area management that shares benefits with indigenous peoples, mobile peoples and local communities. We urge commitment to protected area management that strives to reduce, and in no way exacerbates, poverty.’
26. Madden, Francine (executive director, HWCC). www.humanwildlifeconflict.org.
27. Nshala, Rugemeleza (co-founder and chairman of the Lawyers’ Environmental Action Team). 2011. www.leat.or.tz.
28. Zululand is my preferred name for the part of KwaZulu-Natal north of the Tugela River.
29. The Peace Parks Foundation is an international partnership promoting wildlife conservation, ecotourism and job creation in Southern Africa. www.peaceparks.org.
30. It envisages the establishment of a network of protected areas linking ecosystems across international borders.
31. Pilanesberg is technically a game reserve but was created in the days of apartheid when the South African government set up ‘self-governing states’ for black people. Pilanesberg, being in one of these states, Bophuthatswana, was deemed to be a national park. The states were reabsorbed into South Africa when apartheid was abandoned, but the reserves are reluctant to lose their national park status.
32. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Owen-Smith, Garth. 2010. An Arid Eden – A Personal Account of Conservation in the Kaokoveld. Jonathan Ball.
35. Allison, Simon. Daily Maverick. 31 October 2011. dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-zambian-president-our-wildlife-is-fair-game.
36. Weaver, Tony. Cape Times. Cape Town. 4 November 2011.
37. Anderson, Jeremy. Pers. comm.
38. Like Pilanesberg (note 31 above), Madikwe is technically a game reserve that was created in the days of apartheid when the South African government set up ‘self-governing states’ for black people. Madikwe, being in one of these states, Bophuthatswana, was deemed to be a national park. The states were reabsorbed into South Africa when apartheid was abandoned.
39. Gaisford, Jeff. Pers. comm.
1. Patterson, J.H. 1907. The Man-Eaters of Tsavo. Macmillan.
2. Foran, W. Robert. 1961. A Hunter’s Saga. Robert Hale.
3. The shark, which is outside the ambit of this book, is responsible for between 60 and 70 unprovoked fatal attacks worldwide each year, with a steady annual toll along the African coast from Cape Town and all the way north up Africa’s east coast.
4. Most people do not differentiate between the white and the black rhino when speaking of the big five. A rhino is a rhino. But to hunters the black, being by far the more challenging to hunt, is the more sought-after and most hunters would have that species in mind as one of the five.
5. Rushby, G.G. 1965. No More the Tusker. W.H. Allen.
6. Maydon, H.C. 1925. Big Game Shooting in Africa. H.F. & G. Whiterby.
7. The ‘big seven’ usually refers to elephant, buffalo, rhino (either African species), lion, leopard (these being the ‘big five’) plus tiger of Asia and grizzly of North America.
8. Anderson, Jeremy. Pers. comm.
9. Brain, C. & Sillen, A. 1988. Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the Earliest Use of Fire. Nature 336: 464–466.
10. Taylor, John. 1959. Man-Eaters and Marauders. Muller.
11. Wood, J.G. 1854. Illustrated Natural History. Longmans Green. (Gordon Cumming was a colourful and wasteful Scots hunter.)
12. Perry, R. 1964. The World of the Tiger. Cassell.
13. Stevenson-Hamilton, J. 1957. Pers. comm.
14. Calenborne, Alan. Pers. comm.
15. Player, Ian. Pers. comm.
16. Pootman, F.J. 1959. Secrets of the Animal World. Souvenir Press.
17. Clarke, J. 1982. Coming Back to Earth. Jacana Press.
18. Wildlife Campus/Eco Training. www.wildlifecampus.com.
19. Agence France-Presse. 22 June 2002.
20. Dart, R. & Craig, D. 1959. Adventures with the Missing Link. Harper.
21. Ardrey, R. 1961. African Genesis. Collins.
1. Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1961. Simba. Howard Timmins.
2. Mesochina, Pascal, Mbangwa, Obed et al. June 2010. The Conservation Status of the Lion in Tanzania. SCI Foundation.
3. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
4. Guggisberg, C.A.W. Ibid.
5. Bulpin, T.V. (quoting Rushby). 1962. The Hunter is Death. Nelson.
6. Patterson, J.H. 1907. The Man-Eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures. Macmillan.
7. Guggisberg, C.A.W. Ibid.
8. Packer, Craig, Swanson, A. et al. 2011. Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions. Public Library of Science One.
9. Roberts, A. 1951. The Mammals of South Africa. Central News Agency.
10. Guggisberg, C.A.W. Ibid.
11. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. 2006. The Ecology of Man-Eating Lions in Tanzania. Nature & Faune Volume 21 Issue 2. FAO, Accra.
12. In 2002 French zoologist Dr P. Chardonnet, under the auspices of Conservation Force and IGF, did a comprehensive study of the status of African lions and estimated Tanzania had 14 432 (10 409 minimum and 18 215 maximum) – the most in Africa.
13. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. Ibid.
14. GTZ in 2011 became GIZ – the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development – which has conducted development cooperation activities in Tanzania since 1975. GIZ is responsible for implementation. It views Tanzania’s most serious problems as ‘weak public administration, corruption, and a lack of clearly defined structures within the civil society. The economy, too, is underdeveloped. Insufficient state revenues and a high level of public debt, especially abroad, have led to excessive dependence on donors.’
15. Baldus, Rolf. D. Pers. comm.
16. Baldus says it is broadly agreed that Patterson’s pair of Tsavo man-eaters were not exceptional during the building of the railway to Nairobi – it is just that he wrote a book about them.
17. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. Ibid.
18. Taylor, John. 1959. Man-Eaters and Marauders. Muller.
19. Ibid.
20. Dorsey, James Michael. 2008. 10 Extraordinary Burial Ceremonies from around the World. matadornetwork.com/bnt/10-extraordinary-burial-ceremonies-from-around-the-world. (Dorsey, explorer and author, lived among the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania in the 1990s gathering material for, inter alia, Christian Science Monitor and BBC Wildlife.)
21. Mozambique was a Portuguese province until then.
22. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
23. Munnion, Christopher (reporting from Johannesburg). Big Cats Get a Taste for Illegal Immigrants. The Electronic Telegraph (www.telegraph.co.uk). London. 26 August 1998. (Later park officials found evidence of elephants in the area and as the girl described the animals as being ‘as big as houses’ it seems the family might have stumbled into a herd of elephants. The mother’s body was found with part of her buttock gone [hyaenas?] and her head compressed.)
24. Caputo, Robert. 1992. Kenya Journal. Elliott & Clark.
25. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
26. Ionides, C.J.P. 1965. A Hunter’s Story. W.H. Allen.
27. Patterson, J.H. Ibid.
28. British South African Police.
29. African Sporting Gazette. 2001. Volume 10 No 4.
30. Quoted in Giants of the Missionary Trail. 1954. Scripture Press.
31. Rushby, G.G. 1965. No More the Tusker. W.H. Allen.
32. International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC). www.cic-wildlife.org.
33. African Indaba. August 2009. www.africanindaba.co.za.
34. WFSA conference, June 2009. The WFSA claims to represent ‘over one hundred million sport shooters from all around the world’.
1. Stevenson-Hamilton, J. 1947. Wild Life in South Africa. Cassell.
2. Murray Smith, T. 1963. The Nature of the Beast. Jarrolds.
3. Gee, E.P. 1964. The Wild Life of India. Collins.
4. Clarke, J. 1968. Man is the Prey. André Deutsch.
5. Munnion, Christopher (reporting from Johannesburg). Big Cats Get a Taste for Illegal Immigrants. The Electronic Telegraph (www.telegraph.co.uk). London. 26 August 1998.
6. I have since heard on good authority that six man-eating leopards were shot in the north of Mozambique in that period.
7. Clarke, J. Ibid.
8. Hunter, J.A. 1952. Hunter. Hamish Hamilton.
9. Bulpin, T.V. (quoting Rushby). 1962. The Hunter is Death. Nelson.
10. Ionides, C.J.P. 1965. A Hunter’s Story. W.H. Allen.
11. Rushby, G.G. 1965. No More the Tusker. W.H. Allen.
12. Corbett, Jim. 1947. The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag. Oxford India Paperbacks.
13. Gee, E.P. Ibid.
14. De Wet, Petrus (chairman of the Predation Management Forum). 2010. www.pmg.org.za.
1. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
2. Siebert, C. New York Times. 8 October 2006, 7 May 2007.
3. The Guinness Book of World Records. 1997. Guinness World Records. (This is probably an exaggeration. It is not mentioned in later editions.)
4. Wood, Gerald L. 1972. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives.
5. Barnes, R.F.W. 1999. Is There a Future for Elephants in West Africa? Mammal Review 29(3); 175–199.
6. IUCN Elephant Specialist Group report 2008.
7. International Fund for Animal Welfare – elephant conservation conference in Bamako, Mali. February 2008.
8. Ferrar, Tony. Pers. comm.
9. Foran, W. Robert. 1958. A Breath of the Wilds. Robert Hale.
10. The figure of 500 deaths a year excludes deaths caused by captive elephants in Asia and Africa.
11. Cleft Stick. 2004. Newsletter of the Game Rangers Association of Africa No 9.
12. Thomson, Ron. 2006. Managing Our Wildlife Heritage. Magron Publishers.
13. Weidlich, Brigitte. The Namibian. 27 October 2008.
14. Ibid.
15. Safaritalk (www.safaritalk.net) is a not-for-gain organisation and volunteer-administered initiative highlighting wildlife conservation, environmental issues and community and social initiatives in Africa. Its analysis was put before the 17th Conference of the Parties Climate Change conference in October 2011 in Durban.
16. ETIS is a comprehensive information system to track illegal trade in ivory and other elephant products. The central component of ETIS is a database on seizures of elephant specimens that have occurred anywhere in the world since 1989. Since its inception, ETIS has been managed by TRAFFIC on behalf of the CITES parties and is currently housed at the TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa office in Harare, Zimbabwe.
17. Weidlich, Brigitte. Ibid.
18. Wakoli, Elizabeth Naliaka (Moi University) & Wasilwa, Noah Sitati (Eastern Africa Elephant Programme, WWF). 2009. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Human Elephant Conflict in Transmara.
19. HuntNetwork. 12 August 2011. huntnetwork.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=6913&keywords=Chimbuwe.
20. African Indaba. 2011. www.africanindaba.co.za.
21. Friedman, Russel (Wilderness Safaris). 2011. Pers. comm.
22. Kiiru, W. 1995. The Current Status of Human-Elephant Conflict in Kenya. Pachyderm 19: 15–20.
23. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
24. Nairobi Star. 6 July 2011. allafrica.com/stories/201107070074.html.
25. Draft Norms and Standards of Elephant Management in South Africa. 2007. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
26. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
27. Daily Mail. London. 30 November 2008.
28. Siebel, Tom (as told to Steven Bertoni). Forbes magazine. 11 October 2010.
29. Anderson, Jeremy. Pers. comm.
30. Taylor, John. 1959. Man-Eaters and Marauders. Muller.
31. Carrington, R. 1958. Elephants. Chatto & Windus.
32. Taylor, John. Ibid.
33. www.kruger-2-kalahari.com/daryl-balfour.html.
34. Chadwick, Douglas H. 1992. The Fate of the Elephant. Penguin.
35. Sutherland J. 1912. The Adventures of an Elephant Hunter. Macmillan.
36. Balneaves, Elizabeth. 1962. Elephant Valley. Lutterworth.
37. In musth means ‘in heat’ – the males, not the females, go into heat.
38. Siebert, Charles. Ibid.
39. Sanderson, Ivan T. 1964. The Dynasty of Abu. Cassell.
40. McFarlane, Ian. Pers. comm.
41. Douglas-Hamilton, Iain. 1975. Among the Elephants. Collins & Harvill.
42. Chadwick, Douglas H. Ibid.
43. Lahore Times. 9 July 2011.
44. Heffernan, J. 2006. Pachyderm No 40. (Journal of IUCN Species Survival Commission) January–June 2006.
45. Kirby, Percival R. 1958. Jacob van Reenen and the Grosvenor Expedition of 1790–91. Witwatersrand University Press.
46. Carrington, R. Ibid.
47. Sanderson, Ivan T. Ibid.
1. Frame, George W. & Herbison, Lory. 1991. Sizing up a Heavyweight. International Wildlife XXI: 4–11.
2. White, Robert Bruce. 1958. Almost Everybody Likes Hippos. Science Digest XLIII.
3. Klingel, Hans (Zoologisches Institut, Technischen Universität Braunschweig). Consultant to IUCN.
4. White, Robert Bruce. Ibid.
5. Willock, Colin. 1965. The Enormous Zoo. Longmans.
6. Ibid.
7. Caputo, P. 2002. Ghosts of Tsavo. National Geographic Adventure Press.
8. HuntNetwork. 24 January 2011. huntnetwork.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=5956.
9. Kruger, Kobie. 1994. Mahlangeni: Stories of a Game Ranger’s Family. Penguin.
10. Details of Templer’s experience are based on various reports, including John Dyson’s 1996 account in Reader’s Digest.
1. Murray Smith, T. 1963. The Nature of the Beast. Jarrolds.
2. The white and the black rhino are the same colour. The term ‘white’ is a corruption of the Dutch word weid (wide) and refers to the animal’s wide lips.
3. Clarke, J. 1968. Man is the Prey. André Deutsch.
4. Von Albensleven, Werner. Pers. comm.
5. Anderson, Jeremy. Pers. comm.
6. Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1966. SOS Rhino (A Survival Book on Rhinoceroses). André Deutsch.
7. Ibid (quoting C.H. Stigand’s 1906 book The Game of British East Africa. H. Cox.).
8. Patterson, J.H. 1907. The Man-Eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures. Macmillan.
9. Player, Ian. Pers. comm.
10. Steele, N. 1968. Game Ranger on Horseback. Books of Africa.
11. According to a 2010 report by Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, parks in KwaZulu-Natal have 350 black and 1 600 white rhino.
12. The figures from the Kruger Park are hotly disputed by some who believe them to be exaggerated.
13. Anderson, Jeremy. Ibid.
14. Hunter, J.A. 1952. Hunter. Hamish Hamilton.
15. SANParks statement, 11 January 2012.
16. WWF press release, 12 January 2012.
17. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN that works to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants is not a threat to the conservation of nature. TRAFFIC actively monitors and investigates wildlife trade worldwide.
18. Cleft Stick. 2009. Newsletter of the Game Rangers Association of Africa No 4.
19. In view of the insatiable Chinese demand for rhino horn for medicinal purposes, the question has been asked whether South Africa should farm rhinos. Gerhard Damm, a German hunter now living in South Africa, founder of African Indaba (www.africanindaba.co.za), a popular web newsletter for hunters and conservationists, has introduced some interesting statistics into the debate. In African Indaba February 2011, using a ‘purely hypothetical calculation’, Damm worked out that the population of China is around 1.321 billion. If a tenth of a per cent of Chinese believe in rhino horn medicine it means around 1.3 million Chinese are potential consumers. If they consumed only a gram a week, 67.6 tonnes of rhino horn would be needed a year to satisfy the demand. ‘That would need 15 000 rhino a year’ to supply this hypothetical market sustainably. ‘Neither the rhino horn stocks in private and official custody, nor the horns of all presently living rhino will be able to meet such a demand.’ He says the answer lies in more energetic law enforcement and in the Chinese government cooperating.
20. Gee, E.P. 1964. The Wild Life of India. Collins.
1. Murray Smith, T. 1963. The Nature of the Beast. Jarrolds.
2. Zijlma, Anouk. 2012. goafrica.about.com/od/africanwildlife. New York Times Co.
3. wikipedia.org/wiki/African_buffalo.
4. Currin, Graham. 2005. No One Survives a Cape Buffalo Attack. The Preservation Foundation, Inc. www.storyhouse.org/select.html.
5. Taylor, John. 1959. Man-Eaters and Marauders. Muller.
6. Dasmann, Raymond F. 1964. African Game Ranching. Pergamon Press.
7. Foran, W. Robert. 1961. A Hunter’s Saga. Robert Hale.
8. Ibid.
9. Taylor, John. Ibid.
10. Laxton, Mannie. Pers. comm.
1. Africa has three species of hyaena: the common spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), weighing, according to Reay H.M. Smithers (Land Mammals of Southern Africa. Macmillan, 1986), an average 57.8 kilograms (127 pounds) for males and 64.8 kilograms (142 pounds) for females. The brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) weighs (Smithers) 40 kilograms (88 pounds) for males and 38.45 kilograms (84.5 pounds) for females. The striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is not mentioned by Smithers but, according to Chris and Tilde Stuart (The Larger Mammals of Africa. Struik, 1997), weighs 40 to 50 kilograms (88 to 110 pounds). The Stuarts give the spotted hyaena as 60 to 80 kilograms (132 to 176 pounds) but according to most authorities this seems extraordinary high. The brown hyaena is scarce in the south, with the exception of Botswana and Namibia, where it can be a threat to livestock. The striped, confined to the northern third of Africa and across Asia to India, is no threat in Africa but has been known to attack in Asia.
2. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
3. Roosevelt, Theodore. 1910. African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter-Naturalist. St Martin’s Press.
4. Kruuk, Hans. 1975. Hyaena. Clarendon Press.
5. Balestra, F.A. 1962. The Man-Eating Hyenas of Mlanje. African Wild Life 16: 25–27.
6. Rushby, G.G. 1965. No More the Tusker. W.H. Allen.
7. African Hunter. Volume 10 No 4. www.african-hunter.com.
1. Schaller, G. 1964. The Year of the Gorilla. Chicago University Press.
2. Merfield, Fred G. 1956. Gorillas Were My Neighbours. Longmans Green.
3. This is from my personal notes of the 1960s and bears no source.
4. Fallow, Allan (quoting Jane Goodall). April 2003. National Geographic magazine.
5. Fallow, Allan. December 2002. National Geographic magazine.
6. Star. Johannesburg. 11 March 1963.
7. Argus. Cape Town. 9 September 1964.
8. Marais, Eugène. 1939. My Friends the Baboons. Human & Rousseau.
1. Foran, W. Robert. 1958. A Breath of the Wilds. Robert Hale.
2. McRae, Michael. February 2008. Gustave, the Killer Crocodile. National Geographic Adventure magazine.
3. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa. An overview of causes, consequences and management strategies. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. FAO, Rome.
4. Ibid.
5. Nel, Dirk. Star. Johannesburg. 5 March 2004.
6. National Geographic documentary. 15 February 2003.
7. Sunday Mail. Harare. 17 January 2010.
8. Sunday Monitor. Uganda. 14 June 2009.
9. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
10. Packer, C., Ikanda, D. et al. 2006. The Ecology of Man-Eating Lions in Tanzania. Nature & Faune Volume 21 Issue 2. FAO, Accra.
11. Ibid.
12. Murray Smith, T. 1963. The Nature of the Beast. Jarrolds.
13. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
14. Kearton, C. 1929. In the Land of the Lion. Arrowsmith.
15. Ruark, R. 1968. Use Enough Gun. Hamish Hamilton.
16. Barnes, T.A. 1922. The Wonderland of the Eastern Congo. G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
17. Murray Smith, T. Ibid.
18. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J. et al. Ibid.
1. Gear, James (South Africa Poliomyelitis Research Centre). 1968. Pers. comm.
2. Crawhall, Nigel (chairman of TILCEPA, IUCN). Pers. comm.
3. Sadly, the mouse was then fed to the snakes in the next pen. When I wrote about this incident there was a public outcry and many thought the mouse should have been given five-star accommodation for life.
4. ‘Envenoming’ is where venom is injected by the snake – as opposed to a bite from a non-toxic snake or a ‘dry bite’ where a toxic species does not inject venom.
5. WHO (www.who.int). Neglected Tropical Diseases. WHO cites several listed authorities.
6. These findings followed an International Society of Toxicology symposium in Albuquerque (1–4 June 2009) to mark Venom Week 2009.
7. Blaylock, Roger. Leslie Williams Private Hospital (Gold Fields Health Services), Carletonville, South Africa. February 2004. Epidemiology of Snakebite in Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal. Toxicon 43(2): 159–66.
8. Murray Smith, T. 1963. The Nature of the Beast. Jarrolds.
9. Venomous snakes often deliver a ‘dry bite’ in self-defence when no venom is injected. They will do this when fending off a creature that is too big to eat. Delivering a deadly bite is obviously no use for defence because the venom takes too long to be effective. According to the WHO, about a third of bites from venomous snakes are dry.
10. Marais, Johan. Pers. comm.
11. Ionides, C.J.P. 1965. A Hunter’s Story. W.H. Allen.
12. Marais, Johan. Ibid.
13. Polyvalent serum (antivenin) covers cobra and adder bites.
14. Dennis Groves was the most snakebitten man I have ever known, having survived 25 potentially lethal bites. His book Fangs (Bloomington) was published days after he died in 2010 (not of a snakebite).
15. Ionides, C.J.P. Ibid.
16. Bitis arietans is the species found in sub-Saharan Africa.
17. Warrell, D.A., Davidson, N.McD. et al. 1975. Poisoning by Bites of the Saw-Scaled or Carpet Viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. British Medical Journal 4: 697–700.
18. Marais, Johan. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ditmars, Raymond L. 1960. Snakes of the World. Macmillan.
21. Marais, Johan. Ibid.
22. Antivenin is obtained, rather wretchedly, by injecting a horse with stronger and stronger sub-lethal doses of venom and allowing it to recover between doses. When the horse is able to reach a point where it can metabolise 70 times the lethal dose for a horse, its blood is tapped and the plasma separated. The plasma becomes the antivenin in snakebite kits.
23. Guardian. London. 5 January 2004.
24. BBC. 15 April 2009.
25. Daily Telegraph. London. 24 November 2002.
26. Marais, Johan. Ibid.
27. Ionides, C.J.P. 1966. Mambas and Man-Eaters. Holt, Rinehart & Wilson.
28. Pythons are listed as Cites II species and their export is restricted.
29. Lyell, Denis L. 1988. View Larger Image African Adventure: Letters from Famous Big-Game Hunters. St Martins Press.
30. Hillaby, John. 1963. Journey to the Jade Sea. Constable.
31. Ditmars, Raymond L. Ibid.
32. Marais, Johan. 2004. A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa. Struik Nature.
33. Marais, Johan. Pers. comm.
1. Norton-Griffiths, M. 2007. How Many Wildebeest Do You Need? World Economics Volume 8 No 2.
2. Lindsey, P.A., Alexander, R. et al., Zoological Society of London. 2006. Potential of Trophy Hunting to Create Incentives for Wildlife Conservation in Africa where Alternative Wildlife-based Land Uses may not be Viable. Animal Conservation 9: 283–291.
3. Norton-Griffiths, M. Ibid.
4. Lindsey, Peter A. 2007. Trophy Hunting and Conservation in Africa: problems and one potential solution. Conservation Biology Volume 21 No 3.
5. Thomson, Ron. 2011. A Game Warden’s Report. Magron Publishers.
6. South African National Parks’ official website, www.sanparks.org.za.
7. Thomson, Ron. Ibid.
8. www.conservationforce.org/pdf/AfricanIndabaVol9-2&3.pdf
9. Baldus, Rolf D. 2006. Results & Conclusions of the Selous Conservation Programme. An examination of the crucial role of good governance in ecosystem management. Presented at the Serengeti Conference 2006 (edited for African Indaba).
10. Convention on Biological Diversity 1998 – a UN-inspired treaty to protect the Earth’s biologically rich areas.
11. Two remnant populations had survived – towards the north (near Stiegler’s Gorge) about 20 animals survived and maybe as many as 25 in the south.
12. Baldus, Rolf D. Ibid.
13. Baldus, Rolf D. Pers. comm.
14. Kay, Charles E. 2009. Kenya’s Wildlife Debacle: the true cost of banning hunting. Mule Deer Foundation magazine No 27: 22–27.
15. Baldus, Rolf D. 2006. Results & Conclusions of the Selous Conservation Programme. An examination of the crucial role of good governance in ecosystem management. Presented at the Serengeti Conference 2006 (edited for African Indaba).
16. Lewis, D. (Wildlife Conservation Society, Lusaka, Zambia). 2003. Synergies between Animal Husbandry and Wildlife Conservation: perspectives from Zambia. A paper delivered at the World Parks Congress in 2003.
17. White, Paula A. Pers. comm.
18. In 2000, IUCN adopted the following policy statement: ‘IUCN concludes that: a) use of wild living resources, if sustainable, is an important conservation tool because the social and economic benefits derived from such use provide incentives for people to conserve them; b) when using wild living resources, people should seek to minimize losses of biological diversity; and c) enhancing the sustainability of uses of wild living resources involves an ongoing process of improved management of those resources.’ Similarly, the preamble to the CITES recognises ‘that peoples and States are and should be the best protectors of their own wild fauna and flora’.
19. Lewis, D. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Botswana and Namibia often appear to be model countries when it comes to wildlife conservation. But it has to be borne in mind that, while Namibia has about five people per square kilometre and Botswana even fewer, Kenya has around 130 and South Africa around 85.
22. Friedman, Russel. Pers. comm.
23. Gaisford, Jeff. Pers. comm.
24. ‘Reserves’ do not usually have state protection. They are maintained by regional and local government.
25. The buffer-zone concept at present applies only to national parks and not to other conservation areas.
26. www.ducks.org/philanthropy/wetlands-america-trust.
27. Twice the size of the Kruger National Park.