INTRODUCTION
1. Martin C. Perkins, personal correspondence, April 2010.
2. Arthur R. Boerner, “How Roses Came to Wisconsin Frontiers, an Account: Historic Roses of Wisconsin,” 1948, cited in William J. Radler, personal correspondence, April 8, 2008.
CHAPTER 1
1. Edgar Sanders, “The Kitchen Garden,” The Illustrated Annual Register of Rural Affairs for 1858, no. 4. (Albany, NY: Luther Tucker & Son, 1858), 84.
2. Ibid., 84.
3. Fearing Burr Jr., The Field and Garden Vegetables of America (Boston: Crosby and Nichols, 1863), 389.
4. Jacob Conrad, “The James Harvey Sanford House: A Yankee Home and Farm of Walworth County Wisconsin, ca. 1860” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, March 31, 2005), 24.
5. Vick’s Flower and Vegetable Garden (Rochester, NY: James Vick, 1880), 184.
6. F. K. Phoenix, “Horticulture: Nurseries in the North-West—should they not be sustained?” Wisconsin & Iowa Farmer, and Northwestern Cultivator, vol. 3 (Racine, WI: Mark Miller, 1851), 60.
7. A. J. Downing, “The National Ignorance of the Agricultural Interest,” written for The Horticulturist, September 1851, republished in Rural Essays (New York: R. Worthington, 1881), 391–392.
8. Wisconsin & Iowa Farmer, and Northwestern Cultivator, vol. 6 (Janesville, WI: Mark Miller and S. P. Lathrop, March 1854), 49.
9. Henry Ward Beecher, Plain and Pleasant Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1859), 199.
10. John F. Hauser, “The Vegetable Garden,” Wisconsin Farmers’ Institutes: A Hand-Book of Agriculture, no. 10. (Milwaukee: Wisconsin Farmers’ Institutes, 1896), 78.
CHAPTER 2
1. Allen F. Johnson, “The Wesley P. Benson House: A Vermont-Yankee Craftsman’s Household in the Village of Fort Atkinson, Jefferson County, Wisconsin” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, August 13, 1982), 59–63.
2. The price for Excelsior Hand Lawn Mowers. B. K. Bliss and Son’s Illustrated Spring Catalogue and Amateurs Guide to the Flower and Kitchen Garden (New York: B. K. Bliss & Son, 1872), 109.
3. Ibid., 111–113.
4. Vick’s Flower and Vegetable Garden (Rochester, NY: James Vick, 1876), 11.
5. Ibid., 18.
6. Mrs. S. O. Johnson, Every Woman Her Own Flower Gardener (New York: Henry T. Williams, 1875), 62.
7. D. M. Ferry & Co.’s Catalogue of Garden, Flower and Agricultural Seeds (Detroit: O. S. Gulley’s Stram Presses, 1876), 103.
8. Johnson, Every Woman Her Own Flower Gardener, 5.
9. Ibid., 6.
10. Johnson, “The Wesley P. Benson House,” 13–16.
11. Ibid., 31.
YANKEE RECIPES
1. Sarah Josepha Hale, Early American Cookery: “The Good Housekeeper,” 1841 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publication Inc., 1996), 27–28.
2. Wisconsin & Iowa Farmer, and Northwestern Cultivator, vol. 7 (Janesville, WI: Mark Miller and S. P. Lathrop, 1855), 344. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (James and Rebecca Sanford Farm section).
3. Ibid., 147.
4. Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine, vol. 90 (Philadelphia: Louis A. Godey, 1875), 375. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (James and Rebecca Sanford Farm section).
5. Wisconsin & Iowa Farmer, 84.
6. Ibid., 85.
7. Ibid., 117.
8. Mary Randolph, The Virginia Housewife (Washington, DC: Davis and Force, 1824), 168. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Wesley and Sophia Benson House section).
9. Compiled by Ladies of Toronto and Chief Cities and Towns in Canada, The Home Cook Book (Toronto, Canada: The Musson Book Co. Ltd., 1877), 171. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Wesley and Sophia Benson House section).
10. Wisconsin & Iowa Farmer, and Northwestern Cultivator, vol. 5 (Janesville, WI: Mark Miller, 1853), 67.
11. Vick’s Flower and Vegetable Garden (Rochester, NY: James Vick, 1876), 111.
12. E. Hutchinson, Ladies’ Indispensable Assistant (New York: F. J. Dow & Co., 1852), 35; Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (James and Rebecca Sanford Farm section).
CHAPTER 3
1. James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 9.
2. Ibid., 13–14.
3. Ibid., 115–122.
4. “Der Garten als Hausapotheke,” Acker- und Gartenbau-Zeitung (January 1, 1890), 12, cited by James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 126.
5. “Der Garten als Hausapotheke,” Acker- und Gartenbau-Zeitung (September 15, 1889), 334–335, cited by James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 125.
6. Korinne Oberle, “Schulz Farm Interpretive Plan” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, 1977), 30.
7. Mark Knipping, “A Pomeranian Wheat Farm of Dodge County, Wisconsin (ca. 1860)” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 1, 1977), 95.
CHAPTER 4
1. The History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1881), 524–525.
2. Martin C. Perkins, “The Friedrich Koepsell Farm: A Pomeranian Carpenter’s Farmstead of Washington County (ca. 1880)” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, August 31, 1978), 60–61.
GERMAN RECIPES
1. Henriette Davidis, Praktisches Kochbuch für die Deutschen in Amerika, 2nd ed. (Milwaukee, WI: Brumder, 1897), 43, in James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 131.
2. Black kitchen refers to an architectural carryover from the Old Country in which one enclosed interior room combines the functions of cooking, smoking, and heating. The Charles and Auguste Schulz House includes one of these rare black kitchens.
3. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Charles and Auguste Schulz Farm section).
4. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Friedrich and Sophia Koepsell Farm section).
5. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Friedrich and Sophia Koepsell Farm section).
6. Henriette Löffler, Großes Illustriertes Kochbuch für einfachen Tisch und die feine Küche, 10th ed. (Stuttgart: J. Ebner, 1882), fascimile ed. (Dreieich: KG Buchproduktion, 2000), 215, in James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 137.
7. Frieda Ritzerow, Mecklenburgisches Kochbuch (Rostock: Hinstorff Verlagsbuchandlucng, 1868), facsimile ed. (Rostock: Hinstorff Verlag, 1981), 192, in James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 141.
8. The Ethnic Epicure (Wauwatosa, WI: Wauwatosa Junior Woman’s Club, 1973), 59. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Friedrich and Sophia Koepsell Farm section).
9. Ibid., 66. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Charles and Auguste Schulz Farm section).
10. Ritzerow, Mecklenburgisches Kochbuch, 113, in James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 134.
11. Henriette Davidis, Zuverlässige und selbstgeprüfte Recepte der gewöhliche und feineren Küche (Osnabrück: Rackhorst’schen Buchhandlung, 1845), facsimile ed. (Wetter: Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Vorlmarstein-Oberwengern, 1994), 96, in James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, February 2002), 143.
1. Richard J. Fapso, Norwegians in Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2001), 8.
2. Hjalmar R. Holand, Coon Valley: An Historical Account of the Norwegian Congregation in Coon County (Minneapolis: 1928, English translation La Crosse, WI: Litho-Graphics, 1976), 37, cited in Mark H. Knipping and Richard J. Fapso, “The Anders Ellingsen Kvaale Farm: Early Norwegian Commercial Agriculture, circa 1865” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, January 16, 1978), 16.
3. L. M. Bothum, En Historie fra Nybyggerlivet (Dalton, MN: L. M. Bothum, 1915), 104–105, quoted in Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 194.
4. Not all newcomers appreciated unfamiliar produce. A Norwegian woman recalling life farther west in the Dakota Territory in 1880 wrote: “Each homesteader received from the government free packages of garden seeds. The seeds were planted in the newly broken soil but the newcomers did not know what would come up and, in many instances, did not know what to do with the vegetables since they were not familiar with them. Huge watermelons grew on the fertile land but the women tried without success to cook them in various ways and ended up by feeding them to the cattle.” “Nellie Proper Beachem Hunstead. Brown County. 1880,” Daughters of Dakota: Schooled in Privation, 4 (Yankton, SD: General Federation of Women’s Clubs of South Dakota/Daughters of Dakota, 1991), 65.
5. Halvor L. Skavlem, The Skavlem and Odegaarden Families (Madison, WI: Tracy & Kilagore Printers, 1915), 111, cited in Mark H. Knipping and Richard J. Fapso, “The Anders Ellingsen Kvaale Farm: Early Norwegian Commercial Agriculture, circa 1865” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, January 16, 1978), 82.
6. Elisabeth Koren, The Diary of Elisabeth Koren, 1853–1855, trans. and ed. David T. Nelson (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1955), 294.
7. Linka Preus, Linka’s Diary on Land and Sea, 1845–1864, trans. and ed. Johan C. K. Preus and Diderikke Brandt Preus (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1952), 213, quoted in Doris Weatherford, Foreign and Female: Immigrant Women in America, 1840–1930 (New York: Facts on File Inc., 1995), 155.
8. Richard J. Fapso and Mark H. Knipping, “The Knud Crispinusen Fossebrekke House: A Norwegian Settler’s Cabin in the Woods, ca. 1845” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, June 30, 1978), 59.
9. Ibid., 63.
10. Nels Crispensen, interview, August 1939, cited in Ibid., 59.
11. Ibid., 66.
12. Mark H. Knipping and Richard J. Fapso, “The Anders Ellingsen Kvaale Farm: Early Norwegian Commercial Agriculture, circa 1865” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, January 16, 1978), 45–50, 69.
13. Ibid., 71–77.
14. Ibid., 63.
15. Doris Weatherford, Foreign and Female: Immigrant Women in America, 1840–1930 (New York: Facts on File Inc., 1995), 157.
1. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Anders and Christina Kvaale Farm section).
2. Probably Mentha canadensis (M. arvensis).
3. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Knud and Gertrude Fossebrekke Farm section).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Anders and Christina Kvaale Farm section).
8. Compiled by the Volunteers of the Norwegian-American Museum, Pioneer Cookbook (Decorah, IA: Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum, 1969), 48. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Anders and Christina Kvaale Farm section).
9. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Anders and Christina Kvaale Farm section).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Volunteers of the Norwegian-American Museum, Pioneer Cookbook, 170. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Anders and Christina Kvaale Farm section).
CHAPTER 6
1. David G. Holmes, Irish in Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2004), 14.
2. Ibid., 16.
3. Terence Reeves-Smyth, The Garden Lover’s Guide to Ireland (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 9, 47.
4. E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (New York: The Devin-Adair Company, 1957), 20.
5. Allen F. Johnson, “The Mary Hafford House: An Irish Widow’s Household in the Village of Hubbleton, Jefferson County, Wisconsin” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, January 20, 1982), 28.
6. I. Weld, Roscommon: Statistical Survey of the County of Roscommon (Dublin: R. Graisberry, Printer to the Royal Dublin Society, 1832), cited in E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (New York: The Devin-Adair Company, 1957), 83.
7. Evans, Irish Folk Ways, 83.
8. Ibid., 10.
9. Ibid., 11.
10. Margaret M. Mulrooney, Black Powder, White Lace: The du Pont Irish and Cultural Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Hanover, NH, and London: University Press of New England, 2002), 165–173, 185.
11. Johnson, “The Mary Hafford House,” 2–5.
12. Ibid., 2.
13. Ibid., 10.
1. Miller family, County Roscommon, circa 1857. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
2. Mrs. Ethel Finnel, Hubbleton, Wisconsin. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
3. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
4. Harva Hachten and Terese Allen, The Flavor of Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2009), 180–181.
5. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
6. Home Cook Book (Toledo, OH: T. J. Brown, Eager & Co., 1876), 216. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
7. Harva Hachten, The Flavor of Wisconsin (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1986), 316; Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
8. Patrick Logan, Irish Country Cures (New York: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 1994), 44.
9. Mrs. Owens’ Cookbook (Chicago: J. B. Smiley, 1881), 320. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Mary Hafford House section).
CHAPTER 7
1. Frederick Hale, Danes in Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2005), 18.
2. Ellen Johansen Pedersen, “As I Remember . . .” (typewritten copy in Old World Wisconsin files, ca. 1975).
3. Rolf Toman, ed., European Garden Design from Classical Antiquity to the Present Day (Bonn, Germany: Tandem Verlag GmbH, 2007), 342.
4. Karl-Dietrich Bühler, The Scandinavian Garden (London: Frances Lincoln Limited, 2000), 6.
5. Toman, European Garden Design, 342.
6. Bühler, The Scandinavian Garden, 6.
7. Mark H. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm: A Danish Dairy Farm of Polk County, Wisconsin, circa 1890” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, September 26, 1980), 36.
8. T. W. Gibbs, “For Sale: 40,000 Acres of Select Farming Land Known as the ‘Cushing’ Lands, in Polk County, Wisconsin,” from “Choice Farming Land in the St. Croix Valley, Polk County, Wisconsin: For Sale to Settlers by Caleb Cushing” (Madison, WI: Atwater & Culver, 1875), cited in Mark H. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm: A Danish Dairy Farm of Polk County, Wisconsin, circa 1890” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, September 26, 1980), 91.
9. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm,” 75.
10. Bühler, The Scandinavian Garden, 176, 178.
11. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm,” 121–122.
12. E. J. Perry, Among the Danish Farmers (Danville, IL: The Interstate, 1939), cited in Ibid., 17.
13. Ibid., 17.
14. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm,” 122.
15. Perry, Among the Danish Farmers, 17.
16. Knipping, “The Kristen Pedersen Farm,” 116.
17. Ibid., 107–114.
18. Ibid., 117–118.
19. Ibid., 119.
20. Ibid., 125.
21. Ibid., 137–138.
DANISH RECIPES
1. The Cooking of Scandinavia: Recipe Booklet (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1968), 48.
2. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Kristen Pedersen Farm section).
3. Beatrice Ojakangas, Scandinavian Cooking (Tucson, AZ: HP Books, 1983), 135.
4. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Kristen Pedersen Farm section).
5. Ibid.
6. Credited to Katrine Paulsen, Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Kristen Pedersen Farm section).
7. The Cooking of Scandinavia: Recipe Booklet, 54.
8. The Ethnic Epicure: A Treasury of Old World Wisconsin Recipes (Wauwatosa, WI: Wauwatosa Junior Woman’s Club, 1973), 119.
9. Nika Standen Hazelton, The Art of Danish Cooking (New York: Doubleday & Co. Inc., 1964), 159.
10. Ojakangas, Scandinavian Cooking, 22.
CHAPTER 8
1. Michael J. Goc, Native Realm, The Polish-American Community of Portage County 1857–1992 (Stevens Point and Friendship, WI: Worzalla Publishing and New Past Press Inc., 1992), 22.
2. Ibid., 18–19.
3. Susan G. Mikos, “Folkways of Polish Immigrants” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, March 22, 1999), 1.
4. Ibid., 2.
5. Goc, Native Realm, 22.
6. Mikos, “Folkways of Polish Immigrants,” 17.
7. Goc, Native Realm, 34, 37.
8. Maria Dembińska, Food and Drink in Medieval Poland, trans. Magdelena Thomas, revised and adapted William Woys Weaver (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 130.
9. Mikos, “Folkways of Polish Immigrants,” 31.
10. Kathleen A. Ernst, “Kruza House Interpretive Plan” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, 1989), 9, 10.
11. Mikos, “Folkways of Polish Immigrants,” 27.
12. Ibid., Appendix 1: “Shawano County Lifetime Support Agreements.”
13. Dr. Danuta Mazurek, quoted in Susan Davis Price, Growing Home: Stories of Ethnic Gardening (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 147.
POLISH RECIPES
1. Kasha refers to any porridge cereal (buckwheat, wheat, oats, rye, and, in this recipe, barley).
2. Maria Lemnis and Henryk Vitry, Old Polish Traditions in the Kitchen and at the Table, trans. Eliza Lewandowska (Warsaw, Poland: Interpress Publishers, 1981), 32–33.
3. Ibid., 262.
4. Harva Hachten and Terese Allen, The Flavor of Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2009), 259.
5. Lemnis and Vitry, Old Polish Traditions, 277.
6. Hachten and Allen, The Flavor of Wisconsin, 276.
7. Lemnis and Vitry, Old Polish Traditions, 195–199.
CHAPTER 9
1. John I. Kolehmainen, The Finns in America: A Students’ Guide to Localized History (New York: New York Teachers College Press, 1968), 11, quoted in Mark H. Knipping, Richard H. Zeitlin, and Peter D. Frank, “The Jacob Rankinen Farm: A Finnish Homestead in the Cutover, circa 1897” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, March 24, 1978), 13.
2. Mark H. Knipping, Richard H. Zeitlin, and Peter D. Frank, “The Jacob Rankinen Farm: A Finnish Homestead in the Cutover, circa 1897” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, March 24, 1978), 52, and family interviews, Old World Wisconsin files, “Jacob Rankinen Farm,” 1976.
3. Mark H. Knipping, Finns in Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2008), 29.
4. Kristiina Niemistö, From Köyhäjoki Kaustinen to Florida, trans. Maija Salo Cravens, quoted in Mark Knipping, Finns in Wisconsin (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2008), 59.
5. Ibid., 58.
6. Knipping, Zeitlin, and Frank, “The Jacob Rankinen Farm,” 53, 54.
7. Ibid., 65–67.
8. Ibid., 64.
9. Ibid., 68.
10. Mark H. Knipping and Richard H. Zeitlin, “The Heikki Ketola Farm: A Finnish Dairy Farm in Bayfield County, circa 1915” (Old World Wisconsin unpublished manuscript, April 15, 1978), 19–20.
11. Ibid., 20.
12. Wisconsin Farmers’ Institutes: A Hand-Book of Agriculture, no. 17. (Madison: Wisconsin Farmers’ Institutes, 1903), 227.
13. Knipping and Zeitlin, “The Heikki Ketola Farm,” 29–31.
14. Ibid., 15.
15. Ibid., 24.
16. Ibid.
17. Knipping, Zeitlin, and Frank, “The Jacob Rankinen Farm,” 55–56.
FINNISH RECIPES
1. Nika Standen Hazelton, The Art of Scandinavian Cooking (New York: Macmillan Company, 1965), 143.
2. Beatrice Ojakangas, Scandinavian Cooking (Tucson, AZ: HP Books, 1983), 134.
3. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Heikki and Maria Ketola Farm section).
4. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Jacob and Louisa Rankinen Farm section).
5. Old World Wisconsin Master Recipe File (Heikki and Maria Ketola Farm section).
6. Ibid.
7. Carolyn Larson, ed., Taste of Tradition: Old World Wisconsin Cooking (Eagle, WI: The Friends of Old World Wisconsin, 1988), 154.
Stone-edged flower beds and potted plants on the windowsill brighten the Nels Wickstrom family home in Florence County, 1891.
WHI IMAGE ID 3187