All images are copyrighted by the lenders and have been used with permission. Unless noted otherwise, images are © DBOX. L = left, R = right, B = bottom, T = top, C = center.
Front Matter Endpapers: DBOX/plans by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: © James Ewing/OTTO Introduction here: © DBOX/architecture by Robert A. M. Stern Architects, Fumihiko Maki, BIG, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners; here: © Port Authority of New York & New Jersey (PANYNJ); here: © PANYNJ; here: © DBOX/architecture by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, BIG, and Fumihiko Maki; here: © The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat; Ground Zero: Competing Visions here: © PANYNJ; here: Courtesy Laura Kurgan; here: Andrea Booher/FEMA News Photo; here: Andrea Booher/FEMA News Photo; here: Foreign Office Architects/Farshid Moussavi, Alejandro Zaera Polo; here: Carlos Brillembourg/Carlos Brillembourg Architects; here: © Hariri & Hariri; here: Barry Yanowitz; here: © PANYNJ; here: Beyer Blinder Belle Architects & Planners LLP; here: © Rafael Viñoly Architects; here: Courtesy of Pentagram; here: Andrea Booher/FEMA News Photo; here: Kohn Pedersen Fox; here: © Peterson, Littenberg Architecture and Urban Design/Photo: Jock Pottle; here: © DBOX/architecture by Richard Meier, Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, and Steven Holl; here: Foster + Partners; here: Courtesy Rafael Viñoly Architects; here: © Daniel Libeskind; here: © Torsten Seidel, courtesy of Studio Libeskind; here: © Studio Libeskind; here: © Daniel Libeskind; here: Courtesy Michael Arad; here: © Archimation, courtesy Studio Libeskind; here: © PANYNJ; here: Project Rebirth; here: © Studio Libeskind; Evolution of the Tower’s Design here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: © Studio Libeskind; here: © Miller Hare, courtesy Studio Libeskind; here: Courtesy of Guy Nordenson and Associates/Photo: Jock Pottle. The Museum of Modern Art, Collection Number: 494.2005; here: Courtesy Skidmore, Owings & Merrill/© Jock Pottle; here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill/DBOX; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc.; here: Courtesy Skidmore, Owings & Merrill/© Greg Betz; here: © Stefan Ruiz, courtesy Studio Libeskind; here: © DBOX/architecture by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, BIG, Santiago Calatrava, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and Fumihiko Maki; here: © Archimation, courtesy Studio Libeskind; here: © PANYNJ; The Influence of Seven here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc./Photo: Joe Woolhead; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc./Photo: Joe Woolhead; here: James Carpenter Design Associates; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc./Photo: Joe Woolhead; Into the Blue here: © Skidmore, Owings and Merrill; here: Photo: David Iliff, License: CC‐BY‐SA 3.0; here: © 2015 Nicola Lyn Evans/WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff; here: ThyssenKrupp Elevator/Scott Lahmers; here: © James Ewing/OTTO; here: The Durst Organization; here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: © PANYNJ; here: Library of Congress, Historic American Engineering Record/Photo: Jack Boucher and Jet Lowe; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc./Photo: Joe Woolhead; here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Victor Nordstrom; here: © 2015 Nicola Lyn Evans/WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff; here © 2015 Nicola Lyn Evans/WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff; Strong and True here: © James Ewing/OTTO; here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Michael Mahesh; here: © DBOX/architecture by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; here: Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI); here: © PANYNJ; here: © PANYNJ; here: © 2015 Nicola Lyn Evans/WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff; High Steel here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Michael Mahesh; here: © PANYNJ; here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Victor Nordstrom; here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Victor Nordstrom; here: © PANYNJ; here: © PANYNJ; here: Michael Falco; here: Courtesy of Brian Cury, Founder of EarthCam, Inc., © EarthCam, Inc.; Construction Timeline All images © PANYNJ, with these exceptions: 4/27/06: Courtesy Silverstein Properties Inc./Photo: Allan Tannenbaum; 6/28/06: Courtesy Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; 5/23/06, 7/26/06, 9/11/11, 6/25/12, 5/10/13: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc./Photo: Joe Woolhead; 2/15/14, 3/26/14, 5/21/14: Judith Dupré; 7/28/14: Michael Rieger/FEMA News Photo; 10/18/14: Courtesy Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America/Photo: Dimitrios Panagos; See Forever here: Photo: Evan Joseph, courtesy of The Hettema Group; here: Evan Joseph Images/AirPhotosLIVE; Remembrance here: Photo: Joe Woolhead, Courtesy 9/11 Memorial; here: © PANYNJ/Photo: Victor Nordstrom; here: Michael Arad, 2003; here: © PANYNJ; here: Courtesy Michael Arad; here: © PANYNJ; here: PWP Landscape Architecture; here: Courtesy of Davis Brody Bond LLP; here: © PANYNJ; here: Photo: Ofer Wolberger, Courtesy 9/11 Memorial; here: Courtesy of Davis Brody Bond LLP; here: Snøhetta; here: Official White House Photo by Pete Souza; here: Courtesy of Davis Brody Bond LLP; here: Thinc Design; here: Thinc Design, Photo: Tom Hennes; here: Thinc Design, Photo: Tom Hennes; here: Thinc Design, Photo: Tom Hennes; here: Thinc Design, Photo: Tom Hennes; Primeval Beauty here: © PANYNJ; here: Dimitri Kasterine; Spiritual Legacy here: © 2014 Santiago Calatrava LLC. All rights reserved.; here: Arild Vågen; here: © 2014 Santiago Calatrava LLC. All rights reserved.; here: Courtesy Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America; here: © 2014 Santiago Calatrava LLC. All rights reserved.; here: © 2014 Santiago Calatrava LLC. All rights reserved.; The Neighborhood here: Courtesy Maki and Associates/Photo: Tectonic; here: © Bednorz–Images 2015; here: Courtesy Maki and Associates; here: © Diana Horowitz; here: Courtesy Maki and Associates; here: © 2015 Sanan Media; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc.; here: © DBOX/architecture by BIG; here: Courtesy Silverstein Properties, Inc.; here: Courtesy Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG)/Image by Thomas Loof; here: © DBOX/architecture by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, BIG, Santiago Calatrava, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and Fumihiko Maki; here: Downtown Streetscape Partnership, a joint venture of AECOM and Jacobs; Sixteen Acres here: © DBOX for Westfield Corporation, architecture by Santiago Calatrava; here: © DBOX for Westfield Corporation; here: © PANYNJ; here: © DBOX for Westfield Corporation; Afterword here: © Bednorz–Images 2015; Back Matter here: Milton Glaser; here: Top row, L–R: International Brotherhood of Boilermakers; Cement & Concrete Workers District Council; Cement & Concrete Workers, Local 6A; Cement & Concrete Workers, N.Y. City & Vicinity, Local Union 18A; Elevator Constructors Union No. 1 of New York & New Jersey. Second row, L–R: Local 12 NYC Heat & Frost Insulators; Courtesy of the IBEW; International Brotherhood of Teamsters; International Union Painters and Allied Trades; Courtesy Cement & Concrete Workers District Council. Third row, L–R: Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association; International Union of Operating Engineers; Millwright and Machinery Erectors, Local Union 740; New York City & Vicinity District Council of Carpenters; Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association. Bottom row, L–R: International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers; Sheet Metal Workers International Association; United Association; United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers; here: © Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. here: Slinkachu/Andipa Gallery.