26: Commissar Yakovlev
1. Ya. M. Sverdlov to Urals leaders (Ekaterinburg), 9 April 1918, reproduced in PIGTS, p. 38.
2. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 739.
3. K. A. Stoyanovich (V. V. Yakovlev) to I. V. Stalin and V. R. Menzhinskii, 15 March 1928, reproduced in VZR, p. 152.
4. Ibid., p. 153.
5. Ibid., p. 154.
6. Minutes of guard detachment meeting, 22 April 1918: SPR, p. 141.
7. Ibid., pp. 141–2; N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1048.
8. Minutes of general meeting of guard detachment, 22 April 1918: SPR, pp. 141–2; K. A. Stoyanovich (V. V. Yakovlev), draft notes for projected book, June–July 1928, reproduced in VZR, p. 162.
9. Minutes of guard detachment meeting, 22 April 1918: SPR, pp. 46 and 55–6; N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1048.
10. N. A. Romanov (diary), 9 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 418.
11. N. A. Romanov (diary), 10 April 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 419.
12. The inspection report of 23 April 1918 is reproduced in PIGTS, pp. 42–3; N. A. Romanov (diary), 10 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 419.
13. Inspection report of 23 April 1918: PIGTS, p. 43.
14. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1107.
15. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 8.
16. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1048; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 739.
17. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), untitled memoir (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 15.
18. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 147; A G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 205.
19. Ibid., p. 204.
20. Ibid., p. 205.
21. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 147.
22. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 5–6.
27: The Order to Move
1. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 742–3.
2. Ibid., p. 743.
3. Ibid.
4. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, pp. 1125–7.
5. Ibid., p. 1127.
6. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 744; S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 7 March 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 445.
7. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1109.
8. Ibid.
9. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1126.
10. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 978.
11. Interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
12. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 744.
13. Ibid.
14. I. A. Teodorovich and V. V. Yakovlev (Hughes telegraph conversation), n.d.: SPR, pp. 143–4.
15. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1049.
16. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, pp. 745–6.
17. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 147.
18. D. M. Chudinov, ‘Kak my pervozili byvshuyu tsarskuyu sem’yu’: VZR, p. 210.
19. Ibid.
20. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 8.
21. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 23–27 July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 979.
22. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 9.
23. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
24. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 746.
25. S. I. Ivanov (inquiry testimony), 19 July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 950; A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1110.
28: South to Tyumen
1. D. M. Chudinov, ‘Kak my pervozili byvshuyu tsarskuyu sem’yu’: VZR, pp. 210–11.
2. Father Nicholas (S. Gibbes), ‘Ten Years with the Russian Imperial Family’ (typescript): SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, pp. 9–10.
3. D. M. Chudinov, ‘Kak my pervozili byvshuyu tsarskuyu sem’yu’: VZR, p. 211.
4. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), reporting on what he heard from the returning escort, 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1050.
5. N. A. Romanov (diary), 13 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 419; The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 26 April 1918, p. 109.
6. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 749.
7. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 96.
8. V. V. Yakovlev to F. I. Goloshchëkin, 27 April 1918: SPR, pp. 144–6.
9. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 419–20.
10. V. V. Yakovlev to Ya. M. Sverdlov, 27 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 58; V. V. Yakovlev to F. I. Goloshchëkin, 27 April 1918, reproduced ibid., p. 60.
11. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 419–20.
12. Interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
13. D. M. Chudinov, ‘Kak my perevozili byvshuyu tsarskuyu sem’yu’: VZR, p. 212.
14. Ibid., p. 211.
15. Ibid., p. 212.
16. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 747; D. M. Chudinov, ‘Kak my pervozili byvshuyu tsarskuyu sem’yu’: VZR, p. 212.
17. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, pp. 147–8; A. I. Nevolin (written testimony), 3 May 1918: SPR, pp. 156–7.
18. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, pp. 147–8; A. I. Nevolin (written testimony), 3 May 1918: SPR, pp. 156–7.
19. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 747.
20. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 978.
21. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
22. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 295.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 14 April 1918 (OS), p. 112.
26. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 273, 280 and 297.
27. Ibid., p. 295.
28. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420.
29. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 97.
30. Ibid.
31. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 6.
32. V. V. Yakovlev to Ya. M. Sverdlov, 27 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, pp. 58–9.
33. V. V. Yakovlev to Ya. M. Sverdlov (Hughes apparatus exchange), 27 April 1918, reproduced ibid., p. 59.
34. V. V. Yakovlev to F. I. Goloshchëkin, 27 April 1918, reproduced ibid., p. 60.
35. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 6.
29: Destination to be Confirmed
1. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 97.
2. Snodgrass, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 43.
3. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 148; A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 206.
4. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 6.
5. Ibid., pp. 6–7.
6. Ibid., p. 7.
7. A. G. Beloborodov and G. I. Safarov to V. I. Lenin and Ya. M. Sverdlov, 28 April 1918: SPR, pp. 147–8.
8. A. G. Beloborodov, telegram to Omsk and elsewhere, 28 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, pp. 148–8; A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 206.
9. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 11.
10. Ibid.
11. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 747.
12. Interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
13. N. A. Romanov (diary), 14–15 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420.
14. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, pp. 98–9; S. Gibbes to Sir Charles Elliot (note), n.d., but possibly an attachment to letter of 15 April 1919: SGC, SCBLOU, box 2.
15. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 206; G. I. Safarov and V. M. Kosarev (Hughes apparatus), 29 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, pp. 64–5.
16. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 148; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, pp. 98–9; Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 7.
17. Ya. M. Sverdlov to V. V. Yakovlev, 28 April 1918: SPR, p. 149.
18. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 148.
19. Ya. M. Sverdlov to Urals Regional Soviet leadership, 29 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 63.
20. Urals Regional Soviet to Ya. M. Sverdlov (telegram), 29 April 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 139.
21. L. A. Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i (Moscow: Rosspen, 2007), pp. 269–70.
22. A. G. Beloborodov to V. M. Kosarev, 29 April, reproduced in SPR, p. 65.
23. A. G. Beloborodov to S. S. Zaslavski, 29 April, reproduced ibid., pp. 67–8.
24. Ya. M. Sverdlov to V. V. Yakovlev, 28 April 1918, reproduced ibid., p. 64.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. G. I. Safarov and V. M. Kosarev (Hughes apparatus exchange), 29 April 1918, reproduced ibid., pp. 64–5.
28. V. M. Kosarev (telegram order), 29 April 1918, reproduced in VZR, p. 148.
29. V. V. Yakovlev to Ya. M. Sverdlov, 29 April 1918: SPR, p. 152.
30. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 100.
31. Ibid., pp. 100–1.
32. N. A. Romanov (diary), 16 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420.
33. N. A. Romanov (diary), 17 April 1918 (OS): ibid.
34. Interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
30: To the Ipatev House
1. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 206; see also PIGTS, p. 71.
2. Site report of N. A. Sokolov, 15–25 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1381.
3. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 99.
4. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 14.
5. N. N. Ipatev (interview by I. A. Sergeev), 30 November 1918: Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, pp. 145–6.
6. A. G. Beloborodov, manuscript memoirs, reproduced in DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 450–1; N. N. Ipatev (interview by I. A. Sergeev), 30 November 1918: Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 146. See also PIGTS, p. 71.
7. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 102.
8. A. G. Beloborodov, manuscript memoirs, reproduced in DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 450–1; see also PIGTS, p. 71.
9. R. L. Jefferson, Roughing It In Siberia, With Some Account of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and the Gold-Mining Industry of Asiatic Russia (London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Co., 1897), p. 5.
10. N. A. Romanov (diary), 17 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 12; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 101.
11. V. Yakovlev, ‘Poslednii reis Romanovykh’, Ural, no. 8 (1988): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 446–7.
12. N. A. Romanov (diary), 17 April 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 420; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 12; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 101; V. Yakovlev, ‘Poslednii reis Romanovykh’, Ural, no. 8 (1988): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 447; A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 207.
13. N. A. Romanov (diary), 17 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 12; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 101; V. Yakovlev, ‘Poslednii reis Romanovykh’, Ural, no. 8 (1988): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 447.
14. N. A. Romanov (diary), 17 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 420; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 12; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 101; V. Yakovlev, ‘Poslednii reis Romanovykh’, Ural, no. 8 (1988): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 447.
15. A. G. Beloborodov, manuscript memoirs, reproduced in DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 447.
16. A. G. Beloborodov and B. Z. Didkovski, 30 April 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1397–8. See the photo in N. Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe, avec les preuves, les interrogatoires et les dépositions des témoins et des accusés (Paris: Payot, 1924), p. 16.
17. A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 207; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 12.
18. P. T. Samokhvalov, 20–21 November 1919 (inquiry testimony): GTSMS, p. 494.
19. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony) (who reported on what Nabokov and Matveev told him), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 465. According to his book, the soldiers were arrested for only two days: Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 223.
20. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 748.
21. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 1050; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 748.
22. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 13; Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 103.
23. Urals Regional Soviet Presidium decree, 30 April 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 69.
24. A. G. Beloborodov to V. I. Lenin and Ya. M. Sverdlov, 30 April 1918, reproduced ibid., pp. 70–1.
25. V. V. Yakovlev’s notes, quoted in VZR, p. 25.
26. Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 104; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 13.
27. V. V. Yakovlev: minutes of Ufa meeting of 1st and 2nd Red Army druzhiny, 3 May 1918, reproduced in VZR, pp. 147–9.
28. N. A. Mundel (inquiry testimony), 6 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 1050; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 748.
31: The Urals and its Bolsheviks
1. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 96.
2. G. Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 2 (New York: The Century Co., 1891), p. 420.
3. Snodgrass, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, pp. 123–4 and 139.
4. P. M. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, in N. I. Nikolaev (ed.), Rabochaya revolyutsiya na Urale: epizody i fakty (Ekaterinburg: Gosizdat, Ural’skoe Oblastnoe Upravlenie, 1921), p. 93.
5. Ibid., pp. 94–5.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 98.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., pp. 97–9.
10. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, pp. 10–11.
11. L. A. Krol, ‘Polozhenie na gornozavodskom Urale v kontsa 1917 – pervoi polovine 1918’, reproduced in M. Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919: dokumenty i materialy (Paris: YMCA-Press, 1982), p. 50.
12. J. Harris, The Great Urals: Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), p. 22.
13. ‘Dioneo’ (V. I. Shklovsky), Russia under the Bolsheviks (London: Russian Liberation Committee, 1919), pp. 8–12.
14. See V. V. Dublënnykh, Belaya armiya na Urale: istoricheskie spravki chastei i soedinenii (Ekaterinburg: Izd. Ural’skogo Universiteta, 2008), p. 313; Yu. Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’ (St Petersburg: BkhV-Peterburg, 2013), p. 133.
15. I. I. Serebrennikov, ‘Moi vstrechi s atamanom A. I. Dutov’: Ivan I. Serebrennikov Papers, HIA, box 11, folder 1, p. 1.
16. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, p. 100.
17. Harris, The Great Urals, p. 22.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, p. 97.
21. F. I. Goloshchëkin, report to the Regional Party Conference, Ural’skii rabochii, 5 January 1918.
22. Ural’skii rabochii, 26 January 1918.
23. Ibid., 11 April 1918.
24. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 2.
25. N. A. Sakovich (inquiry testimony), 24 August 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, pp. 19–20.
26. Ibid., p. 20.
27. A. S. Kotousova (inquiry testimony), 18 November 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 99.
28. Ye. T. Lobanova (inquiry testimony), 1 August 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 12.
32: Meanwhile, in Tobolsk
1. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 13.
2. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 10.
3. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 464; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 747.
4. Ibid., p. 749; S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 3–4 May 1918 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 446.
5. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 15 April 1918 (OS): ibid., p. 445.
6. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 749; A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1111; A. G. Beloborodov to P. D. Khokhryakov, 6 May 1918: SPR, p. 202.
7. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 3–4 May 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 446.
8. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 749; A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 20–23 August 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1111; A. G. Beloborodov to P. D. Khokhryakov, 6 May 1918: SPR, p. 202.
9. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, p. 298.
10. A. G. Beloborodov to P. D. Khokhryakov, 6 May 1918: SPR, p. 202.
11. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 465; Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 223.
12. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1127–8.
13. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 223; Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 750–1 and 762.
14. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 223.
15. Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 62.
16. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 750.
17. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, pp. 464–5.
18. Menu of 29 April 1918: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1.
19. S. Buxhoeveden (diary), 3–4 May 1918 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 446.
20. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, p. 224.
21. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 466.
22. Ye. S. Kobylinskii (inquiry testimony), 6–10 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 750.
23. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 466.
24. M. G. Solovëva (Rasputina) (diary), 22 May 1918: SPR, p. 206.
25. M. G. Tutelberg (inquiry testimony), 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 979.
26. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 466. According to F. N. Gorshkov, the train arrived in Ekaterinburg on 22 May 1918: F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 10.
27. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 466.
28. Ibid., pp. 466–7.
29. Ipatev house guard duty book, 22 May 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 88.
33: Enduring Ekaterinburg
1. M. N. Romanova to Tobolsk, 1 May 1918: SPR, p. 199.
2. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 17.
3. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, p. 101.
4. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 8; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 14.
5. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 10.
6. Ya. M. Sverdlov to A. G. Beloborodov, 3 May 1918, SPR, p. 201.
7. A. G. Beloborodov to Ya. M. Sverdlov, 3 May 1918: ibid., pp. 201–2.
8. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 644.
9. This evidently somewhat shocked even the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg.
10. I. D. Sednëv and K. G. Nagorny to A. G. Beloborodov, 28 May 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1337–8.
11. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 467.
12. G. N. Kotechev (inquiry testimony): ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 51.
13. M. D. Medvedeva (inquiry testimony), 9–10 November 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 57; A. A. Yakimov (inquiry testimony), 2 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, pp. 803–4; A. G. Beloborodov, ‘Iz vospominanii’, dated February 1922: VZR, p. 208.
14. G. M. Suetin (inquiry testimony, n.d.): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 52.
15. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 640.
16. M. I. Letemin (inquiry testimony), 7 August 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 28.
17. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 639.
18. Ibid., p. 641.
19. I. V. Storozhev (inquiry testimony), 8–10 October 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, pp. 71–2.
20. Ibid., pp. 72–4.
21. Ibid., pp. 74–7.
22. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 643.
23. M. L. Krokhaleva (inquiry testimony), 9 July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 909; P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on the testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1353.
24. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 9.
25. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 8.
26. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 468.
27. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 644.
28. N. A. Romanov (diary), 1 May 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 424.
29. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 31 May and 3 June 1918, pp. 152 and 155.
30. Ibid., 21 June 1918, p. 173.
31. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1354.
32. G. M. Suetin (inquiry testimony, n.d.): ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 52.
33. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. S. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1364.
34. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 11.
35. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 643.
36. N. A. Romanov (diary), 24 and 25 May 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 429.
37. Testimony of K. L. Sobolev, 30 August 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1131.
38. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 10.
39. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 98.
40. Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, p. 9; M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 7.
41. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, pp. 16–17.
42. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 28.
43. A. D. Avdeev, ‘Nikolai Romanov v Tobol’ske I Yekaterinburge. Iz vospominanii komendanta’, Krasnaya nov’, no. 5 (1928), pp. 185–209.
44. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, pp. 23–5.
45. First letter of an ‘officer’ to the Romanov family, no later than 20 June 1918: SPR, p. 210.
46. Letters between an ‘officer’ and the Romanov family, ending no later than 4 July 1918: ibid., pp. 212–14.
47. N. A. Romanov (diary), 19 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 421; Ipatev house guard duty book, 7 June 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 89.
48. N. A. Romanov (diary), 28 May 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 429.
49. Ipatev house guard duty book, 9 July 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 91.
34: A Sense of the World
1. N. A. Romanov (diary), 28 May 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 429.
2. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 24 April 1918 (OS), p. 128.
3. M. Maeterlinck, Wisdom and Destiny (George Allen: London, 1898), p. 53.
4. Ibid., p. 55.
5. Ibid., p. 58.
6. Ibid., p. 63.
7. Ibid., p. 64.
8. Ibid., p. 71.
9. N. A. Romanov (diary), 30 April 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 424.
10. On Nicholas’s disdain for merchants, see Wortman, Scenarios of Power, pp. 387–8.
11. See L. McReynolds, The News Under Russia’s Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 68–70.
12. Ibid., p. 195.
13. N. A. Romanov (diary), 13 and 18 May 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 427–8.
14. Ibid., 8 May 1918 (OS): p. 426.
35: Civil War
1. Tobol’skie eparkhal’nye vedomosti, nos 29–31, 10/23 December – 1/14 December 1918, p. 261.
2. ‘Ocherednye zadachi sovetskoi vlasti’, Pravda, 28 April 1918.
3. Calculation by M. Bernshtam in his Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, p. 55.
4. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 2.
5. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, pp. 106–7.
6. P. V. Kukhtenkov (inquiry testimony), 13 November 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 60.
7. Ural’skii rabochii, 28 April 1918.
8. M. Golubykh, Ural’skie partizany: pokhod otryadov Blyukhera-Kashirina v 1918 godu (Ekaterinburg: Uralkniga, 1924), pp. 8–9.
9. B. Mueggenberg, The Czecho-Slovak Struggle for Independence, 1914–1920 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 2014), p. 174.
10. See Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’, p. 135.
11. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, p. 101.
12. G. Strumillo, ‘Iz zapisok rabochego’, Zarya (Berlin), nos 4 and 6 (1922), reproduced in Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, p. 45.
13. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 7.
14. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 323–4.
15. See Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, pp. 70–2.
16. G. Strumillo, ‘Iz zapisok rabochego’, Zarya (Berlin), nos 4 and 6 (1922), reproduced in Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, p. 32.
17. See Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’, p. 134.
1. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, octobre 1917 – janvier 1919 (Paris: Sirène, 1920), p. 319: letter to A. Thomas, 26 April 1918.
2. Ibid., p. 322: letter to A. Thomas, 27 April 1918.
3. Ibid., p. 365: letter to A. Thomas, 27 May 1918; Sovnarkom meeting, 25 June 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.
4. D. B. Neidgart (inquiry testimony), 27 and 29 January 1921, in Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 106.
5. Ibid.
6. A. F. Trepov (inquiry testimony), 16 February 1921, in Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i, pp. 106–7.
7. Ibid., p. 108.
8. See A. Olano-Eren’ya, ‘Ispanskii korol’ i politika spaseniya sem’i Nikolaya II’, Novaya i noveishaya istoriya, no. 5 (1993), pp. 152–65.
9. K. von Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau: Tagebuch-Aufzeichnungen und Aktenstücke vom 19. April bis 24. August 1918 (Tübingen: Osiander’sche Buchhandlung, 1922), p. 103 (22 July 1918).
10. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1128.
11. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 305 and 318.
12. Ibid., pp. 304 and 319–20.
13. V. A. Kislitsyn (inquiry testimony), 27 August 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1153–4.
14. Ibid., p. 1154.
15. V. V. Golitsyn (inquiry testimony), 2 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, pp. 1145–6.
16. E. Pantazzi, Roumania in Light and Shadow (London: T. F. Unwin, 1921), pp. 243–6.
17. A. I. Mosolov, Pri dvore imperatora, pp. 220–2, cited in Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, p. 300.
18. N. I. Kanishcheva et al. (eds), Dnevnik P.N. Milyukova, 1918–1921 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2015), p. 34 (21 June 1918).
19. Ibid., p. 20 (12 June 1918).
20. Ibid., pp. 33, 35 and 38–9 (21 June 1918).
21. Ibid., p. 66 (4 July 1918).
22. Ibid., pp. 82–3 (10 July 1918).
23. See Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sem’ya Romanovykh, pp. 293–4.
37: Last Days in the House
1. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 641.
2. Serebryakova, ‘Moei docheri Zore, ob eë ottse’: Serebryakova Papers, HIA, p. 3.
3. A. I. Belogradskii (inquiry testimony), 22 July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 964.
4. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 8.
5. Ibid., pp. 8–9.
6. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. S. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1352–3.
7. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 642.
8. N. A. Romanov (diary), 21 June 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 431; F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 644; Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 8–9.
9. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 9.
10. N. A. Romanov (diary), 23 June 1918 (OS): DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 432.
11. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 8–9.
12. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, pp. 643–4.
13. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 9 and 21.
14. M. L. Krokhaleva (inquiry testimony), 9 July 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, pp. 909–10.
15. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, pp. 645–6.
16. Inquiry materials file, 5 September 1918: A. G. Beloborodov to Ya. M. Sverdlov (telegram received on 4 July 1918): ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 22.
17. Inquiry materials file, 23 February 1919: French vice-consul, telegram from Ekaterinburg to Moscow, 9 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 407.
18. I. V. Storozhev (inquiry testimony), 8–10 October 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 81.
19. Ibid., p. 82.
20. The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, 12 July 1918, p. 194.
38: The Ekaterinburg Trap
1. See R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 317.
2. V. I. Lenin, Biograficheskaya khronika, vol. 5 (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1974), p. 413.
3. Sovnarkom minutes, 2 May: SPR, p. 52. Citing GARF, f. 130, op. 23, d. 13, pp. 58–9.
4. Interview with V. V. Yakovlev: Izvestiya, 16 May 1918.
5. Bolshevik Central Committee, 19 May 1918: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15.
6. See Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’, p. 141, and Yu. A. Buranov and V. M. Khrustalëv, Gibel’ imperatorskogo doma (Moscow: Progress, 1992), p. 251.
7. Inquiry materials file, 24 March 1919: R. Bērziņš, commander-in-chief of the North Urals and Siberian Front, to Sovnarkom and VTsIK, 24 June 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 574.
8. Inquiry materials file, 12 March 1919: V. D. Bonch-Bruevich to A. G. Beloborodov, 20 and 21 June 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 494.
9. Inquiry materials file, 24 March 1919: R. Bērziņš, commander-in-chief of the North Urals and Siberian Front, to Sovnarkom and VTsIK, 24 June 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 574.
10. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 3.
11. Ibid., p. 6.
12. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, pp. 9 and 13.
13. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: ibid., pp. 6–7.
14. Bykov, ‘Yekaterinburgskii Sovet’, p. 101.
15. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 91.
16. N. A. Sakovich (inquiry testimony), 24 August 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 21.
17. See Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’, p. 148, quoting A. G. Beloborodov’s memoir.
18. L. A. Krol, ‘Polozhenie na gornozavodskom Urale v kontsa 1917 – pervoi polovine 1918’, reproduced in Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, p. 49.
19. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 17.
20. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 21.
39: The Moscow Fulcrum
1. Von Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau, pp. 97–8 (diary entry for 19 July 1918).
2. N. S. Angarskii in interview with Boris Nicolaevsky, 29 April 1928 (Werder, Germany): Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection, HIA, box 525, folder 8.
3. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 14.
4. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land (London: Cassell, 1932), p. 207.
5. F. Grenard, La révolution russe (Paris: Armand Colin, 1933), p. 321.
6. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, p. 405: letter to A. Thomas, 10 July 1918.
7. Sovnarkom, 15 July 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.
8. Hill, Go Spy the Land, pp. 210–11.
9. Sadoul, Notes sur la révolution bolchévique, p. 405: letter to A. Thomas, 10 July 1918.
10. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.
11. Lockhart’s telegram, 26 May 1918: FO 371/3332/9748 (NA).
12. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.
13. Grenard, La révolution russe, p. 322.
14. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’, Pravda, 30 August 1924, pp. 4–5.
15. Urals Regional Soviet to Press Bureau, Central Executive Committee of Congress of Soviets, 13 July 1918: inquiry materials file, 24 March 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 578.
16. G. I. Safarov to V. I. Lenin, 13 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 577; see also Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 72.
17. V. Gorin to V. I. Lenin, 17 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 574; see also Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 72.
18. Inquiry materials file, 12 March 1919: V. D. Bonch-Bruevich to A. G. Beloborodov, 20 and 21 June 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 494.
19. Lenin, Biograficheskaya khronika, vol. 5, p. 616.
40: The Man Who Would Not be Tsar
1. G. M. Romanov to X. G. Romanova, 5 April, 21 July and 23 August 1918: Georgi Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia Papers, HIA, box 2.
2. Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, pp. 8–9. See also V. M. Khrustalëv, Alapaevsk: zhertvy i palachi (Moscow: Dostoinstvo, 2010), pp. 12–13.
3. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 8.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
6. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 36.
7. Ibid., pp. 38–9.
8. See PIGTS, pp. 258–9. I. F. Plotnikov quotes A. V. Markov as reproduced in Literaturnaya Rossiya, no. 38 (1990), p. 19.
9. V. I. Lenin to A. G. Beloborodov, 10 June 1919: Trotsky Collection, HIA, box 6, folder 6.
10. M. V. Alexeev (military report), probably June 1918: Mikhail V. Alekseev Papers, HIA, box 1, folder 22, p. 3.
11. Ibid.
41: Narrowed Options
1. The decree is given in DINII, vol. 2, part 2, p. 474.
2. See Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’, pp. 145–7, citing G. Z. Besedovskii, Na putyakh k termidoru (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1997), pp. 111–13.
3. This was the conclusion reached by N. A. Sokolov who led the anti-Bolshevik inquiry in 1919: Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe, pp. 287–9.
4. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 114.
5. Mueggenberg, The Czecho-Slovak Struggle for Independence, pp. 141 and 175.
6. See Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh, p. 114.
7. Ipatev house guard duty book, 9 July 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 91.
8. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 102.
9. This comes from an anti-Bolshevik secret agent’s report delivered to sub-inspector M. Talashmanov, which he passed to the Ekaterinburg Criminal Inquiry Department on 22 August 1918: GTSMS, pp. 66–7. The date in the source is given as a Sunday ‘around 15 July’. 14 July is the only possible Sunday. On Anuchin, the information comes in V. Gorin to V. I. Lenin, 17 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 574.
10. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, pp. 649–50.
11. A. N. Shveikina (inquiry testimony), 26 February 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 230.
12. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Rasstrel tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v gorode Yekaterinburge v noch’ na 17 iyulya 1918 goda: vospominaniya uchastnika rasstrela’: RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, pp. 1–2.
13. Besedovskii, Na putyakh k termidoru, p. 113.
14. Ibid.
15. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, pp. 649–50.
16. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1354.
17. The telegram from G. E. Zinoviev to Ya. M. Sverdlov and V. I. Lenin (16 July 1918) is reproduced in PIGTS, p. 207.
18. Ibid.
19. See PIGTS, p. 208.
20. Ibid., pp. 208 and 258. Plotnikov quotes A. I. Akimov’s memoir as reproduced in Ogonëk, no. 38 (1990), p. 29 and Argumenty i fakty, no. 46 (1990).
21. See G. Z. Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sud’ba Romanovykh (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), pp. 308–12; Buranov and Khrustalëv, Gibel’ imperatorskogo doma, pp. 257–9; E. Radzinskii, Gospodi – spasi i usmiri Rossiyu’: Nikolai II, zhizn’ i smert’ (Moscow: Vagrius, 1993), pp. 401–4.
42: Death in the Cellar
1. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 12.
2. Ibid.
3. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 102.
4. Ibid.
5. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, p. 12.
6. Ibid.; F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 650; testimony of P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1355.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 1356.
9. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 12–13; F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 650; testimony of P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1355.
10. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 29.
11. Ya. M. Yurovskii, ‘Poslednii tsar’ nashël svoë mesto’: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 58, d. 280, in DAVP, HIA, box 15, pp. 12–13; F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 650; testimony of P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1355.
12. Testimony of P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1356.
13. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, p. 649.
14. Ibid., pp. 652–3.
43: Red Evacuation
1. A. G. Beloborodov to V. D. Gorbunov, 17 July 1918: Nikolai Alekseevich Sokolov Papers, HIA, folder XX197–13.04. The telegram was first reproduced in Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe, p. 240.
2. I. I. Radzinskii, taped memoirs (1963): RGASPI, f. 588, op. 3, d. 14, in DAVP, box 15, p. 42.
3. Central Executive Committee minutes, 18 July 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 105.
4. Sovnarkom minutes, 18 July 1918, reproduced ibid., pp. 105–6.
5. Ya. M. Sverdlov and probably A. G. Beloborodov, conversation, n.d. but likely 18 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1340; see also Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 76.
6. Ya. M. Sverdlov and probably A. G. Beloborodov, conversation, n.d. but likely 18 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, p. 1338.
7. Ibid., p. 1339.
8. M. I. Letemin (inquiry testimony), 18–19 October 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 88.
9. Agent Alexeev, report to inquiry, 26 February 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 225.
10. F. P. Proskuryakov (inquiry testimony), 1–3 April 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 7, pp. 652–3.
11. Inquiry materials file, 5 September 1918: Ya. M. Yurovski to A. G. Beloborodov, 20 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 22.
12. See H. Rappaport, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs (London: Windmill Books, 2009), p. 206.
13. Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 105.
14. A. P. Belozerova (inquiry testimony), 28 September 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 48.
15. N. A. Sakovich (inquiry testimony), 24 August 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 21.
16. I. A. Sergeev, report to inquiry, 20 February 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 196.
17. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 9, p. 1367.
18. M. L. Krokhaleva (inquiry testimony), 9 July 1919: ibid., box 1, folder 8, p. 910.
19. Quoted in Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 147.
20. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 22 October 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 93; Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, p. 67.
21. Ural’skii rabochii, 23 July 1918, quoted in AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, pp. 145–8.
22. Third Army report to I. I. Vatsetis, 23 July 1918, in Bernshtam (ed.), Ural i Prikam’e, noyabr’ 1918 – yanvar’ 1919, p. 98.
44: Murders, Cover-Ups, Pretenders
1. I. S. Smolin, ‘The Alapaevsk Tragedy’ (typescript, translated): HIA, pp. 7–8.
2. Ibid., p. 8.
3. Ibid., pp. 8–9.
4. Ural’skii rabochii, 20 July 1918, in I. S. Smolin, ‘The Alapaevsk Tragedy’ (typescript, translated): HIA, p. 12.
5. Izvestiya, 19 July 1918.
6. M. N. Pokrovskii to L. N. Pokrovskaya, 26 July 1918, quoted in Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i, p. 89.
7. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, 24 June 1918, reproduced in SPR, p. 106.
8. A. A. Ioffe to G. V. Chicherin, 21 July 1918, reproduced ibid., p. 107.
9. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Ioffe i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927): Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, p. 216.
10. Ibid.
11. V. N. Karnaukhova (inquiry testimony), 2 July 1919: GTSMS, pp. 386–7.
12. A. Ya. Valek (inquiry testimony, n.d.): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 8, p. 702.
13. Ibid., pp. 701–2.
14. Ibid., p. 702.
15. P. A. (sic) Gilliard (inquiry testimony), 5–6 March 1919 (OS): AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, p. 467.
16. Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya, pp. 331, 335 and 336.
17. Ibid., p. 349.
45: The Czechoslovak Occupation
1. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, part 1, p. 23; Preston, Before the Curtain, p. 112.
2. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 1.
3. K. A. Agafonova, 13 November 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 64. Agafonova had a Bolshevik brother who served as district commissar of justice.
4. V. Ya. Buyvid (inquiry testimony), 10 August 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 33.
5. F. I. Ivanov (inquiry testimony), 13 September 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 41.
6. A. G. Eliseeva (inquiry testimony), probably 13 September 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 42.
7. F. N. Gorshkov (inquiry testimony), 31 July 1918: ibid., box 1, folder 6, p. 10.
8. Preston, Before the Curtain, pp. 113–14.
9. See Service, Lenin: A Biography, pp. 359–66.
10. Komsomol’skaya pravda, 12 February 1992.
11. Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe, pp. 9–10.
12. Prikaz komendanta goroda Ekaterinburga, no. 37, 8 September 1918: Vera Cattell Papers, HIA, box 4, Iskander Riza Kuli Mirza folder.
13. Report of N. Mirolyubov, Procurator of Kazan Palace of Justice, to Minister of Justice, 12 December 1918 (English translation), pp. 1–13: SGC, SCBLOU, box 2.
1. A. A. Volkov (inquiry testimony), 22 October 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 93; Volkov, Okolo tsarskoi sem’i, pp. 71–2.
2. L. Sukacev, ‘Soldier under Three Flags: The Personal Memoirs of Lev Pavlovich Sukacev’ (Washington, DC: typescript, 1974): Lev Sukacev Papers, HIA, pp. 100–1.
3. Princess Marie of Romania to M. F. Romanova, 1 September 1918: KAGDRP, HIA, box 8, folder 33.
4. Queen Marie of Romania to M. F. Romanova, 20 October 1918: ibid.
5. Hill, Go Spy the Land, pp. 115–48.
6. Pantazzi, Roumania in Light and Shadow, pp. 267–8.
7. Ibid., pp. 269–70.
8. Ibid., p. 270.
9. Ibid.
10. A. Calthorpe to M. F. Romanova, 19 November 1918: Kseniia Aleksandrovna Grand Duchess of Russia Papers, HIA, box 8, folder 16.
11. Queen Alexandra to M. F. Romanova, 21 December 1918: ibid., box 8, folder 11.
12. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, p. 187.
13. Quoted by V. M. Khrustalëv, Petrograd: rasstrel Velikikh knyazei (Moscow: Dostoinstvo, 2011), pp. 62 and 68–70.
14. Evening News, 4 November 1919. I am grateful to Nick Walshaw for this reference.
15. George V to M. F. Romanova, 19 April 1919: HIA, box 8, folder 24.
16. Queen Alexandra to M. F. Romanova, 16 April 1919: ibid., box 8, folder 11.
17. Queen Alexandra to M. F. Romanova, 22 April 1919: ibid.
18. George V to M. F. Romanova, 21 April 1919: ibid., box 8, folder 24.
47: The Anti-Bolshevik Inquiry
1. D. M. Fedichkin, ‘Izhevskoe vosstanie v period s 8-go avgusta po 15-go oktyabrya 1918 goda’ (San Francisco: manuscript, 1931): Dmitri I. Fedichkin Papers, HIA.
2. M. A. Medvedev, ‘Predystoriya rasstrela tsarskoi sem’i Romanovykh v 1918 godu’: RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3s, d. 12, in DAVP, box 15, p. 38.
3. M. I. Letemin (inquiry testimony), 18–19 October 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, pp. 87–8.
4. Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe, pp. 10–12; Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, part 1, p. 14.
5. Ibid.
6. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, part 1, p. 17.
7. Ibid., p. 21.
8. I. A. Sergeev, report to inquiry, 20 February 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 6, p. 198.
9. Inquiry testimonies, GTSMS, pp. 176 (A. Ya. Neustroev), 180 (S. F. Podorova), 181 (T. L. Sitnikova), 182 (F. F. Onyanov) and 186 (M. I. Solo’ëv).
10. F. V. Sitnikov (inquiry testimony), 28 March 1919: ibid., pp. 185–6.
11. N. V. Mutnykh (inquiry testimony), 8 March 1919: ibid., pp. 179 and 188.
12. P. Ya. Shamarin (procurator) reporting on testimony of P. Medvedev, 3–5 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 9, pp. 1372–3.
13. V. Iordanskii to N. I. Mirolyubov (Procurator of the Kazan Palace of Justice), 19 February 1919: Nikander I. Miroliubov Papers, HIA, box 1, folder V. Iordanskii (1919).
14. V. Iordanskii to N. I. Mirolyubov, 23 February 1919: ibid.
15. P. Ya. Shamarin (inquiry testimony), 3–5 October 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1, vol. 9, pp. 1373–7. When testifying in autumn 1919, Shamarin was describing his experiences of the winter of 1918–1919.
16. S. Gibbes to Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, untitled memoir, 1 December 1928: SGC, SCBLOU, box 1, p. 7.
17. P. I. Utkin (inquiry testimony), 28 March 1919: GTSMS, pp. 355–60.
18. N. A. Sokolov, preliminary report to inquiry, 1 April 1918: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 7, pp. 633–6.
19. N. A. Sokolov to N. I. Mirolyubov, 9 October 1919: Nikander I. Miroliubov Papers, HIA, box 1, folder N. A. Sokolov; Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, p. 265.
20. N. A. Sokolov to N. I. Mirolyubov, 20 December 1919: ibid.; Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, pp. 265–6.
21. Ibid., pp. 268–9.
48: Dispute Without Bones
1. Individual questions for Lenin at the eighth party congress, March 1919: RGASPI, f. 5, op. 2, d. 2, p. 5.
2. Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, pp. 4–5 and 14–16.
3. Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i eë svity: offitsial’nye dokumenty (Constantinople: Russkaya Mysl’, 1920), pp. 1–5 and 14–15.
4. R. Wilton, The Last Days of the Romanovs, from 15th March 1917 (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1920).
5. Receipt signed by F. Finlayson, 18 March 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1.
6. Quoted by Bykov, Poslednie dni Romanovykh; Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, p. 24.
7. Receipt signed by F. Finlayson, 18 March 1919: AMDP, HIA, box 1.
8. Bykov, ‘Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya’, pp. 20–1.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 21.
11. Poslednie dni poslednego tsarya: inochtozhenie dinastii Romanovykh, pp. 14–16.
12. Ibid., pp. 4–5 and 14–16.
13. Diterikhs, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale, part 1 (Vladivostok: Voennaya Akademiya, 1922).
14. N. A. Sokolov to S. Gibbes, 19 February 1920: SGC, SCBLOU, box 2.
15. Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, p. 269.
16. N. A. Sokolov to M. K. Nikiforov, 22 April 1922: AMDP, HIA, box 1, folder 2; Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, pp. 270–1.
17. N. A. Sokolov to M. K. Nikiforov, 22 April 1922; Bulygin, The Murder of the Romanovs: the Authentic Account, p. 155.
18. N. A. Sokolov to M. K. Nikiforov, 22 April 1922.
19. Sokoloff, Enquête judiciaire sur l’assassinat de la famille impériale russe.
20. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i.
21. Gilliard, Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille.
22. Mel’nik-Botkina, Vospominaniya o tsarskoi sem’e; Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna; Skorbnaya pamyatka; Markov, Pokinutaya tsarskaya sem’ya.
23. J. Klier and H. Mingay, The Quest for Anastasia: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Romanovs (Edgware: Smith Gryphon, 1997).
24. PTR, vols. 1–7.
49: Afterword
1. R. and S. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (New York: Atheneum, 1967).
2. Rasputin the Mad Monk (Hammer Films UK; dir. D. Sharp, 1966).
3. A. Summers and T. Mangold, File on the Tsar (London: Gollancz, 1976).
4. Wortman, Scenarios of Power; D. Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias (London: John Murray, 1993).
5. G. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).
6. Löwe, The Tsars and the Jews.
7. Montefiore, The Romanovs.
8. Rappaport, Ekaterinburg.
9. Ioffe, Revolyutsiya i sud’ba Romanovykh.
10. Radzinskii, ‘Gospodi – spasi i usmiri Rossiyu’.
11. SPR; Lykova (ed.), Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve Rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i; PIGTS; Zhuk, Voprositel’nye znaki v ‘tsarskom dele’.