“Abilities Are Forms of Developing Expertise” (Sternberg), 233
academic achievement heritability, 131
academic aptitude tests. See Scholastic Aptitude Test
adaptation skills, 197–198
adoption studies and IQ, 176–177, 177f
adulthood IQ changes, 178–180, 190–191
African-Americans and IQ
education gap, 252
in infants, 181–182
poverty and, 183
school segregation and, 167
African Grey Parrot studies, 75, 76
age norms in learning, 149
alcohol exposure in utero, 158
algorithmic thinking, 199
algorithms in artificial intelligence, 78–79
allele (gene variant), 132
American military studies on IQ, 165–166
analytical intelligence, 52, 55–57
aphasia (speech disruption), 49, 93
ApoE-4 (allele), 132
Aristotle (Greek philosopher), 213, 246
Army Alpha/Beta tests, 13
artificial intelligence (AI)
chess-playing computer programs, 80–81
Chinese Room argument in, 82
computing problems with, 78–79
connectionist computational model, 79–80
ELIZA program in, 82–83
expertise and, 209–210
Watson computer, 83–84
weak AI, 79
artistic skill and language dysfunction, 56
Asian-American IQ, 135–136
at-risk children and IQ, 181
Australia, 56
australopithecine brain size, 88
authoritarian parenting style, 176
autistic savants, 29
autobiographical memory. See episodic memory
Baron, Jonathan, 74
basic neural architecture, 43
A Beautiful Mind (Nasar), 229
Beethoven, Ludwig von, 66
behavioral experience differences, 100, 243
behavior genetics
enhancing intelligence, 238
heritability and, 131
nature vs. nurture and, 146, 148
paradigm of, 133
racist assumptions with, 135
in twin studies, 141–144
volition and, 226
The Bell Curve (Herrnstein, Murray), 188
bell curve computations, 8–9
“Big Five” personality factors, 203, 205, 206
bilateral symmetry in brain, 93
Binet, Alfred
complex reasoning vs. perception and reaction time, 41
human intelligence studies, 10, 13, 45–46, 85, 148
intellectual abilities vs. success, 232
intellectual enhancement program, 187
intelligence tests and, 6–7, 9, 11
inventiveness and, 231
IQ tests and, 259
successful intelligence connection to, 51
birth order and IQ, 177–178
“black box” in psychometrics, 112
Boaz, Franz, 69
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, 48, 49
book reading and crystallized intelligence, 240–241
Braille reader studies, 101
brain functioning. See also frontal lobe; memory; neurons
adaptation, 102
brain waves, 103–105, 105f, 117
cognitive theory, 111–114
critical thinking, 123–126
of Einstein, Albert, 87–88
four lobe structure and, 90–91, 90f
hormones and, 140
intelligence and, 95–97, 126–128
left and right hemispheres, 93–95
metabolism, 105–106
metacognition, 122–123
modes of perception, 110–111
neurotrophins and, 180
nutrition impact on, 156
overview, 87–88
problem solving and, 119–121, 123
somatosensory cortex, 101
10% myth, 96–97
brain-imaging technologies, 49–50, 89, 95–96
brain injury studies, 49, 60, 169
brain plasticity. See plasticity in brain
brain waves, 103–105, 105f, 117
breastfeeding and infant development, 158–159, 247
British Security Service, 28
Brontë, Branwell, 218
Brontë, Charlotte, Emily, Anne, 17, 218
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 167
brute-force technique of artificial intelligence, 81
Buonarroti, Michelangelo, 17, 246
canal boat children, 163–164
Carnegie, Dale, 96–97
Case, Robbie, 212
Cattell, Raymond, 26
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 28
central sulcus in brain, 92
cerebral cortex in brain, 88, 90
cerebral hemispheres. See left hemisphere; right hemisphere
Chaos (chess-playing computer program), 81
chatterbots (human conversation imitation program), 82–83
chess playing
aptitude for, 30
chunking in, 211–213
computer programs for, 79, 80–81, 84
intelligence and, 239
talent for, 219–220
children/child development
after exposure to trauma, 188–189
at-risk children and IQ, 181
canal boat children, 163–164
chronological age studies, 7–8
chunking in, 212
cognitive ability in, 189
increasing intelligence in, 187–190
intelligence in adulthood vs., 14
linguistic interaction and IQ, 175, 180
parental role in, 171–172, 174–176
talent development in, 219–221
toxin exposure, 157–158
trauma exposure and, 188–189
vitamin supplementation and, 156
chimpanzee studies, 75–76
Chinese Room experiment, 82, 84
Chiptest (chess-playing computer program), 81
chronological age studies in children, 7–8
chunks/chunking in learning, 211–215
cognitive ability
brain injuries and, 49
in children, 189
cognitive achievement vs., 232
educational achievement, 165, 167
enrichment programs for, 150
gender differences in, 138–139
intelligent thought and, 73, 112
multiple intelligences theory, 50
nutrition impact on, 156
personality profiles and, 206–207
racial differences in, 135–136
social intelligence, 60
cognitive development
adulthood IQ changes, 178–180
breastfeeding and, 158–159
of canal boat children, 163–164
factors affecting, 138
job impact on, 178–179
socioeconomic status (SES) and, 173–174, 176–177, 177f
cognitive flexibility, 38–29
cognitive modifiability, 189
cognitive theory of brain functioning, 111–114
Cognitive Training Study, 190–191
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 17
complex cognition, 50, 96, 123
complexity of life, 161–162
computation. See thinking skills
computer technology
as cognitive process comparison, 112–113
gaming and, 161
to leverage intellect, 66
connectionist computational model, 79–80
conscientiousness, 204–206, 242–243
constitutional predispositions of talent, 146–147
conversation imitation programs, 82–83
Copernicus, Nicolas, 17
corpus callosum of brain, 94
covariance in genetics, 146–148
Cox, Catherine, 17
Cray Blitz (chess-playing computer program), 81
creative genius, 228–231
creative intelligence, 52, 54–58
critical thinking
increase in, 183
memory strategies, 242
overview, 123–126
parental role, 172
text exposure and, 201
Croatia, 190
crystallized intelligence
book reading and, 240–241
brain size and, 89
brain structure and, 92
effectiveness and, 196, 200–202, 208
genius and, 229
importance of, 85
increases in, 153
intellectually challenging job and, 179
narrowness of, 47
over life span, 37f
schools and, 254
teaching and testing of, 199
through book reading, 240–241
culture and intelligence, 68–73
“culture-free” tests, 72–73
cyberinfrastructure, 67
Darwin, Charles, 5, 6, 17, 213
Dawe, Helen, 182–183
decisional complexity, 161–162
Deep Blue (chess-playing computer program), 80–81, 83, 84
deliberate practice concept, 223–224
delinquency and IQ, 169
democratic parenting style, 175, 176
developing nations, IQ gains, 162
developmentally delayed classification, 18–19
Dewey, John, 258
Diamond, Marian, 88
distributed intelligence, 65–68
diverse expressions in intelligence, 50
dizygotic (fraternal) twins, 142–144
dolphin studies, 76–78
Down syndrome, 131
Duffy, Lynn, 110–111
dynamic assessment principle, 189
ear infections and IQ, 136
Early Training Project, 183
Eastern Airlines (Flight 401), 124
echolocation, by dolphins, 77
education. See also schools/schooling
Black–White gap in, 252
cognitive ability and, 165, 167
intelligence and, 162–163, 171–172
maternal education and childs’ IQ, 171, 175
parenting style and, 178
teacher role in enhancing intelligence, 252–256
educational value of experience, 236
effectiveness
crystallized intelligence and, 196, 200–202
effective character and, 196, 202–207
expertise and, 208–213
fluid intelligence and, 196, 197–200
formula for, 196–207
overview, 207–208
substructure vs. superstructure, 195–196
eidetic memory. See photographic memory
Einstein, Albert
expertise and, 224–225
like-minded associations of, 246
schema development and, 213
elderly intelligence increases, 190–191
electroencephalographic (EEG) research, 103–104, 105
elementary cognitive processes, 41–43
Eliot, T. S., 58
ELIZA program in artificial intelligence, 82–83
emotional intelligence, 62–65
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman), 63
emotional self-regulation in problem solving, 121
encephalization quotient (EQ), 76–77
enhancing intelligence
become an expert, 241–242, 254
conscientiousness and, 242–243
exercise, 248
fluid intelligence building, 238–240
institutional leaders, role in, 256–258
intellectual niche, 243–244
like-minded relationships, 245–247
optimal nutrition and, 247–248
overview, 235–236
parental role in, 250–252
personal strategy for, 248–250
set goal for, 237–238
social intelligence and, 245
teacher role in, 252–256
theory into practice, 236–237
world leaders, role in, 258–260
the Enlightenment, 67–68
environmental influences
on genetics, 145
home environment and IQ, 172–177, 177f
on personality, 206
episodic memory, 60
equal-odds hypothesis, 225
European-American IQ, 135
event-related potentials (ERPs), 103–104
evidence-based practice by physicians, 125
Evoked Potential of brain, 105f
executive function role, 33–34, 85, 232
exercise
health and, 43
mental orthopedics, 187
as neurotrophin stimulator, 180
experts/expertise
AI and, 209–210
communities of, 221–223
creative genius, 228–231
deliberate practice and, 223–224
effectiveness and, 208–213
equal-odds hypothesis, 225
extreme talent in youth, 219–221
knowledge by, 210
perseverence in, 226–227
problem-solving by, 215–217
qualities of, 216–217
the radex, 231–233
10-year rule, 217–219
volition to excel, 224–227
extraverted personality, 203–204, 206, 243
extreme talent in youth, 219–221
“fade-out” in Head Start program, 186
familial eminence, 4–5
family size and IQ, 177–178
Ferrucci, David, 83
fetal alcohol syndrome, 158
fetal development and toxin exposure, 157
Feuerstein, Reuven, 188–189
first intelligence tests, 6–10
fish oil supplementation, 156
flow (emotional state), 63
fluid intelligence. See also Raven’s Matrices
brain size and, 89
brain structure and, 92
effectiveness and, 196, 197–200, 208
face-value acceptance of, 112
flexible thinking and, 179, 229
genius and, 229
importance of, 85
increases in, 153
inductive reasoning, 32, 85, 197, 232
micro-level analyses, 116
narrowness of, 47
problem solving and, 197, 238–240
schools and, 254
Flynn, James, 151
Flynn effect
focal dystonia, 101
forgetting, defined, 117
four lobe structure of brain, 90–91, 90f
fractals in intelligence, 249
Frames of Mind (Gardner), 48
fraternal twins studies, 6, 142–144
French adoption study, 176
frontal lobe
damage to, 91–92
function of, 50, 60, 90–91, 90f, 96
Galton, Francis
heritable traits studies, 129–130
human intelligence studies, 45–46, 85
perceptual acuity and reaction time, 40–41
successful intelligence connection to, 51
Gardner, Howard, 48, 50–51, 59–60
gender differences in IQ, 138–141
genetics. See also behavior genetics
abnormalities, 131
covariance in, 146–148
environmental influences on, 145
heritability, defined, 6, 130–134
influence on IQ, 129
intelligence and, xviii, 5, 180
medical interventions, 145–146
multigenic influences, 132
psychological characteristics and, 6
of race, 134–135
socioeconomic status and IQ, 173–174
Genie (case study), 172
genotype (DNA structure), 130, 146
g factor (general intelligence factor)
fluid intelligence and, 197
mathematics of, 45
the radex and, 231–232
Raven’s Matrices and, 231
Gladwin, Thomas, 71
globalization of commerce, 199–200
Goethe, Wolfgang, 17
Goleman, Daniel, 63
Goodall, Jane, 75–76
gorilla studies, 76
Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 11
Graham, Martha, 58
grapheme-color synesthesia, 110–111
Guilford, J. P., 24
Gustafsson, Jan-Eric, 32–33
habits of mind, 73–74
Harvey, Thomas, 87
Head Start program, 185–187, 191
height pattern demographics, 150–151, 153
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 4–6
heritability of IQ
academic achievement heritability, 131
defined, 130–134
genetic heritability, 6, 130–134
intergenerational change and, 150–151
IQ increases in adulthood, 147
limitations of, 133–134, 145–148
personal change and, 148–149
racial differences, 134–137
seed corn analogy and, 136–138
socio-economic status and, 174–175
Herman, Louis, 77
Herrnstein, Richard, 188
heuristics strategy, 79
hierarchical model of abilities, 24–28, 26f, 85
higher-order thinking
biology of, 10, 44, 50, 90, 93
critical thinking as, 124
frontal lobe and, 33
intelligence and, 40, 42, 45–46, 119
metacognition and, 123
relationships and, 75
working memory and, 115
high-IQs
in adults, 152
brain wave patterns, 104–105
infants, 104
p300 brain wave response, 104–105, 105f
reaction times and, 43–44
hippocampus of brain, 98, 101–102
Hitler, Adolf, 15
home environment and IQ, 172–177, 177f
Homo sapiens brain size, 88
Hooke, Robert, 246
hormones and brain structure, 140, 158
Howard, Ron, 230
How to Win Friends and Influence People (Carnegie), 96–97
human characteristics quantification, 5–6
human intellect. See intelligence
Humphries, Lloyd, 165–166
Hunt, Earl, 39
identical twin studies, 6, 142–144
impulsivity, 73, 147, 169, 203
in-basket task performance, 53
inductive reasoning
fluid intelligence and, 32, 85, 197, 232
mathematics in, 170
Raven’s Matrices and, 44
Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists, 14
infant development
brain wave patterns, 104
breastfeeding and, 158–159
increasing intelligence of, 181–182
information processing
efficiency of, 105
limits of, 42
by neurons, 98
protection of, 2
the radex and, 231
theories of, 226
working memory and, 114–116
information technologies, 54, 160–161, 180
innovator expert, 228–229
inspection time comparison, 41–42, 41f
institutional schooling, 202
Instrumental Enrichment, 188–190, 192
intellectual openness, 205–206
intelligence. See also g factor; nature vs. nurture; Raven’s Matrices; social intelligence; spatial intelligence; success and intelligence
biological basis of, 97–103, 99f
brain and, 95–97
brain waves and, 103–105, 105f
capitalizing on, 3
in childhood vs. adulthood, 14
computational activities and, 78
diverse expressions in, 50
education and, 162–163, 171–172
environmental influences on, 155, 175
higher-order intellective functioning, 90
importance of, xviii, 126–128
internal vs. external, 127
job/workplace and, 13–14, 52–53, 242
measurement quality of, 64
metabolism and, 105–106
morality of, 15–16
paradoxes of, 44–46
parental role in intelligence, 171–172, 174–176, 250–252
practical intelligence, 52–54
reproductive success and, 74–75
self-challenge and, 39, 180, 239
“street smarts,” 53
theories of, 48, 50, 85–86, 100, 229
wage premiums and, 1–2
wisdom and, 180
intelligence, defined
crystallized intelligence, 28–31, 34–39, 37f
fluid intelligence, 28–31, 36, 37–39, 37f
hierarchical model of abilities, 24–28, 26f
overview, 21–22
Raven’s Matrices, 31–34, 31f, 44
resolving paradoxes, 44–46
unity or diversity paradox, 22–24
workforce of the 21st century, 39–40
intelligence, increasing. See also enhancing intelligence
of adults, 190–191
crystallized intelligence, 153
fluid intelligence, 153
Flynn effect and, 151–153, 155
heritability of IQ and, 147
of infants, 181–182
knowledge of, 85
learnable intelligence, 129, 192–193, 233
programs for, 180–181
of school-age children, 187–190
success of, 191–192
in working memory, 115–116
intelligence, varieties. See also artificial intelligence
analytical intelligence, 52, 55–57
creative intelligence, 52, 54–58
as culture bound, 68–73
distributed intelligence, 65–68
emotional intelligence, 62–65
habits of mind, 73–74
multiple intelligences, 48–51
nonhuman intelligence, 74–78
overview, 47–48
social intelligence, 47–48, 58–62
successful intelligence, 51–55
theories of, 85–86
intelligence quotient (IQ). See also African-Americans and IQ; high-IQs; intelligence; low-IQs
after college degree, 2
bell curve computations of, 8–9
brain metabolism, 105–106
brain size and, 88–89, 100, 103
brain structure and, 90–93, 90f, 92
creativity and, 56–57
in developing nations, 162
EEG patterns and, 104
fluxuation of, xviii–xiv, 18, 150–151
genetics influence on, 129
genius and, 229
like-minded relationships and, 245
measurement of, 43
popularity of, 11
as predictors of success, 21, 210
quotient defined, 7–8
synapses in brain and, 100
threshold hypothesis, 16–18
unfortunate effects of, 11–12
intelligence quotient (IQ), and experience
adulthood changes in, 178–180
American military studies on, 165–166
breastfeeding and infant development, 158–159
of canal boat children, 163–164
complexity of life, 161–162
education and, 162–163
family size and birth order, 177–178
home environment, 172–177, 177f
mathematics curriculum studies, 170–171
media and information technologies, 160–161
nutrition and, 155–157, 159–160
overview, 155
programs to increase, 180–181
schooling interruption and, 166–170
socioeconomic status (SES) and, 173–174, 176–177, 177f
Swedish military studies on, 164–165
toxin exposure, 157–158
intergenerational change in IQ, 150–151, 153
International Health Exhibition (1884), 5
the Internet, 160–161
interpersonal intelligence, 48, 59
intrapersonal intelligence, 48
introverted personality, 203–204
Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, 182–183
IQ heritability. See heritability of IQ
James, William, 96–97
Jennings, Ken, 83–84
Jeopardy! (TV show), 83–84
job/workplace
cognitive development and, 178–179
fluid intelligence, 198
intelligence, defined, 39–40
intelligence and, 13–14, 52–53, 242
Johnson, Lyndon, 185
judicial process thinking, 125–126
juggling studies, 102
Kasparov, Gary, 81
Kenyan educational differences, 70–71
Key, Wilson, 118
knowledge
education and, 162
of experts, 210
findings on, 57–58
published knowledge, 67
schema development in, 213
“street smarts,” 53
tacit knowledge, 53–54, 222–223
known-answer give-and-take discourse, 175
Kvashchev, Radivoy, 190
lag correlations and IQ, 174
language
in animals, 76
in artificial intelligence, 80
of books, 200–202
culture and, 69
defined, 212
dysfunction and artistic skill, 56
experiences and education, 171–172
of intelligence theory, 229
male-female differences in, 140–141
processing in brain, 93
role in human intelligence, 127
Lashley, Karl, 96–97
learnable intelligence, 129, 192–193, 233, 254
learning
chunks/chunking in, 211–212
defined, 117
differences in social classes, 168–169
from experience, 105–106
mediated learning principle, 189
novice learners, 209
nutrition and, 159–160
self-directed learners, 39, 178, 242
sleep learning, 117–118
television exposure and, 160
left-brained people, 95
left-hander brain functioning, 93
left hemisphere, 29, 49, 93–95, 140
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 17
Levy, Steven, 87
lexical-gustatory synesthesia, 111
like-minded relationships, 245–247
linguistic intelligence, 48, 49, 136
linguistic interaction, 172, 175, 180, 186, 192, 250
logical-mathematical intelligence, 48
London taxi driver studies, 101
long-chain fatty acids, 156–157
long-term memory
adaptation to, 101–102
biology of, 50
cognitive theory and, 117
features of, 113–114
Flynn effect and, 151
sensory input and, 110
social intelligence and, 60
low intelligence levels, 131
low-IQs
genetic abnormalities and, 132
reaction time and, 43–44
Luria, Alexander, 108–109
Luther, Martin, 17
Machado, Luis, 187–188
mad genius prototype, 229
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 89
mammals and brain size, 89
Mann, Horace, 258
maternal education and child IQ, 171, 175
mathematical intelligence, 45, 48, 49
mathematics curriculum studies, 170–171
maturation in learning, 149, 168
Mayer, Richard, 192
means-ends analysis, 79
measured intelligence, 149
measuring the mind, 4–6
media and information technologies, 160–161
mediated learning principle, 189
memory. See also long-term memory; working memory
accuracy of, 107–108
of artificial intelligence, 79
brain functioning and, 106–110
episodic memory, 60
multiple forms of, 112
“n-back” procedure for memory, 116
photographic memory, 108–110, 111
recall ability, 109–110
short-term memory, 113–114
spatial location memory, 140
training exercises, 187
written information and, 66
“mental age” innovation, 6–8
mental orthopedics as exercise, 187
mental retardation, 12, 131, 132, 163
mental rotation tasks, 139f
metabolism and intelligence, 105–106
metacognition, 122–123
MI-5 (British Security Service), 28
middle class status and IQ, 171–176
Milgram, Stanley, 15
Mill, John Stuart, 17
Milwaukee Project, 184–185
monozygotic (identical) twins, 142–144
morality of intelligence, 15–16
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 17, 213, 217–218, 224, 246
multiple intelligences, 48–51, 59–60
Murch, Walter, 222–223
muscular control by brain, 94, 98
“My Search for Einstein’s Brain” (Levy), 87
Nasar, Sylvia, 229–230
Nash, John Forbes, Jr., 229–230
Native-American IQ, 136
nature vs. nurture, in intelligence. See also heritability of IQ
adoption studies and, 176–177, 177f
assumptions about, 238
brain plasticity and, 101
Flynn effect, 151–153
heritability, defined, 130–134
in intelligence, 5
male-female differences in, 138–141
measured intelligence, 149
middle class status and, 171–176
overview, 129–130
racial differences in, 134–137
seed corn analogy, 136–138
with twins, 141–144
with unrelated siblings, 144
“n-back” procedure for memory, 116
Neisser, Ulric, 162
neurons
brain size and, 89
function of, 97–98
gene variation regulation of, 132
long-chain fatty acids and, 157
number of, 98
remodeling of, 102–103
synesthesia and, 111
neurotrophins in brain, 180
New York City schools nutrition study, 159–160
nonhuman intelligence, 74–78
nonrenewable energy sources, 4
nonschool experiences and IQ, 169
normal distribution. See bell curve computations
novice learners, 209
nutrition/nutritional foods
cognitive ability and, 156
impact on brain functioning, 156
intelligence and, 247–248
of middle class status, 173
overview, 155–157
occipital lobe in brain, 90, 90f
old age and cognitive decline, 179–180
omega-3 fatty acids, 156–157, 158
omega-6 fatty acids, 156
omega-9 fatty acids, 156
openness. See intellectual openness
The Origin of Species (Darwin), 6
outsourcing technology, 2–3
paradoxes of intelligence, 44–46
parental role in intelligence, 171–172, 174–176, 250–252
parietal lobe in brain, 88, 90, 90f
Pea, Roy, 65–66
Peek, Kim, 29
Penfield, Wilder, 107–108
perception modes, 110–111
Perkins, David, 66
perseverance in expertise, 226–227
personal change and heritability, 148–149
personality factors/traits, 203–207, 230
Phelps, Michael, 147
phenotype (measurable characteristics), 130, 145
phenylketonuria (PKU), 146
Philips Academy (Holland), 166–167
photographic memory, 108–110, 111
Piaget, Jean, 127
Picasso, Pablo, 213
plasticity in brain, 93, 100–101
play behavior by dolphins, 77
Poe, Edgar Allen, 230
polyunsaturated fats, 157, 158
positive manifold correlations, 23–25, 49
positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, 105–106, 111
posterior hippocampus of brain, 101–102
poverty and IQ, 183–184
practical intelligence, 52–54
predictive power of IQ, 13, 14, 54
prenatal vitamin supplementation, 156
preschoolers and increased IQ, 182–187, 192
primates and intelligence, 76, 89
Prince Edward County School Board, 167
Princeton University, 87
problem solving
brain functioning and, 119–121, 123
by experts, 215–217
fluid intelligence and, 197, 238–240
strategy in problem solving, 120–121
Project Intelligence (Venezuela), 187–188
psychological characteristics, 6, 14, 131, 140
psychological trait heritability, 6, 131
psychometric factors (psychometrics), 6, 47, 49, 112. See also crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
p300 brain wave response, 104–105, 105f
published knowledge, 67
Puluwat people of Micronesia, 71–72
quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 132
racial differences in IQ, 134–137
the radex in expertise, 231–233
Rainbow Project, 54
Rain Man (film), 29
Ramey, Sharon and Craig, 251
Raven, John, 31
Raven’s Matrices
brain engagement with, 106
fluid intelligence and, 31–34, 31f, 44
the radex and, 231
r correlation value
social status, 173–175
reaction times, 5–6, 9, 40–46, 129
reactive covariance, 146–147, 148
reading and crystallized intelligence, 200–201. See also speed reading
Reich, Robert, 1
remembering, defined, 117, 119, 122
remodeling of neurons, 102–103
reproductive success and intelligence, 74–75
right-brained people, 95
right hemisphere, 29, 49, 93–95, 140
Rodin, Auguste, 62
Roe, Anne, 218
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 17
Rutter, Brad, 84
schema development in knowledge, 126, 213
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) academic ability and, 205
cognitive profile differences in, 51
emotional intelligence as predictor of scores, 64
human intelligence studies, 85
for university admissions, 11, 12–13
school-age children, increasing intelligence, 187–190
schools/schooling. See also education
of canal boat children, 163–164
chunking in, 213–215
crystallized intelligence and, 200–202
expansion of, 162
fluid intelligence and, 198, 202
institutional schooling, 202
interruption of, 166–170
IQ and, 164–165
known-answer give-and-take discourse, 175
teacher role in enhancing intelligence, 252–256
Scientific Revolution, 67–68
Seattle Longitudinal Study, 190
seed corn analogy, 136–138
self-awareness in animals, 76
self-challenge and intelligence, 39, 180, 239
self-directed learners, 39, 178, 242
self-discipline in personality, 13, 30, 203, 205, 226
Semantic Analysis and Integration Department (IBM), 83
semi-wakefulness, 117–118
sensory input of brain, 98, 101, 110
Shakespeare, William, 66
Shereshevskii, Solomon, 108–109, 110
short-term memory, 113–114
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 132
skilled labor, 2
sleep learning, 117–118
Snow, Richard, 231, 232–233, 256
social competence in brain, 92
social intelligence
cognitive ability and, 60
enhancing intelligence and, 245
intelligence varieties and, 47–48, 58–62
socioeconomic status (SES) and IQ, 173–174, 176–177, 177f
somatosensory cortex, 101
Son, Nguyen Ngoc Truong, 219–220
spatial intelligence
“black box” in psychometrics, 112
brain functioning and, 93, 101
cognitive ability and, 136
defined, 48–49
increases in, 190–191
in job/workforce, 179
male-female differences in, 139–141
mental rotation tasks, 139f
the radex and, 231
spatial location memory, 140
Spearman, Charles, 49
human intelligence studies, 86, 112
inductive reasoning and, 197
perseverance and, 226
speed reading, 214–215
split brain patients, 94–95
standard deviation units, 9, 43
Stanford-Binet IQ scale, 9, 11, 14
Sternberg, Robert, 51–55, 70, 233
stimulus-response event, 103–104, 105f, 122
strategy in problem solving, 120–121
“street smarts,” 53
strong AI (artificial intelligence), 79, 81–82
subgoals in problem solving, 33, 120–121
subliminal advertising, 118–119
Subliminal Seduction (Key), 118
success and intelligence
conscientiousness and, 204
first intelligence tests, 6–10
life and, 14–16
measuring the mind, 4–6
metacognition and, 122–123
overview, 1–4
schools and, 10–13
threshold hypothesis, 16–19
workplace and, 13–14
successful intelligence theory, 51–55
summer vacation and learning, 168
Swedish military studies on IQ, 164–165
symbol-processing computer, 79
synapses (neuronal connections), 99–100, 99f, 102
synesthesia, 110–111
tacit knowledge, 53–54, 222–223
talent
extreme talent in youth, 219–221
importance of, 244
nature vs. nurture in, 146–147
TD-Gammon (backgammon program), 81
teacher role in enhancing intelligence, 252–256
technician expert, 228
teenage intelligence variability, 149
television exposure, 160–161, 251
temporal lobe in brain, 56, 90, 90f, 93, 102, 107
10% myth of brain, 96–97
10-year rule in expertise, 217–219
Terman, Lewis
high-IQ children study, 17
human intelligence studies, 85, 148, 226
test anxiety, 62
theories of intelligence, 48, 50, 85–86, 100, 229
theory of evolution, 5
“theory of mind,” 61
The Thinker sculpture, 62
thinking skills. See also critical thinking; higher-order thinking
algorithmic thinking, 199
cognitive ability and, 73, 112
coherence in, 125
flexible thinking, 179–180, 229
increasing in preschoolers, 184
judicial process thinking, 125–126
neurons and, 98
value of, 73–74
Thomas, Lowell, 96–97
threshold hypothesis, 16–19
threshold theory of creativity, 56
Thurstone, L. L.
human intelligence studies, 85, 86, 112
intelligence properties, 22, 24–27, 26f, 44
perseverance and, 226
tool use in animals, 75–76
toxin exposure and intelligence, 157–158
trauma exposure in children, 188–189
Turing, Alan (Turing Test), 81, 83
21st century workforce, 39–40
twins, nature vs. nurture, 141–144
“typical intellectual engagement,” 62
university admissions tests. See Scholastic Aptitude Test
University of California, 88, 109
unrelated siblings, nature vs. nurture, 144
unsaturated fats, 156–157
unskilled labor sector, 18
US Supreme Court, 126
Utzon, Jørn, 228–229
van Gogh, Vincent, 230
Van Rijn, Rembrandt, 17
variability
in achievements, 5
environmental variability, 134, 137
genetic variability, 132, 134, 148
importance of, 64
male-female differences in, 141
Milwaukee Project and, 185
as permanent, 18
in personality, 207
Venezuela, 187–188
verbal ability
crystallized intelligence and, 28, 232
micro-level analyses, 116
psychometric approach and, 112
social intelligence and, 60, 86
spatial ability and, 136
Vicary, Jim, 118
violinists, brain studies, 101, 102
visual perception of animals, 75
visual stimulation and IQ, 182
vitamin supplementation, 156
vocabulary importance, 35–36
volition to excel, 224–227
von Neumann architecture, 79
Vygotsky, Lev, 126–127, 189, 246
Watson computer, 83–84
weak AI (artificial intelligence), 79
Wechsler, David, 226
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 9, 30
Whorf, Benjamin, 69
Wikipedia (online encyclopedia), 83
Will We Be Smart Enough? (Hunt), 39
wisdom and intelligence, 180, 258–259
Wood, Evelyn, 214–215
Woolf, Virginia, 230
word knowledge/recognition, 35–36, 214
working memory
ability to increase, 115–116
expansion of, 255
frontal cortex and, 92
information-processing by, 114–116
role of, 85
workplace. See job/workplace
written information and memory, 66
Yale University, 63