Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Abelmann, Nancy, viii
ancestry and kinship, 39, 129, 141
Anderson, Benedict, 19, 24, 44, 74
Arabic, 74
arquebus, 29, 78. See also musket; weapons
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 125
Bao Gong dramas, xi
Bell, David A., 6–7
Berry, Mary E., 187n66
bows and arrows, 50, 60, 62, 85–86. See also weapons
Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (Colley), 6–7
Buddhism: in dream journeys, 126, 129, 133, 136, 140–41, 151, 195n57; monks of in Japanese invasionary forces, 74, 79–80, 83–84, 88–89, 111, 163n17, 181n17; monks of in Righteous Army, 45, 58, 61, 133, 136, 151. See also religion
censorship, 147
Cespedes, Gregorio de, 76
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 9
Ch’a Yongju, 195n54
China: aid to Korea against Japanese, 94–100; as historical nation, 5–6, 8, 14; Ming dynasty, x, 1–2, 15–16, 94–96, 111–12, 121–22, 150; peace negotiations with Japan, 91, 98–100, 103–5, 111–14; Qing dynasty, 2–3, 17, 150; Yuan dynasty, xi, 2–3, 77
Chinese Army, 71–72, 93–94, 100–105, 109, 113–14
Chinese classical language and script: and Confucian canon, 74; and discourse of nation, 18–19, 69, 74–75; and gender, 19; during Imjin War, 55–57, 79–80, 87; Korean government policy, 108, 110, 114–19; in postwar literary production, 147–48. See also language
Chizhova, Ksenia, ix
Cho, Hwisang, ix
Cho Chŏng, 54
Ch’oe Kyŏnghŭi, 60–62
Ch’oe Yŏnghŭi, 59
Cho Kyŏngnam, 163n15, 166n45, 168n62, 193–94n42
chŏn’gi (chuanqi) (strange tales), 125, 128
Chŏngnŭng, 82
Chŏng Pal, 29
Chŏng T’ak, 165n38
Chosŏn dynasty, 3–5, 65. See also Korean government
Christianity, 7, 76, 89, 179n7. See also religion
Chunghwa (Brilliant Center), 16
Ch’ungju city battle, 30, 130–32
circular letters (t’ongmun), 33–34, 55–57, 60. See also letters of exhortation (kyŏksŏ)
class structure, 165n39; class as driving force in Korean society, 12; local elites, 17–18, 25–26, 64–68; and Neo-Confucianism, 68; in premodern Europe, 6; and qualities of virtue, 177n66; and Righteous Army, 70–71; scholarly elites, x, 4, 66–67; social status in letters of exhortation, 46, 50; yangban, xii, 66
Colley, Linda, 6–7
colonialism: British, 145; Japanese, 12, 16, 72, 82–89; and Neo-Confucianism, x; scholarship on, 9, 11
comfort women (World War II), 81
commemoration: of anonymous war dead, 20, 127, 137–40; and discourse of identity and nation, viii, 4, 123–24; as immortality for the dead, 124, 136; and postwar literary production, 146–52; as social memory, 19–21
communal readings, 56
communicative rationality, 43
concubines, 81. See also service women
Confucianism: canon of, 8, 19, 74; in dream journeys, 136–37, 142–46, 148–49; and elites, 66–70; and Korean identity, 3–4, 12, 17–18, 67–70, 118, 121, 150; and letters of exhortation, 49–50; Mandate of Heaven, 63–65; moral autonomy in, 18; mortuary and funerary practices of, 124, 129, 139; Neo-Confucianism, x, 46, 65–68; patriarchy of, 142–46; and popular sovereignty, 64–65; and private armies, 34; and religion, 8, 19, 129, 141–42, 148–49; and remembrance, 19–21, 136–37
Confucian Kingship in Korea, The (Haboush), x–xi
Connerton, Paul, 19
Crump, James, xi
Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800 (Bell), 6–7
daily court gazette (chobo), 54
Daily Record of the Western Campaign (Yi Chŏng’am), 87
Daoism, 126, 132, 142. See also religion
dead bodies: and anonymity, 20, 127, 130–32, 137–42, 150–52; commemoration of, 20, 124–25, 127, 129, 137–39; in dream journeys, 121, 124–25, 127, 129–37, 139–46; ghosts, 127, 130–37, 140; unburiability of, 129–30, 142–46
democracy movement (1970s and 1980s), 12
Diary of the Campaign of Korea (Kōrai nikki) (Tajiri Akitane), 84
Diary of the Imjin War (Imjin ilgi) (Cho Chŏng), 54
Diary of the Western Campaign, The (Tenkei), 83
discourse of identity. See identity discourse
discourse of nation. See nation discourse
dream journeys: Daoism in, 126; dead bodies and ghosts in, 121, 124–25, 127, 129–37, 139–46; and discourse of identity, 123; and imaginary memory, 152; patriarchy in, 129, 142–46, 149–50; subversive function of, 129–30
Dream Journey to Kanghwa Island (Kangdo mongyurok), 125, 129–30, 142–46, 150–52, 193n32
Dream Journey to Talch’ ŏn (Hwang Chung yun), 135, 137, 193–94n42
Dream Journey to Talch’ ŏn (Talch’ ŏn mongyurok) (Yun Kyesŏn), 125, 128–35, 142, 144, 147, 150, 152, 193n32
Duara, Prasenjit, 127
East Asian studies, x
Ekei (Buddhist monk), 88–89
Elisonas, Jurgis, 182n33
ethnicity, 3–4, 11–14, 42, 51, 82
Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism (Marx), 6–7
fantasy literature, 129, 148. See also dream journeys
First Korean War, 1. See also Imjin War (1592–1598)
Frank, Andre Gunder, 10
French Revolution, 6
Frois (Jesuit priest), 89
Geary, Patrick J., 8
gender and gender roles: and Confucianism, 12, 142; and Imjin War and Manchu invasions, 82; and language, 19, 76, 87; and loyalty, 144–45; patriarchy, 129, 142–46, 149–50; patrimony, 6; rape, 81, 145; service women, 81–82, 85
Gettysburg Civil War cemetery (U.S.), 138
Goodman, David, 127
Great East Asian War, 1. See also Imjin War (1592–1598)
Great Wall, 2
Greenfeld, Liah, 6–7, 9, 71, 175n57
guerilla warfare, viii, 3, 24, 35–38, 60, 71, 89. See also Righteous Army (ŭibyŏng)
Habermas, Jürgen, 43
Haboush, JaHyun Kim: on East Asian studies, x; educational and intellectual background, x–xii; proposal for this study, vii; works by, –xi, 153–57
Haboush, William J., vii–xii
Haengju ch’ima (Haengju skirt), 90
Haengju victory, 90
han’gŭl script, xi, 76. See also Korean vernacular language and script
hearts of the people concept, 45, 63. See also popular sovereignty
heteroglossia, 125
Hidetsugu (regent), 80
Hideyoshi. See Toyotomi Hideyoshi
historical nation concept, 5–6, 8, 14
Hŏ Kyun, 191n21
Hong Kiltong chŏn (The tale of Hong Kiltong), 191n21
Huang, Ray, 112
Huguenots, 7
Hwang Chungyun, 135
Hyegyŏng, Lady, xi
“Hymn of Constancy” (Samiin kok) (Chŏng Ch’ŏl), 146
Hyujŏng (Buddhist monk), 58, 151
identity discourse, 118, 121–24, 146–52
idu writing system, 87. See also Korean vernacular language and script
imagined community: and East Asian cultural imaginary, 74; and letters of exhortation, 47–48, 53; and volunteer army movement, 16, 26; and war commemoration, 21, 23, 72. See also nation discourse
Imjin War (1592–1598): and discourse of nation, xii, 1, 11, 15, 23, 51, 71; guerilla warfare, viii, 3, 24, 35–38, 60, 71, 89; Japanese invasions and occupation, 1, 16–17, 27–38, 76–91, 105, 114, 180n14, 181n27; peace negotiations, 91, 98–99, 105, 111–14
Indian Mutiny against the British (1857), 145
Inquisition (Spain), 7
Insŏn (queen), 147
internal seeds theory of industrialization and capitalism, 12–13
Iran, 5–6
Iser, Wolfgang, 152
Ishida Mitsunari, 81
Japan: colonialism of, 12, 16, 72, 82–89; as historical nation, 5–6, 8, 14; invasions of Korea (1592, 1597), 1, 16–17, 27–38, 76–91, 105, 114, 180n14, 181n27; peace negotiations with China, 91, 98–99, 105, 111–14; pirates (wakō or waegu), 15, 97
Japanese language, 88–89, 91. See also language
Japanese plays and ghost characters, 127
Jewish expulsion from Spain (1492), 7
Kakitsu Treaty (1443), 15
Kangdo mongyurok (Dream Journey to Kanghwa Island), 125, 129–30, 142–46, 150–52, 193n32
Katō Kiyomasa, 33, 62, 79–81, 83–84, 90, 151
Keitetsu Genso, 27, 162–63nn9–10
Kim, Jisoo, ix
Kim Manjung, 126
Kim Sisŭp, 126
Kim Sŏng’il, 27, 36, 40–44, 54, 174n32
Kim Yangsŏn, 179n7
Kim Yŏmul, 134
Kim Yŏn’gwang, 133–34
kinship and ancestry, 39, 129, 141
Kitajima Manji, 180n16
Kiyomasa. See Katō Kiyomasa
Ko, Dorothy, viii
Kobayakawa Takakage, 90
Ko Inhu, 45
Ko Kyŏngmyŏng: death of, 46, 134; in Dream Journey to Talch’ŏn, 133–34; letters of exhortation, 38, 40–44, 56–58, 70, 167n53, 167n59; and volunteer army, 38, 58, 70, 133, 167n53, 167n59
Konishi Joan, 112
Konishi Yukinaga: Catholicism of, 76; and China-Japan peace negotiations, 91, 98–100, 105, 112; and Chinese-Korean defeat at P’yŏngyang, 94; in Dream Journey to Talch’ŏn, 130; and Japanese invasion, 29, 62, 79–80, 130; and Japanese retreat, 90–91
Korea Diary (Chōsen nikki), 84–86, 90
Korean government: and China-Japan peace negotiations, 113–14; and Chinese aid, 98–105, 121; Confucianization of society, 67–68; and Japanese invasion, 28–32, 34, 105–10; language policy, 108–11, 114–19; and Manchu invasions, 1, 122, 150; and volunteer army movement, 25–26, 34–38, 40, 65
Korean Royal Army, 3, 16, 29–33, 59
Korean vernacular language and script: and discourse of nation, 18–19, 73–74, 76; and gender, 19, 76; Japanese use during occupation, 87, 89; Korean government use of, 73–74, 108–11, 114–19; and letters of exhortation, 55–56; and postwar literary production, 147–48; writing systems, xi, 76, 87. See also language
Koryŏ, 14
Kuk Kyŏngin, 33
Kumo sinhwa (New tales of the golden turtle) (Kim Sisŭp), 126
Kuroda Nagamasa, 76, 79, 87, 90
Kuunmong (A nine-cloud dream) (Kim Manjung), 126
Kyŏn Yu, 174n32
language: diglossic linguistic space, 18–19, 76, 110, 147; in Dream Journey to Talch’ŏn, 131; and Japanese invasions and occupation, 77–80, 87–89; Korean government policy, 73–76, 91, 108–11, 114–19; of postwar literary production, 147–48; sacral languages, xii, 8, 19, 74. See also specific languages
Laqueur, Thomas, 139
Latin, 74
legitimacy of ruler, x, 7–9, 63–65, 118, 129
letters of exhortation (kyŏksŏ): class structure and social status in, 46, 50; and Confucianism, 46, 49–50; and defense of civilization, 49–51; dissemination of, 53–58; and ethnicity and discourse of nation, 39–48, 51; and free and personal choice, 70; language of, 55–56; loyalty and moral duty in, 42–46, 49–50; and volunteer army movement, 16, 25, 33–34, 38, 167n53
“letter written on horseback” (masang kyŏngmun) (Ko Kyŏngmyŏng), 42–43
Lewis, Mark Edward, 146–47
Li Guangtao, 28
Lincoln, Abraham, 152
Li Rusong, 71, 89–91, 101–4, 113
loyalty: activist loyalty, 5, 18, 72; Confucianism and, 18, 46, 66, 68; and discourse of nation, 71; disloyalty (pulch’ung), 144–46, 149; gender and, 144–45; and Righteous Army, 42–47, 50, 59, 66, 108; and tributary relationship, 96, 98, 149
Manchus: conquest of China (1644), 1–3, 17, 121–22, 150; invasions of Korea (1627 and 1636–1637), xii, 1, 16–17, 72, 82, 142–43, 150–51
Mandate of Heaven, 63–65
Marlowe, Christopher, 77
Marx, Anthony, 6–7
Master P’i’s Dream Journey (P’isaeng mongyurok), 125, 139–42, 148, 193n32
memory, 19–21, 124, 131, 136, 139, 152. See also commemoration
Ming dynasty, x, 1–2, 15–16, 94–96, 111–12, 121–22, 150
Miscellaneous Record of the War, The, 118, 147
modernity, 5–21
Mongols, xi, 2–3, 14, 77, 94, 142, 159n1
mongyurok (records of dream journeys), 125. See also dream journeys
moral autonomy, 18
Mosse, George L., 177n69
musket, 29, 60–61, 104. See also weapons
Nabeshima Naoshige, 83–84
Namhan Fort siege, 1, 122, 189n3
Namin faction in Korean government, 114
Nammyŏng (Cho Sik), 41
nationalism: and Imjin War, 11, 51, 71; and language, 74; and popular sovereignty, 175n57; of premodern Chinese bureaucracy, 177n67; scholarship on, 6–7, 11–13, 175n57, 177n67
Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Greenfeld), 6–7
nation discourse: and Confucianism, 3–4, 12, 17–18, 67–70; East Asian, 8–21; and ethnicity, 11–14; European, 7–8; historical nation concept, 5–6, 8, 14; imagined community, 16, 21, 23, 26, 47–48, 53, 72, 74; and Japanese and Manchu invasions, 3–5; and language, 18–19, 73–74, 76; in letters of exhortation, 39–44, 46, 58; and modernity, 5–21; and otherness, 3, 7; and religion, 7–8, 171n110; scholarship on, 4–6, 9–21
Neo-Confucianism, x, 46, 65–68. See also Confucianism
Nobility Reimagined (Smith), 177n66
“Oath of Revenge Sent to All the Towns of the Province [of Chŏlla]” (Ko Kyŏngmyŏng), 47
otherness, 3, 7, 78–79, 110, 118
Paek Kwang’ŏn, 174n33
Pakssi chŏn (The tale of Madam Pak), 145
patriarchy, 129, 142–46, 149–50. See also gender and gender roles
patrimony, 6. See also gender and gender roles
patriotism: and Buddhism, 136, 162; and Christianity, 171n110; and commemoration, 4–55, 72; and Confucianism, 68, 74; and discourse of nation, 4; in letters of exhortation, 42–43, 45; and popular sovereignty, 64; and volunteer army movement, 16–18
P’isaeng mongyurok (Master P’i’s dream journey), 125, 139–42, 148, 193n32
Pomeranz, Kenneth, 10
popular discontent, 30–31, 33, 106–7
popular sovereignty, 5, 8, 18, 44, 64–66, 71–72, 175n57
postal system, 53–54
practical learning (sirhak) school, 12–13
print technology and cultures, 57
Pulmyŏl ŭi Yi Sunsin, 24
Pusan massacre (1592), 16, 29, 78
Pyŏkchegwan battle, 104
P’yŏngyang: capture of by Japanese, 31, 95, 106–7; Chinese and Korean defeat at, 94, 109; Chinese and Korean recapture of, 89–90, 99–100, 102–4, 109
Pyŏn ŭnjing, 174n34
Qing dynasty (China), 2–3, 17, 150. See also Manchus
rape, 81, 145. See also gender and gender roles
Record of the Campaign Against Barbarians (Yi T’aegyŏng), 87
Records of Trivial and Insignificant Matters (O Hŭimun), 33
religion: Christianity, 7, 76, 89, 179n7; and Confucianism, 8, 19, 129, 141–42, 148–49; Daoism, 126, 132, 142; and discourse of nation, 7–8, 171n110. See also Buddhism
Remaining Stories from the Three Kingdoms (Samguk yusa), 12
Renan, Ernest, 6
restoration (chunghŭng), 37, 51, 95, 110
Revised Veritable Records of Sŏnjo, 160n17
Righteous Army (ŭibyŏng), 25; Buddhist monks in, 45, 58, 61, 133, 136, 151; and Chinese Army, 71–72; commemoration of heroes of, 23–25; organization and development of, viii, 3, 16, 24, 33–39, 58–63, 70–71, 89; Righteous Army of Vengeance (Poksu ŭibyŏngjang), 47. See also volunteer army movement
Robinson, Kenneth R., 112
Rogers, Michael, 14
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 65
royal edicts: circulation of, 55; edict of heartfelt pain, 117–18; edict of selfcastigation (choegisŏ), 34, 36; language of, xii, 73–76, 91, 114–18
sacral languages, xii, 8, 19, 74. See also language
sacrifice (dying for the country), 24, 44–47, 69–70, 72, 135–39
Saisei nikki (The diary of the western campaign) (Tenkei), 181n17
Sangju battle, 30
scholarship: historical, x, xi–xii, 9–14, 122–23; literary, xi–xii, 123; modernists vs. primordialists, 7, 11, 13, 25; and nationalism, 6–7, 11–13, 175n57, 177n67
school of material force (ki), 67
school of principle (li), 67
Seishō Shōtai, 111
Sejo (king), 192n24
Seoul massacre, 88–91
service women, 81–82, 85. See also gender and gender roles
shamanic ritual, 128
Sharpe, Jenny, 145
Shin Kilwŏn, 163n18
Shuihuzhuan (Water margin) novel, 147
Sin Ch’aeho, 12
Sin Chap, 110
Sin Yŏl, 61
Smith, Anthony, 7, 11, 39, 122, 168n61
Smith, Jay M., 177n66
socialism, 12
Sō feudal house (Tsushima island), 15, 27
Sŏin faction in Korean government, 114
Sojunghwa (Small Brilliant Center), 15, 170n87
Song Chemin, 45–46
Sŏng Ch’ŏnhŭi, 58
Song Ŏnsin, 187n63
Song Sanghyŏn, 29, 133, 195n61
Song Yingchang, 90–91, 94, 98–100, 103, 105, 113–14
Sŏnjo (king), 30, 91, 96, 99, 101, 108–11, 113–14, 117–18
So Taesŏk, 195n54
Spain, 7
spirits and ghosts, 124, 127, 130–37, 140
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (France), 7
structures of feeling, 26, 150
Tackett, Timothy, 106
Talch’ŏn mongyurok (Dream journey to Talch’ŏn) (Yun Kyesŏn), 125, 128–35, 142, 144, 147, 150, 152, 193n32
Talch’ŏn River battle (Ch’ungju city), 30, 130–32
Tamburlaine (Marlowe), 77
Tamerlane, 77
Tangun (mythical progenitor), 12
Tanjong (king), 192n24
taxes, 79, 81–89, 107, 117, 165
Tenkei (Buddhist monk), 80, 83, 163n17, 181n17
Todorov, Tzvetan, 128
Tokugawa Ieyasu, 2
Tokugawa Shogunate, 2, 122, 151
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (U.S.), 140
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1, 16, 27, 62, 79–87, 111–13
Trivial Matters, The (O Hŭimun), 103
Turnbull, Stephen, 180n12
turtle ships (kŏbuksŏn), 23
Ukita Hideie, 90
Vaughan, Virginia Mason, 77
Veritable Records of Sŏnjo, 164n20
Vietnam Memorial (U.S.), 138
volunteer army movement: and discourse of nation, 16–18, 24–27; example of in later conflicts, 72; Korean state and, 25–26, 34–38, 40, 65; local elites and, 17–18, 25–27, 33, 37, 64, 66–68, 80, 167n53; origin of, 3, 16, 18, 51; popular sovereignty and, 18, 63, 71; studies of, 24–25. See also Righteous Army (ŭibyŏng)
Wang, Sixiang, ix
weapons: bows and arrows, 50, 60, 62, 85–86; firearms, 1, 29, 60–61, 78, 104
“What Is a Nation” (Renan), 6
Williams, Raymond, 26
Wŏnsaeng mongyurok (Master Wŏn’s dream journey), 192n24
Xie Fan, 94–97
yangban, xii, 66, 165n39. See also class structure
Yi Chŏng’am, 87
Yi Chun, 46
Yi Homin, 104
Yi Hŭidŭk, 84
Yim Kyeyŏng, 60–61
Yi Royal Ancestral Temple (Chongmyo) and tombs, 82
Yi Sibaek, 145
Yi Sunsin, 23–24, 61, 89, 132, 135–36
Yi T’aegyŏng, 87
Yŏnggyu (Buddhist monk), 45, 133, 136
Yongsa ilgi (The diary of the dragon and snake war) (Chŏng T’ak), 165n38
Yoshino (Japanese Army member), 78
Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial (Belgium), 139
Yuan dynasty, xi, 2–3, 77. See also Mongols
Yu Chongguk, 195n54
Yujŏng (Buddhist monk), 58, 151
Yukinaga. See Konishi Yukinaga
Yu Kungnyang, 134
Yun Ansŏng, 167n53
Yun Kŭnsu, 98–99
Yun Tusu, 102, 110, 174n29, 188n76
Yu Sŏngnyong, 102, 106–7, 166n44, 187n63, 188n76
Zetaku (Buddhist monk), 83–84