1 S. Day, “Address by the Honourable Stockwell Day, Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Asia-Pacific Gateway, to the Canadian Council of the Americas,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, May 1, 2009. Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/comm/speeches-discours/2009/387207.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed on February 3, 2011.
2 H. Burnett, C. Mouawad, and L-A Bret, “Resource Nationalism and Mining Reforms: An increaseed potential for international disputes,” Northern Miner, September 26, 2013. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/commentary-resource-nationalism-and-mining-reforms-could-mean-more-international-disputes/1002758767/. Accessed on September 30, 2013.
3 Exceptions include the reports coming from organizations like Rights Action (www.rightsaction.org) and Mining Watch (www.miningwatch.ca), or articles published on Upside Down World (www.upsidedownworld.org). See also T. Gordon, Imperialist Canada, Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring, 2010. In terms of offering critical insights into Canada’s increased political and economic engagement in Latin America, independent journalists and solidarity organizations have been well ahead of the academic literature. Independent journalism and solidarity organizations, however, do face structural limits that often prevent them from broadening their insights and identifying deeper patterns. This book attempts to provide a much-needed theorization of underlying political-economic processes, and the ways in which these are tied to wider governmental objectives.
4 P. McKenna’s recent edited collection of essays is emblematic of the weaknesses of mainstream academic frameworks. While offering some critical insights, it is significantly limited by the lack of a deeper analysis framed by an understanding of the broader contours of imperialist-anti-imperialist dynamics that mark capitalist growth and state power today—no less in the case of Canada than that of other advanced capitalist powers. Nor does it offer any investigation into political thinking and decision making within Foreign Affairs, the Canadian International Development Agency, Natural Resources Canada and the Department of National Defence in Ottawa, or diplomatic missions abroad—often behind the scenes—as they relate to the imperatives of Canadian capitalist expansion in the region and the challenges it faces; nor, for that matter, does it make any serious effort to explicate the expansion of Canadian capital abroad in the first place. In particular, M. Cameron and J. Tockman’s chapter on the Honduran coup, while correct in some of the criticisms it offers of the Canadian government’s actions, downplays the broader Canadian geopolitical and economic motivations for those actions and overstates the Canadian desire to please the U.S. Shamsie’s article on Haiti, shockingly, says nothing on the Canadian military’s direct role in the coup against Jean-Bertrand Aristide and post-coup pacification of his supporters. P. McKenna, ed., Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
5 K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto, New York: Penguin, [1888] 2002, p. 83.
6 D. McNally, Another World is Possible: Globalization and Anti-Capitalism, 2nd Edition, Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2006, p. 28.
7 C. Mooers, Imperial Subjects: Citizenship in an Age of Crisis and Empire, London: Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 74.
8 H. Bernstein, “Colonialism, Capitalism, Development,” in T. Allen and A. Thomas, eds., Poverty and Development in the 21st Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 242. The living consequences of settler colonies established historically continue, of course, by way of dynamic internally colonial race relations in relevant areas of the world, including Canada.
9 E.M. Wood, Empire of Capital, London: Verso, 2003, p. 153.
10 Wood, Empire of Capital, p. X.
11 Ibid., p. 12.
12 Mooers, Imperial Subjects, p. 5.
13 Wood, Empire of Capital, p. 127.
14 Bernstein, “Colonialism, Capitalism, Development,” p. 250.
15 Quoted in Gordon, Imperialist Canada, p. 26.
16 For a critical survey of the relevant dependency debates as they played out in the Latin American context, see C. Kay, Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment: London: Routledge, [1989] 2013.
17 For a general survey of the modernization school within development studies, and how it compares to dependency and world-systems theories, see A.Y. So, Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency, and World-Systems Theories, New York: Sage, 1990. For an interesting set of reflections on contemporary iterations of modernization theory in the present global conjuncture, see M. Taylor, “Conscripts of Competitiveness: Culture, Capital and Institutions,” Third World Quarterly, 31, 4, 2010, pp. 661–579.
18 Perhaps the most notorious proponent of this view was the British Communist Bill Warren. B. Warren, Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism, London: Verso, 1980.
19 A. Saad-Filho and J. Weeks also problematically entertain uncritical notions of FDI in the natural resources sector as an important potential source of development under certain conditions. A. Saad-Fihlo and J. Weeks, “Curses, Diseases and Other Resource Confusions,” Third World Quarterly, 34, 1, 2013, pp. 1–20.
20 See Gordon, Imperialist Canada.
21 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2012, p. 12.
22 Ibid., pp. 76–77.
23 Ibid., p. 13.
24 Ibid., p. 12.
25 Ibid., p. 47.
26 See H. Veltmeyer and J. Petras, eds., The New Extractivism: A Post-Neoliberal Development Model or Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century, London: Zed, 2014; H. Burchardt and K. Dietz, “(Neo-)Extractivism—A New Challenge for Development Theory from Latin America,” Third World Quarterly, 35, 3, 2014, pp. 468–486.
27 C. Katz, Bajo el imperio del capital, Buenos Aires: Ediciones Luxemburg, 2011, pp. 115–122; A. Borón, América Latina en la geopolítica del imperialismo, Hondarribia: Editorial Hiru, 2013, chapters 3–5.
28 J. Seoane, “El retorno de la crisis y la ofensiva extractivista,” in J. Seoane, E. Taddei and C. Algranati, eds., Extractivismo, despojo y crisis climática: Desafíos para los movimientos sociales y los proyectos emancipatorios de Nuestra América, Buenos Aires: Herramienta Ediciones, 2013, p. 93.
29 While his reliance on the theoretical presuppositions of world systems theory are problematic and restrict his insights, Jason Moore’s (www.jasonmoore.com) notion of a capitalist world ecology, and of an environment that shapes capitalism rather than is simply shaped by it, is helpful for thinking through the ecological dimension of both capitalism and imperialism. J.W. Moore, Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital, London: Verso, 2015. A. Jorgenson and E. Kick, eds., Globalization and the Environment, Chicago: Haymarket, [2006] 2009 has helpful discussions on the environmental component of decision making by capital from the Global North and states in the South, impacting decisions by the former to invest in liberalized poorer countries, and the impact this has on the latter’s ecologies.
30 On the North American context as a paradigmatic expression of global trends, see S. Ferguson and D. McNally, “Precarious Migrants: Gender, Race and the Social Reproduction of a Global Working Class,” Socialist Register 2015: Transforming Classes, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
31 A. Shaikh, “Foreign Trade and the Law of Value: Part I,” Science and Society, 43, 3, 1979, pp. 281–302; “Foreign Trade and the Law of Value: Part II,” Science and Society, 44, 1, 1979, pp. 27–57.
32 G. Albo, “Neoliberalism and the Discontented,” in L. Panitch and C. Leys, eds., Socialist Register 2008: Global Flashpoints, Reactions to Imperialism and Neoliberalism, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2007; P. Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance, London: Verso, 1999; D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; A. Saad-Filho, “From Washington to Post-Washington Consensus: Neoliberal Agendas for Economic Development,” in A. Saad-Filho and D. Johnston, eds., Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, London: Pluto, 2005.
33 See D. McNally, Global Slump: The Economics and Politics of Crisis and Resistance, Oakland: PM Press, 2010.
34 On Latin America, see J.R. Webber and B. Carr, eds., The New Latin American Left: Cracks in the Empire, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013; C. Katz, “Socialist Strategies in Latin America,” Monthly Review, 59, 4, 2007, pp. 25–41; Katz, Las disyuntivas de la izquierda en América Latina, Buenos Aires: Ediciones Luxemburg, 2009; W.I. Robinson, “Transformative Possibilities in Latin America,” in L. Panitch and C. Leys, eds., Socialist Register 2008: Global Flashpoints, Reactions to Imperialism and Neoliberalism, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2007; Robinson, Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective, Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 2008; and E. Sader, The New Mole: Paths of the Latin American Left, London: Verso, 2011. On the Arab uprisings, see A. Hanieh, Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East, Chicago: Haymarket, 2013; and G. Achcar, The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. On Greece, see S. Kouvelakis, “The Greek Cauldron,” New Left Review, II, 72, 2011, pp. 17–32. On Spain in an international context, see J.M. Antentas and E. Vivas, Planeta indignado: Ocupando el futuro, second edition, Madrid: Sequitur, 2012.
35 D. Harvey, The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 63–66; L. Panitch and S. Gindin, “Global Capitalism and American Empire,” in L. Panitch and C. Leys, eds., Socialist Register 2004: The New Imperial Challenge, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003; L. Panitch and S. Gindin, “Finance and American Empire,” in L. Panitch and C. Leys, eds., Socialist Register 2005: The Empire Reloaded, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004. It is important to note that we recognize that to refer to the financialization of capitalism in the contemporary period can be misleading. Specifically, “the lines between industrial and financial capital are, in practice, often quite blurred, with giant firms engaging in both forms of appropriating profit. General Electric, for instance, is as much a bank as it is a manufacturing corporation, while General Motors and Ford have increasingly relied on their finance divisions in order to reap a profit.” D. McNally, “From Financial Crisis to World-Slump: Accumulation, Financialisation, and the Global Slowdown,” Historical Materialism, 17, 2, 2009, p. 56.
36 T. Gordon, “Canada, Empire and Indigenous People in the Americas,” Socialist Studies, 2, 1, 2009, p. 54; D. Green, “A Trip to the Market: The Impact of Neoliberalism in Latin America,” in J. Buxton and N. Phillips, eds., Developments in Latin American Political Economy: States, Markets, and Actors, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999; D. Green, Silent Revolution: The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America, second edition, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003; S. Soederberg, The Politics of the New International Financial Architecture: Reimposing Neoliberal Domination in the Global South, London: Zed, 2004; S. Soederberg, “The Transnational Debt Architecture and Emerging Markets: The Politics of Paradoxes and Punishment,” Third World Quarterly, 26, 6, 2005, pp. 927–949; S. Soederberg, Global Governance in Question: Empire, Class and the New Common Sense in Managing North-South Relations, London: Pluto, 2006.
37 J. Williamson, “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus,’” World Development, 21, 8, 1993, pp. 1332–1333.
38 P. Dickens, Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, sixth edition, New York: The Guilford Press, 2011.
39 Ibid.
40 Gordon, Imperialist Canada, p. 33.
41 Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View, London: Verso, 2002, p. 48.
42 Marx, Capital, Volume 1, New York: Penguin, 1990, p. 876.
43 Harvey, The New Imperialism, p. 144.
44 For critical discussion of Harvey’s concept of accumulation by dispossession, see R. Brenner, “What Is, and What Is Not, Imperialism?” Historical Materialism, 14, 4, 2006, pp. 79–105; and A. Callinicos and S. Ashman, “Capital Accumulation and the State System: Assessing David Harvey’s The New Imperialism,” Historical Materialism, 14, 4, 2006, pp. 107–131. On the wider debate focusing on reconceptualising primitive accumulation in the present see also Werner Bonefeld, “The Permanence of Primitive Accumulation: Commodity Fetishism and Social Constitution,” The Commoner, 2, 2001. Available online at: http://www.commoner.org.uk/02bonefeld.pdf. Accessed on October 12, 2014; Massimo De Angelis, “Marx and Primitive Accumulation: The Continuous Character of Capital’s ‘Enclosures’,” The Commoner, 2, 2001. Available online at: http://www.commoner.org.uk/02deangelis.pdf. Accessed on October 12, 2014.
45 A. Gilly and R. Roux, “Capitales, tecnologías y mundos de la vida: El despojo de los cuatro elementos,” Herramienta 40, March 2009. Available online at: http://www.herramienta.com.ar/revista-herramienta-n-40/capitales-tecnologias-y-mundos-de-la-vida-el-despojo-de-los-cuatro-elemento. Accessed on October 13, 2014.
46 Most of this data is drawn from Cansim table 376-0051. A number of countries’ numbers are now no longer publicized by Statistics Canada. Thus figures from Panama are from 2010 and Uruguay 2008. Ecuador, Honduras, and Guatemala data is supplemented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2012, pp. 53–54. The 2011 figures for Nicaragua are drawn from J. Mayoral, “Nicaragua notifica record en inversíon extranjera directa,” Prensa Latina, March 22, 2012. Available online at: http://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/csp/mediapool/sites/EN/CentroAmericayMundo/CentroAmerica/Nicaragua/NINegocios/story.csp?cid=474153&sid=1432&fid=330. Accessed on March 22, 2012.
47 U.S. FDI figures are drawn from “Balance of Payments and Direct Investment Position Data,” the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Available online at: http://www.bea.gov/international/di1usdbal.htm. Accessed May 6, 2014. Regional comparisons are from Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2012, p. 37 and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2005, p. 22. According to ECLAC the Netherlands is actually a larger source than is Canada; however, we did not include the Netherlands here as most of the FDI emanating from it, according to the ECLAC, is actually non-Ducth capital rerouted through the Netherlands from various different national sources. Note that U.S.- and Canada-specific FDI data from each countries’ respective statistical gathering agencies can be broken down for Latin America specifically, but data comparing major FDI source countries in the western hemisphere taken from ECLAC does not provide that degree of specificity, hence our reference to “Latin America and the Caribbean combined.”
48 See P. McFarlane, Northern Shadows: Canadians in Central America, Toronto: Between the Lines, 1989; W. Stewart, Towers of Gold, Feet of Clay: The Canadian Banks, Toronto: HarperCollins, 1982. See also P. Hudson, “Imperial Designs: the Royal Bank of Canada in the Caribbean,” Race & Class, 52, 1, 2010, pp. 33–48. Northern Shadows covers far more than just banking, offering a rare critical history of Canada’s relationship to Central America.
49 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2007, p. 151.
50 G. Robertson, “Scotiabank sees bright future in South America,” Globe and Mail, January 23, 2013, p. B5; C. French, “Scotia hikes Latin American footprint,” National Post, August 15, 2012, p. FP5; S. Pasternak, “Scotiabank Eyeing Acquisitions in Latin America,” Bloomberg, April 5, 2011. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-04-05/scotiabank-looking-at-acquisitions-in-latin-america-porter-says. Accessed on April 6, 2011.
51 S. Ogawa et al., “Financial Interconnectedness and Financial Sector Reforms in the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper, July 2013; The Economist, “The Canadian connection: Providing Banking, Business, and Policemen,” The Economist, March 27, 2008. Available online at: http://www.economist.com/node/10925797. Accessed on May 10, 2012.
52 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: ECLAC, 2007, p. 144.
53 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Building the Canadian Advantage: A Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy for the Canadian International Extractive Sector,” March 2009. Available online at: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/publications/8776). Accessed on April 8, 2014.
54 Canadian mining asset figures are from Natural Resources Canada. Available online at: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/publications/15382. Accessed on May 6, 2014. The category of the “Americas” is not broken down for Latin America specifically, though it is clear from the www.northernminer.org property database that most of those assets are in Latin American countries not Caribbean. Note that “assets” are not the same as FDI: “assets” include, for example, non-Canadian financing and the destination rather than source of investment (i.e., it includes Canadian investment that might pass through the U.S.).
55 Canadian International Development Platform, “Canadian Mining Investments in Latin America,” June 2013. Available online at: http://cidpnsi.ca/canadian-mining-investments-in-latin-america/. Accessed on April 8, 2014; P. Heindrich, Personal Communication, March 19, 2013.
56 The data comes from the www.northernminer.com property database, searched on April 8, 2014. According to the database, there were 100 producing mines owned by a company headquartered in Canada.
57 Toronto Stock Exchange, “Mining Sector Fact Sheet,” February 21, 2014. Available online at: tmx.com. Accessed on April 7, 2014.
58 We identified these three companies using the Canadian International Development Platform’s 2012 revenue totals.
59 Data on domestic Canadian profit rates were provided to us by Geoff McCormack, whose calculations were based on Cansim tables 031-0002, 380-0063, and 382-0006.
60 Company data is from annual financial reports and CSR reports. The revenues and costs are for operating mines only (i.e., exploration costs for new mineral resources are not included) and do not include revenues unrelated to digging gold out of the ground and selling it, such as earnings from hedging and interest. For 2013, we used “all-in” costs for our cost measure; for previous years we used “total cash” costs plus capital expenditures (or “expenditure on mining costs” for Goldcorp). The costs are calculated on a gold “sold” rather than “produced” basis (though the difference between the two was never significant) to get a more accurate picture of the costs associated with the actual source of revenue—the gold sold. Gold not sold is in any case kept as reserve and thus as an asset to be sold in the future. Barrick is the only company of the three that consistently reports its taxes and royalties on a segmented basis for its specific operating mines. Goldcorp’s “community investment” figures are not provided by the company past 2009 or are not aggregated for region or specific operating mines. Yamana’s construction costs are accounted in its capital expenditures, thus we did not calculate a post-construction capital expenditure cost for it.
61 This number is based on news reports found in the mainstream Canadian press, alternative media, and the Latin American press. Countries in which killings have occurred are: Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Panama.
62 Canadian Centre for the Study of Resource Conflict, “Corporate Social Responsibility: Movements and Footprints of Canadian Mining and Exploration Firms in the Developing World,” Canadian Centre for Resource Conflict, October, 2009; L. Whittington, “Canadian mining firms the worst abusers: Report,” Toronto Star, October 19, 2010, p. A12.
63 See Gordon, Imperialist Canada, pp. 255–258.
64 One measure of the importance of Latin America to the Harper government was the frequency of ministerial visits to the region. Harper himself toured the region in 2007, visited Honduras in 2011, and toured several more countries again in 2013. Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, toured in the summer of 2013. Multiple visits to Colombia were made by different Canadian cabinet ministers during negotiations for the FTA, and Peter Kent and Diane Ablonczy, as consecutive Ministers of State for the Americas held ministerial roles to specifically target the region.
65 L. Berthiaume, “Harper dials up vision of activist Canada prepared to face new, emerging threats,” Embassy, June 13, 2011. Available online at: http://www.embassynews.ca/news/2011/06/13/harper-dials-up-vision-of-activist-canada-prepared-to-face-new-emerging-threats/42083. Acccessed on June 14, 2011.
66 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Military Expediture Database. Available online at: www.sipri.org. Accessed on March 27, 2013; B. Robinson, “Canadian Military Spending 2010–11,” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, March 2011. Available online at: https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/canadian-military-spending-2010-11. Accessed on April 2, 2011; C. Meyer, “DND cuts billions, military heads into ‘lower pace of operations’,” Embassy, March 29, 2012. Available online at: http://www.embassynews.ca/news/2012/03/29/budget-2012-dnd-cuts-billions-military-heads-into-%E2%80%98lower-pace-of-operations%E2%80%99/42209?absolute=1. Accessed on March 31, 2012; D. D. Pugliese, “Canadian military intends to spend $1 billion on armed drones,” Ottawa Citizen, August 6, 2012. Available online at: www.ottawacitizen.com. Accessed on August 8, 2012. On expanding the war-fighting capacity of the Canadian military in recent years, see also Gordon, Imperialist Canada, pp. 294–301, 308–312.
67 For more on the coup and Canada’s central role in the coup and post-coup violence, see P. Hallward, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide and the Politics of Containment, London: Verso, 2007; Gordon, Imperialist Canada, pp. 326–343; N. Barry-Shaw and D. Oja Jay, Paved With Good Intentions: Canada’s development NGOs from idealism to imperialism, Halifax: Fernwood, 2012, pp. 225–242.
68 Radio Santa Fe, “Colombia y Canadá firmaron Acuerdo de Cooperación en Seguridad Integral,” April 14, 2012. Available online at: http://www.radiosantafe.com/2012/04/14/colombia-y-canada-firmaron-acuerdo-de-cooperacion-en-seguridad-integral/. Accessed on April 14, 2012.
69 R. Calderon, “Mining issues,” San Salvador: Canadian Embassy, June 27, 2011. Access to Information, file A-2012-00533.
70 A. Bebbington quoted in Standing Committee for Foreign Affairs and International Development, 41st Parliament, 1st Session, February 29, 2012, 3.
71 Mining Watch, “Canadian Embassies Bring Journalists to Mining Convention from Countries Mired in Conflict,” March 6, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/canadian-embassies-bring-journalists-mining-convention-countries-mired-conflict. Accessed on March 6, 2012.
72 Quote is from a DFAIT document, quoted in J. Ibbitson, “Ottawa’s ‘economic diplomacy’ marks historic shift,” Globe and Mail, November 27, 2013, p. A1.
73 S. Brown, “Aid Effectiveness and the Framing of New Canadian Aid Initiatives,” in S. Brown, ed., Struggling For Effectiveness: CIDA and Canadian Foreign Aid, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012, pp. 79–107.
74 Canadian aid figures to Latin America are from the country profiles of the individual Latin American countries on the website of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Available online at: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca. These figures do not include financing to the regional Inter-American Development Banks, which is included in the separate CIDA statistical tables. While CIDA counts this financing, which totalled C$241.7 million in 2011–2012, as part of its aid budget, just over 1 percent of disbursements from the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) are in the form of grants. The rest are loans repayable with interest or loan guarantees rather than direct bilateral or multilateral aid not requiring repayment with interest. And all IADB grants are exclusive to Haiti. See Inter-American Development Bank, Annual Report 2012: Financial Statement, Washington, DC: IADB, 2012; Canadian International Development Agency, Statistical Report on International Assistance, 2011–12, Ottawa: CIDA, 2012. Remittance figures are from the World Bank’s “Migration and Remittances Data.” Available online at: www.worldbank.org. Accessed on March 14, 2014.
75 S. Knack, F. Rogers and N. Eubank, “Aid Quality and Donor Rankings,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, May 2010. Available online at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5290. Accessed on January 27, 2013. On Canada’s poor international development aid performance, in terms of spending and programming relative to other donor nations, see H. McGill, “Canada Among Donors: How Does Canadian Aid Compare?” in Brown, ed., Struggling For Effectiveness, 24–52.
76 In “Aid Effectiveness,” Brown also identifies commercial interests as in part behind the increased stress on “effectiveness” in Canadian development aid decision-making in the 2000s. However, his suggestion that “international prestige” has played a more important role in Canadian aid policy, at least from Chretien through the early days of the first Harper (minority) government, considerably weakens his argument. It may be true that there was a desire to “be at the table” with major aid donors in a number of countries in which Canada has concentrated its aid, but even in the late stages of the Liberal governments and early stages of the Harper government one is hard pressed to conclude this trumped the desire to advance the expansion of Canadian capital. Most of the countries Canada identified for “enhanced partnerships” under the Liberals and, subsequently, as “countries of focus” under the Tories were countries in which Canadian companies already had interests or were identified as places with investment potential, particularly in the natural resources sector. And if we situate aid policy first and foremost as always intimately connected to broader foreign policy goals within the global capitalist economy—as one tool for the reproduction of contradictory capitalist market relations—we see that the interests of Canadian capitalism have always played an important role in shaping Canadian foreign, and aid, policy, and that the more explicit pronouncements to this effect by Julian Fantino, and the collapse of CIDA into the new Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development is not a radical break from the past by any means. See, for example, Gordon’s discussion of aid policy in Imperialist Canada, p. 142–152; Barry-Shaw and Jay, Paved With Good Intentions; D. Morrison, Aid and Ebb Tide: A History of CIDA and Canadian Development Assistance, Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier, 1998; and B. Campbell, “Peace and Security in Africa and the Role of Canadian Mining Interests: New Challenges for Canadian Foreign Policy,” Labour, Capital and Society, 37, 2004, pp. 104–106.
77 J. Fantino, “Address of the Honourable Julian Fantino, Minister of International Cooperation, for The Economic Club of Canada, ‘Reducing Poverty—Building Tommorow’s Markets’,” November 23, 2012, Toronto: Canadian International Development Agency.
78 J. Fantino, “Effectiveness, not religion, part of aid decisions,” Embassy, January 30, 2013, p. 7. This view of development policy being tied to private sector forces as a matter of economic necessity is articuled in a November 2012 report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, “Driving Inclusive Economic Growth: The Role of the Private Sector in International Development,” 41st Parliament, 1st Session, and the government’s March 7, 2013 response, both available at www.parl.gc.ca. An internal CIDA analaysis of its bilateral aid programming links explicitly decisions on where to focus aid to potential for commerical ties. K. Mackrael, “Ottawa stresses trade prospects in foreign aid decisions,” Globe and Mail, January 8, 2014, p. A1. We also discuss this issue in subsequent chapters. It is important to keep in mind here that Fantino’s position is not a new orientation for Canadian aid policy. His is a blunter exposition than what we have seen in the past, however. See, for example, Gordon, Imperialist Canada, and Barry-Shaw and Jay, Paved With Good Intentions.
79 E. Blackwood and V. Stewart, “CIDA and the Mining Sector: Extractive Industries as Overseas Development Strategy,” in Brown, ed., Struggling for Effectiveness, pp. 217–245.
80 D. Saunders, “Second wave of financial crisis is coming, Brown warns,” Globe and Mail, July 8, 2009, p. A4. As Blackwood and Stewart observe, “nine of the twenty CIDA countries of focus have among the top twelve largest reserves of the six most important metals in world mining.” And another seven countries contain the largest quantities of other minerals considered “vital for industrial purposes” or are “highly valued as in the case of gemstones, such as as uranium, diamonds, and phosphate. Blackwood and Stewart, “CIDA and the Mining Sector,” p. 228. Canadian aid is not being taylored simply for the natural resource industry; companies from a range of industries have met and travelled with Fantino to discuss CIDA support for Canadian investment in Latin America. However, the natural resource sector is obviously a major force behind the international expansion of Canadian capital, and clearly Fantino and the Conservatives paid special attention to its needs. A. Foster, “The private sector and development: More than just mining companies,” Embassy, April 24, 2013, p. 11.
81 L. Berthiaume, “Did KAIROS defunding come down to mining interests and one hand-written note?” Embassy, October 27, 2010, pp. 1, 10. The hand-written note in question led to a rebuke from the Conservative Speaker of the House, as CIDA senior staff, after initial concerns about Kairos, eventually recommended approval of funding for the organization to the Minister for International Cooparation, Bev Oda. But the document recommending approval was subsequently altered—with Oda initially denying involvement—with “not” written by hand onto it between “you” and “approve.” Oda would eventually admit to ordering “not” be written onto the recommendation. A year before this incident aid groups were reporting to media about being warned about doing advocacy work by staffers for Oda. C. Clark, “Aid groups told to keep quiet on policy issues,” Globe and Mail, February 12, 2010, p. A4; B. Curry and G. Galloway, “Oda admits to changing memo, Harper Tories accused of secrecy,” Globe and Mail, February 15, 2011, p. A1; C. Clark, “Speaker rebukes Oda in Kairos case,” Globe and Mail, February 11, 2011, p. A8.
82 K. Shane, “Why did CIDA cut Development and Peace’s funding?” Embassy, March 21, 2012, pp. 1, 5.
83 D. LeBlanc, “Miners show new way for CIDA,” Globe and Mail, January 30, 2012, p. A4.
84 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Harper Announces Support for Economic Growth and Development in the Americas,” Ottawa: Prime Minister’s Office, April 14, 2012.
85 Canadian International Development Agency, “Extractive Sector Program in the Americas,” Ottawa: Canadian International Development Agency, April 2012, Access to Information—CIDA, A-2012-00119.
86 Canadian International Development Agency, “Minister Fantino announces UBC-SFU to partner with Government on new extractive institute,” Toronto: Canadian International Development Agency, November 23, 2012.
87 R. Arnold, “Mining, CIDA partnership in Peru is pacification program, not development,” Embassy, March 5, 2012. Available online at: http://m.embassynews.ca/opinion/2012/03/07/mining-cida-partnership-in-peru-is-pacification-program-not-development/41338?device=mobile. Accessed on March 6, 2012.
88 Canadian International Development Agency, Project Browser, “Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership Program.” Available online at: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cidaweb/cpo.nsf/vWebWBSEn?OpenView&RestrictToCategory=A031825. Accessed on February 25, 2013.
89 Blackwood and Stewart, “CIDA and the Mining Sector,” p. 226.
90 Under pressure to take measures as awareness of the predatory activities of the Canadian resource sector began to grow in Canada, the Conservative government decided instead to stall by organizing “roundtables” for “stakeholders” (industry representatives and NGOs) in 2006. Despite the conservative recommondations of the roundtables, the Conservative government instead placed responsibility for accountability and oversight on the governments of the countries where Canadian companies invest—some of whom have been targeted by Canada for the neoliberal reforms of the regulatory regimes. An ombuds office was established as well, allowing for people to make complaints against Canadian companies. However, company participation is purely voluntary and victims of Canadian mining abuses have quit the process, arguing it is useless. Indeed the ombudsperson eventually quit. K. Keenan, “Canadian Mining: Still Unaccountable,” NACLA: Report on the Americas, May/June, 2010, pp. 29–34. A subsequent push for accountability came from Liberal backbench MP, John McKay, in 2010. While limited in the forms of accountability it would have required of Canadian companies—cutting off public financial and diplomatic support if proven they were involved in human rights and ecological abuses and no criminal law implications—the bill still failed to pass in the minority parliament of the day by seven votes: 13 Liberal and 4 NDP MPs failed to show up for the vote. B. Curry, “Ethical mining bill defeated after fierce lobbying,” Globe and Mail, October 28, 2010, p. A6.
91 A. Rosales, “Going Underground: The Political Economy of the ‘Left Turn’ in South America,” Third World Quarterly, 34, 8, 2013, pp. 1443–1457; J. Seoane, E. Taddei, and C. Algranati, Extractivismo, despojo, y crisis climática: Desafíos para los movimientos socials y los proyectos emancipatorios de Nuestra América, Buenos Aires: Herramienta editores, 2013; N. Grinberg and G. Starosta, “From Global Capital Accumulation to Varieties of Centre Leftism in South America: The Cases of Brazil and Argentina,” in S. Spronk and J.R. Webber, eds., Crisis and Contradiction: Marxist Perspectives on Latin America in the Global Economy, Leiden: Brill, 2015.
92 This paragraph draws on J. Seoane, “Modelo extractivo y acumulación por despojo,” in J. Seoane, E. Taddei and C. Algranati, eds., Extractivismo, despojo y crisis climática: Desafíos para los movimientos sociales y los proyectos emancipatorios de Nuestra América, Buenos Aires: Herramienta Ediciones, 2013, pp. 26–27.
93 J. Seoane and C. Algranati, “El sabor amargo del crecimiento economic: la expansion del modelo extractive entre 2003 y 2008,” in Seoane, Taddei and Algranati, eds., Extractivismo, despojo y crisis climática, p. 68.
94 Ibid., pp. 68–70. This list of neoliberal militarized states is not exhaustive, and does not include the authoritarian regimes that were installed following coup d’états in Honduras (2009) and Paraguay (2012), which will be discussed later.
95 S. Gindin and L. Panitch, The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire, London: Verso, 2013, see pp. 41, 115.
96 Gordon, Imperialist Canada; Barry-Shaw and Jay, Paved With Good Intentions; J. Klassen, Joining Empire: The Political Economy of the New Canadian Foreign Policy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014; J. Klassen and G. Albo, eds., Empire’s Ally: Canada and the War in Afghanistan, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
97 Publications include The Bullet (www.socialistproject.ca/bullet/); Upside Down World (//upsidedownworld.org); Dominion (www.dominionpaper.ca), and Znet (znet.org), among others. Solidarity organizations include Rights Action and Mining Watch.
98 L. Salomón, “Honduras: A History That Repeats Itself,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 45, 1, 2012, p. 58.
99 A successful coup was carried out against Jean Bertrand Aristide in Haiti in 2004, and unsuccessful attempts were made against Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in 2002 and Evo Morales in Bolivia in 2008. A third successful coup, of a specific parliamentary variety, has recently been carried out in Paraguay. See T. Gordon and J.R. Webber, “Paraguay’s Parliamentary Coup and Ottawa’s Imperial Response,” The Bullet, June 26, 2012.
100 G. Grandin, “Building a Perfect Machine of Perpetual War: The Mexico-to-Colombia Security Corridor Advances,” The Nation, February 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.thenation.com/blog/158492/building-perfect-machine-perpetual-war-mexico-colombia-security-corridor-advances. Accessed on January 15, 2013.
101 J. Littell, “Lost in the Void,” London Review of Books, 34, 11, June 7, 2012; D. Paley, “Drug War Capitalism: Militarization and Economic Transformation in Colombia and Mexico,” Against the Current 159 (July-August), p. 22; P. Watt and R. Zepeda, Drug War Mexico: Politics, Neoliberalism and Violence in the New Narcoeconomy, London: Zed Books, 2012; D. Stokes, America’s Other War: Terrorizing Colombia, London: Zed Books, 2005.
102 A. Bird, “Drugs and Business: Central America Faces another Round of Violence,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 45, 1, 2012, p. 35;
103 Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 2011, Santiago, Chile: ECLAC, 2012.
104 V. Bulmer-Thomas, “Honduras Since 1930,” in L. Bethell, ed., Central America Since Independence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 193, 196.
105 W.I. Robinson, Transnational Conflicts: Central America, Social Change, and Globalization, London: Verso, 2003, pp. 118–119.
106 Regime transitions throughout Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s generally involved a shift from direct authoritarian military rule to “low-intensity” democracy, or polyarchy, “a system in which a small group actually rules, on behalf of capital, and participation in decision making by the majority is confined to choosing among competing elites in tightly controlled electoral processes.” See W.I. Robinson, “Global Crisis and Latin America,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 23, 2, 2004, pp. 134–153.
107 W. LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, second edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, p. 179.
108 Bulmer-Thomas, “Honduras Since 1930,” pp. 223–224.
109 J.A. Booth, “Socioeconomic and Political Roots of National Revolts in Central America,” Latin American Research Review, 25, 1, 1991, p. 48.
110 See, for example, A. Corr, No Trespassing: Squatting, Rent Strikes and Land Struggles Worldwide, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999, pp. 30–50.
111 C.D. Brockett, “The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilization in Central America,” Comparative Politics, 23, 3, 1991, pp. 259–260.
112 Ibid., p. 259.
113 Booth, “Socioeconomic and Political Roots,” p. 54.
114 LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, p. 182.
115 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 124.
116 LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, p. 264.
117 L. Gill, The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas, Durham: Duke University Press, 2004, p. 83.
118 G. Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, New York: Owl Books, 2006, p. 114.
119 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 124. See also, N. Chomsky, Turning the Tide: The U.S. and Latin America, second edition, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987, pp. 128–129.
120 P. Flynn, “The United States at War in Central America: Unable to Win, Unwilling to Lose,” in R. Burbach and P. Flynn, eds., The Politics of Intervention: The United States in Central America, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984, p. 113.
121 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 121.
122 Ibid., p. 123, emphasis in original.
123 Flynn, “The United States at War,” p. 111.
124 Chomsky, Turning the Tide, p. 128–129.
125 LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, pp. 310–311.
126 Grandin, Empire’s Workshop, p. 115. “Most famously,” Grandin writes, “[Oliver] North [of the National Security Council] created an elaborate circuit of exchange that, with the help of Israeli arms traders, sold U.S. missiles to Iran at inflated prices, with the profits from the deal used to supply the Contras. There is ample evidence, not the least of which comes from North’s handwritten notes, that the CIA employed Latin American cocaine and marijuana dealers as middlemen, using their planes to ship arms to the contras in exchange for easy access to American markets.”
127 Gill, The School of the Americas, p. 83.
128 LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, p. 312, 331–332.
129 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 124.
130 G. Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, p. 14.
131 J. Dunkerley, The Pacification of Central America, London: Verso, 1994.
132 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 127.
133 See ibid., pp 127–132, for details on the political expressions of these externally-oriented fractions of Honduran capital in the form of New Right clusters within both the National and Liberal parties.
134 J.A. Booth, C.J. Wade, and T.W. Walker, Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion, and Change, Fourth edition, Boulder: Westview, 2006, p. 144; and Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 129.
135 Booth, Wade, and Walker, Understanding Central America, p. 145.
136 For a detailed discussion of this general trend across the Global South see M. Davis, Planet of Slums, London: Verso, 2006.
137 S.R. Boucher, B.L. Barham, and M.R. Carter, “The Impact of ‘Market-Friendly’ Reforms on Credit and Land Markets in Honduras and Nicaragua,” World Development, 33, 1, 2005, p. 108.
138 R. Ruben and M. van den Berg, “Nonfarm Employment and Poverty Alleviation of Rural Farm Households in Honduras,” World Development, 29, 3, 2001, p. 550.
139 Ibid., p. 551. For some basic detail on this matter, see also K. Kok, “The Role of Population in Understanding Honduran Land Use Patterns,” Journal of Environmental Management, 72, 2004, pp. 73–89.
140 T. Kerssen, “The Military-Aid Complex, Agrofuels and Land Struggles in Aguán, Honduras,” Food First, October 6, 2011. Available online at: http://www.foodfirst.org/en/Honduras+land+grabs. Accessed on February 2, 2013.
141 W.I. Robinson, Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2008, p. 120.
142 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile 2008, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, pp. 15–16. This reports also points to the rise since the mid-1990s of non-traditional exports such as shrimp, tilapias, melons, and African palm oil. In the traditional agricultural sector, it charts the renewal of high prices in coffee since 2004 and the increased production that has consequently arisen, whereas bananas have suffered from increases in tariffs in the European Union. One of the areas highlighted to be of great interest to foreign investors is the mining of zinc, silver, lead, and gold. Honduras is thought to have large unexploited mineral deposits that could become available for foreign investors if controversial environmental legislation can be passed.
143 Ibid., p. 24.
144 J.A. Ocampo, “Latin America and the Global Financial Crisis,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33, 2009, p. 704.
145 It should be noted that while Honduras benefited overall from the high price of its principal export commodities in these years it also suffered from the high price of oil between 2004 and 2007 given its status as a petroleum importer.
146 ECLAC, Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2005, Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2006, p. 129.
147 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile 2008, p. 17.
148 ECLAC, Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2008, Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2009, p. 113. See also, N. Mapstone, “Remittance Flows to Latin America Fall Sharply,” Financial Times, August 12, 2009.
149 UNDP, Human Development Report 2009, New York: United Nations, 2009.
150 UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, New York: United Nations, 2011.
151 CEPAL, Panorama social de América Latina 1999–2000, Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2000, p. 269.
152 CEPAL, Panorama social de América Latina 2008, Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2009, p. 16.
153 CEPAL, Social Panorama of Latin America 2011, Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, 2011, pp. 16–17.
154 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile 2008, p. 13.
155 Ibid., p. 11.
156 On the Vía Campesina, see A. Desmarais, La Vía Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants, London: Pluto, 2007.
157 D. Frank, Bananeras: Women Transforming the Banana Unions of Latin America, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2005, p. 58. Hurricane Mitch, which struck in October 1998, left more than 11,000 dead, and an astonishing 2 million people homeless (of a total population of 7.1 million). Among the worst hit were the rural-to-urban migrants “who had settled on the crowded hillsides surrounding Tegucigalpa, which were washed away.” See Booth, Wade, and Walker, Understanding Central America, p. 145.
158 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 132.
159 Booth, Wade, and Walker, Understanding Central America, p. 147.
160 A. Portes and K. Hoffman, “Latin American Class Structures: Their Composition and Change During the Neoliberal Era,” Latin American Research Review, 38, 1, 2003, pp. 66–70.
161 M. Edelman, “Transantional Organizing in Agrarian Central America: Histories, Challenges, Prospects,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 8, 2-3, 2008: 229–257.
162 Grandin, Empire’s Workshop, p. 207.
163 J. Wolseth, “Safety and Sanctuary: Pentacostalism and Youth Gang Violence in Honduras,” Latin American Perspectives, 35, 4, 2008, p. 99.
164 T. Mejía, “In Tegucigalpa, The Iron Fist Fails,” NACLA Report on the Americas, July-August, 2007, p. 27.
165 Ibid., p. 27.
166 Ibid., p. 28.
167 Booth, Wade, and Walker, Understanding Central America, p. 147.
168 Ibid., p. 146.
169 A. Bracken, “Honduras: Murder Never Went Away,” Le Monde Diplomatique, English Edition, October, 2008. Available online at: http://mondediplo.com/2008/10/13honduras. Accessed on July 25, 2009. Two other MAO activists, Heraldo Zúñiga and Roger Ivan Cartagena, were assassinated by national police agents in 2006.
170 Ibid.
171 J.R. Webber and B. Carr, “Introduction: The Latin American Left in Theory and Practice,” in Webber and Carr, eds., The New Latin American Left.
172 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2008.
173 G. Grandin, “Democracy Derailed in Honduras,” The Nation, June 30, 2009.
174 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2008, p. 12.
175 EIU, Honduras Politics: Mixed Report Card for Zelaya, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2009.
176 J. Romero, “La coyuntura económica del golpe: Crisis del regimen e inestabilidad del modelo de acumulación,” Socialismo o Barbarie, 23/24 (December), 2009, pp. 129–138.
177 EIU, Honduras: Country Profile, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2008, p. 10.
178 Ibid.
179 L. Hernández Navarro, “La conversión de Manuel Mel Zelaya,” La Jornada, July 1, 2009.
180 The Economist, “Zelaya Plays the Chávez Card,” The Economist, October 30, 2008, http://www.economist.com/node/12522958?story_id=12522958. Accessed July 2, 2009.
181 The Economist, “Leaning Left: Honduras Joins a Club Promoted by Venezuela and Cuba,” The Economist, October 20, 2008.
182 “Supporters of the coup,” Mark Weisbrot notes, “argue that the president violated the law by attempting to go ahead with the referendum after the Supreme Court ruled against it. This is a legal question; it may be true, or it may be that the Supreme Court had no legal basis for its ruling. But it is irrelevant to what has happened: the military is not the arbiter of a constitutional dispute between the various branches of government.” See M. Weisbrot, “Hondurans Resist Coup: Will Need Help from Other Countries,” The Guardian, July 9, 2009.
183 Vásquez, it is relevant to point out, was trained at the School of the Americas on two separate occasions, in 1976 and 1984. The commander of the air force, Javier Prince Suazo, who also played a part in the coup d’état, was trained at the school in 1996. See D. Brooks, “Golpe de estado en Honduras,” La Jornada, July 1, 2009.
184 The composition of the 128 seats in Congress was as follows: Liberal Party (62); National Party (55); Partido de Unificación Democrática (Democratic Unification Party, PUD) (5); Partido Demócrata Cristiana (Christian Democratic Party, PDC) (4); and the Partido de Innovación Nacional y Unidad-Social Demócrata (Party of National Innovation and Social Democratic Unity). The only party that formally took a position against the coup was the PUD.
185 G. Grandin, “Battle for Honduras—And the Region?” The Nation, August 31, 2009.
186 T. Gordon and J.R. Webber, “Honduran Labyrinth,” Jacobin, Issue 10, 2013. Available online at: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2013/04/honduran-labyrinth/. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
187 D. Frank, “The Thugocracy Next Door,” Politico Magazine, February 27, 2014. Available online at: http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/02/honduras-the-thugocracy-ext-door-103883.html#.U4TbbU0U_cs. Accessed on May 27, 2014; T. Gordon and J.R. Webber, “Honduran Labyrinth,” Jacobin, Issue 10, 2013. Available online at: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2013/04/honduran-labyrinth/. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
188 D. Frank, “A High-Stakes Election in Honduras,” The Nation, November 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.thenation.com/article/177028/high-stakes-election-honduras. Accessed on May 28, 2014.
189 Rights Action, “Context of the Honduran Electoral Process 2012–2013: Incomplete List of Killings and Armed Attacks Related to Political Campaigning in Honduras,” E-Bulletin, October 21, 2013. Available online at: http://rightsaction.org/sites/default/files/Honduras-Violence-Political-Campaign.pdf. Accessed on May 29, 2014; D. Frank, “Hopeless in Honduras? The Election and the Future of Tegucigalpa,” Foreign Affairs, November 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140283/dana-frank/hopeless-in-honduras. Accessed on May 28, 2014.
190 E. Achtenberg, “Report from Honduras: How the Election Was Stolen,” NACLA Report on the Americas, December 9, 2013. Available online at: https://nacla.org/blog/2013/12/9/report-honduras-how-election-was-stolen. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
191 D. Frank, “The Thugocracy Next Door”; E. Malkin, “World Bank is Criticized for Honduran Loan,” New York Times, January 10, 2014. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/11/world/americas/world-bank-is-criticized-for-honduran-loan.html. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
192 On Canada’s response to pre-coup developments, see Gordon, Imperialist Canada, pp. 376–377.
193 P. Kent, “Statement by Minister Kent on the Situation in Honduras,” Ottawa, Foreign Affairs and International Trade July 19, 2009.
194 Arsenault, Situation Report, Tegucigalpa: Office of the Canadian Embassy, June 25, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-00780.
195 Kent quoted in Rights Action, “Honduras Coup Alert 41,” Washington, August 2, 2009.
196 P. Kent, “Canada Calls for Restraint and a Negotiated Solution in Honduras,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, September 22, 2009.
197 For further discussion on Canada’s non-response to the violent repression of anti-coup activists, see Gordon, Imperialist Canada, pp. 377–379.
198 Independent Honduran human rights organizations, such as Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras (Committee of Family Members of the Disappeared of Honduras, COFADEH) and Comité para la defensa de los Derechos Humanos (Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, CODEH) issued regular reports on the political repression.
199 Kent quoted in M. Lacey and G. Thompson, “Envoy prepares to visit Honduras, warning of obstacles,” New York Times, July 3, 2009. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/03/world/americas/03honduras.html?_r=0. Accessed on July 4, 2009.
200 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 18.
201 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 30, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
202 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 9, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
203 Minaker, Arsenault, Reeder, “Honduras: Internal Dynamics and the ALBA Dimension,” Tegucigalpa: Office of the Canadian Embassy, Specific date unknown, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-00780.
204 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 30, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179; P. Valdes, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 8, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
205 P. Kent, “Canada Congratulates Honduran People on Elections,” December 1, 2009. Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru and the U.S. also recognized the elections immediately.
206 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Memorandum for Action—Recommended Canadian Policy Tools for Possible Use in Upcoming OAS Mission to Honduras,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 30, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-0242.
207 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 13.
208 J. Valdes, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 3, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
209 Canadian frustrations were expressed in various Situational Reports sent from the office of the embassy in Tegucigalpa to Foreign Affairs and International Trade and, sometimes, the Canadian International Development Agency, in Ottawa. For example, D. Arsenault, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, September 24, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179; P. Valdes, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, October 8, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179; N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, November 3, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
210 J. Valdes, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Office of the Canadian Embassy, September 29, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179. This communication also mentions a discussion with Canadian business representatives about their concerns, but the details are fully redacted.
211 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 13.
212 A. Culham, “Special Period of Session of the General Assembly,” Washington: OAS, June 1, 2011. Available online at: www.oas.org. Accessed on June 2, 2011.
213 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Honduras Country Strategy Process 2008–09, San José, Canadian Embassy: 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-02422.
214 P. Kent, “Minister of State Kent Concludes Successful Visit to Honduras,” February 22, 2010; El Heraldo, “Canciller de Canadá reitera apoyo a Honduras,” El Heraldo, February 18, 2010. Available online at: www.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2010/02/18/Noticias/Canciller-de-Canada-reitera-apoyo-a-Honduras. Accessed on March 1, 2010.
215 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 14.
216 Author unidentified, “Canadian Contribution to Honduran Truth Commission—Background,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01236.
217 L. Edwards, “Canadian Contribution to Honduran Truth Commission—Memorandum for Action,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01236.
218 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 18.
219 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Pleased With Release of Honduran Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report,” Ottawa: July 7, 2011.
220 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 14.
221 Canada’s silence around human rights abuses immediately following the coup can be contrasted with its the three press releases it issued in a two-week span earlier in June, 2009 condemning the Iranian government’s clampdown on protests following that country’s controversial presidential elections. One repressive government warrants direct criticism, the other does not. For a look at the different response by Canada to repression in Iran, on the one hand, and repression in Honduras and Peru, on the other, see T. Gordon, “Acceptable versus Unacceptable Repression: A Lesson in Canadian Imperial Hypocrisy,” Counterpunch, June 30, 2009. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/2009/06/30/acceptable-versus-unacceptable-repression/. Accessed on June 30, 2009.
222 La Tribuna, “Stephen Harper: Males de derechos humanos no son perpretrados por el gobierno,” La Tribuna, August 12, 2011.
223 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, February 22, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2009-02141.
224 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, 15.
225 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 9, 2011, 14–15.
226 The Associated Press, “Honduras: Court Clears Six Generals in Overthrow of President in 2009,” New York Times, October 21, 2011. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/world/americas/honduras-court-clears-generals-in-overthrow-of-zelaya.html. Accessed on October 21, 2011.
227 M. Rojas Bolaños, “Centroamérica: ¿anomolías o realidades?” Nueva Sociedad 226, March-April 2010, p. 111; R. Sáenz, “‘Tienen miedo porque no les tenemos miedo’: Después del golpe—rebellion, negociación y resistencia,” Socialismo o Barbarie, 23/24, December 2009, pp. 139–145; R. Sáenz, “El retorno de Mel Zelaya,” Socialismo o Barbarie, 23/24, December 2009, pp. 147–154.
228 “Pinocheletti” refers to Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean dictator in power between 1973 and 1990. A. Borón, “Honduras: la futilidad del golpe,” Rebelión, June 29, 2009; F. Cuevas and H. Weissert, “World Leaders Increase Pressure on Honduras,” The Globe and Mail, June 30, 2009.
229 A. Cano, “Zelayistas desafían el toque de queda; hay decenas de heridos,” La Jornada, June 29, 2009.
230 Á. Cálix, “Honduras: de la crisis política al surgimiento de un nuevo actor social,” Nueva Sociedad, 226, 2010, p. 44.
231 D. Frank, “Repression’s Reward in Honduras?” Counterpunch, September 25, 2010. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/frank09232010.html. Accessed on September 25, 2010.
232 Gobierno de Unidad Nacional de Honduras, Honduras: A Country Open for Investment, Tegucigalpa: Gobierno de Unidad Nacional de Honduras, 2011.
233 Ibid., p. 1
234 C. Mackay, “Canadá y Honduras, trabajando juntos,” El Heraldo, July 1, 2011. Available online at: http://archivo.elheraldo.hn/Ediciones/2011/07/01/Opinion/Canada-y-Honduras-trabajando-juntos. Accessed on July 1, 2011.
235 La Prensa, “Listo financiamento para obras de ciudad modelo,” La Prensa, July 8, 2011. Available online at: http://archivo.laprensa.hn/Apertura/Ediciones/2011/07/09/Noticias/Listo-financiamiento-para-obras-de-ciudad-modelo. Accessed on July 8, 2011. For the sake of comparison, U.S. FDI in 2010 was C$1.058 billion at an average exchange rate for 2010 of C$1.03 per US$1. Readers should also bear in mind when considering this comparison that the U.S. economy is roughly ten times the size of Canada’s. Canada, in other words, has a comparable absolute and high relative rate of investment compared to the U.S. See data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce (available online at: http://www.bea.gov/iTable/index_MNC.cfm) and the Bank of Canada (available online at: http://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/exchange/10-year-converter/).
236 Personal Interview, Pedro Landa, Tegucigalpa, June 24, 2011.
237 A. Buncome, “The world’s riches and the poor: dark side of the gold rush,” The Independent, May 11, 2006. Available online at: http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article363616.ece. Accessed on October 1, 2009; C. Amador, R. Escober and R. Gamero, personal interview, Tegucigalpa, June 17, 2011. Maverick executive quoted in D. Kosich, “No love lost between Honduran NGOs and miners,” Mineweb, August 18, 2004. Available online at: http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/%20page15831?oid=14930andsn=Detail. Accessed on August 29, 2009.
238 Development and Peace, “The Honduran Mining Law—the Debate over Reforms or a New Law,” Montreal, September 2007; A. Ludeña, “Still no mining law,” Latin America Press, April 1, 2011. Available online at: http://www.latinamericapress.org/articles.asp?item=2&art=6345. Accessed on May 4, 2011.
239 Development and Peace, “The Honduran Mining Law”; A. Bird, “Community Leaders Arrested on Trumped Up Charges for Protecting Forests From Illegal Loggers Linked to Goldcorp,” Washington: Rights Action, July 5, 2011.
240 P. Landa, Personal Interview, Tegucigalpa, June 24, 2011. Critics of Goldcorp also reported in July 2009 that the company paid ex-workers and other locals to attend pro-coup rallies in the capital. Rights Action, “Honduras Coup Alert 41,” Rights Action Electronic Bulletin, August 2, 2009.
241 Office of the Embassy, “Meeting with Yamana Gold Officials and Site Visit,” Tegucigalpa: Office of the Embassy, date unknown, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-00780.
242 The connection between mining companies and the coup likely inspired an anti-coup “mob” which, according to a letter from a Goldcorp executive sent to the ambassador and the head of CIDA in the country, targeted the company’s office during an August 2009 demonstration, graffiting its walls and throwing rocks at its windows. E. Villacorta, “Office in Tegucigalpa,” email communication between Goldcorp representative and Canadian embassy and CIDA office in Tegucigalpa, Tegucigalpa: Honduras, August 24, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-01803.
243 Wimmer, “Canada-Honduras Commerical Relations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 10, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
244 P. Landa, Personal Interview, Tegucigalpa, June 24, 2011.
245 D. Aresnault, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, June 30, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00539.
246 N. Reeder, Communication to Ottawa, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, July 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
247 The Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum received C$150,000 from FAIT in 2010, a few months before Reeder’s suggests its services to Breakwater. “Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards Over $25,000: Foreign Affairs.” Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca/department-ministere/transparency-transparence/grant-subvention.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed on December 8, 2010.
248 The quotations and discussion regarding the mining law is taken from a series of email communications between Bob Carreau of Breakwater Resources and the Canadian embassy from May 11–25, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00532.
249 E. Wang, “Re: Honduras article in the Ottawa Citizen,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 4, 2012, Acess to Information, file A-2012-01135. The official adds, as is rote in Canadian government discussion of mining laws, that the law will promote socially responsible mining.
250 The quote is from El Heraldo and is cited in J. Moore, “Canada’s Subsidies to the Mining Industry Don’t Stop at Aid,” Mining Watch, June, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/Canada_and_Honduras_mining_law-June%202012.pdf. Accessed on June 28, 2012.
251 El Heraldo, “Avanza dictamen de Ley de Minería en Honduras,” El Heraldo, May 31, 2011. Available online at: archivo.elheraldo.hn. Accessed on June 1, 2011.
252 La Tribuna, “Ley de Minería vuelve a la agenda legislativa del 2012,” La Tribuna, January 4, 2012. Available online at: http://www.latribuna.hn/2012/01/04/ley-de-mineria-vuelve-a-la-agenda-legislativadel-2012/. Accessed on January 4, 2012.
253 Communiqué, “Honduran organizations reject the National Congress’ proposed mining law because it violates the rights of the Honduran people,” Mining Watch. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/honduran-civil-society-groups-reject-proposed-mining-law-puts-corporate-interests-human-rights. Accessed on January 25, 2012.
254 Amador, Escober and Gamero, Personal Interview, Tegucigalpa, June 17, 2011.
255 F. Bianchini, Contaminación de agua en el area de explotación minera del proyecto San Martin, en el Valle de Siria y repercusiones sobre la salud humana, 2006. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/dangerous-contamination-levels-siria-valley-demonstrated-independent-study. Accessed on January 8, 2011.
256 K. Spring and G. Russell, “Goldcorp and Honduran Regime Cover-up Blood and Urine Testing and Poisoning at San Martin Mine,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, April 27, 2011.
257 J. Almendarez, “Cover-Up: Goldcorp (Entre Mares) and the Government of Honduras Hide Information About the Poisoning of Children,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, November 8, 2011.
258 Spring and Russell, “Goldcorp and Honduran Regime Cover-up Blood and Urine Testing and Poisoning at ‘San Martin’ Mine.” www.rightsaction.org (April 27, 2011), accessed April 27 2011.
259 R. Carroll, “Gold Giant Faces Honduras Inquiry into Alleged Heavy Metal Pollution,” Guardian, December 31, 2009. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/31/goldcorp-honduras-pollution-allegations. Accessed on July 26, 2013.
260 P. Landa, “La policía nacional captura al secretario del comité ambienta a list del Valle de Siria,” Tegucigalpa, July 5, 2011; A. Bird, “Community Leaders Arrested on Trumped Up Charges.”
261 K. Spring, “Military Coups, Mining and Canadian Involvement in Honduras,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, September 10, 2010.
262 Comité por la Libertad de Expresión, “Representante de minera amenaza a periodistas en el occidente de Honduras,” C-Libre, November 24, 2011. Available online at: http://www.clibrehonduras.com/alerta/representante-de-minera-amenaza-periodistas-en-el-occidente-de-honduras. Accessed on November 25, 2011.
263 B. Marotte, “Gildan becomes global sock king with U.S. purchase,” Globe and Mail, April 12, 2011, p. B5.
264 María Luisa Regalado, Personal Interview, San Pedro Sula, June 18, 2011.
265 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa, March 9, 2011, 7.
266 CODEMUH, “Open Letter to The Right Honourable Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada,” Choloma, Honduras, August 12, 2011.
267 La Prensa, “Empresario de la pornografía dirige proyectos en Trujillo,” La Prensa, March 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/548832-97/empresario-de-la-pornografia-dirige-proyectos-en-trujillo. Accessed on March 8, 2011.
268 Canadian Business, “Next-generation havens,” Canadian Business. Available online at: http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/next-generation-havens/. Accessed on June 27, 2011.
269 S. Parra, “Honduran Caribbean on a Tightrope,” Inter Press Service, June 26, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/06/environment-honduran-caribbean-on-a-tightrope/. Accessed on July 6, 2010.
270 La Prensa, “Empresario de la pornografía dirige proyectos en Trujillo,” La Prensa, March 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/548832-97/empresario-de-la-pornografia-dirige-proyectos-en-trujillo. Accessed on April 4, 2016; Life Vision Properties, “Randy Jorgensen Meets with President Lobo.” Available online at: http://lifevisionproperties.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/randy-jorgensen-meets-with-president-lobo/. Accessed on June 28, 2011.
271 Life Vision Properties, “Randy Jorgensen Presented Special Award from President Lobo.” Available online at: http://lifevisionproperties.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/randy-jorgensen-presented-special-award-from-president-lobo/. Accessed on June 28, 2011.
272 COPINH, “Condenamos la llegada de Stephen Harper,” August 12, 2011. Available online at: http://www.copinh.org/article/condenamos-la-llegada-de-stephen-harper-primer-min/. Accessed on December 24, 2015.
273 Celso Alberto Guillén, Personal interview, Guadalupe, Honduras, June 22, 2011.
274 D. Paley, “Snowbirds Gone Wild! Canadian Retirees and Locals Clash in Honduras,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, November 4, 2010.
275 La Prensa, “Trujillo se queda sin otro proyecto turístico,” La Prensa, April 27, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/543822-97/trujillo-se-queda-sin-otro-proyecto-turistico. Accessed on May 2, 2011.
276 D. Paley, “Snowbirds Gone Wild!”
277 La Tribuna, “Invertirán más $200 millones en el rubro turístico de Honduras,” La Tribuna, September 27, 2011. Available online at: www.latribuna.hn. Accessed on September 27, 2011.
278 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Office of the Canadian Embassy, January 30, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01179.
279 Wimmer, “Canada-Honduras Commerical Relations”; D. Arsenault, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, June 30, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177; N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Canadian Embassy, February 22, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2009-02141.
280 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Honduras Country Strategy Process 2006-07, San José, Costa Rica: 2006, Access to Information, file A-2010-02422.
281 These meetings are discussed in communications between the embassy and Ottawa, and the embassy and the Canadian companies. Interestingly, despite CIDA being an aid agency, given that the embassy in San José, Costa Rica is credited to Honduras, the head of CIDA often serves as a point person in Honduras for the embassy, including remaining in contact and meeting with Canadian mining company representatives.
282 The quotation is from Wimmer, from the Latin American and Caribbean Commercial Relations section of DFAIT, “Canada-Honduras Commerical Relations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 10, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
283 Wimmer, “Canada-Honduras Commerical Relations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 10, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
284 N. Reeder, “Re. Canadian Mining meetings,” communication between Canadian embassy and Breakwater Resources, San José: Costa Rica, March 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00532.
285 B. Singleton, “draft letter from Amb Reeder to Bob Carreau, Breakwater Resources,” communication between CIDA Ottawa and CIDA office in Tegucigalpa, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 24, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00532.
286 Name redacted, “Visit Ministry of Industry to Gildan,” communication between Gildan and Canadian embassy, Choloma Cortés: Honduras, March 8, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00532.
287 S. Cuffe, “Canadian Aid, Honduran Oil: Ottawa funds set to encourage oil investment,” The Media Co-op, March 12, 2014. Available online at: http://www.mediacoop.ca/story/canadian-aid-honduran-oil/20987. Accessed on March 13, 2014.
288 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Honduras Country Strategy Process 2006–07.
289 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Honduras Country Strategy Process 2008–09.
290 La Tribuna, “Congreso elimina el contrato de Lothelsa,” La Tribuna, October 14, 2011. Available online at: www.latribuna.hn. Accessed on October 14, 2011; La Tribuna, “Loterías tradicionales no desaparecerán,” La Tribuna, October 14, 2011. Available online at: www.latribuna.hn. Accessed on October 14, 2011; Personal Communication with Joanna Lostracco, Canadian Commerical Communication, December 9, 2011. The CCC is an arms-length state agency that negotiates contracts with and identifies Canadian investment or trade partners for governments of countries primarily in the Global South.
291 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Office of the Canadian Embassy, July 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
292 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Diplomatic Appointments,” Ottawa, August 12, 2010.
293 E. Wang, “Agenda—visit of Ambassador Mackay to Tegucigalpa,” San José: Canadian Embassy, September 30, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01177.
294 Global Affairs Canada, “Canada-Central America Four (CA4) Free Trade Negotiations.” Available online at: www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on January 10, 2012.
295 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Pursuing Free Trade Agreement with Honduras,” Ottawa, February 11, 2011.
296 La Tribuna, “TLC con Canadá generará inversiones en sector minero,” La Tribuna, February 8, 2011. Available online at: www.latribuna.hn. Accessed on February 8, 2011.
297 Canhuati quoted in Proceso, “Textilera canadiense proyecta invertir más de 100 millones de dólares en Honduras,” Proceso, February 4, 2011. Available online at: http://www.proceso.hn/component/k2/item/56295.html. Accessed on February 4, 2011; La Tribuna, “Maquiladores hondureño respaldan TLC con Canadá,” La Tribuna, February 2, 2011. Available online at: www.latribuna.hn. Accessed on February 2, 2011; B. Marotte, “Gildan becomes global sock king with U.S. purchase,” Globe and Mail, April 12, 2011, p. B5.
298 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Harper Announces Conclusion of Free Trade Negotiations with Honduras,” Ottawa, August 12, 2011.
299 COPINH, “Condenamos la llegada de Stephen Harper.” www.copinh.org, (April 12, 2011), accessed April 12, 2011.
300 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Baird, Ablonczy React to Mali Coup Attempt,” Ottawa, FAIT, March 21, 2012.
301 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Supports Suspending Mali from La Francophonie,” Ottawa, FAIT, March 30, 2012; C. Clark, “Canada halts aid to Mali after military coup,” Globe and Mail, March 24, 2012, p. A16.
302 N. Reeder, Situational Report, Tegucigalpa: Office of the Embassy, July 7, 2009. Oda quoted in Clark, “Canada halts aid to Mali,” p. A4.
303 D. Frank, “Hernández’s Election was Built on Corruption: U.S. Support for Nation’s New Leader is Misguided and Unethical,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 25, 2014. Available online at: http://m.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Frank-Hern-ndez-s-election-was-built-on-5174987.php?cmpid=opedhphcat. Accessed on May 28, 2014.
304 Frank, “The Thugocracy Next Door”; D. Frank, “In Honduras, Military Takes Over with U.S. Blessing,” Miami Herald, September 11, 2013. Available online at: http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/09/10/3618867/in-honduras-military-takes-over.html. Accessed on May 28, 2014.
305 E. Achtenberg, “In Post-Election Honduras, Challenges and Opportunities for the Resistance,” NACLA Report on the Americas, December 21, 2013. Available online at: http://nacla.org/blog/2013/12/21/post-election-honduras-challenges-and-opportunities-resistance. Accessed on May 28, 2014.
306 Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, “Canada Strengthens Ties with Honduras,” News Release, January 14, 2014. Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca/media/state-etat/news-communiques/2014/01/24a.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
307 E. Achtenberg, “Report from Honduras: How the Election Was Stolen,” NACLA Report on the Americas, December 9, 2013. Available online at: https://nacla.org/blog/2013/12/9/report-honduras-how-election-was-stolen. Accessed on May 29, 2014
308 E. Achtenberg, “In Post-Election Honduras, Challenges and Opportunities for the Resistance.”
309 E. Achtenberg, “Report from Honduras: How the Election Was Stolen.”
310 J. Johnston and S. Lefebvre, Honduras since the Coup: Economic and Social Outcomes, Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research, November 2013. The next few paragraphs on economic and social trends draw explicitly from this excellent report.
311 Ibid., pp 1–2.
312 Ibid., p. 1.
313 Ibid., p. 9.
314 Ibid., p. 1.
315 Ibid., pp. 10–11.
316 Ibid., p. 1.
317 Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre.
318 C. Mcallister, “A Headlong Rush into the Future: Violence and Revolution in a Guatemalan Indigenous Village,” in G. Grandin and G.M. Joseph, eds., A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence During Latin America’s Long Cold War, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2011, p. 276.
319 LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, pp. 113–114.
320 Quoted in Ibid., p. 115.
321 Quoted in Ibid., p. 116.
322 J. Mahoney, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2001, p. 212.
323 This paragraph draws heavily on LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, pp. 113–120.
324 G. Grandin, “Living in Revolutionary Time: Coming to Terms with the Violence of Latin America’s Long Cold War,” in Grandin and Joseph, eds., A Century of Revolution, p. 27.
325 Mcallister, “A Headlong Rush,” p. 277.
326 G. Grandin, The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2000, p. 224.
327 S. Jonas, Of Centaurs and Doves: Guatemala’s Peace Process, Boulder: Westview Press, 2000, p. 23.
328 Ibid., p. 23.
329 Mcallister, “A Headlong Rush,” p. 279.
330 Ibid., p. 23.
331 Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre, p. 182.
332 D. Levenson-Estrada, Trade Unionists against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954–1985, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
333 D.T. Levenson, Adiós Niño: The Gangs of Guatemala City and the Politics of Death, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013, p. 2.
334 Grandin, The Blood of Guatemala, p. 224.
335 Levenson, Adiós Niño, pp. 32–33.
336 J. Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus: A Political History of Modern Central America, London: Verso, 1988, pp. 496–497.
337 Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre, p. 3.
338 W.I. Robinson, Transnational Conflicts: Central America, Social Change, and Globalization, London: Verso, 2003, p. 103.
339 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, pp. 105–106.
340 Levenson, Adiós Niño, p. 39.
341 EIU, Guatemala: Country Report, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, June 2013, p. 3.
342 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, p. 109.
343 A. Bird, “Drugs and Business: Central America Faces Another Round of Violence,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 45, 1, 2012, pp. 35–36; W.I. Robinson, “Latin America in the New Global Capitalism,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 45, 2, 2012.
344 Robinson, Transnational Conflicts, pp. 115–116.
345 ECLAC, Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2012, Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2012, p. 117. Figures for 2011 are preliminary.
346 ECLAC, Anuario Estadístico 2012, Santiago: Economic Commision for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2012, p. 65.
347 Ibid., p. 68.
348 Ibid., p. 70.
349 S.V. Yagenova, “Guatemala: Reflexiones sobre el ciclo actual de lucha popular en la antesala del proceso electoral del 2011,” OSAL, 12, 29, May 2011, p. 214.
350 S.V. Yagenova, “Guatemala 2012: Reconfiguración autoritaria, movilización popular y criminalización de las luchas,” OSAL, 14, 33, May 2013, p. 137.
351 EIU, Guatemala: Country Report, p. 2.
352 Ibid., p. 3.
353 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign Direct Investment, 65. While this section focuses principally on the mining sector, it is important to note too that Canadian oil companies have been expanding their presence in the country as of late. For example, Calgary-based Quattro Exploration and Production acquired just short of 350,000 hectares of oil concession in the country in November 2011. See D. Paley, “The Spoils of an Undeclared War: How Guatemala’s ‘War on Drugs’ is Being Used as a Front to Clear Land for Oil Companies,” Briarpatch, July 1, 2012. Available online at: http://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/the-spoils-of-an-undeclared-war. Accessed on June 2, 2014.
354 Data was obtained via www.northernminer.org.
355 Goldcorp’s Marlin and Cerro Blanco mines are operated by subsidiaries Montana Exploradora and Entre Mares, respectively.
356 M.L. Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” Bulletin of Latin American Research, 30, 4, 2011, p. 9.
357 Ibid., p. 10.
358 Ibid., p. 10.
359 Ibid., pp. 9–11.
360 Canadian Institute for Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, “Guatemala Laws and Regulations.” Available online at: www.cim.org. Accessed on May 18, 2012.
361 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” p. 11.
362 D. Valladares, “Guatemala: Mines Bring No Benefits to Local People,” Upside Down World, July 24, 2009. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2012/68/. Accessed on August 1, 2009.
363 I. Bickis, “Guatemala proposes 40% stake in mining companies,” Northern Miner, July 16–22, 2012, p. 5; Mining Watch, “Guatemala’s Highest Court to Hear Landmark Indigenous Challenge against Mining Law,” Mining Watch, July 20, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/guatemala-s-highest-court-hear-landmark-indigenous-challenge-against-mining-law. Accessed on July 20, 2012; Reuters, “Guatemala steps back from mining reform plans—adviser,” Reuters, August 7, 2012. Available online at: http://uk.reuters.com/article/guatemala-mining-urgent-idUKL2E8J64W420120806. Accessed on August 9, 2012.
364 J. Lambert, “Minería en Canadá,” Prensa Libre, November 4, 2004. Available online at: http://www.prensalibre.com/. Accessed on May 15, 2012. Translation from Rosalind Gill for www.rightsaction.org, accessed May 15, 2012.
365 The National Mining Forum is discussed by Ambassador Lambert during a January 23, 2005 televised debate on the program “Libre Encuentro,” which can be viewed with translation at: www.schnoorversuscanada.ca. Accessed May 15, 2012.
366 R. Collins, “Tahltan Chief Jerry Asp Removed from Office by Elders,” MAC: Mines and Communities, February 10, 2005. Available online at: http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1412. Accessed on May 15, 2012.
367 See, for example, Gordon, Imperialist Canada, chapter 2.
368 J. Lambert quoted in “Libre Encuentro,” January 23, 2005.
369 C. Luttman, “Meeting with MEM new officials,” Guatemala City, Canadian Embassy, February 11, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-02420.
370 Ibid. The PDAC meetings are the largest mining industry gathering in the world.
371 Canadian Embassy, “Itinerario Final: Visita del Viceministro Estuardo Roldán y la Delegación de Guatemala a Canadá,” Guatemala City, Canadian Embassy, February 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02404.
372 C. Rojas-Arbulú, “Canadian participation in Guatemala’s Energy Sector,” Guatemala City: Canadian Embassy, specific date unknown, 2005, Access to Information, file A-2010-02417.
373 S. Yagenova and R. Garcia, “Indigenous People’s Struggles Against Transnational Mining Companies in Guatemala: The Sipakapa People vs. GoldCorp Mining Company,” Socialism and Democracy, 23, 3, 2009, p. 160.
374 P. Kent, “Notes for an Address by the Honourable Peter Kent, Minister of State of Foreign Affairs (Americas), to the Inter-American Dialogue,” March 16, 2009, Global Affairs Canada. Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca/media/state-etat/speeches-discours/2009/387072.aspx?lang=en. Accessed on February 3, 2010.
375 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” p. 7.
376 On Common Ground Consultants, Inc., Human Rights Assessment of Goldcorp’s Marlin Mine, Executive Summary, May 2010, 12. Available online at: http://www.hria-guatemala.com/en/MarlinHumanRights.htm. Accessed on May 20, 2012. While the report is critical of Goldcorp and its predecessor, it accepts as its premise—not surprisingly, given it was commissioned by Goldcorp—the company’s legitimacy, and the industry’s more broadly, as a “stakeholder” in developmental questions effecting indigenous communities in Guatemala, even when it acknowledges consultation was inadequate.
377 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” p. 8.
378 N. Basu and H. Hu, “Toxic metals and indigenous peoples near the Marlin mine in western Guatemala,” Technical Report for Physicians for Human Rights, May 2010, cited in J. Van de Wauw, R. Evens and L. Machiels, “Are groundwater overextraction and reduced infiltration contributing to arsenic related health problems near the Marlin mine?” October 14, 2010. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266274045_Are_Groundwater_overextraction_and_reduced_infiltration_contributing_to_Arsenic_related_health_problems_near_the_Marlin_mine_Guatemala. Accessed on May 2, 2012. See also Physicians for Human Rights, Press Release, May 18, 2010. Available online at: //physiciansforhumanrights.org. Accessed on May 20, 2010.
379 Wauw, Evens and Machiels, “Are groundwater overextraction and reduced infiltration contributing to arsenic related health problems near the Marlin mine?” October 14, 2010, pp. 1, 3. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266274045_Are_Groundwater_overextraction_and_reduced_infiltration_contributing_to_Arsenic_related_health_problems_near_the_Marlin_mine_Guatemala. Accessed on May 2, 2012.
380 R. Llewellyn, “Gold flows as the wells run dry,” Le Monde Diplomatique, English edition, April 25, 2012. Available online at: http://mondediplo.com/blogs/gold-flows-as-the-wells-run-dry. Accessed on April 25, 2012.
381 G. Russell, “Even the Cows are Being Killed By Goldcorp’s Mine in Guatemala,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, February 4, 2011.
382 L. Zarsky and L. Stanley, “Searching for Gold in the Highlands of Guatemala: Economic Benefits and Environmental Risks of the Marlin Mine,” Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, September 2011.
383 Lewellyn, “Gold flows as the wells run dry.”
384 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” pp. 7–8; A. Ramírez, “The Minister Takes Legal Action Against Montana,” October 4, 2010, Prensa Libre. Available online at: http://www.prensalibre.com/noticias/justicia/Ministro-presenta-accion-legal-Montana_0_347365300.html. Accessed on October 20, 2010, translated by Rosalind Gill for Rights Action. Available online at: https://goldcorpoutnews.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/the-minister-takes-legal-action-against-montana/; M. Rey Rosa, “Montana Lied!” Prensa Libre, October 1, 2010, translated by Rosalind Gill for Rights Action. Available online at: https://goldcorpoutnews.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/montana-lied/. Access on December 14, 2015.
385 International Labour Conference, Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, International Labour Office, 99th Session, 2010, p. 770.
386 M. Mittelstaedt, “Goldcorp mine in Guatemala ordered to shut,” Globe and Mail, June 8, 2010, p. B16. IACHR quoted in Rights Action, “Government of Guatemala Ordered to Suspend Goldcorp’s Marlin Gold Mine Operation,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, June 1, 2010.
387 Personal interview, Sacmuj, Guatemala, July 13, 2012.
388 Goldcorp, “Goldcorp Reports Action Regarding Marlin Mine,” June 9, 2010. Available online at: http://www.goldcorp.com/English/Investor-Resources/News/News-Details/2010/Goldcorp-Reports-Action-Regarding-Marlin-Mine1122161/default.aspx. Accessed on June 15, 2010.
389 Nasdaq, “Goldcorp Guatemalan Mine Restrictions Modified by IACHR; Goldcorp Gratified by Announcement,” Nasdaq, December 19, 2011. Available online at: http://www.nasdaq.com/article/goldcorp-guatemalan-mine-restrictions-modified-by-iachr-goldcorp-gratified-by-announcement-cm109730. Accessed on December 19, 2011.
390 Moore quoted in Mining Watch, “A Wake-up Call for Human Rights Defenders in the Americas, Not Indicator of Goldcorp’s Performance,” Mining Watch, January 5, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/human-rights-commissions-climbdown-wake-call-human-rights-defenders-americas-not-indicator. Accessed on January 6, 2012.
391 A. Bugailiskis, “Follow up on Your Meeting with DG Jamie Lambert,” Ottawa, Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 29, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02408.
392 L. McKechnie, “RE: MINING/GUATEMALA/HUMAN RIGHTS: Goldcorp’s Marlin mine at centre of a human rights battle over licensing process,” Guatemala City: Canadian Embassy, June 9, 2010, Access to Information file, A-2012-00366.
393 J. Marder, subject header redacted, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 14, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366. The quotes are from a “Meeting Note” for Van Loan, the date and author for which are not indicated, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
394 K. Patterson, subject header redacted, Washington: Canada’s Permanent Mission to the OAS, June 14, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366; A. Bugailiskis, “Follow up On Your Meeting with DG Jamie Lambert,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 29, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
395 J. Buss, “OMINT Request: Letter to MINT’s Guatemalan counterpart,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02408.
396 S. Moffett, “Recontre avec Goldcorp—24 juin—Guatemala,” Guatemala City: Embassy, June 24, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02408.
397 Both quotes are from an email string between embassy staff and FAIT officials in Ottawa from July 9–13, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
398 L. Dalby, “RE: Marlin Mine,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 8, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
399 S. Moffett, “Plainte à l’IACHR contre le gouvernement du Guatemala,” Guatemala City: Canadian Embassy, October 13, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
400 S. Moffett, subject header redacted, Guatemala City: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
401 D. Janoff, “Meeting with Goldcorp V.P. David Deisley,” Washington: Canada’s Permanent Mission to the OAS, November 15, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366; L. Dalby, “Update—Goldcorp status please,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 1, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2012-00366.
402 Cristiani quoted in Mining Watch, “Canadian Parliamentarians Meet with Guatemalan Legislators on Goldcorp’s Ticket,” Mining Watch, September 11, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/canadian-parliamentarians-meet-guatemalan-legislators-goldcorp-s-ticket. Accessed on September 13, 2012.
403 The Hill and Knowlton letter and Bergeron’s testimony are both quoted in Mining Watch, “Goldcorp organizes junket for Canadian parliamentarians to Guatemala,” Mining Watch, August 28, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/goldcorp-organizes-junket-guatemala-canadian-parliamentarians. Accessed on August 28, 2012.
404 D. Valladares, “Goldcorp Mining Project in Guatemala Faces Cross Border Opposition,” Upside Down World, April 6, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/guatemala-archives-33/2435-goldcorp-mining-project-in-guatemala-faces-cross-border-opposition. Accessed on April 8, 2010.
405 INCO’s EXMIBAL is actually identified in the Guatemalan truth and reconciliation report in a case study of an assassination. Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico, Guatemala Memoria del Silencio, Tomo VI, Casos ilustrativos, Anexo 1, Guatemala: United Nations, 1999, pp. 99–104. Thank you to Graham Russell for pointing this out to us.
406 S. Fitzpatrick Behrens, “Nickel for Your Life: Q’eqchi’ Communities Take on Mining Companies in Guatemala,” NACLA Report on the Americas, October 25, 2009. Available online at: https://nacla.org/news/nickel-your-life-qeqchi-communities-take-mining-companies-guatemala. Accessed on November 1, 2009; Rights Action, “Hudbay Minerals Linked to One and Possibly Two Deadly Shootings On September 27 and 28,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, September 28, 2009.
407 Choc V. Hudbay Minerals, “Hudbay Minerals Sells Nickel Mine in Guatemala,” August 9, 2011. Available online at: http://www.chocversushudbay.com/. Accessed on August 10, 2011.
408 C. Jamasmie, “Guatemala’s Escobal Mine to Become One of the Top Silver Projects in the World,” Mining, May 24, 2012. Available online at: http://www.mining.com/guatemalas-el-escobal-mine-to-become-one-of-the-top-silver-projects-in-the-world-report/. Accessed on May 24, 2012.
409 J. Rodriguez, “Goldcorp’s Legacy: Criminalization and Mining Resistance in San Rafael las Flores, Guatemala,” Upside Down World, April 25, 2012. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/guatemala-archives-33/3595-goldcorps-legacy-criminalization-and-mining-resistance-in-san-rafael-las-flores-guatemala. Accessed on April 26, 2012.
410 It was sold to Nevada-based Kappes, Cassiday & Associates in August 2012.
411 Prensa Libre, “San José del Golfo Villagers Detain Mining Personnel,” Prensa Libre, translated by Rosalind Gill for Rights Action, Rights Action Electronic Bulletin, April 10, 2012.
412 Prensa Libre, “Community Members Call for Closure of Gold and Silver Mine,” Prensa Libre, translated by Rosalind Gill for Rights Action, Rights Action Electronic Bulletin, March 9, 2012.
413 D, Paley, “Guatemala: Peaceful Resistance in the Face of Violence,” Upside Down World, October 24, 2012. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/guatemala-archives-33/3934-guatemala-peaceful-resistance-in-the-face-of-violence. Accessed on August 10, 2013.
414 Personal interview, San José del Golfo, Guatemala, July 8, 2012.
415 Ibid.
416 S.V. Yagenova, “Guatemala 2012: Reconfiguración autoritaria, movilización popular y criminalización de las luchas,” OSAL, 14, 33, 2013, pp. 135–149.
417 Ibid., p. 137.
418 R. Zibechi, “Guatemala: Resisting the New Colonialism—An Interview with Mario Godínez,” Americas Program, July 18, 2011. Available online at: http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/5136. Accessed on August 12, 2013.
419 S.V. Yagenova, “Guatemala: Reflexiones sobre el ciclo actual de lucha popular en la antesala del proceso electoral del 2011,” OSAL, 12, 29, 2011, pp. 215–216.
420 Yagenova, “Guatemala 2012,” p. 140.
421 D. Paley, “Nueva Esperanza,” Canadian Dimension, August 1, 2012. Available online at: http://canadiandimension.com/articles/4863. Accessed on August 15, 2013.
422 Quoted in Raúl Zibechi, “Guatemala: Resisting the New Colonialism.”
423 T. Sosa, “Implicaciones socio-ambientales de la minería en Centroamérica,” América Latina en Movimiento, 37, II, March 2012, p. 19.
424 Yagenova, “Guatemala 2012,” p. 142.
425 S. Granovsky-Larsen, “Timeline: The Return of the Guatemalan Military,” Briarpatch, July 1, 2012. Available online at: http://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/the-spoils-of-an-undeclared-war. Accessed on August 19, 2013. For more background on agrarian conflicts in neoliberal Guatemala see S. Granovsky-Larsen, “Between the Bullet and the Bank: Agrarian Conflict and Access to Land in Neoliberal Guatemala,” Journal of Peasant Studies, 40, 2, 2013, pp. 325–350.
426 Zibechi, “Guatemala: Resisting the New Colonialism.”
427 For reasons of space, this chapter limits its focus to Guatemalan resistance centred on Canadian mining imperialism. One other area that deserves more attention is that of migrant worker protests. Approximately 4,000 Guatemalans work in Canada’s agricultural sector each year, facing extremely exploitative working conditions. In one inspiring sign of resistance among many, there was a march of temporary migrant workers and their allies to the Canadian embassy in Guatemala City on September 1, 2010 to protest their working conditions, the violation of their limited rights by employers, and the systematic failure of the Canadian government to address those violations. See United Food and Commerical Workers, “Migrant Workers Protest at Canada’s Embassy in Guatemala,” Market Wired, September 1, 2010. Available online at: http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/migrant-workers-protest-at-canadas-embassy-in-guatemala-1312972.htm. Accessed on September 2, 2010.
428 Prensa Libre, “Disputa minera militariza región en San Rafael Las Flores,” Prensa Libre, June 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.prensalibre.com/noticias/comunitario/Disputa-militariza-San-Rafael-Flores_0_929907247.html. Accessed on July 15, 2013.
429 Sandra Cuffe, “State of Siege: Mining Conflict Escalates in Guatemala,” Upside Down World, May 2, 2013. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/guatemala-archives-33/4270-state-of-siege-mining-conflict-escalates-in-guatemala. Accessed on July 10, 2013.
430 Ibid.
431 Personal interview, San Rafael las Flores, Santa Rosa, Guatemala, July 9, 2012.
432 Prensa Libre, “Disputa minera militariza región.”
433 Rodriguez, “Goldcorp’s Legacy.”
434 Quotation in Cuffe, “State of Siege.”
435 S. Yagenova and R. Garcia, “Indigenous People’s Struggles Against Transnational Mining Companies in Guatemala: The Sipakapa People vs. GoldCorp Mining Company,” Socialism and Democracy, 23, 3, 2009, p. 158.
436 Ibid., p. 157.
437 Ibid., p. 158.
438 L. Urkidi, “The Defence of Community in the Anti-Mining Movement of Guatemala,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 11, 4, 2011, pp. 567–568.
439 Yagenova and Garcia, “Indigenous People’s Struggles Against Transnational Mining Companies in Guatemala,” p. 161.
440 K. Patterson, “Open Veins: Conflicts Erupting around the World over Canadian Mines,” Ottawa Citizen, October 1, 2005; W. Stueck, “Clashes reported in Guatemala over Glamis mining project,” Globe and Mail, January 13, 2005, p. B14.
441 Rights Action, “Goldcorp 7,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, June 19, 2009.
442 Rights Action, “Trial of ‘Goldcorp 7’ Begins Monday, November 12,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, November 10, 2007; Intercontinental Cry, “Goldcorp Seven Verdict is in… Justice in Guatemala?” Intercontinental Cry, December 17, 2007. Available online at: http://intercontinentalcry.org/goldcorp-7-verdict-is-injustice-in-guatemala/. Accessed on January 12, 2008.
443 Urkidi, “The Defence of Community,” p. 569.
444 Yagenova and Garcia, “Indigenous People’s Struggles Against Transnational Mining Companies in Guatemala,” pp. 163–164.
445 Urkidi, “The Defence of Community,” p. 569.
446 Personal interview, Sacmuj, Guatemala, July 13, 2012.
447 Urkidi, “The Defence of Community,” p. 565.
448 A. Hoffman, “Goldcorp bested by Mayan mother,” Globe and Mail, July 10, 2008, p. B1; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Secretary of State Guergis to Visit Belize and Guatemala,” July 10, 2008, Global Affairs Canada. Available online at: //w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.asp?Language=E&publication_id=386372&docnumber=159. Accessed on July 10, 2008.
449 Rights Action, “After Goldcorp illegal tried to take control of more lands, Maya Mam people of San Miguel Ixtahuacan are threatened with more ‘criminalizatin’and repression,” Rights Actions, Electronic Bulletin, June 12, 2009.
450 Rights Action, “Another Possible Attempt against 4 Community Leaders of San Miguel Ixtahuacan,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, August 9, 2009.
451 Rights Action, “Shooting of Mayan Woman Linked to Goldcorp’s Mine in Guatemala,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, July 10, 2010.
452 G. Russell, “Goldcorp in Guatemala: Despite the Despites, the Struggle for Human Rights and the Environment Continues,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, September 22, 2010. In addition to opposition to Marlin, Goldcorp has been targeted by anti-mining marches at its Cerro Blanco mine. See Valladares, “Goldcorp Mining Project in Guatemala Faces Cross Border Opposition.”
453 Personal interview, San José Nueva Esperanza, Guatemala, July 13, 2012.
454 G. Russell, “Gang Rapes, Forced Evictions and the Endless Nightmare of Nickel Mining in Guatemala,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, May 27, 2010.
455 D. Balkissoon, “Canadian Ambassador guilty of slander,” Toronto Star, June 17, 2010. Available online at: http://www.thestar.com/news/article/824518--former-canadian-ambassador-guilty-of-slander. Accessed on May 1, 2012. The judge is quoted in R. Olivera, “Cook feels the heat,” New Internationalist, September 1, 2010. Available online at: http://newint.org/columns/currents/2010/09/01/cook-canadian-ambassador-guatemala/. Accessed on September 8, 2010.
456 Rights Action, “Mining and the Death of a Mayan Teacher,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, October 18, 2009; G. Russell, “The Second Killing of Pablo Bac,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, April 14, 2010.
457 Behrens, “Nickel For Your Life.”
458 Mining Watch, “Award Winning Mining Company Being Sued for Violent Death of Community Leader,” Mining Watch, December 2, 2010. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/award-winning-mining-company-being-sued-violent-death-community-leader-industry-out-step-canadi. Accessed on May 16, 2012.
459 Indian Law Resource Center “Guatemala Court Makes Landmark Ruling in Indigenous Rights Case,” February 8, 2011. Available online at: http://indianlaw.org/content/guatemala-court-makes-landmark-ruling-indigenous-rights-case. Accessed on April 21, 2011.
460 See Choc V. Hudbay, May 22, 2012. Available online at: www.chocversushudbay.com. Accessed on May 22, 2012.
461 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” p. 3; Llewellyn, “Gold flows as the wells run dry.”
462 Llewellyn, “Gold flows as the wells run dry.”
463 International Labour Organization, C169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Convention, 1989. Available online at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C169. Accessed on December 24, 2015.
464 Quoted in Urkidi, “The Defence of Community,” p. 573.
465 A. Koehl, “Billions, Millions, and the Peasant,” Mining Watch, January 18, 2006. Available online at: www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?/Glamis_Gold/Koehl_billions. Accessed on July 10, 2007; K. Patterson, “Canadian Mine Strikes Lode of Unrest,” Ottawa Citizen, April 26, 2005, p. C3.
466 International Labour Conference, Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (International Labour Office: 98th Session, 2009), 680.
467 Personal interview, San Rafael las Flores, Santa Rosa, Guatemala, July 9, 2012.
468 For one important historical contextualization, see J. Dunkerley, The Long War, London: Verso, 1982.
469 S. Wolf, “Subverting Democracy: Elite Rule and the Limits to Political Participation in Post-War El Salvador,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 41, 3, 2009, pp. 430, 444–445; A.C. Holland, “Right on Crime? Conservative Party Politics and Mano Dura Policies in El Salvador,” Latin American Research Review, 48, 1, 2013, pp. 44–67.
470 Wolf, “Subverting Democracy”; D. Albiac, “Los ricos de El Salvador,” Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 612, 1999, pp. 841–64; C. Paniagua, “El bloque empresarial hegemónico salvadoreño,” Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 645–646, 2002, pp. 609–93.
471 Wolf, “Subverting Democracy,” p. 430.
472 B. Bull, “Diversified Business Groups and the Transnationalisation of the Salvadorean Economy,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 45, 2, 2013, pp. 265–295.
473 R.J. Spalding, “Civil Society Engagement in Trade Negotiations: CAFTA Opposition Movements in El Salvador,” Latin American Politics and Society, 49, 4, 2007, pp. 85–114.
474 Dougherty, “The Global Gold Mining Industry, Junior Firms, and Civil Society Resistance in Guatemala,” p. 10.
475 Dalby, “Canada-El Salvador Commercial Relations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 2001, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152.
476 I. Pérez, “Organizaciones sociales piden la salida immediata de Pacific Rim,” La Página, July 22, 2010. Available online at: http://www.lapagina.com.sv/nacionales/36319/2010/07/22/Organizaciones-sociales-piden-la-salida-inmediata-de-Pacific-Rim. Accessed on July 27, 2010; T. Sosa, “Implicaciones socio-ambientales de la minería en Centroamérica,” América Latina en Movimiento, March 2012, pp. 19–20.
477 Comunicado de Amigos de la Tierra, “Transnacionales cometen crímenes ecológicos,” La Jornada, November 20, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/20/sociedad/037n2soc. Accessed on August 1, 2013; Alerta Minera, “Expertos y colectivos socials reflexionan sobre el agua y los impactos de la minería del oro.” Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/13058-expertos-y-colectivos-sociales-reflexionan-sobre-el-agua-y-los-impactos-de-la-mineria-del-oro. Accessed on August 1, 2013; Voces, “Antimineros de todo el mundo debatieron sobre la defense del agua en El Salvador.” Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/13061-antimineros-de-todo-el-mundo-debateiron-sobre-la-defensa-del-agua-en-el-salvador. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
478 G. Zucker, “El Salvador: Mining the Resistance,” Monthly Review, 62, 2, June 2010, p. 41; K. Lydersen and J. Wallach, “Is Free Trade a Gold Mine?” The Progressive, July 2010. Available online at: http://progressive.org/news/2010/07/145875/free-trade-gold-mine. Accessed on July 29, 2010.
479 R. Broad and J. Cavanagh, “Like Water for Gold in El Salvador,” The Nation, July 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.thenation.com/article/water-gold-el-salvador/. Accessed on July 19, 2011.
480 Lydersen and J. Wallach, “Is Free Trade a Gold Mine?”
481 E. Ayala, “Most Water-Stressed Country in Central America,” Inter Press Service, December 9, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/12/el-salvador-most-water-stressed-country-in-central-america/. Accessed on December 16, 2010; R. Cavooris, “Obama’s Final Stopover: Ignoring CAFTA Protests in San Salvador,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 23, 2011. Available online at: http://www.coha.org/obama%E2%80%99s-final-stopover-ignoring-cafta-protests-in-san-salvador/comment-page-1/. Accessed on April 14, 2011.
482 Zucker, “El Salvador: Mining the Resistance,” pp. 42–47; Z. Dyer, “El Salvador Faces CAFTA Suit Over Mine Project,” NACLA Report on the Americas, February 6, 2009. Available online at: https://nacla.org/news/el-salvador-faces-cafta-suit-over-mine-project. Accessed on February 13, 2009; J. Wallach, “Pacific Rim Silent in Wake of Violence against Anti-Mining Protesters in Cabañas, El Salvador,” Upside Down World, August 5, 2009. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2037/1. Accessed on August 6, 2009.
483 Zucker, “El Salvador: Mining the Resistance,” p. 42; Wallach, “Pacific Rim Silent in Wake of Violence Against Anti-Mining Protesters.”
484 Council of Canadians, Common Frontiers, MiningWatch Canada, “Murder in El Salvador Calls Canadian Mining Interests into Question,” Communiqué. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/murder-el-salvador-calls-canadian-mining-interests-question. Accessed on August 1, 2013; Jennifer Moore, “Corporate Rights Over Human Rights: Canadian Mining in Central America,” Discussion paper prepared for a public event hosted by Territorio Libre: Canada’s Dirty Gold Rush in Central America, University of Ottawa, January 12, 2011. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/corporate-rights-over-human-rights-canadian-mining-central-america. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
485 Radio Mundo Real, “Testimonio del padre Neftalí Ruíz sobre la Resistencia a la minería en Cabañas.” Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/11658-testimonio-del-padre-neftali-ruiz-sobre-la-resistencia-a-la-mineria-en-cabanas. Accessed on August 1, 2013; La Mesa Nacional frente a la Minería Metálica de El Salvador, “Asesinato de ambientalista sin esclarecer y la megaminería en pie,” Communiqué, June 17, 2012. Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/10307-asesinato-de-ambientalista-sin-esclarecer-y-la-megamineria-en-pie. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
486 Collins, “The Failure of Socially Responsive Gold Mining,” Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 2009, p. 262.
487 Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (CISPES), “CISPES Action Alert,” January 31, 2011. Available online at: www.cispes.org. Accessed on February 3, 2011; D. Mackey and T. Simon, “Threats and Violence Continue against Salvadoran Environmentalists,” Upside Down World, January 26, 2012. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/el-salvador-archives-74/3428-threats-and-violence-continue-against-salvadoran-environmentalists. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
488 Quoted in El Diario, “El Salvador y las agresiones a la lucha antiminera,” El Diario, July 23, 2013. Available online at: http://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/minería-manifestaciones-El_Salvador-represion_0_156784975.html. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
489 Lydersen and Wallach, “Is Free Trade a Gold Mine?”
490 Colectivo de Derechos Humanos, “A Canadian Mining Company Making a Killing in El Salvador … Again,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, December 23, 2009; G. Montalvo, “Fallen Anti-Mining Activists Honored With Vigil,” Upside Down World, January 14, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/el-salvador-archives-74/2314-solidarity-with-environmentalists-killed-in-el-salvador. Accessed on January 14, 2010.
491 Globe and Mail, “Pacific Rim arbitration on El Salvador mine begins,” Globe and Mail, June 1, 2010, p. B10. The case was heard at the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes in Washington, D.C. See also, HispanTV, “Denuncian agresión económica contra El Salvador por transnacional canadiense.” Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/12655-denuncian-agresion-economica-contra-el-salvador-por-transnacional-canadiense. Accessed on August 2, 2013; Gloria Moronta, “La minera Pacific Rim demanda 315 millones de dólares al Estado salvadoreño,” Conflictos Mineros, April 4, 2013. Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/12656-la-minera-pacific-rim-demanda-315-millones-de-dolares-al-estado-salvadoreno. Accessed on August 2, 2013.
492 Reuters, “Canadian miner’s complaint can proceed under El Salvador law,” Reuters, June 2, 2012. Available online at: http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pacificrimmining-idUKBRE8510FY20120602. Accessed on June 2, 2012.
493 Contrapunto, “Organizaciones reaccionan ante demanda Pacific Rim,” Conflictos Mineros, April 4, 2013. Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/12660-organizaciones-reaccionan-ante-demanda-pacific-rim. Accessed on August 2, 2013.
494 Quoted in ibid.
495 “Lanzan en El Salvador Movimiento Mesoamericano contra la Minería Metálica (M4),” Conflictos Mineros, April 25, 2013. Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/10034-lanzan-en-el-salvador-movimiento-mesoamericano-contra-la-mineria-m4. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
496 Wolf, “Subverting Democracy,” pp. 447–450.
497 H. Perla Jr. and H. Cruz-Feliciano, “The Twenty-First Century Left in El Salvador and Nicaragua: Understanding Apparent Contradictions and Criticisms,” Latin American Perspectives, 40, 3, 2013, p. 84.
498 La Mesa Nacional frente a la Minería Metálica de El Salvador, “Comunidades y organizaciones rechazan resolución emitida por asesinatos de ambientalistas,” Communiqué, April 26, 2012. Available online at: http://www.conflictosmineros.net/contenidos/14-el-salvador/10038-comunidades-y-organizaciones-rechazan-emitida-por-asesinatos-de-ambientalistas. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
499 J. Wallach, “Another Anti-Mining Activist Shot in Cabañas El Salvador, Hitman Tied to Pacific Rim is Detained,” Upside Down World, August 13, 2009. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/el-salvador-archives-74/2049-another-anti-mining-activist-shot-in-cabael-salvador-hitman-tied-to-pacific-rim-is-detained. Accessed on August 14, 2009.
500 A. Bebbington, “Underground Political Ecologies: The Second Annual Lecture of the Cultural and Political Ecology Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers,” Geoforum, 43, 2012, p. 1154.
501 M. Hill, “El Salvador intends total ban on mining,” Mining Weekly, August 6, 2010. Available online at: http://www.miningweekly.com/article/el-salvador-intends-total-ban-on-mining---report-2010-08-06. Accessed on August 12, 2010; E. Achtenberg, “El Salvador: Funes Opposes Mining, But Legal Ban Uncertain,” NACLA Report on the Americas, July 8, 2011. Available online at: https://nacla.org/blog/2011/7/8/el-salvador-funes-opposes-mining-legal-ban-uncertain. Accessed on July 11, 2011.
502 América Economía, “ONG salvadoreña insiste ante Parlamento que apruebe una ley contra la minería,” América Economía, July 23, 2013. Available online at: http://americaeconomia.com/negocios-industrias/ong-salvadorena-insiste-ante-parlamento-que-apruebe-una-ley-contra-la-mineria. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
503 Periódico Correo, “Exigen salvadoreños prohibir explotación minera,” America Latina en Movimiento, July 22, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/61024&lang=es. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
504 Contra Punto, “PDDH, minería no viable en El Salvador, ” Contra Punto, October 15, 2012. Available online at: http://www.contrapunto.com.sv/ambiente/pddh-mineria-no-viable-en-el-salvador. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
505 Author’s name redacted, “Your questions regarding our requested meeting,” January 14, 2011, Access to Information file, A-2011-02152. The source is redacted but the letter is sent to persons in the embassy.
506 R. Calderon, “Mining in El Salvador, an update,” San Salvador: Canadian Embassy, no date provided, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152. A visit from an “expert” on cyanide had been originally planned in 2009, but, according to a letter mining company representative the embassy cancelled the trip. The embassy reports that the timing of the visit was not good given the recent assassinations.
507 R. Calderon, “solicitud entrevista sobre minería,” San Salvador: Canadian Embassy, March 4, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152.
508 R. Shaw-Wood, “Re. Mining in El Salvador, an update,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 7, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152.
509 G. L. Vunderlink, “Peasant Participation and Mobilization During Economic Crisis: The Case of Costa Rica,” Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 4, 1990, pp. 3–4; C. Mesa-Lago, Market, Socialist, and Mixed Economies: Comparative Policy and Performance in Chile, Cuba, and Costa Rica, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2001; J. Mahoney, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2002.
510 W.I. Robinson, “Transnational Processes, Development Studies and Changing Social Hierarchies in the World System: A Central American Case Study,” Third World Quarterly, 22, 4, 2001, pp. 529–563; Vunderlink, “Peasant Participation and Mobilization,” p. 4; Thomas Marois, “From Economic Crisis to a ‘State’ of Crisis? The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica,” Historical Materialism, 13, 3, 2005, pp. 101–134.
511 D. Sánchez Ancochea, “Domestic Capital, Civil Servants and the State: Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic under Globalisation,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 37, 4, 2005, pp. 697, 702.
512 S. Mora Solano, “Diez años de acciones colectivas en Costa Rica,” Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 5, 1, 2008, p. 140.
513 P. Almeida, “Subnational Opposition to Globalization,” Social Forces, 90, 4, 2012, pp. 1051–1072; E. Frajman, “Information and Values in Popular Protests: Costa Rica in 2000,” Bulletin of Latin American Research, 28, 1, 2009, pp. 44–62.
514 E. Frajman, “The People, Not the Movement: Opposition to CAFTA in Costa Rica, 2002–2007,” Latin American Perspectives, 39, 6, 2012, p. 117.
515 C. Wimmer, untitled brief, July 28, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
516 El País, “Fiebre del oro amenaza aguas en cerro de Abangares, Guanacaste,” El País, September 16, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/53259. Accessed on August 7, 2013; Northern Miner, “Lyon Link Drills Costa Rican Play,” Northern Miner, June 9, 1997. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/lyon-lake-drills-costa-rica-play/1000098762/. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
517 El País, “ONG ambientalista estudia daños causados por minera canadiense en Crucitas,” El País, January 16, 2012. Available online at: http//www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/60931. Accessed on August 7, 2013; “Abogados ambientalistas solicitan ejecutar sentencia minera Crucitas,” El País, December 23, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59872. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
518 BN Americas, “Government’s hands tied over Las Crucitas gold project,” BN Americas, August 17, 2004. Available online at: http://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/mining/Govt’s_hands_tied_over_Las_Crucitas_gold_project. Accessed on November 23, 2010.
519 Mining Watch, “Vannessa Ventures drops defamation charge against Costa Rican environmentalist,” Mining Watch, October 26, 2006. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/vannessa-ventures-drops-defamation-charges-against-costa-rican-environmentalist. Accessed on August 6, 2012; Mining Watch, “Costa Rican constitutional court upholds cancellation of Crucitas gold mining permit,” Mining Watch, December 6, 2006. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/costa-rican-constitutional-court-upholds-cancellation-crucitas-gold-mining-permit. Accessed on August 6, 2012; A. Vaccoro, “Infinito Gold looks to unlock Costa Rica’s mining potential,” Northern Miner, October 13, 2008. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/infinito-gold-looks-to-unlock-costa-rica-s-mining-potential/1000224005/. Accessed on August 6, 2012.
520 E. Wang and L. Dalby, “Crucitas Gold Mining Project,” San José: Canadian Embassy and Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
521 Rema, “Asegura Canadá que minera en Costa Rica cumplió requisitos,” Rema, August 9, 2010. Available online at: http://rema.codigosur.net/leer.php/4941356.html. Accessed on August 12, 2010.
522 J. Rodriguez, “Costa Rica/Nicaragua/Honduas Pol-Econ Report—30 Apr to 18 May, 2010,” May 19, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630; C. Wimmer, untitled brief, April 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
523 Latin America Press, “Lawmakers ban open-pit mining,” Latin America Press, November 24, 2010. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6269. Accessed on December 4, 2010.
524 Latin America Press, “Government considers overturning gold mining decree,” Latin America Press, July 14, 2010. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?item=1&art=6176. Accessed on July 22, 2010.
525 El País, “Renunció viceministro aliado de minería a cielo abierto,” El País, January 28, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/61521. Accessed on August 7, 2013; El País, “Viceministro y asesor de Laura Chinchilla ha sido un aliado de Crucitas,” El País, July 30, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/29497. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
526 C. Wimmer, untitled brief, April 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
527 La Prensa, “Canadá sale en defensa de Crucitas,” La Prensa, August 10, 2010. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/08/10/nacionales/447375-canada-sale-en-defensa-de-crucitas. Accessed on August 19, 2010.
528 J. Marder, “Urgent: PCO inquiry on Las Crucitas,” September 17, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
529 C. Salazar, “Minera de Crucitas suspendió annuncio de acciones legales tras fallo de Justicia de Costa Rica,” El País, November 30, 2010. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 30, 2010.
530 El País, “Golpe de Estado en Poder Judicial para favorecer a minera Infinito Gold,” El País, November 15, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/57551. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
531 C. Salazar Fernández, “Óscar Arias sigue defendiendo ‘legalidad’ de mina de oro en Crucitas,” El País, December 2, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58823. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
532 Quoted in “Infinito Gold y Minaet rehuyen debate sobre sentencia en U PAZ,” El País, December 8, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59082. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
533 El País, “Ola de protestas ocupó a Costa Rica este martes,” El País, November 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58146. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
534 U.S. Embassy, wikileaks, cable 06SANJOSE706, Rodrigo Arias, Minister of Presidencey, San Jose: U.S. Embassy, March 30, 2006.
535 G. Segnini, “Socio de Crucitas ofreció $250,000 a la Fundación Arias,” April 28, 2011, //m.eleconomista.net/2011/04/28/investigan-a-fundacion-arias-para-la-p Accessed May 3, 2011.
536 Donations to political parties can be found at the www.elections.ca database.
537 On the invitation list were a number of other important Canadian corporations active in Costa Rica, including Ebbi, Air Canada, La República newspaper, and Scotiabank. “Empresas mineras patrocinan Fiesta en Embajada de Canadá,” El País, June 20, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/47753. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
538 El País, “Infinito Gold ausente en Foro de universidades público sobre minería,” El País, November 26, 2010. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed November 29, 2010. Infinito quoted in C. Salazar, “Minera canadiense descalifica estudio sobre daños ambientales en Crucitas,” El País, April 16, 2012. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on April 16, 2012.
539 El País, “Infinito Gold y Minaet rehuyen debate sobre sentencia en U PAZ,” El País, December 8, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59082. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
540 El País, “Minera Infinito Gold defiende proyecto Crucitas en tercer debate,” El País, September 29, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/33178. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
541 Agence France Presse, “Empresa minera canadiense demanda a diputado de Costa Rica,” Agence France Presse, June 24, 2011. Available online at: feeds.univision.com. Accessed on July 4, 2011; El País, “Empresa minera canadiense demanda a dos académicos de la UCR,” El País, November 29, 2011. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 29, 2011; El País, “En Costa Rica intimidan a líderes sociales, ambientalistas y académicos,” El País, November 23, 2011. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 23, 2011; El País, “Industrias Infinito ataca a diputado Manrique Oviedo por supeusta difamación,” El País, June 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/47371. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
542 Quoted in El País, “En Costa Rica intimidan a líderes sociales, ambientalistas y académicos,” El País, November 23, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58144. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
543 Agence France Presse, “Intensa jornada de protestas en Costa Rica,” Estrategia y Negocios, November 22, 2011. Available online at: www.estrategiaynegocios.net. Accessed on November 23, 2011.
544 El País, “Sepultado proyecto minero Crucitas en Costa Rica,” El País, November 30, 2011. Accessed on November 30, 2011.
545 M. Zimmerman, Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001; R. Burbach and O. Nuñez, Fire in the Americas: Forging a Revolutionary Agenda, London: Verso, 1987; J. Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus.
546 Among the MRS’s more prominent founding figures was Sergio Ramírez Mercado, who had been Vice-President between 1985 and 1990. R. Mercado is author of Adiós Muchachos: A Memoir of the Sandinista Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2011.
547 R. Burbach, “Et tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 42, 2, March-April 2009, pp. 33–37; C. Ross, “A Nicaraguan Farce,” Upside Down World, January 20, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/nicaragua-archives-62/2330-a-nicaraguan-farce. Accessed on August 8, 2013; K. Kampwirth, “Abortion, Antifeminism, and the Return of Daniel Ortega: In Nicaragua, Leftist Politics?” Latin American Perspectives, 35, 6, November 2008, pp. 122–136; D. Haase, “Revolution, Interrupted: Gender and Microfinance in Nicaragua,” Critical Sociology, 38, 2, 2011, pp. 221–240.
548 H. Perla Jr. and H. Cruz-Feliciano, “The Twenty-First-Century Left in El Salvador and Nicaragua: Understanding Apparent Contradictions and Criticisms,” Latin American Perspectives, 40, 3, 2013, p. 84.
549 A. Thomson, “Ortega Heads for Re-Election in Nicaragua,” Financial Times, November 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/aca01480-0955-11e1-8e86-00144feadbdc0.html#axzz2bKUzmOuA. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
550 J. Watts, “Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia Offer Asylum to Edward Snowden,” The Guardian, July 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/06/venezuela-nicaragua-offer-asylum-edward-snowden. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
551 EFE, “Nicaragua otorga a empresas licencia de generación de energía hidroeléctrica,” Mis Finanzas, January 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.misfinanzasenlinea.com/noticias/20110109/nicaragua-otorga-a-empresas-licencia-de-generacion-de-energia-hidroelectrica. Accessed on January 7, 2011; EFE, “Gobierno de Nicaragua proyecta duplicar inversión extranjera directa en 2011,” Confidencial, January 25, 2011. Available online at: http://confidencial.com.ni/archivos/articulo/3015/gobierno-de-nicaragua-proyecta-duplicar-inversion-extranjera-directa-en-2011. Accessed on January 25, 2011; M. Mayoral, “Nicaragua notifica record en inversion extranjera directa,” Prensa Latina, March 22, 2012. Available online at: www.prensa-latina.cu. Accessed on March 22, 2012.
552 A. Vaccaro, “B2Gold makes Nicaragua its platform for growth,” Northern Miner, March 26-April 1, 2012, p. 1.
553 Vaccaro, “B2Gold makes Nicaragua its platform for growth,” p. 14.
554 La Prensa, “Nicaragua ofrecerá oportunidades mineras en Canadá,” La Prensa, March 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/01/activos/136554. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
555 W. Álvarez Hidalgo, “Altos precios del oro animan exploración minera,” La Prensa, November 29, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/11/29/economia/44935. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
556 Quoted in L. Navas, “Con la mirada en el mercado,” La Prensa, May 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/05/22/activos/147593-mirada-mercado. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
557 E. Romero, “Reviven quejas contra minera,” La Prensa, June 11, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/06/11/ambito/150315-reviven-quejas-contra-minera. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
558 Quoted in T. Rothschuh, “Revive protesta de mineros de Santo Domingo,” La Prensa, August 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com/ni/2013/08/01/departamentales/157021. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
559 J. Denis Cruz, “Casos de mineros a la CIDH,” La Prensa, March 4, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/04/ambito/136792. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
560 J. Adán Silva and L.E. Martínez, “Bendita minería maldita,” La Prensa, March 25, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/25/reportajes-especiales/139557-bendita-mineria-maldita. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
561 Quoted in Ibid.
562 Quoted in L. Eduardo Martínez, “Mujeres tampoco creen en minería,” La Prensa, March 23, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/23/ambito/139407-mujeres-tampoco-creen-mineria?movil. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
563 Quoted in Ibid.
564 L. Navas, “Potencial minero en San Albino-Murra,” La Prensa, February 3, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/02/03/economia/50920-potencial-minero-san-albino. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
565 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned by Nicaraguan Re-election Ruling,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 29, 2009.
566 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Calls for Strengthened Democracy in Nicaragua Following Elections,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 9, 2011; Confidencial, “Amigos de la Carta Democrática ante ‘opaca’ elección presidencial,” Confidencial, January 6, 2012. Available online at: www.confidencial.com. Accessed on January 6, 2012.
567 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned by Nicaraguan Re-election Ruling,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 29, 2009.
568 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Enhances Trade Links with the Americas,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 11, 2009.
569 S. Chase, “Harper signs trade deal with Panama,” Globe and Mail, August 12, 2009, p. A4.
570 E. Fast, “Address by Minister Fast to Panama Investment Mission,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 17, 2011.
571 M. de Jesús Jiménez Montero, B. Ramírez Valverde, and J. Pablo Martínez Dávila, “Construcción de territorios en Donoso, Panamá: Período 1970–2008,” Historia Crítica, Bogotá, 48, September-December 2012, pp. 111–136.
572 La Jornada, “Los Ngäbe-Buglé de Panamá defienden su comarca y sus recursos: Contra los intereses de empresas estadounidenses,” La Jornada, July 14, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/07/14/oja-silvia.html. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
573 M. Keevil, “Inmet keeps wary eye on smouldering Panama policy debate,” Northern Miner, March 26-April 1, 2012, p. 13.
574 Embassy, “Panama gives copper mine go-ahead,” Embassy, February 16, 2011, p.2.
575 T. Kiladze, “Panama mining code proposal rattles Inmet project,” Globe and Mail, March 5, 2011, p. B11.
576 For a history of the racism involved in hydroelectric development in Panamá, see M. Finley-Brook and C. Thomas, “Renewable Energy and Human Rights Violations: Illustrative Cases from Indigenous Territories in Panama,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101, 4, 2011, pp. 863–872.
577 La Jornada, “Policía de Panamá desbloquea carreteras; un muerto, 32 heridos y 40 detenidos,” La Jornada, February 5, 2012.
578 La Jornada, “Los Ngäbe-Buglé de Panamá defienden su comarca y sus recursos: Contra los intereses de empresas estadounidenses,” La Jornada, July 14, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/07/14/oja-silvia.html. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
579 Mining Watch, “Two Killed in Panama Mining Protests,” Mining Watch, February 8, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/two-killed-panama-mining-protests. Accessed on February 8, 2012.
580 M. Keevil, “Inmet keeps wary eye on smouldering Panama policy debate,” p. 13.
581 Central America Data, “More conditions for mining project,” Central America Data, January 16, 2012. Available online at: http://www.centralamericadata.com/en/article/home/More_Conditions_for_Mining_Project. Accessed on August 10, 2012; Cultural Survival, “Panama Campaign: President Re-establishes Mining Code,” Cultural Survival, April 11, 2012. Available online at: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/good-news-panama-campaign-president-re-establishes-mining-code. Accessed on April 14, 2012.
582 La Jornada, “El gobierno de Panamá anuncia apoya a la investigación a Financial Pacific,” La Jornada, December 30, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/12/30/economia/023n2eco. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
583 La Jornada, “Regresan directives de Financial Pacific 12.2 millones de dólares tras escándalo,” La Jornada, January 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/01/06/economia/020n2eco. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
584 P. Kent, “Minister of State Kent to Visit Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 12, 2009.
585 In 2008, Foreign Affairs provided C$88,000 for a project to provide equipment for specialized training at the Central American Regional Peacekeeping Training Centre in Guatemala. See Proactive Disclosure, Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards over $25,000, Award date June 26, 2008. Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on April 14, 2012; and C$58,000 for technical assistance for counterterrorism. See Proactive Disclosure, Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards over $25,000, award date September 2, 2008. Available online at: http://www.international.gc.ca/. Accessed on April 14, 2012.
586 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Committed to Peace, Justice and Security in Guatemala,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 23, 2011.
587 National Defence, “Estimate of Ongoing Instability in Guatemala,” 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-00795.
588 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Harper Announces Contributions to Security Enhancements in Central America,” Ottawa: Prime Ministe’s Office, August 12, 2011.
589 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Harper Announces Support to Enhance Security in the Americas,” Ottawa: Prime Ministe’s Office, April 15, 2012; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Reinforces Support for Improved Security in Americas,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 5, 2012; National Defence, “Canada to Donate Equipment to Belize Defence Forces,” Ottawa: National Defence, June 12, 2012; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Announces Regional Support to Combat Illicit Drug Trafficking in Washington D.C.,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, July 2, 2012.
590 National Defence, “Minister MacKay Announces Canadian Participation in Exercise PANAMAX,” Ottawa: National Defence, August 12, 2011.
591 A. Bird, “Drugs and Business: Central America Faces Another Round of Violence,” NACLA Report on the Americas, Spring 2012, p. 35.
592 G. Isfeld, “Export Development Canada Opens Bogotá Office amid Central, South America Push,” Financial Post, February 5, 2014. Available online at: http://business.financialpost.com/2014/02/05/export-development-canada-opens-bogota-office-amid-central-south-america-push/. Accessed on February 10, 2014.
593 Mining Watch and CENSAT-Agua Viva, Land and Conflict: Resource Extraction, Human Rights, and Corporate Social Responsibility—Canadian Companies in Colombia, Ottawa: Inter Pares, 2009, p. 11.
594 Cansim data table 376-0051, accessed October 2, 2013; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “An FTA with the Andean Community countries of Colombia and Peru: Qualitative Economic Analysis,” June 2007. Available online at: www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on November 1, 2008.
595 A. Ismi, Profiting from Repression: Canadian Investment in and Trade with Colombia, third edition, 2012, p. 31 fn 40.
596 Mining property data is from the www.northernminer.com property database. Accessed on October 3, 2013.
597 N. López, “Mining and oil boom propel investment in Colombia,” Bloomerg Business, August 15, 2010. Available online at: http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9HK2EV01.htm. Accessed on August 18, 2010; P. Christopher Webster, “Colombia is Canada’s new best friend,” Globe and Mail, April 26, 2012. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/colombia-is-canadas-new-best-friend/article4102946/?page=all. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
598 Webster, “Colombia is Canada’s new best friend.”
599 Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, “Minister Fast Holds Extractive-Sector Round Table with Canadian Companies in Colombia,” Bogotá, Colombia: Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, August 12, 2014.
600 Webster, “Colombia is Canada’s new best friend.”
601 Globe and Mail, “Brookfield to invest $400 million in Colombia,” Globe and Mail, September 10, 2009, p. B10.
602 Semana, “Cuando el río suena…,” Semana, October 8, 2011. Available online at: http://m.semana.com/economia/articulo/cuando-rio-suena/247572-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
603 G. Robertson, “Scotiabank buys Banco Colpatria,” Globe and Mail, October 20, 2011. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/scotiabank-buys-banco-colpatria/article559128/. Accessed on October 20, 2011; La República, “Scotia y Colpatria traerán inversión canadiense en minería,” La República, January 18, 2012. Available online at: www.larepublica.co. Accessed on January 23, 2012.
604 J. Rafael Nieto López, “Resistencia social en Colombia: Entre Guerra y neoliberalismo,” Observatorio Social de América Latina (OSAL), 30, October 2011.
605 For a classic account of la violencia in the department of Antioquia, see M. Roldán, Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946–1953, Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
606 R. Zibechi, “La Paz del extractivismo en Colombia,” La Jornada, July 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/09/07/opinion/021a2pol. Accessed on February 10, 2014.
607 For background, see N. Richani, Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia, Second Edition, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014.
608 On the UP, see F. Hylton, Evil Hour in Colombia, London: Verso, 2006, pp. 72–78.
609 R. Zibechi, “La Paz del extractivismo en Colombia”; On Plan Colombia, see J. Petras, “The Geopolitics of Plan Colombia,” Monthly Review, 53, 1, 2001, pp. 30–49.
610 Nieto López, “Resistencia social en Colombia,” p. 127.
611 F. Hylton, “The Experience of Defeat: The Colombian Left and the Cold War that Never Ends,” Historical Materialism, 22, 1, 2014, pp. 89–90.
612 F. Hylton, Evil Hour in Colombia, pp. 80–86.
613 J. Hristov, “Uribe and the Paramilitarization of the Colombian State,” New Socialist, 59, 2006, p. 14.
614 W. Avilés, “Paramilitarism and Colombia’s Low-Intensity Democracy,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 38, 2, 2006, p. 380.
615 K. Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” in Veltmeyer and Petras, eds., The New Extractivism; see also, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights, 2006; C. Campbell, “Addicted to Blood Coal,” Maclean’s, March 20, 2006, p. 36.
616 F. Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination: How U.S. Corporate Power is Destroying Colombia, Translated by A. Chomsky, Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2005, p. 86–87.
617 Hylton, Evil Hour, p 4; and Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination, pp. 84–85.
618 Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination, p. 85.
619 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), CIA: World Fact Book, Washington, D.C.: CIA, 2006.
620 Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination, pp. 82–83.
621 Hristov, “Uribe and the Paramilitarization,” p. 14.
622 See J. Hristov, Paramilitarism and Neoliberalism: Violent Systems of Capital Accumulation in Colombia and Beyond, London: Pluto Books, 2014.
623 N. Richani, “The Agrarian Rentier Political Economy: Land Concentration and Food Insecurity in Colombia,” Latin American Research Review, 47, 2, 2012, p. 51.
624 Ibid., p. 69.
625 Ibid., p. 68.
626 F. Hylton, “The Experience of Defeat,” p. 91.
627 Nieto López, “Resistencia social en Colombia,” p. 127.
628 Ibid., p. 128.
629 Ibid., p. 129. The Human Rights Watch report is cited in R. Zibechi, “El retorno triunfal del campesinado,” América Latina en Movimiento, September 23, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/67650&lang=es. Accessed on February 13, 2014.
630 Nieto López, “Resistencia social en Colombia,” p. 129.
631 Ibid., pp. 129–130.
632 Ibid., p. 130.
633 Hylton, Evil Hour, p 129.
634 For the statement alluding to Venezuela see R. Foot, “Harper Touts Third Way, Emulate Canada Not U.S. PM Says in Chile,” National Post, 18 July 2007, p. A1; for the statement on Colombia see R. Foot, “PM Defends Entering Free Trade Talks with Colombia” National Post, 17 July 2007, p. A4.
635 Hylton, Evil Hour, p. 105.
636 Ibid., p. 93.
637 Ibid., p. 94.
638 R. Zibechi, “La Paz del extractivismo en Colombia,” La Jornada, July 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/09/07/opinion/021a2pol. Accessed on February 10, 2014.
639 Ibid.
640 Peace Brigades International, “Mining in Colombia: At What Cost?” Newsletter, 18, November 2011, pp. 9–10, 14–15.
641 R. Zibechi, “La Paz del extractivismo en Colombia,” La Jornada, July 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/09/07/opinion/021a2pol. Accessed on February 10, 2014.
642 Forrest Hylton is correct to remind us, in a sober counterweight to Panglossian readings of the revival of a new Colombian Left in the wake of the peace negotiations and the agrarian strike, that evidence of lasting, urban articulations of Left renewal in Colombia is still fragmentary at best. “Despite several days of protest in Bogotá, there was no urban Left to capitalise on the unrest,” he writes, “or overcome, through coalition-building, the sectorial limits of rural protest in a predominantly urban polity.” Hylton, “The Experience of Defeat,” p. 68. Nonetheless, the size of the agrarian mobilizations of the summer of 2013 is probably indicative of a new cycle of struggle at least in the Colombian countryside, where the consequence of extractivism is felt most fiercely.
643 R. Zibechi, “El retorno triunfal del campesinado,” América Latina en Movimiento, September 23, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/67650&lang=es. Accessed on February 13, 2014.
644 Ibid.
645 Ibid.
646 C. Zarate-Laun, “Gold v. Water,” Counterpunch, January 20, 2011. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/01/20/gold-v-water/. Accessed on January 21, 2011.
647 K. Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” in Veltmeyer and Petras, eds., The New Extractivism, pp. 122, 126.
648 Y. Cuervo Sotelo, “Una aproximación a la megaminería en Colombia,” Revista Theomai, 25, 2012, p. 140.
649 Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” p. 130.
650 Peace Brigades International, “Mining in Colombia: At What Cost?” Newsletter, 18, November 2011, p. 4.
651 Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” p. 132.
652 Cuervo Sotelo, “Una aproximación a la megaminería en Colombia,” p. 143.
653 Ibid.
654 Peace Brigades International, “Mining in Colombia: At What Cost?” p. 6.
655 Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” p. 126.
656 Cuervo Sotelo, “Una aproximación a la megaminería en Colombia,” p. 142.
657 D. Paley, “Canadian Companies Out for Colombian Oil,” NACLA Report on the Americas, August 11, 2010. Available online at: nacla.org. Accessed on September 19, 2010.
658 P. Knox, “Canada’s Role in Colombia Probed,” The Globe and Mail, June 1, 2001, p. A11.
659 K. Patterson, “The Trouble with Junior: Small-Scale Companies Dogged by Controversy,” The Ottawa Citizen, October 3, 2005, p. A4.
660 Toronto Star, “The Brutal Price of Fly-By-Night Mining,” Toronto Star, January 21, 1999, p. A1.
661 Ismi, “Profiting from Repression.”
662 Hylton, Evil Hour, p. 91.
663 D. Pugliese, “Soldiers of Fortune,” The Ottawa Citizen, November 12, 2005, p. A1.
664 Vancouver Sun, “Colombia Not Safe,” Vancouver Sun, May 4, 2002, p A2.
665 A. Robinson, “Mining Conference to Tackle Range of Controversial Issues,” Globe and Mail, May 13, 2002, p. B3.
666 Ibid., p. B4.
667 Quoted in Ibid., p. B4.
668 Quoted in Harris, “Colombia’s Troubles Pale Next to Golden Opportunities,” Globe and Mail, January 4, 2006, p. B4. For Hristov, “Uribe’s re-election” [in 2006] signifies: 1) The continuation of a system characterized by unequal, exploitative, alienating and exclusionary social relations; 2) The aggravation of the country’s subordinate position in the global capitalist hierarchy; 3) The consolidation of U.S. imperial (military and economic) presence; 4) The legalization of illegality, a fusion of the legal and the illegal in such a creative way, that the government can claim the paramilitary no longer exists, when in reality it has profoundly penetrated the very fabric of state institutions and the national economy; 5) The initiation of a new phase of the model: the unified Colombian para-narco state; 6) The invigoration of social struggles.” Hristov, “Uribe and the Paramilitarization,” p. 15.
669 P. Harris, “Illegal mining Colombia’s new bane,” Globe and Mail, May 9, 2013, B10.
670 Cited in Joan Martínez Alier, “Consultas populares en Colombia contra industrias extractivas,” La Jornada, February 9, 2014. Available line at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2014/02/09/economia/022a1eco. Accessed on February 10, 2014.
671 Joan Martínez Alier, “Consultas populares en Colombia contra industrias extractivas.”
672 Carrie Tait, “Pacific Rubiales Strikes Deal to Acquire Petrominerales,” The Globe and Mail, September 30, 2013. Available on-line at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/rubiales-strikes-deal-for-petrominerales/article14600753/. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
673 López, “Mining and oil boom propel investment in Colombia.”
674 J. Bogan, “A Crude Climber in Colombia,” Forbes, September 29, 2009. Available online at: http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/29/pacific-rubiales-colombia-business-energy-old.html. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
675 A. Schipani, “Pacific Rubiales has Faith in Colombia,” Financial Times, July 25, 2013. Available online at: http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/07/25/pacific-rubiales-has-faith-in-colombia/#axzz2tg4gdna3. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
676 Ibid.
677 J. Bogan, “A Crude Climber in Colombia.”
678 A. Schipani, “Pacific Rubiales has Faith in Colombia.”
679 Ibid.
680 A. Schipani, “Colombia’s Oil Producers Surge Ahead,” Financial Times, June 3, 2013. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/92b87f80-9de2-11e2-9ccc-00144feabdc0.html. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
681 C. Queiroz, “Continúa impase entre trabajadores y empresas petroleras,” Adital, July 26, 2011. Available online at: http://site.adital.com.br/site/noticia.php?lang=ES&cod=58709. Accessed on August 6, 2011.
682 Nieto López, “Resistencia social en Colombia: Entre Guerra y neoliberalismo,” Observatorio Social de América Latina (OSAL), 30, October 2011, p. 139.
683 L. Jaime Acosta, “Colombia Increases Security at Largest Oil Field,” National Post, October 26, 2011. Available online at: http://business.financialpost.com/2011/10/26/colombia-increases-security-at-largest-oil-field/?__lsa=760c-1710. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
684 C. Kraul, “Colombia Seeks Truce in Oil Workers Strike,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 2011. Available online at: http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/22/business/la-fi-colombia-oil-strike-20110922. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
685 D. Coles, “Shame on this Canadian Company,” Huffington Post (Canada), January 8, 2013. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/dave-coles/pacific-rubiales-energy-colombia-_b_3683318.html. Accessed on February 12, 2014.
686 Ibid.
687 N. Logan, “Colombian Labour Union Accuses Canada’s Pacific Rubiales Energy of intimidation,” Global News, July 19, 2013. Available online at: http://globalnews.ca/news/729796/colombian-labour-union-accuses-canadas-pacific-rubiales-energy-of-intimidation/. Accessed on July 21, 2013; López, “Mining and oil boom propel investment in Colombia”; Queiroz, “Continúa impase entre trabajadores y empresas petroleras”; J. Barber, “Is this how the system works? Canadian government looks away as Pacific Rubiales faces accussations in Colombia,” Rabble, September 20, 2013. Available online at: http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/comfront/2013/09/this-how-system-works-canadian-government-looks-away-pacific-rubiale. Accessed on September 20, 2013.
688 Semana, “Pesos pesados,” Semana, May 11, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/100-empresas/articulo/pesos-pesados/342855-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
689 Semana, “Pacific Rubiales sube su apuesta por crudo Colombiano,” Semana, September 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/Imprimir.aspx?idItem=359466. Accessed on March 21, 2014.
690 D. Healing, “Colombia oil and gas protests could undermine shareholder confidence: Analysts,” Montreal Gazette, September 22, 2011. Available online at: www.montrealgazette.com. Accessed on September 28, 2011; Peace Brigades International, “Mining in Colombia: At What Cost?” p. 39.
691 Semana, “Angustia por la obtención de petróleo,” Semana, December 21, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/Imprimir.aspx?idItem=369103. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
692 Ibid.
693 Semana, “Otro hallazgo de petróleo en Colombia,” Semana, December 9, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/ecopetrol-encuentra-pozo-petrolero/367726-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
694 I. Bickis, “Gran Colombia struggles with violence in Colombia,” Northern Miner, October 31-November 6, 2011, p. 19.
695 Semana, “Proyectos mineros en el socavón,” Semana, August 10, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/economia/articulo/proyectos-mineros-socavon/353676-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
696 Al Jazeera, “Colombia’s Goldrush,” Al Jazeera, July 5, 2011. Available online at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2011/07/2011757127575176.html. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
697 El Tiempo, “Un misterio, el asesinato del párroco de Marmato,” El Tiempo, September 5, 2011. Available online at: www.eltiempo.com. Accessed on June 5, 2014; G. Conte, “La historia más infame: la montaña de oro que mató a un joven cura en colombia,” MDZ, September 14, 2011. Available online at: http://www.mdzol.com/nota/326116-la-historia-mas-infame-la-montana-de-oro-quemato-a-un-joven-cura-en-colombia/. Accessed on September 4, 2013.
698 Webster, “Colombia is Canada’s new best friend.”
699 Semana, “Proyectos mineros en el socavón.”
700 Bickis, “Gran Colombia struggles with violence in Colombia.”
701 J. Fernando Rojas T., “Crisis del oro desata despidos en Segovia,” El Colombiano, January 30, 2014. Available online at: http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/C/crisis_del_oro_desata_despidos_en_segovia/crisis_del_oro_desata_despidos_en_segovia.asp. Accessed on February 17, 2014.
702 Y. Amat, “‘Colombia está al borde de un desastre ambiental’: Sandra Morelli,” El Tiempo, October 14, 2012. Available online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-12303681. Accessed on: February 18, 2014.
703 Semana, “Proyectos mineros en el socavón.”
704 Semana, “La Pelea por Santurbán,” Semana, December 7, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-pelea-por-santurban/367354-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
705 K. Sankey, “Colombia—The Mining Boom: A Catalyst of Development or Resistance?” p. 137.
706 Semana, “La guerra por los parques naturales,” Semana, June 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-guerra-por-los-parques-naturales/345087-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
707 Semana, “Pesos pesados,” Semana, May 11, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/100-empresas/articulo/pesos-pesados/342855-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
708 Mining Watch and CENSAT-Agua Viva, Land and Conflict: Resource Extraction, Human Rights, and Corporate Social Responsibility—Canadian Companies in Colombia, Ottawa: Inter Pares, 2009.
709 Ibid., p. 42.
710 Ibid., p. 43.
711 Ibid., p. 43.
712 ibid., p. 43.
713 Y. Amat, “‘Colombia está al borde de un desastre ambiental’.”
714 Mining Watch, “Defending land and life against an impending train wreck: Canadian mining in Colombia,” Mining Watch, December 4, 2011. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/defending-land-and-life-against-impending-train-wreck-canadian-mining-colombia. Accessed on January 15, 2012.
715 Reuters, “Colombia to prohibit mining in gold-rich northern area,” Mining Weekly, January 9, 2013. Available online at: www.miningweekly.com. Accessed on January 10, 2013.
716 EFE, “Colombia considera rebajar impuestos a empresas mineras, dice el ministro Rodado,” SDP Noticias, March 8, 2011. Available online at: http://www.sdpnoticias.com/notas/2011/03/08/colombia-considera-rebajar-impuestos-a-empresas-mineras-dice-el-ministro-rodado. Accessed on March 14, 2011; Globe and Mail, “Greystar to modify Colombian project,” Globe and Mail, March 19, 2011, p. B9; Gordon, Imperialist Canada, p. 209.
717 J. Silva Herrera, “Tres magistrados van a la selva; evalúan si permiten extracción de oro,” El Tiempo, January 29, 2014. Available online at: http://www.eltiempo.com/vida-de-hoy/ecologia/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-13427338.html. Accessed on February 18, 2014.
718 Semana, “La guerra por los parques naturales,” Semana, June 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-guerra-por-los-parques-naturales/345087-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
719 Semana, “Procuraduría pide frenar proyecto minero en el corazón de la Amazonía,” Semana, July 14, 2011. Available online at: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/procuraduria-pide-frenar-proyecto-minero-corazon-amazonia/243001-3. Accessed on June 9, 2014.
720 G. des Rivières, “Embajada de Canadá—Mensaje para del Dr. Tomás González, Viceministro de Minas,” Bogotá: Canadian Embassy, August 27, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02416.
721 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Ablonczy to Lead Trade Mission to Peru, Colombia and Panama,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 9, 2012.
722 Despite the significance of the FTA and Canada’s relations with Colombia, the mainstream foreign policy literature has barely given either any attention. Randall and Dowling’s analysis of Canada’s engagement with Colombia, a rarity in the literature, astonishingly barely mentions the FTA and ignores the killings of unionists and indigenous peoples. S. Randall and J. Dowding, “Canada, Latin America, Colombia, and the Evolving Policy Agenda,” Canadian Foreign Policy, 14, 2008, pp. 29–46.
723 E. Payne, “Colombian Activists Say Canadian Companies Benefitting from Human Rights Abuses,” Ottawa Citizen, February 6, 2014. Available online at: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Colombian+activists+says+Canadian+companies+benefiting+from/9478549/story.html. Accessed on February 13, 2014.
724 L. Diebel, “How free, this deal?” Toronto Star, April 4, 2010, pp. IN1, 2. Internal embassy and FAIT reports on Colombia commonly note the poor human rights situation in the country.
725 S. Harper, “Statement by Prime Minister Harper on his visit to Colombia following meetings with President Uribe,” July 16, 2007. Available online at: www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1755. Accessed on May, 2008.
726 S. Day, Hansard, 40th Parliament, 2nd Session, Number 080, September 14, 2009.
727 This was certainly an argument employed by Brison during the parliamentary debates.
728 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada-Colombia Bilateral Relations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02392.
729 Yates, “Annotated Agenda: Third Annual Canada-Colombia Consultations on Human Rights,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-02145.
730 D. Paley, “Ten Injured as Riot Police Break Strike at Calgary-owned Oil Company,” Upside Down World, June 14, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/news-briefs-archives-68/2541-colombia-ten-injured-as-riot-police-break-strike-at-calgary-owned-oil-company. Accessed on June 17, 2010.
731 Just the Facts, “Murders of human rights defenders jump sharply in Colombia,” Just the Facts, August 6, 2013. Available online at: www.justf.org. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
732 The reports can be found online at http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/colombia-colombie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/hrft-co_2012-dple.aspx?lang=eng.
733 Quoted in C. Arsenault, “Digging Up Canadian Dirt in Colombia,” Canadian Dimension, November/December 2006, p. 32.
734 J. Hristov, “Indigenous Struggles for Land and Culture in Cauca, Colombia,” Journal of Peasant Studies, 32, 1, 2005, p. 110; Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination, pp. 38–41; J. Kuyek, “Legitimating Plunder: Canadian Mining Companies and Corporate Social Responsibility,” in L. North, T. Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America, Toronto: Between the Lines, 2006, p. 209.
735 Ramírez Cuellar, The Profits of Extermination, p 38.
736 Ibid.
737 Company manager and the environmental consultant are quoted in Al Jazeera, “Colombia’s Goldrush,” Al Jazeera, July 5, 2011. Available online at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2011/07/2011757127575176.html. Accessed on April 4, 2016.
738 Dinero, “Lo que pierde el Estado por privilegios tributarios a la mineria,” Dinero, April 26, 2013. Available online at: http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/lo-pierde-estado-privilegios-tributarios-mineria/174393. Accessed on April 26, 2013.
739 Canadian International Development Agency, “Minister Oda announces initiatives to increase the benefits of natural resource management for people in Africa and South America,” September 29, 2011. Available online at: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca. Accessed on September 29, 2011.
740 V. Pinto, “Reestructuración neoliberal del estado peruano, industrias extrativas y derechos sobre el territorio,” in José de Echave C., Raphael Hoetmer and Mario Palacios Panéz, eds., Minería y territorio en el Perú: Conflictos, resistencias y propuestas en tiempos de globalización, Lima: Programa Democracia y Transformación Global, 2009, p. 85.
741 F. Li, Unearthing Conflict: Corporate Mining, Activism, and Expertise in Peru, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2015; M. Arce, Resource Extraction and Protest in Peru, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014; J. Bury and T. Norris, “Rocks, Rangers, and Resistance: Mining and Conservation Frontiers in the Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru,” in A. Bebbington and J. Bury, eds., Subterranean Struggles: New Dynamics of Mining, Oil, and Gas in Latin America, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013; A. Bebbington and M. Scurrah, “Hydrocarbon Conflicts and Indigenous Peoples in the Peruvian Amazon: Mobilization and Negotiation Along the Río Corrientes,” in A. Bebbington and J. Bury, eds., Subterranean Struggles: New Dynamics of Mining, Oil, and Gas in Latin America; J.C. Postigo, M. Montoya, and K.R. Young, “Natural Resources in the Subsoil and Social Conflicts on the Surface: Perspectives on Peru’s Subsurface Political Ecology,” in A. Bebbington and J. Bury, eds., Subterranean Struggles: New Dynamics of Mining, Oil, and Gas in Latin America, Austin; L. Taylor, “Environmentalism and Social Protest: The Contemporary Anti-Mining Mobilization in the Province of San Marcos and Condebamba Valley, Peru,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 11, 3, 2011; J. Lust, “Peru: Mining Capital and Social Resistance,” in Veltmeyer and Petras, eds., The New Extractivism.
742 CEPAL, Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2014, Santiago, Chile: CEPAL, 2014, p. 78.
743 M. Sosa and M. Zwarteveen, “Exploring the Politics of Water Grabbing: The Case of Large Mining Operations in the Peruvian Andes,” Water Alternatives, 5, 2, 2012, p. 360.
744 J. Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse: Decentralisation, Mining and Conflict in Peru,” The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 4, 2011, p. 620.
745 A.F. Ponce and C. McClintock, “The Explosive Combination of Inefficient Local Bureaucracies and Mining Production: Evidence from Localized Societal Protest in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 3, 2014, p. 121.
746 A. Schipani, “Peru’s President Sees a Sharp 2014 GDP Slump,” Financial Times, January 7, 2015. Available online at: http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2015/01/07/perus-president-sees-a-sharp-2014-gdp-slump/. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
747 J. De Echave, “La minería peruana y los escenarios de transición,” in A. Alayza Moncloa and E. Gudynas, eds, Transiciones: Post extractivismo y alternativas al extractivismo en el Perú, Lima: Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales, CEPES, 2011, p. 68.
748 Ibid., p. 69.
749 Ibid., p. 70.
750 R. Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería,” América Latina en Movimiento, March 11, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/62367&lang=es. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
751 Ibid., p. 77.
752 Andina, “Inversiones canadienses en Perú suman casi US$8,000 millones,” Andina, September 28, 2013. Available online at: www.andina.com.pe. Accessed on October 1, 2013. Mining property figures are from the www.northernminer.com property database.
753 Agencia Orbita, “Canadiense Dessau adquiere empresa peruana y fortalece su presencia en sector energético,” Agencia Orbita, July 6, 2012. Available online at: http://agenciaorbita.org/. Accessed on July 7, 2012.
754 Foreign Affairs, “Briefing Book for the Minister and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs: Peru, Argentina, Uruguay and Colombia,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-00541.
755 J. Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse: Decentralisation, Mining and Conflict in Peru,” The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 4, 2011, p. 77.
756 E. Gudynas, “Caminos par alas transiciones post extractivistas,” in A. Alayza Moncloa and E. Gudynas, eds., Transiciones: Post extractivismo y alternativas al extractivismo en el Perú, Lima: Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales, CEPES, 2011, p. 190.
757 Ibid., p. 199.
758 Ibid., pp. 190–191.
759 E. Figueroa, C. Orihuela, and E. Calfucura, “Green Accounting and Sustainability of the Peruvian Metal Mining Sector,” Resources Policy, 35, 2010, pp. 156, 165.
760 A. Bebbington and M. Williams, “Water and Mining Conflicts in Peru,” Mountain Research and Development, 28, 3, 2008, p. 190.
761 Ibid., p. 191.
762 Ibid., p. 191.
763 Ibid., p. 191.
764 M. Sosa and M. Zwarteveen, “Exploring the Politics of Water Grabbing: The Case of Large Mining Operations in the Peruvian Andes,” Water Alternatives, 5, 2, 2012, p. 361.
765 Ibid., p. 372.
766 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “The Economic Factor in Peruvian History,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011, p. 118.
767 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “On the Indigenous Problem: A Brief Historical Overview,” in in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 145.
768 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “The Land Problem,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 111.
769 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “Colonial Economy,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 134.
770 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “Programmatic Principles of the Socialist Party,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 238.
771 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “The Problems of Race in Latin America,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 310.
772 J. Carlos Mariátegui, “Peru’s Principal Problem,” in H.E. Vanden and M. Becker, eds., José Carlos Mariátegui: An Anthology, p. 140.
773 For a classic account, see H. Blanco, Land or Death: The Peasant Struggle in Peru, New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972.
774 G. Rénique, “‘People’s War,’ ‘Dirty War’: Cold War Legacy and the End of History in Postwar Peru,” in Grandin and Joseph, eds., A Century of Violence, p. 320.
775 Ibid., p. 328.
776 Ibid., p. 328.
777 S.J. Stern, ed., Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1998.
778 Rénique, “’People’s War,’ ‘Dirty War’,” pp. 308–309.
779 Ibid., p. 309.
780 D. Poole and G. Rénique, “Terror and the Privatized State: A Peruvian Parable,” Radical History Review, 85, 2003, p. 153.
781 See “Final Report,” Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Lima, Peru, 2003. Available online at: http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/ifinal/conclusiones.php. Accessed on February 28, 2015.
782 Poole and Rénique, “Terrorism and the Privatized State,” p. 153.
783 Montesinos is presently serving an extensive sentence for various corruption convictions. He was arrested several months after fleeing the country, following Fujimori’s downfall in 2000. He has also been charged with extortion, arms smuggling, drug running, and directing a paramilitary death squad. See, among others, New York Times, “Peru Ex-Spy Chief Says Candidate for President Aided His Escape,” New York Times, May 21, 2006. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/world/americas/21peru.html?ref=topics. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
784 Rénique, “‘People’s War,’ ‘Dirty War’,” p. 332.
785 V. Pinto, “Reestructuración neoliberal del estado peruano, industrias extrativas y derechos sobre el territorio,” in J. de Echave C., R. Hoetmer and M. Palacios Panéz, eds., Minería y territorio en el Perú: Conflictos, resistencias y propuestas en tiempos de globalización, Lima: Programa Democracia y Transformación Global, 2009, pp. 87–93.
786 J. de Echave C., “Minería y conflictos sociales en el Perú,” in in J. de Echave C., R. Hoetmer and M. Palacios Panéz, eds., Minería y territorio en el Perú: Conflictos, resistencias y propuestas en tiempos de globalización, p. 107.
787 A.F. Ponce and C. McClintock, “The Explosive Combination of Inefficient Local Bureaucracies and Mining Production: Evidence from Localized Societal Protest in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 3, 2014, p. 121.
788 Ibid., pp. 120–121.
789 J. Todd Bury, “Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes,” Journal of Latin American Geography, 1, 1, 2002, p. 5.
790 J. Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse: Decentralisation, Mining and Conflict in Peru,” The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 4, 2011, p. 620.
791 Ibid., p. 621.
792 Bury, “Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes,” p. 5.
793 Ibid., p. 4; R. Hoetmer, “Lo visible, lo possible y los ausente: movimientos y conflictos sociales en el Perú,” Observatorio Social de América Latina, 8, 20, 2006, p. 180.
794 M. Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action After Neoliberalism in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 50, 3, 2008, pp. 43–44.
795 Ibid., p. 53.
796 G. Bland and L.A. Chirinos, “Democratization Through Contention? Regional and Local Governance Conflict in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 1, 2014, p. 75.
797 Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action,” p. 53.
798 Hoetmer, “Lo visible, lo possible y los ausente,” p. 178.
799 J. de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru: Constructing a Framework for Decision-Making,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2005, p. 17.
800 W. Stuek, “Mining Firms Agree to Peruvian Payment,” The Globe and Mail, August 25, 2006, p. B5; D. Szablowski, “Regulating Corporate and Community Engagement in a Large Mining Project,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America, pp. 37–59; de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru,” pp. 21–30.
801 E. Orozco, “Manhattan Minerals Likes Prospects in Peru’s Tambogrande Project: Gold and Copper Mine,” National Post, January 3, 2002, p. FP4.
802 C. Mauro, “Peruvian Farmers Try to Prevent Strip Mining,” The Vancouver Sun, February 12, 2003, p. C2.
803 K. Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining: Canadian Company Caught in Fracas over Peruvian Plans,” National Post, May 15, 2001, p. C1.
804 H. Haarstad and A. Fløysand, “Globalization and the Power of Rescaled Narratives: A Case of Opposition to Mining in Tambogrande, Peru,” Political Geography, 26, 2007, p. 296.
805 Ibid.; Orozco, “Manhattan Minerals Likes Prospects.”
806 R. Kozak, “Manhattan Mine Scheme Rejected: Citizens in Peruvian Village Vote Solidly to Disallow Project,” National Post, June 4, 2002, p. FP10.
807 de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru,” pp. 118–119.
808 Ibid., pp. 119–120.
809 Ibid., p. 122.
810 Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining.”
811 F. Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America, pp. 60–62.
812 Graham Chow, Manhattan’s chief executive, was quoted as follows: “There have been several robberies of landowners in the area for payroll in the last two months. Police have identified a suspect and he’s a petty criminal with a long criminal record in the area and the investigation is going to take its course.” Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining.”
813 Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” pp. 61–62.
814 J. Martínez Alier, “Referendos mineros locales: Kañaris, en Perú,” La Jornada, February 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/02/22/opinion/025a1pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
815 Kozak, “Manhattan Mine Scheme Rejected.”
816 Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” p. 61.
817 Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action,” p. 55.
818 Haarstad and Fløysand, “Globalization and the Power of Rescaled Narratives,” p. 296.
819 Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse,” p. 621.
820 M. Himley, “Regularizing Extraction in Andean Peru: Mining and Social Mobilization in an Age of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Antipode, 45, 2, 2013, pp. 402–403.
821 Ibid., p. 403.
822 Ibid., p. 395.
823 M. Himley, “Mining History: Mobilizing the Past in Struggles Over Mineral Extraction in Peru,” Geographical Review, 104, 2, 2014, p. 185.
824 H. Guergis, “Notes for an Address by the Honourable Helena Geurgis, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and International Trade and Secretary of State for Sport, to the Canada-Peru Chamber of Commerce,” Lima, Peru: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, July 23, 2007.
825 A. Páez, “Peru: Three Days of Anti-Government Protests,” Inter Press Service. July 8, 2009. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/07/peru-three-days-of-anti-government-protests/. Accessed on July 9, 2009; M. Salazar, “Mineral-Rich Highlands Lack Legal Protection,” Inter Press Service, November 30, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/11/peru-mineral-rich-highlands-lack-legal-protection/. Accessed on November 30, 2010; ABC, “Perú alcanzó cifra histórico de concesiones para exploración minera en 2010,” ABC, February 7, 2011. Available online at: www.abc.es. Accessed on February 9, 2011.
826 C. Stauffer and T. Cespedes, “Peru’s presidential field split over mining taxes,” Reuters, March 17, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-election-mining-idUSTRE72G6V720110317. Accessed on April 14, 2011; A. Páez, “Mining Firms Alarmed at Election of Leftist Governor,” Inter Press Service, November 11, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/11/peru-mining-firms-alarmed-at-election-of-leftist-governor/. Accessed on November 18, 2010.
827 D. Hill, “Peru Now Has a ‘Licence to Kill’ Environmental Protesters,” Guardian, June 29, 2014. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/andes-to-the-amazon/2014/jun/29/peru-licence-to-kill-environmental-protestors. Accessed on March 2, 2015.
828 Mining Watch, “Newsletter 27,” Ottawa: Mining Watch, Winter 2009–10. Available online at: www.miningwatch.ca. Accessed on March 1, 2010; A. Paez, “Peru: Three Days of Anti-Government Protests;” R. Zibechi, “Peru: Un año de Bagua, nuevos actors frente a un Estado en crisis,” América Latina en Movimiento, June 16, 2010. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/38929&lang=es. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
829 Day quoted in Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Trade Agreement with Peru Opens Doors to Latin America,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 18, 2009.
830 Peruvian government official quoted in Mining Watch, “Newsletter 27.”
831 R. Escobar, “Small-scale miners’ protest turns deadly,” Latin America Press, April 23, 2010. Available online at: http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6110. Accesssed on April 29, 2010.
832 N. Mapstone, “Peru halts drive against illegal gold miners,” Financial Times, March 2, 2011. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/056af080-44e4-11e0-a8c6-00144feab49a.html#axzz3vzndWmJV. Accessed on March 3, 2011.
833 Agence France-Presse, “Peruvians protest presence of Canadian mining company,” Edmonton Journal, May 26, 2011. Available online at: www.edmontonjournal.com. Accessed on May 26, 2011; Al Jazeera, “Peru halts mine project after protesters shot,” Al Jazeera, June 25, 2011. Available online at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/06/201162535356326164.html. Accessed on June 25, 2011; Bear Creek CEO quoted in M. Allan, “Peruvians protest against Bear Creek’s Santa Ana,” Northern Miner, June 6–12, 2011, p. B4; the Canadian embassy is quoted in Canadian Embassy in Peru, “Bear Creek Mining Corporation, Santa Ana Project, Puno, Peru,” Lima, Peru: Canadian Embassy, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2012-00533.
834 R. Carroll, “Peru’s tribal groups chide president for vetoing rainforest law,” Guardian, June 24, 2010. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/24/peru-president-blocks-conservation-law. Accessed on July 6, 2010.
835 Lust, “Peru: Mining Capital and Social Resistance,” p. 209.
836 Ibid., p. 211.
837 R. Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería,” América Latina en Movimiento, March 11, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/62367&lang=es. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
838 J. Luis Duárez Mendoza, “Conflictos socioambientales en el Perú neoliberal,” Obervatorio Social de América Latina, 13, 32, 2012, p. 186.
839 La Jornada, “Oposición en Perú a las transnacionales mineras,” La Jornada, April 8, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/04/08/eco-o.html. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
840 C. Dumbrille, “The risks of gold mining in Peru,” Northern Miner, April 23–29, 2012, p. 4.
841 Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería.”
842 Ibid.
843 L. Taylor, “Environmentalism and Social Protest: The Contemporary Anti-Mining Mobilization in the Province of San Marcos and Condebamba Valley, Peru,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 11, 3, 2011, p. 424.
844 A. Emery, “Peru to Request Hochschild, Hudbay Suspend Mining Activity,” Business Week, February 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-09/peru-to-request-hochschild-hudbay-suspend-mining-activity-1-. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
845 I. Bickis, “Mid-tier producers grapple with Peru’s growing pains,” Northern Miner, June 25–July 1, 2012, p. B2.
846 Indigenous activist quoted in Amazon Watch, “Talisman Energy Withdraws from Peruvian Amazon,” Amazon Watch, September 13, 2012. Available online at: http://amazonwatch.org/news/2012/0913-talisman-energy-withdraws-from-peruvian-amazon. Accessed on September 14, 2012.
847 Reuters, “One dead, four injured in clash near Barrick Gold’s Peru mine,” Reuters, September 20, 2012. Available online at: http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE88J15W20120920. Accessed on September 20, 2012.
848 J. Vybiral, “Amazon Indians unite against Canadian oil giant,” Survival International, March 14, 2013. Available online at: http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/9023. Accessed on March 22, 2013.
849 R. Zibechi, “Guerra minera en los Andes peruanos,” La Jornada, March 8, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/03/08/opinion/027a2pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
850 J. Martínez Alier, “Referendos mineros locales: Kañaris, en Perú,” La Jornada, February 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/02/22/opinion/025a1pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.
851 L. Mulvany, “Candente Copper Falls After Mining Veto in Peru,” Bloomberg, October 2, 2012. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-02/candente-copper-falls-after-mining-veto-in-peru. Accessed on October 4, 2012; MAC, “Peru: Blockade at Cañariaco Norte project,” MAC: Mines and Communities, December 6, 2012. Available online at: http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=12047. Accessed on December 13, 2012; Associated Press, “Clash at Canadian-owned Peru mine leaves at least 4 hurt,” CBC News, January 25, 2013. Available online at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/clash-at-canadian-owned-peru-mine-leaves-at-least-4-hurt-1.1381767. Accessed on February 1, 2013; La República, “Minera canadiense Candente Copper suspende actividades en Cañariaco,” La República, May 18, 2013. Available online at: http://larepublica.pe/18-05-2013/minera-canadiense-candente-copper-suspende-actividades-en-canariaco. Accessed on May 20, 2013.
852 Zibechi, “Guerra minera en los Andes peruanos.”
853 R. Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería.”
854 A. Foster, “Peru’s defence minister invited to Canada, says vice foreign minister,” Embassy, October 31, 2012, p. 16; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Ablonczy to Lead Trade Mission to Peru, Colombia and Panama,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 9, 2012.
855 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird meets with Peru’s President, Ollanta Humala,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 18, 2013.
856 Guardian, “U.S. embassy cables: Mining companies worried about security,” Guardian, January 31, 2011. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/38881. Accessed on February 2, 2011.
857 A. Bebbington et al., Mining and Development in Peru, London: Peru Support Group, 2007.
858 K. Keenan, “Canadian Mining: Still Unaccountable,” NACLA Report on the Americas, May/June, 2010, pp. 29–31.
859 N. Sabourin, “Pérou: les élections régionales et locales laissent entrevoir une campagne présidentielle mouvementée en 2011,” Lima: Canadian Embassy, October 14, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01361.
860 Stauffer and Cespedes, “Peru’s presidential field split over mining taxes”; M. Salazar, “Resistance to Increasing Mining Royalties,” Inter Press Service, December 10, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/12/peru-resistance-to-increasing-mining-royalties/. Accessed on December 16, 2012; Reuters, “Peru miners say campaign talk deters investors,” Reuters, March 9, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/peru-mining-investment-idUSN0922794420110309. Accessed on March 10, 2011.
861 C. Donville and A. Emery, “Toledo Pledges ‘No Surprises’ for Foreign Metal Miners in Peru,” Bloomberg, December 2, 2010. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-02/peru-president-candidate-toledo-pledges-no-surprises-for-foreign-miners. Accessed on December 9, 2010.
862 Reuters, “Peru front-runner Humala aims to assuage investors,” Reuters, April 3, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/peru-election-idUSN0330201620110403. Accessed on April 4, 2011.
863 U.S. Embassy in Lima, “Ollanta Humala Claims He Can Save Peru from Extremists,” June 26, 2008, released from //wikileaks.ch Feburary 20, 2011, accessed March 1, 2011.
864 Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, “Peru-Canada Mineral Resources Reform Project,” Development Project Browser, project n. A031548-001.
865 Prime Minister’s Office, “Canada Supports Economic Growth Through Conflict Prevention in Peru,” Ottawa: Prime Minister’s Office, November 12, 2011.
866 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Stephen Harper Announces Support for Development and Sustainable Economic Growth in Peru,” Lima, Peru: Prime Minister’s Office, May 22, 2013.
867 L. Berthiaume, “Questions raised as Canada moves to help Peru streamline environmental assessments for mining projects,” Canada.com, May 22, 2013. Available online at: http://o.canada.com/business/questions-raised-as-canada-moves-to-help-peru-streamline-environmental-assessments-for-mining-projects. Accessed on May 23, 2013.
868 R. Arnold, “Mining, CIDA partnership in Peru is pacification program, not development,” Embassy, March 5, 2012. Available online at: http://m.embassynews.ca/news/2012/03/05/mining-cida-partnership-in-peru-is-pacification-program-not-development/42195. Accessed on March 6, 2012.
869 Canadian International Development Agency, “Minister Oda announces initiatives to increase the benefits of natural resources management for people in Africa and South America,” September 29, 2011. Available online at: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca. Accessed on September 29, 2011.
870 Personal interview, Quito, July 14, 2010.
871 See, among others, M. Becker, Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador’s Modern Indigenous Movements, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2008; Becker, Pachakutik: Indigenous Movements and Electoral Politics in Ecuador, Second edition, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012.
872 Gutiérrez, of the Patriotic Society Party (PSP), had run his 2002 electoral campaign on an anti-neoliberal platform but immediately capitulated to the neoliberal policy prescriptions of the International Monetary Fund once in office. CONAIE supported the party’s election and even provided ministers for the government’s first cabinet, although within seven months the rapidly intensifying rupture between the indigenous movement and the now evidently neoliberal Gutiérrez had been formally played out with the resignation of these ministers.
873 C. Conaghan, Restructuring Domination: Industrialists and the State in Ecuador, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988, p. 6.
874 Ibid.
875 Privy Council Office, “Draft Intelligence Memorandum Ecuador: Leftist Wins the Presidency,” Ottawa: Privy Council Office, November 29, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2010-02390.
876 W. Wagner, “Mining list/Table,” Ottawa: NRCan, April 29, 2008, Access to Information—NRCan, file DC7040-11-308.
877 El Diario, “Ecuador firma contratos petroleros con empresas de EEUU, Argentina y Canadá,” El Diario, February 5, 2012. Available online at: www.eldiario.com. Accessed on February 12, 2012.
878 W. Sacher and A. Acosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador: Amálisis y datos estadísticos sobre la minería industrial en el Ecuador, Quito: Abya Yala, 2012, pp. 30–31.
879 Canadian Embassy in Quito, “Roundtable with Representatives of Most Active Canadian Mining and Oil and Gas Companies with Operations in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, Tuesday, May 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402; Council for Responsible Mining, “Update on the reactivation process for Exploration and Mining activity by Canadian Companies in Ecuador,” Quito: Council for Responsible Mining, August 23, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.
880 R. Kuffner, “Pull-Aside With Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño at the OAS General Assembly,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
881 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ecuador Country Strategy Process 2008–09, Quito: Canadian Embassy, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-02401.
882 Press Association, “Ecuador Restates Support for Julian Assange on Asylum Anniversary,” Guardian, August 16, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/16/ecuador-julian-assange-asylum-anniversary. Accessed on September 7, 2013; Democracy Now, “Exclusive: Ecuador’s Foreign Minister on Snowden Asylum and Latin American Resistance to U.S. Spying,” Democracy Now, July 9, 2013. Available online at: http://www.democracynow.org/2013/7/9/exclusive_ecuadors_foreign_minister_on_snowden. Accessed on September 7, 2013.
883 Concerns about his relations with Chávez come out, for instance, in M. Pasquel, “Chavez fifth visit to Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, May 28, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-02391.
884 I. Harris, “Ecuador’s Mineral Crossroads: Canada’s Commitment?” Focal Point, June 2008, p. 4.
885 R. Dube, “Strong diplomatic presence benefits miners—IAMGOLD—Regional,” BN Americas, June 25, 2010. Available online at: http://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/mining/Strong_diplomatic_presence_benefits_miners_-_IAMGOLD. Accessed on March 8, 2013.
886 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ecuador Country Strategy Process 2008–09.
887 F. Ramírez Gallegos, “Fragmentación, reflujo y desconcierto: Movimientos sociales y cambio político en el Ecuador (2000–2010),” Observatorio Social de América Latina, 28, November 2010, pp. 28–32.
888 Ibid., pp. 38–39.
889 Personal interview, Quito, July 8, 2010.
890 Ibid.
891 Ibid.
892 G. Solano, “U.S. Closes Military Post in Ecuador,” Washington Post, September 19, 2009.
893 M. Unda, “Ecuador 2010: El año 4 de la Revolución Ciudadana,” Observatorio Social de América Latina, 29, May, 2011, pp. 138.
894 For the most comprehensive critical reflections on the political economy of Correa’s period in office, see A. Acosta, ed., El correísmo al desnudo, Quito: Montecristi Vive, 2013; P. Ospina Peralta, “‘Estamos hacienda mejor las cosas con el mismo modelo antes que cambiarlo’: La revolución ciudadana en Ecuador (2007–2012),” in C. Arze, J. Gómez, P. Ospina, V. Álvarez, eds., Cambios y continuidades en los gobiernos progresistas de América Latina, La Paz: CEDLA, 2013, pp. 177–278.
895 Ramírez Gallegos, “Fragmentación, reflujo y doconcierto,” p. 41.
896 Unda, “Ecuador 2010,” p. 138.
897 Raúl Zibechi, “Ecuador: The Construction of a New Model of Domination,” Upside Down World, August 5, 2011. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/3152-ecuador-the-construction-of-a-new-model-of-domination. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
898 Unda, “Ecuador 2010,” p. 138.
899 Raúl Zibechi, “Bolivia and Ecuador: The State against the Indigenous People,” Americas Program, July 19, 2010.
900 Personal interview, Quito, 5 July, 2010.
901 P. Ospina Peralta, “La unidad de las izquierdas,” La Línea del Fuego, September 8, 2011.
902 EIU, Ecuador: Country Report, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, September, 2011, p. 13.
903 Personal interview, Quito, 10 August, 2011. ECUARUNARI is the acronym for “Ecuador Runacunapac Riccharimui,” a Kichwa phrase meaning “awakening of the Ecuadorian Indians.”
904 J. Paul Rathbone, “Bolivia and Ecuador Feel Political Heat,” Financial Times, September 6, 2011. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3844369e-d010-11e0-81e2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3vzndWmJV. Accessed on August 4, 2013.
905 Associated Press, “Rafael Correa Re-Elected for Third Term as President of Ecuador,” Guardian, February 18, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/18/ecuador-election-rafael-correa-victory. Accessed on August 15, 2014; M. Becker, “Ecuador’s Rafael Correa Re-elected by a Wide Margin,” Upside Down World, February 18, 2013. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/4135-ecuadors-rafael-correa-re-elected-by-a-wide-margin. Accessed on August 15, 2014.
906 See A. Acosta, Breve historia económica del Ecuador, segunda edición, novena impresión, Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional, 2006.
907 M. Varela, “Las actividades extractivas en Ecuador,” Ecuador Debate, 79, April, 2010, pp. 130–131.
908 W. Sacher and A. Acosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador: Análisis y datos estadísticos sobre la minería industrial en el Ecuador, Quito: Abya Yala, 2012, p. 13.
909 Ibid., p. 14.
910 Ibid., p. 16.
911 Personal Interview, Quito, July 8, 2010.
912 X.S. Warnaars, “Why be Poor when We can be Rich? Constructing Responsible Mining in El Pangui, Ecuador,” Resources Policy, 37, 2012, p. 227.
913 On the history of the Shuar’s confrontations with oil multinationals see S. Sawyer, Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004.
914 Warnaars, “Why Be Poor when We can Be Rich?” p. 227.
915 Ibid., p. 227.
916 K. Sunquist, “Canadian Mining Interests in Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 24, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
917 A. Bebbington, D. Humphreys Bebbington, J. Bury, J. Lingan, J. Pablo Muñoz, and M. Scurrah, “Mining and Social Movements: Struggles Over Livelihood and Rural Territorial Development in the Andes,” World Development, 36, 12, 2008, p. 2894.
918 Ibid., p. 2898.
919 Ibid., p. 2899.
920 G. David Kuecker, “Fighting for the Forests: Grassroots Resistance to Mining in Northern Ecuador,” Latin American Perspectives, 34, 2, 2007, p. 104.
921 Ibid., p. 104.
922 Ibid., p. 105.
923 Personal Interview, Quito, July 8, 2010.
924 Personal Interview, Quito, July 7, 2010. All subsequent quotations of Chicaiza are drawn from this interview.
925 See Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, May 7, 2010. Available online at: http://business-humanrights.org/en/canada-court-dismisses-ecuadorians-lawsuit-against-copper-mesa-and-toronto-stock-exchange. Accessed on May 13, 2010; for coverage of the dynamics of the initial lawsuit, see J. Moore, “Canadian Mining Firm Financed Violence in Ecuador: Lawsuit,” The Tyee, March 3, 2009. Available online at: http://thetyee.ca/News/2009/03/03/CanMining/. Accessed on March 4, 2009.
926 S. Latorre and A. Santillana, “Capitalismo estatal o convergencia popular,” Íconos, 34, 2009, pp. 14–17.
927 Canadian Embassy Quito, Situation Report, Quito: Canadian Embassy, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02389. It is not just mining companies that have had difficulties, as RIM representatives visited the country in early 2010 to push for the elimination of a newly-imposed 35 percent tariff on cell phone imports. U.S. Embassy, “Ecuador Rebuffs International Companies on Balance of Payments Safeguards,” Wikileaks, February 2, 2010. Available online at: wikileaks.org. Accessed on January 10, 2012.
928 The last three quotes are from C. Lapointe, “RE: Ecuador Mining Update,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, February 13, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01187, and Sunquist, “Canadian Mining Interests in Ecuador.” Our focus is largely on mining, which clearly dominates the embassy’s strategic considerations during this period. But the embassy also organized a seminar for the hydroelectric industry that included Ecuador’s Minister of Electricity and the opportunity for Canadian companies to sponsor the event and get their logo on invitations. Author unknown, “Reunión con Embajador—Seminario Hidroeléctrico,” Quito: Ecaudorian-Canadian Chamber of Commerce, August 6, 2008; and R. Kuffner, “Re: hidro seminar,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 2, 2008, both Access to Information, file A-2010-01186. Sponsoring embassy events would not appear to be uncommon, as companies from the mining and oil and gas sectors and Quiport paid for the daytime Canada Day party at the ambassador’s home as well as the evening piano concert he hosted. A. Shisko, “Canada Day,” Quito: Canadian Embasy, June 13, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01196.
929 Author unknown, “Re: Responsabilidad Social y Mineria—CERES y Embajada de Canada,” Quito: Kinross Gold, February 13, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01198.
930 B. Tink, “RE: Ecuador Mining Update,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 13, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01187.
931 M. Pasquel, “Ecuadorian Constitution Draft,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, November 6, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2008-00052.
932 Escopusa Noticias, “Asambleista Monica Chuji Denuncia Excesivo ‘Lobbying’ De Mineras Extranjeras,” Quito: Escopus Noticisas, February 5, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
933 Author unknown, “Mining and Community Development Social April 26,” Quito, April 20, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01191.
934 D. Clarke, “Community Development—Mining as a Tool for Development,” 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01187. Clarke heads Clarke Educational Services which, in consultant speak, “specializes in developing partnerships amongst diverse stakeholder groups within the resource extraction industry.” Clarke Educational Services and Wayne Dunn & Associates, “Ecuador Mining [title redacted]: Building Strategic Plan and Proposal,” Quito: Ecuador, February 2, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01191
935 J. Moore and T. Velásquez, “Sovereignty Negotiated: Anti-Mining Movements, the State and Multinational Mining Companies under Correa’s ‘21st Century Socialism’,” in A. Bebbington, ed., Social Conflict, Economic Development and Extractive Industry: Evidence from South America, London: Routledge, 2012, p. 118.
936 Ibid., p. 112.
937 Sacher and Acosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador, p. 18.
938 Ibid., p. 18.
939 Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty Negotiated,” p. 119.
940 Sacher and Actosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador, p. 20.
941 C. Lapointe, “Canadian Mining Interests at Serious Risk of Being Wiped-out for at Least Six Months in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 17, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
942 C. Lapointe, “Re: From Quito,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 17, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01194.
943 Quoted in Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty negotiated,” p. 119.
944 Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty negotiated,” p. 119.
945 Ibid.
946 Ibid.
947 M. Hawkes, “Strategic Planning Session for Upcoming Meeting with Vice-Minister of International Commerce, Eduardo Egas,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, March 27, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
948 Y. Obiri-Yeboah, “Memorandum for Decision,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, April 25, 2008; R. Valdez, “Report Second Coordination Meeting for Ecuadorian-Canadian interests,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 29, 2008; M. Hawkes, “Canada-Ecuador FIPA Consultations,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, June 5, 2008. All documents are from Access to Information, file A-2009-00778
949 C. Lapointe, “Messages brought to Correa today by Ambassador Lapointe,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, June 24, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01194; Author unknown, “Re: Ricardo,” Quito: EcuaCorriente, April 28, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186. In fact, the possibility of using investor-dispute mechanism in the FIPA was discussed on a number of occasions by the embassy and companies, with input from Ottawa. It seems as though this option was shelved as it became clear that Correa was, in the end, more than willing to negotiate with the Canadians. R. Kuffner, “Canada’s FIPA with Ecuador Really Matters,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, November 12, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
950 Author unknown, “Talking points for Canadian mining industry meeting with President Correa,” Quito: Aurelian Resources, April 24, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01198.
951 Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty negotiated,” p. 120; Ecuadorian official quoted in J. Spicer and A. Soto, “Ecuador reassures miners,” Globe and Mail, April 26, 2008, p. B3.
952 Author unknown, “Update on the Situation in Ecuador, “Embassy in Quito: specific date uknown, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2008-00052.
953 Author unknown, “Canadian Mining Companies in Ecuador: discussion points with Government of Canada,” Quito: Aurelian Resources, August 5, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01198.
954 Canadian Embassy Quito, Situation Report, Quito: Canadian Embassy, specific date unknown, 2010.
955 Sunquist, “Canadian Mining Interests in Ecuador.”
956 C. Lapointe, “Official visit to Ecuador of Canada’s Minister of International Trade,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, August 1, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01194. The first quote is from Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Fortier to Visit Mexico, Panama and Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, August 11, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186. The second is from R. Kuffner, “Visit to Ecuador by the Minister of International Trade,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, August 25, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-00778.
957 Author uknown, “Roundtable with Canadian/Ecuadorian Investors,” location and specific date unknown, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
958 Kuffner, “Visit to Ecuador by the Minister of International Trade.”
959 R. Kuffner, “GLD Visit to Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embasy, December 30, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
960 R. Kuffner, “RE: NUNA,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 24, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
961 “Whole-of-government” refers to integrating different parts of the state apparatus together for a common foreign policy goal. It has been touted by the Conservatives under Stephen Harper, and the language was used in Afghanistan (along with the “three Ds”: defense, diplomacy and develoment).
962 The first two quotes are from R. Kuffner, “Request for Meeting,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, November 24, 2008, the third is from Kuffner, “Meetings with NRCan and DFAIT in Ottawa,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, November 25, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
963 The discussion is in emails exchanged in early October of 2008, though almost the entire discussion is redacted. Access to Information, file A-2010-01186.
964 J. Moore, personal communication, July 25, 2011. Quote is from R. Valdez, “Follow up meeting with group of Canadian mining companies,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 25, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
965 Valdez, “Follow up meeting with group of Canadian mining companies.”
966 Ibid.
967 R. Kuffner, “Promising Days and Sleepless Nights for Canadian Mining Companies in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 9, 2008; R. Kuffner, “Ecuador Mining Update,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, November 27, 2009. Both documents are from Access to Information, file A-2009-0078. The possible disjuncture between Correa and the Minister of Mines and Petroleum is discussed in embassy reports. One report mentions it in the context of James Lambert’s visit in December 2008, when he raised the matter with the presidential advisor on mining, who acknowledged that the Ministry “does not seem to fully understand the President’s (positive) intentions…and that this is something that the President’s office will need to clarify.” It seems, as we noted, that there were greater reservations in the Ministry than the President’s office regarding how investor-friendly the new law should be, and the Canadians were frustrated with the “mixed signals,” which likely contributed to the “ambiguity” we have discussed. R. Kuffner, “GLD Visit to Ecuador.”
968 J. Moore, “Canada Throws Ecuador into Reverse,” The Tyee, July 11, 2008. Available online at: http://thetyee.ca/News/2008/07/11/CanMining/. Accessed on July 12, 2008.
969 Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty Negotiated,” p. 125.
970 Sacher and Acosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador, p. 21.
971 Ibid., p. 22.
972 R. Kuffner, “Ecuadorian Mining Law Approved by Congress, Few Steps Remain,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 21, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078. President of the Chamber of Mines quoted in this document as well.
973 Quoted in Moore and Velásquez, “Sovereignty negotiated,” p. 127.
974 National Post, “Canadian miners can restart in Ecuador,” National Post, March 18, 2009, p. FP6; “Cornerstone Reports Significant Progress on Ecuador Permits,” May 17, 2010. Available online at: ca.news.finance.yahoo.com. Accessed on May 26, 2010.
975 Kuffner, “Pull-Aside With Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño at the OAS General Assembly,” (Quito: Canadian Embassy, August 24, 2009) Access to Information, file A-2010-02402. It is clear that there are also personal relations between embassy staff, including the ambassador, and mining executives and their families. After an IAMGOLD executive organized a visit to company’s mine sites in Quimsacocha and San Gerardo in early 2010, the ambassador wrote to thank him for the trip, to express his pleasure for the executive and his wife having attended an Olympic launch party hosted by the ambassador and to remind him—though such a reminder was likely unnecessary—“Please do not hesitate to let me know if the Embassy or I can be of assistance with some strategic and timely interventions and messaging with Ecuadorian government or local officials.” A. Shisko, “Visit to Quimsacocha,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, February 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01192. See also endnote 997 about the Canada Day piano concert hosted by the ambassador at his house in which various executives attended.
976 Author unknown, “Preliminary results of Presidential and General Elections,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 27, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-02391.
977 S. Sereda, “Information Template for Meeting with President Correa of the Republic of Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 12, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01185.
978 El Comercio, “Ecuador desea la inversíon de Canadá,” El Comercio, February 17, 2009. Available online at: www.elcomercio.com. Accessed on March 15, 2009.
979 R. Kuffner, “Please update your company profile for President Correa,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, July 4, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193.
980 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Day Promotes Canadian Business in Ecuador.”
981 Quote is from R. Kuffner, “Minister Day Visit to Ecuador August 23–24, 2009,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 10, 2009, Access to Information, file 2009-0078. Author unknown, “Thanksgiving Dinner,” Quito: Ecuador-Canada Chamber of Commerce, September 30, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01185; R. Kuffner, “RE: Ecuador Delegation,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 7, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193.
982 A. Shisko, “MSFA visit,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, August 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02389.
983 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “List of Businesspeople and Civil Society Members that Minister of State (Americas) Kent Met With During a Visit to Quito, August 19–20, 2010,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01157; Author unknown, “Roundtable with Club of Canadian Investors,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
984 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Bilateral Meeting With Ecuador President Rafael Correa,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010; Kuffner, “With Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño at the OAS General Assembly.” Both briefs are from Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
985 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Meeting With Ecuador,” specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02389.
986 K. Stirling, “Meeting at PDAC,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 26, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01193; R. Valdez, “Ecuadorian Delegation to PDAC 2009,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 21, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
987 Author redacted, “meeting with [redacted],” Quito: Kinross, November 28, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.
988 R. Valdez, “Report Participation and Activities of the Government of Ecuador’s Delegation to PDAC,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, April 9, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
989 R. Valdez, “Resultados y expectativas de la visita al PDAC 2010,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, March 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-2400.
990 J. Yared, “Meeting to Discuss a National Training Plan for Ecuador’s Mining Sector,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, July 26, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
991 R. Kuffner, “RE: training plan for Ecuador ministry officials,” Quito: Canadian Embasy, July 22, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01196.
992 R. Valdez, “UBC Geology in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, May 1, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01194.
993 Correa quotation is transcribed at: http://www.incakolanews.blogspot.ca/2009/02/studmuffin-heart-canada.html. Accessed February 18, 2013.
994 Boivin, “OAS and Aboriginal Cooperation With Ecuador,” Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402; I. Ross, “Former First Nation Chief becomes face of Canadian mining,” Northern Ontario Business, March 1, 2012. Available online at: http://www.northernontariobusiness.com/Industry-News/aboriginal-businesses/Former-First-Nation-chief-becomes-face-of-Canadian-mining.aspx. Accessed on April 26, 2013.
995 R. Kuffner, “Potential Visit to Kinross Mine in Canada,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 9, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.
996 All quotes from C. Lapointe, “Meeting with Vice-Minister of International Trade Eduardo EGAS PENA,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 26, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
997 E. Clarke, “Meeting Note for Minister of International Trade—Mining Authorizations for Canadian Companies,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 8, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2009-0078.
998 S. Silva, “Ecuador wants higher royalties from U.S., Canadian miners,” Reuters, May 26, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/ecuador-mines-idUSN2623921620110526. Accessed on June 2, 2011.
999 El Comercio, “Embajador de Canadá: Impuestos mineros muy elevados,” El Comercio, July 4, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/embajador-de-canada-impuestos-mineros.html. Accessed on April 28, 2013.
1000 A. Araujo, “Dos escenarios parar la reforma minera,” El Comercio, October 25, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/escenarios-reforma-minera.html. Accessed on January 22, 2013. Burt is quoted in A. Valencia, “Kinross, Ecuador gold mine talks hit impasse,” Financial Post, February 17, 2012. Available online at: http://business.financialpost.com/investing/kinross-ecuador-gold-mine-talks-hit-impasse. Accessed on February 17, 2012.
1001 L. Saavedra, “Legislative reforms favor mining companies,” Latin America Press, August 16, 2012. Available online at: http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6688. Accessed on August 27, 2012.
1002 Mineweb, “IAMGOLD not ‘bailing’ on multimillion ounce Ecuador gold project,” Mineweb, June 22, 2012. Available online at: http://www.mineweb.com/archive/iamgold-not-bailing-on-multimillion-ounce-ecuador-gold-project/. Accessed on June 12, 2012.
1003 See S. Santacruz, “Firms See Stability as Correa Rebuffs CONAIE,” Ecuador Mining News, October 16, 2008. Available online at: www.ecuadorminingnews.com. Accessed on November 1, 2008. This article discusses the response of Canadian companies to the new constitution.
1004 Reuters, “Kinross Gold gets Ecuador green light,” Reuters, March 11, 2009. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-summit-kinross-ecuador-idUSTRE52A47M20090311. Acccessed on October 19, 2010.
1005 Quoted in J. Moore, “Ecuador: Small-Scale Miners Questioning Large-Scale Interests in Southern Amazon,” Upside Down World, September 22, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/2703-ecuador-small-scale-miners-questioning-large-scale-interests-in-southern-amazon-. Accessed on September 22, 2010.
1006 R. Valdez, “Conflict and Controversy as Illegal Miners Come to Terms with the Law,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.
1007 Latin America Press, “Military dismantles illegal mines,” Latin America Press, June 2, 2011. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6391. Accessed on June 14, 2011.
1008 J. Moore, “Ecuador’s Fickle Friend,” Dominion, December 6, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/ecuador-archives-49/2812-ecuadors-fickle-friend-. Accessed on December 6, 2010. See also C. Reyes, “Se debate de denuncia del Convenio con Canadá,” Radio Sucre, July 21, 2011. Available online at: www.radiosucre.com.ec. Accessed on July 27, 2011.
1009 El Comercio, “‘Buscamos protección a la inversión,” El Comercio, March 3, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/negocios/buscamos-proteccion-a-inversion.html. Accessed on March 4, 2012.
1010 J. Taba, “Background Briefing on CIDA Programming in Ecuador,” Ottawa: CIDA, September 21, 2009, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1011 L. Lévesque, Memorandum of Information to Minister of International Trade: Canada’s Bilateral Cooperation Program With Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1012 Canadian Embassy, Quito, “Bilateral Consultations Report,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 17, 2009, Access to Information-CIDA, file A-2010-00388.
1013 J. Tabah, “Next Steps in Ecuador for CIDA,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 27, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-00389.
1014 El Comercio, “‘Buscamos protección a la inversión.”
1015 Canadian Embassy, Quito, “Bilateral Consultations Report.”
1016 Author unknown, “Invest Ecuador,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 6, 2010, Access to Information Request, file 2010-02389.
1017 S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham: Duke University Press, 2010, pp. 13–15.
1018 J. Rivera, “Lo irreversible y Hugo Chávez,” La Jornada, March 10, 2013.
1019 G. Ciccariello-Maher, “Preparing for a Post-Chávez Venezuela,” Counterpunch, March 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/03/06/preparing-for-a-post-chavez-venezuela/. Accessed on April 15, 2013.
1020 La Jornada, “Cronología de la última batalla del líder venezolano,” La Jornada, March 5, 2013.
1021 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2006–07,” Caracas: Canadian Embassy, January 22, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2010-02394.
1022 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2008–09,” Canadian Embassy: Caracas, December 19, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-02403.
1023 N. Crooks and J. Orozco, “World Bank Court Rules for Venezuela in Gold Mining Case,” Bloomberg, January 18, 2013. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-18/world-bank-court-rules-for-venezuela-in-mining-case-correct-. Accessed on May 24, 2013; Canada, Application of the Government of Canada for Standing as a Non-Disputing Party, Arbitration Under the Additional Facility Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, August 7, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2008-00057.
1024 F. Taylor, “Crystallex’s Venezuelan road not necessarily paved with gold,” Globe and Mail, March 27, 2007, p. B14; Globe and Mail, “Venezuelan ruling hits Crystallex,” Globe and Mail, May 1, 2008, p. B3; A. Hoffman, “Venezuela’s bid to boost gold reserves bad news for Crystallex,” Globe and Mail, November 16, 2008, p. B1; National Post, “Venezuela, China to develop Cristina,” National Post, February 25, 2012, FP4; D. Ebner, “Crystallex loses control of Venezuela gold mining project,” Globe and Mail, February 8, 2011, p. B11; P. Luke, “investors remain wary of Venezuelan contract’s veracity,” The Province, June 14, 2006, p. A41; National Post, “Crystallex files for bankruptcy; TSX to delist firm,” National Post, December 24, 2011, p. F2.
1025 L. Macleod, “Venezuela lets in Canadian miner,” National Post, March 29, 2007, p. FP1; The Province, “Gold Reserve squeezed out,” The Province, May 26, 2009, p. A20.
1026 M. Morin and L. Edwards, Mandate Letter to Perry Calderwood, Ambassador of Canada to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 27, 2007.
1027 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2007–08,” Caracas: Canadian Embassy, January 18, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-02394.
1028 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2006–07.”
1029 Ruta, “PetroAmérica Initiative,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1030 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2007–08.”
1031 The quote is from Canadian Embassy in Port-au-Prince, “Visit of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez (sic) to Haiti,” Canadian Embassy: Port-au-Prince, March 14, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058; Author unknown, “Venezuela,” origin unknown: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1032 Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 3rd Session, Ottawa: March 21, 2011, p. 18.
1033 Intelligence Assessment Secretariat, Untitled Report (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, April 2, 2007). Access to Information, file A-2008-00058.
1034 Rory Carroll was for a number of years the Guardian’s correspondent in Venezuela. He is the author of Comandante: Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela, New York: The Penguin Press, 2013.
1035 R. Carroll, “Hugo Chávez: An Elected Autocrat,” New Statesman, January 30, 2013. Available online at: http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/south-america/2013/01/elected-autocrat. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1036 For good historical context and analytical summaries of the rise and trajectory of the Bolivarian process in Venezuela, see the following. S. Ellner, Rethinking Venezuelan Politics: Class, Conflict and the Chávez Phenomenon, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2009; S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010; G. Ciccariello-Maher, We Created Chávez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013; G. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Governernment, London: Verso, 2007; M. Gonzalez, Hugo Chávez: Socialist for the Twenty-First Century, London: Pluto, 2014; S. Spronk and J.R. Webber, “From Sabaneta to Miraflores: The Afterlives of Hugo Chávez,” New Politics, 56, Winter, 2014.
1037 G. Ciccariello-Maher discusses the popular notion within Venezuelan social movements that they made Chávez, rather than the reverse, in We Created Chávez, 2013.
1038 R. Carroll, “In the End, an Awful Manager,” New York Times, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/opinion/in-the-end-chavez-was-an-awful-manager.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1039 K. Johnson, “Obama Reacts to Chávez Death,” Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324678604578342880614535550?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324678604578342880614535550.html. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1040 M. Blanchfield, “Venezuela Slams Harper for ‘Blunt, Insensitive, Impertinent’ Remarks on Hugo Chávez’s Death,” National Post, March 7, 2013. Available online at: http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/07/venezuela-slams-harper-for-blunt-insensitive-impertinent-remarks-on-hugo-chavezs-death/. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1041 Canadian Press, “Chávez’s Death Brings Hope of a Better Future for Venezuela: PM Harper,” The Globe and Mail, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chavezs-death-brings-hope-of-a-better-future-for-venezuela-pm-harper/article9321008/. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1042 The Economist, “Italy’s Election: Ungovernability Wins,” The Economist, March 2, 2013. Available online at: http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21572783-result-has-come-bombshell-italy-and-across-euro-zone-ungovernability-wins. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1043 Carroll, “In the End, an Awful Manager.”
1044 Ibid.
1045 M. Weisbrot, “Why the U.S. Demonises Venezuela’s Democracy,” Guardian, October 3, 2012. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/03/why-us-dcemonises-venezuelas-democracy. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1046 Ibid.
1047 G. Grandin, “On the Legacy of Hugo Chávez,” The Nation, March 5, 2013. Available online at: http://www.thenation.com/article/173212/legacy-hugo-chavez. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1048 Weisbrot, “Why the U.S. Demonises Venezuela’s Democracy.”
1049 Ibid.
1050 One of the authors, Jeffery R. Webber, has conducted fieldwork in Venezuela on various, extended occasions between 2008 and 2013.
1051 I. James, “Venezuela Oil Production Growth: Chávez Presidency May Have Squandered Oil Riches,” Huffington Post, September 23, 2012. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/23/venezuela-oil-production_n_1907170.html. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1052 M. Weisbrot and J. Johnston, Venezuela’s Economic Recovery: Is it Sustainable? Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, September 2012, pp. 7, 10; EIU, Venezuela: Country Report, London: Economist Intelligence Unit, March 2013, p. 8
1053 The social programs are discussed in G. Wilpert, Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chávez Government, London: Verso, 2006; and I. Bruce, The Real Venezuela, London: Pluto, 2009. On the variegated forms of popular power in the urban peripheries of Caracas see S. Fernandes, Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010; G. Ciccariello-Maher, We Created Chávez, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013; and D. Azzellini, “Constituent Power in Motion: Ten Years of Transformation in Venezuela,” Socialism and Democracy, 24, 2, 2010, pp. 8–31.
1054 Weisbrot and Johnston, Venezuela’s Economic Recovery, p. 26.
1055 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2008–09.”
1056 U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, “Canada and the Americas,” Ottawa: U.S. Embassy, April 15, 2009, Wikileaks. Available online at: www.wikileaks.org. Accessed on September 21, 2011; Author Uknown, “Bilateral With Venezuela,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date uknown, Access to Information, file A-2008-00058; Author unknown, “Meeting With Foreign Minister Nicolas (sic) Maduro,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01155.
1057 S. Harper, “Canada’s Prime Minister Stephen Harper,” Latin Business Chronicle, October 1, 2008. Available online at: www.latinbusinesschronicle.com. Accessed on May 1, 2008.
1058 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned over Venezuelan Suspension of TV Stations,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 28, 2010.
1059 K. Janicke and J. Sugget, “Venezuela Sanctions Cable Television Channels for Failure to Complyl with Media Law,” Venezuelanalysis, January 25, 2010. Available online at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5101. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1060 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Expresses Concern over Venezuela’s Arrest of Oswald Álvarez Paz,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, March 25, 2010.
1061 F. Rosales, “Venezuela’s Oswaldo Álvarez Paz Found Guilty of Spreading False Information,” Venezuelanalysis, July 14, 2011. Available online at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6353. Accessed on January 16, 2014.
1062 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister of State Kent to Visit Venezuela and Bolivia,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 19, 2010.
1063 Personal communication with Eleanor Johnston, February 9, 2010.
1064 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Ablonczy Statement on Venezuela’s Presidential Election,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 8, 2012.
1065 T. Pearson, “Another Trade Union Leader Murdered in Aragua State,” Venezuelanalysis, April 28, 2010. Available online at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5314. Accessed on April 29, 2010.
1066 Subcommittee on International Human Rights of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 1st Session, 41st Parliament, Ottawa: April 18, 2013, l. 1355.
1067 K. Carlson, “Death of a revolutionary,” Globe and Mail, March 6, 2013, pp. A1, A10.
1068 Globe and Mail, “The polarizing appeal of Chavez (sic),” Globe and Mail, March 6, 2013, p. A8.
1069 Ibid.
1070 Globe and Mail, “Chavez’s (sic) gifts failed to serve democracy,” Globe and Mail, March 6, 2013, p. A14.
1071 G. Saunders, “Hugo Chavez (sic) had nothing to do with South America’s real revolution,” Globe and Mail, March 14, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/doug-saunders-hugo-chavez-had-nothing-to-do-with-south-americas-real-revolution/article9552917/. Accessed on June 14, 2013. Bizarrely, the article, which contrasts Chávez’s “socialism” with social democracy in the region, in particular Brazil’s, lumps Argentina with Venezuela.
1072 N. Vanderklippe, “Chavez’s death opens door to Venezuela’s oil riches,” Globe and Mail, March 6, 2013, p. B1.
1073 Toronto Star, “Star stories on Venezuela lacked balance, panel rules,” Toronto Star, March 13, 2007. Available online at: http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/03/13/star_stories_on_venezuela_lacked_balance_panel_rules.html. Accessed on June 14, 2013.
1074 O. Ross, “If you thought Chavez (sic) was bad,” Toronto Star, March 10, 2013, p. A3.
1075 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Congratulates Venezuelans, Calls for Calm and Peaceful Resolution,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, April 17, 2013.
1076 M. Weisbrot, “Venezuela’s Post-Election Campaign: Pots and Pans and Uncle Sam Weren’t Enough This Time,” Washington: Centre for Economic Policy Research, April 22, 2013; Centre for Economic Policy Research, “Venezuelan Audit Can’t Find Any Different Result in Presidential Election, Statistical Analysis Shows,” Washington: Centre for Economic Policy Research, April 26, 2013.
1077 See W.I. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, U.S. Intervention, and Hegemony, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
1078 Democracy promotion and the promotion of human rights are often used interchangeably in foreign policy circles in Canada as well as media representations of these activities.
1079 Many of these projects were funded through Foreign Affairs’s Glyn Berry Fund, which had a page with a list of spending initiatives at the old FAIT website. More recent projects can be found at Foreign Affairs’s “Proactive Disclosure” link. Canadian spending on demcoracy promotion was also done through CIDA until the Harper Conservatives decided to concentrate it—so as to be able to better strategically coordinate it—within Foreign Affairs.
1080 Y. Engler, “Canada Attempts to Undermine Democracy in Venezuela,” Dissident Voice, December 13, 2010. Available online at: http://dissidentvoice.org/2010/12/canada-attempts-to-undermine-democracy-in-venezuela/. Accessed on December 14, 2010.
1081 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Global Peace and Security Fund, “Bringing a Citizen Focus into the Functioning of Legislatures,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2007, Access to Information, file A-2010-01201.
1082 P. Kent, “Notes for an Address by the Honourable Peter Kent, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (Americas) Keynote Address to the Experts’ Dialogue on Canada’s Engagement in the Americas,” Ottawa: Foreign Afairs and International Trade, February 25, 2009.
1083 N. Burron, “Reconfiguring Canadian democracy promotion,” International Journal, Spring, 2011, p. 392. Cameron and Hecht argue that Canadian democracy support policy in the Americas in the 1990s was framed by an understanding that democracy and the free market model of development are co-terminous. Burron argues that the more explicitly instrumentalist turn in Canadian democracy promotion came about in the early 2000s. We agree with that, and add that its importance—including money spent and its elevation in discussion in embassies and Ottawa regarding strategic intervention in select Latin American countries—grew through the 2000s, with the Harper Conservatives picking up and extending where Liberal governments left off. See M. Cameron and C. Hecht, “Canada’s Engagement With Democracies in the Americas,” Canadian Foreign Policy, 14, 3, 2008, pp. 11–28.
1084 Latulippe is quoted in L. Berthiaume, “Leading the change at Rights and Democracy,” Embassy, September 22, 2010, p. 4.
1085 Contributions to the Commission can be found in “Financial Resources” at www.oas.org. Accessed on May 24, 2013. The Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights produced a report in May 2003 which discusses the Canadian government’s reasons for not ratifying the Convention, which revolve around its incompatibility with Canadian and other international law. The Senate report quotes former Liberal minister, Lloyd Axworthy, who described the Convention as “vague” and “outdated.” The report argues, however, that Canada could sign on to the Convention while easily addressing those concerns regarding compatibility. The Standing Committee on Human Rights, Enhancing Canada’s Role in the OAS: Canadian Adherence to the American Convention on Human Rights, Ottawa, May 2003. Available online at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/372/huma/rep/rep04may03-e.htm. Accessed on May 24, 2013.
1086 See, for example, the relevant study of the now defunct Rights and Democracy. Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 3rd Session, 40th Parliament, April 15, 2010. This position is also echoed in the Committee’s 2012 report on human rights in Venezuela.
1087 M. Morin and L. Edwards, Mandate Letter to Perry Calderwood.
1088 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2006–07.”
1089 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2007–08.”
1090 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister of State Kent to Visit Venezuela and Bolivia,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 19, 2010.
1091 P. Kent, “Special Meeting of the Permanent Council to Welcome the Honourable Peter Kent, Minister of State of Foreign Affairs of Canada,” Washington: OAS, November 10, 2010. Available online at: www.oas.org. Accessed on November 21, 2010.
1092 C. Prefontaine, “Report re. laws,” Caracas: Canadian Embassy, January 25, 2011, and K. Duguid, “Report from Demarches,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, January 11, 2011, both from Access to Information, file A-2010-01863.
1093 Associated Press, “Venezuelan national assembly bars foreign funding for NGOs,” Guardian, December 22, 2010. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/venezuela-chavez-ngo-foreign-funding. Accessed on January 5, 2011.
1094 Canadian Embassy in Caracas, “Country Strategy—Venezuela 2008–09.” The law was also discussed by CIDA officials, in whose budget the CFLI is covered, but the documents on this are redacted entirely.
1095 Both quotes are from A. Fenton, “The Revolution Will Not Be Destabilized,” Dominion, April 3, 2009. Available online at: http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/2557. Accessed on May 1, 2009.
1096 Gordon, Imperialist Canada, p. 375.
1097 Canada Fund for Local Initiatives project lists are from Access to Information-CIDA, files A-2008-00156 and A-2010-00197. CFLI is mentioned in CIDA’s project browser but almost no information is given beyond the spending amount. Canadian aid to Venezulea is found in the annual reports at www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/reports.
1098 Engler, “Canada Attempts to Undermine Democracy in Venezuela.”
1099 E. Golinger, “NED Report: International Agencies fund Venezuelan opposition with $40–50 million annually,” Znet, June 22, 2010. Available online at: www.zcommunications.org. Accessed on June 22, 2010. The report highlights the potentially important role that Canada can play in Venezuela in place of the U.S., whose presence draws negative attention given its history of intervention in the region and open hostility to Chávez. Canada’s “neutrality” serves democracy promotion well; “due to its silent diplomacy, Canada has not yet been targeted by the Chávez government.” S .Gratius, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Venezuela,” (Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el diálogo Exterior [FRIDE: Foundation for International Relations and Foreign Dialogue, May 2010) p. 8. However, Canada’s engagement clearly is not neutral, as we argue, nor has it been very silent under the Harper government, as we discuss in this chapter.
1100 Canada, “Government Response to the Third Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development Entitled ‘The Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela,’” Ottawa: Canada, October 18, 2012. Available online at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5763305&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=41&Ses=1. Accessed on October 26, 2012.
1101 El Comercio, “Correa: No aceptamos negociar nada,” El Comercio, October 1, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/Correa-aceptamos-negociar_0_345565468.html. Accessed on January 8, 2014.
1102 For one brief account of the day’s events see BBC, “Ecuador Declares State of Emergency Amid ‘Coup Attempt,’” October 1, 2010. Available online at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11447519. Accessed on January 8, 2014.
1103 El Comercio, “La OEA, la ONU y los gobiernos amigos apoyaron al Presidente,” El Comercio, October 1, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/OEA-ONU-gobiernos-apoyaron-Presidente_0_345565495.html. Accessed on January 8, 2014.
1104 Kent quoted in Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Expresses Concern Over Unrest in Ecuador,” (Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, September 30, 2010).
1105 Allan Culham quoted in OAS, Report of the Secretary General to the Permanent Council on His Visit to Ecuador, Organization of American States, October 6, 2010. Available online at: www.oas.org. Accessed on October 12, 2010.
1106 A. Shisko, “Ecuador sitrep,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 3, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01363.
1107 A. Shisko, “Réunion régionale sur l’Unité andine pour la gouvernance démocratique,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, October 7, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01363.
1108 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards Over $25,000, “Corporacion Participacion Ciudadana.” Available online at: www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
1109 A. Shisko, “RE: For your review and approval,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, January 6, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-01180.
1110 Corporacion Participación Ciudadana, Project Concept Paper—“Strengthening Ecuadorian Civil Society Through Empowering Citizen Participation,” Quito: Corporacion Participación Ciudadana, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2011-01180. The groups participating in the project’s workshops are not identified; the embassy describes them as “grassroots” and representing “diverse interests.” M. McGuire, “AUDG Program Report—Strengthening Civil Society by Empowering Citizen Participation,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, May 17, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-01180.
1111 Author unknown, “Update on the Situation in Ecuador,” Embassy in Quito: specific date uknown, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2008-00052.
1112 National Endowment for Democracy, “Interim Project Report,” Washington: National Endowment for Democracy, July 15, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01636.
1113 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards Over $25,000, “Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy.” Available online at: www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on January 1, 2016.
1114 Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, Global Peace and Security Fund Project Proposal Sheet, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, August 29, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01635.
1115 Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, Global Peace and Security Fund Project Proposal Sheet, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 8, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-01635.
1116 Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, Global Peace and Security Fund Project Proposal Sheet, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, August 29, 2008.
1117 Turnout percentages are from http://www.idea.int/vt/countryview.cfm?id=67. Accessed on February 18, 2013. The NIMD proposal is quoted in Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, Global Peace and Security Fund Project Proposal Sheet, Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2011-00574.
1118 A. Shisko, “Pre-DPAT consultation: concept paper by the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, September 20, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2011-00574.
1119 Revil, Utting, and Rivera, “Andean Brief,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-00547.
1120 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Disclosure of Grant and Contribution Awards Over $25,000, “Asociación Civil Transparencia.” Available online at: www.international.gc.ca. Accessed on August 17, 2011.
1121 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Opening of Andean Unit for Democratic Governance,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-00548. A report on a workshop run through the Andean Unit involving embassy officials from Peru, Venezuela, and Ecuador as well as civil society representatives from the region was heavily redacted.
1122 B. Fernández, “The Islamo-Bolivarian threat,” Al Jazeera, August 17, 2011. Available online at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011810104313405606.html. Accessed on August 17, 2011; E. Goliner, The Chávez Code: Cracking U.S. Intervention in Venezuela, London: Pluto Press, 2007.
1123 Author unknown, “Venezuela.”
1124 Ibid.
1125 Canadian Embassy in Bogotá, Country Strategy, 2006–07, Bogotá: Canadian Embassy, 2006, Access to Information, file 2010-02394.
1126 Harper is quoted in M.A. O’Grady, “A Resolute Ally in the War on Terror,” Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2009. Available online at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123578347494598289. Accessed on March 1, 2009.
1127 S. Brison, Hansard, 40th Parliament, 2nd Session, Number 080, September 14, 2009.
1128 Documents relating to Morin’s trip are from Access to Information-Privy Council Office, file A-2012-00269.
1129 Office of the Chief Military Personnel, “Visit Report—RCMP Visit to Colombia—10–12 November 2009,” Ottawa: Department of National Defence, January 16, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-00734-DND.
1130 U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, “Canada on 3/17 Ministerial,” Ottawa: U.S. Embassy, March 14, 2008. Available online at: www.semana.com/wikileaks. Accessed on November 17, 2011.
1131 J.R. Webber, “Uribe’s Parting Shot: Colombia and Venezuela Rattle Their Sabres,” The Bullet, August 5, 2010. Available online at: http://www.socialistproject.ca/bullet/399.php. Accessed on March 8, 2015.
1132 Semana, “Canadá y Colombia firman un acuerdo de colaboración militar,” Semana, November 17, 2012. Available online at: http://m.semana.com/nacion/articulo/canada-colombia-firman-acuerdo-colaboracion-militar/268024-3. Accessed on March 21, 2014.
1133 El Nuevo Herald, “Harper discute con Santos seguridad para empresas canadienses,” El Nuevo Herald, August 10, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2011/08/10/1001003/harper-discute-con-santos-seguridad.html. Accessed on August 10, 2011.
1134 Gordon, Imperialist Canada, p. 371.
1135 The Canadian government is quoted in M. Blanchfield, “Canada quietly loosens limits on assault-weapon exports to Colombia,” Globe and Mail, January 2, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-quietly-loosens-limits-on-assault-weapon-exports-to-colombia/article6861525/. Accessed on January 3, 2013; L. Berthiaume, “Conservative government looking to bolster Canada’s arms trade with developing countries,” Calgary Herald, July 24, 2013. Available online at: www.calgaryherald.com. Accessed on August 14, 2013.
1136 Daily Markets, “General Dynamics Awarded $65 Million by the Colombian Ministry of National Defence For Light Armoured Vehicles,” Daily Markets, January 10, 2013. Available online at: www.dailymarkets.com. Accessed on January 10, 2013.
1137 Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, “Canada Enhances Security in Colombia,” Bogotá: Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, August 1, 2013.
1138 Canadian special forces were in fact sent to Peru in 1996 in response to a Tupac Amaru assault on the Japanese ambassador’s residence that led to a hostage taking of several hundred people. The special forces were sent as part of a Canadian strategy to negotiate safe passage to Cuba with the guerrillas. Special forces were planning to assault the guerrillas during the passage. The assault never happened as the negotiations broke down.
1139 Prime Minister’s Office, “Canada strengthens defence and security ties with Peru,” Lima, Peru: Prime Minister’s Office, May 22, 2013.
1140 A. Foster, “Peru’s defence minister invited to Canada,” p. 16; TV Peru, “Perú y Canadá fortalecen cooperación en Educación, Energía y Defensa,” TV Peru, December 3, 2012. Available online at: www.tvperu.gob.pe. Accessed on December 4, 2012.
1141 L. Berthiaume, “Conservative government looking to bolster Canada’s arms trade.”
1142 L. Henao, “Chile blocks Pascua-Lama mine, fines Barrick $16M for environmental violations,” Winnipeg Free Press, May 24, 2013. Available online at: www.winnipegfreepress.com. Accessed on May 24, 2013; Associated Press, “Chile suspends Barrick Gold mine on indigenous fears of pollution,” Edmonton Journal, April 10, 2013. Available online at: www.edmontonjournal.com. Accessed on April 10, 2013; Latin American Press, “Pascua Lama mine suspended,” Latin American Press, November 16, 2012. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6737. Accessed on November 26, 2012.
1143 Barrick is not the only mining company enmeshed in controversy in Chile. The construction of Goldcorp’s C$3.9 billion El Morro mine was stopped in April 2012 when Chile’s top court suspended approval of an environmental permit following accusations that it contained deficiencies and a local indigenous community was not properly consulted before construction began. P. Jordan, “Goldcorp halts work on Chilean mine” Globe and Mail, April 30, 2012. Available online at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/goldcorp-halts-work-at-chilean-mine/article4103975/. Accessed on April 30, 2012.
1144 K. Keenan, “Canadian Mining: Still Unaccountable,” NACLA Report on the Americas, May/June, 2010, p. 30; M. Valente, “Mining Industry Puts a Freeze on Mapping of Argentina’s Glaciers,” Upside Down World, March 15, 2012. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/news-briefs-archives-68/3511-mining-industry-puts-a-freeze-on-mapping-of-argentinas-glaciers. Accessed on March 26, 2012.
1145 La Verdad Ahora, “La Barrick Gold posee un ‘pais virtual’ de 3.000 kilómetros de largo en la Cordillera de los Andes,” Piensa Chile, March 18, 2012. Available online at: http://piensachile.com/2012/03/la-barrick-gold-posee-un-qpais-virtualq-de-3000-kilometros-de-largo-en-la-cordillera-de-los-andes/. Accessed on March 20, 2012.
1146 AIM, “Protesta contra la Barrick Gold deja 30 detenidos,” AIM, February 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.aimdigital.com.ar/2012/02/09/protesta-contra-la-barrick-gold-deja-30-detenidos/. Accessed on February 14, 2012.
1147 R. Picolotti, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, 40th Parliament, 2nd Session, Ottawa: November 24, 2009. It is also worth noting that in 2010 Argentina’s Secretary of Mining, Jorge Mayoral, faced allegations of having financial ties to Barrick. Clarín, “Acusan al secretario de Minería de tener lazos con la empresa Barrick,” Clarín, July 15, 2010. Available online at: http://www.clarin.com/politica/Acusan-secretario-Mineria-empresa-Barrick_0_298770159.html. Accessed on July 20, 2010.
1148 The quotation is from a cable created January 21, 2009 from the US embassy in Buenos Aires, released by wikileaks March 14, 2011.
1149 C. Meyer, “Where’s the beef? Sizing up Canada-Mexico relations,” Embassy, May 26, 2010. Available online at: http://m.embassynews.ca/news/2010/05/26/wheres-the-beef-sizing-up-canada-mexico-relations/38958. Accessed on May 27, 2010; Secretaría de Economía, Anuario Estadístico de La Minería Mexicana 2012, Mexico: Secretaría de Economía, 2013; Forbes, “Mining on the Upswing in Mexico,” Forbes, June 11, 2010. Available online at: http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/10/mexico-mining-industry-business-oxford-analytica.html. Accessed on June 17, 2010; Mexidata, “Canadian Businesses Continue to Invest in Mexico,” Mexidata, February 14, 2011. Available online at: www.mexidata.info. Accessed on February 17, 2011.
1150 Rights Action, “Mexican Government Sends Troops In Support of Canadian Mining Company,” Rights Action, Electronic Bulletin, May 9, 2009. Accessed on May 9, 2009.
1151 D. Paley, “Militarized Mining in Mexico,” Dominion, December 12, 2011. Available online at: http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4301. Accessed on December 15, 2011; Canadian Press, “Canadian firm fires 397 workers at Mexican mine,” Globe and Mail, June 18, 2010, p. B8.
1152 M. DeFrancesco, “Protest Against Canadian Mine in Mexico,” Upside Down World, July 27, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/mexico-archives-79/2606-protest-against-canadian-mine-in-mexico. Accessed on July 28, 2010.
1153 P. Connors, “Re: Semarnat-Canada: Solicitud de audiencia,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 13, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01152.
1154 S. Montgomery, “Mexico shuts down Canadian mine,” Toronto Star, December 9, 2009, p. A19.
1155 G. McArthur, “Miner raided over bribery allegations,” Globe and Mail, August 29, 2011, p. A3.
1156 J. Moore and G. Colgrove, “Corruption, Murder and Canadian Mining in Mexico: The Case of Blackfire Exploration and the Canadian Embassy,” Mining Watch, May 2013. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/files/blackfire_embassy_report_eng_0.pdf. Accessed on May 30, 2013.
1157 D. Paley, “Ottawa’s role in the permanent war against the people of Mexico,” Upside Down World, July 4, 2012. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/news-briefs-archives-68/3729-canada-boosts-police-power-in-mexico. Accessed on July 5, 2012.
1158 Project for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Mexico, “Mexican Army and Police Use Force to Break Community’s Protest, Enter Excellon’s La Platosa Mine,” Mining Watch, August 29, 2012. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/mexican-army-and-police-use-force-break-communitys-protest-enter-excellons-la-platosa-mine. Accessed on August 30, 2012.
1159 Public Safety Canada’s Mexican planning is discussed in a cable from the US embassy in Ottawa, released via wikileaks. The cable was written April 15, 2009.
1160 Halifax Initiative, “EDC backs another controversial mine,” Halifax Initiative, April 30, 2010. Available online at: http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/content/monthly-issue-update-april-30-2010. Accessed on May 5, 2010.
1161 Listin Diario, “Más de 400 trabajadores de la empresa minera Barrick Gold se intoxican en Cotuí,” Listin Diario, March 15, 2010. Available online at: www.listindiario.com. Accessed on April 14, 2010; Dominican Today, “Toxins sickened Barrick Gold’s 326 Dominican miners, study says,” Dominican Today, March 24, 2010. Available online at: http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2010/3/24/35196/Toxins-sickened-Barrick-Golds-326-Dominican-miners-study-says. Accessed on April 14, 2010.
1162 Dominican Today, “Canada defends Barrick Gold’s operation in Dominican Republic,” Dominican Today, February 11, 2010. Available online at: http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2010/2/11/34791/Canada-defends-Barrick-Golds-operation-in-Dominican-Republic. Accessed on February 12, 2010.
1163 A. Vásquez, “Decenas de heridos en protesta contra Barrick Gold en Cotuí,” Listin Diario, September 28, 2012. Available online at: www.listindiario.com. Accessed on October 2, 2012.
1164 Northern Miner, “Customs hold-up has Barrick investors on edge,” Northern Miner, March 15, 2013. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/customs-hold-up-has-barrick-investors-on-edge/1002145720/. Accessed on March 15, 2013.