), 41Index
A
Absolutism, of Plato’s theory of government, 200–1, 237, 314, 320–33, 362; in Xenophon, 115; in Hegel, 454–5
Action, the life of, compared with the life of contemplation, 135–6, 234–6
Actual, in relation to the ideal, 172 n. 2, 277–81; Plato’s criticism of actual states, 281–300, 330 sq., 337
Agriculture, 20, 49, 191 n. 1, 373–6, 449, 450
Alexander, 24
Amphictyonic Council, 48–9, 308
Analogy, the use of, in political theory, 138–9; of the individual and the State, 187–8; of weaving, 319, 325–6; of the pilot, 321
Anarchism, not advocated by Sophists, 171 n. 1; Plato depicts democracy as home of anarchy, 294–6
Animals, the analogy of, 83–4, 122, 138, 242, 255–6, 260
Anthropology, applied to political theory, 64, 92, 266
Antiphon, the Orator, 68, 76, 91, 108
Antiphon, the Sophist, 76–9, 91 n. 1, 95–8
Antisthenes, the Cynic, 121–2
Apollo and Delphi, 8–9, 48–9, 65 n. 2, 100, 308
Appetite, 54, 56, 187–9, 199–200, 205, 277, 287–9, 300, 303 n. 2, 415–16
Archytas, of Tarentum, 58, 132, 133
Areopagiticus, 117
Argos, 358–9
Aristippus, the Cyrenaic, 124
Aristocracy, 3, 33, 86; Plato’s belief in an aristocracy of intelligence, 237, 243–4, 248, 251; Plato not ‘aristocratic’ in the ordinary sense, 126, 299; Plato’s classification of aristocracy, 334–5
Aristophanes, 20, 82, 87, 109, 242, 253, 275
Aristotle, 5, 6, 7, 11, 14–17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 40, 42, 50–1, 53 n. 2, 54, 67, go, 92–4, 115, 117, 118, 120, 123–5, 127, 137–9, 164 n. 1, 168 n. 1, 169–70; Aristotle and the Republic, 191 n. 1, 198 n. 1, 199 n. 2, 201, 222, 231, 239, 245 n. 1, 249 n. 2, 262–5, 270, 274, 275, 276, 283, 284, 285, 288 n. 2; Aristotle’s debt to the Politicus, 316, 326 n. 3; Aristotle’s criticism of the Politicus, 316, 323–5; his debt to the Laws, 341 n. 1, 356, 370 n. 1, 374 n. 1, 410, 438 n. 2, 433–4; his criticism of the Laws, 348, 360 n. 3, 396–7, 398, 402 n. 1
Art, of politics, 11, 35 (see also Political Science); the views of Socrates on, 102, 105, 110–12; the views of Plato on, 137–9, 144, 145–6, 149 sq.2 155 sq., 164, 181, 321, 331
Art in education, 216, 220–1, 222–7, 229, 431 sq. (see also Music).
Art and Nature, 422–4
Asceticism, of Plato, 236, 247, 263
Assembly, of Athens, 38–9, 51, 104, 152, 154; as depicted in the Politicus, 331; in the State of the Laws, 386–91, 395, 434; in Rousseau, 452–3
Association, the State as an Association, 2, 29, 190–1, 199 n. 1, 269–70
Associations, and the State, Solon’s law, 49; Plato and Associations, 269–74
Astronomy, 229, 232, 369, 406–10, 425, 428, 439
Athens, basis of Greek political theory, 15–16; economic position of, 20–1, 240; slavery at, 32–7; constitution of, 27 sq., 37–41, 323, 368 n. 2, 388 n. 1; Solon’s reforms at, 49–52; political theory at, 60, 66, 68, 89–90, 241, 253; Empire of, 84–6, 118, 366; Socrates and, 107–8; Plato and Athens, 14–16, 127, 153, 162–4, 214–15, 294 sq., 312–13, 360, 366–7, 394, 440–1; education at Athens, 211–13, 214–15, 440–1; position of women at, 253, 379–80
’Aθηναίων πολιτεία (pseudo-Xenophon), 89, 298 n. 1, 367 n. 2
Athletics, 348 n. 4 (see also Gymnastics).
Augustine St, 318, 426 n. 1, 445, 447
Auxiliaries, 194 (see also Guardians)
B
Barbarians and Greeks, 78–9, 118 sq., 307–9
Bentham, 10 n. 1, 129, 323, 355, 411
Biology, 53 n. 4, 127, 231, 270
C
Callicles, 81 sq., 156, 159 sq., 181, 256
Capital Punishment, 416, 422–3
Character, education and the training of, 41 sq., 211, 220–3, 355–6, 430 sq.
Children, training of, 435–6
Church, Church and State, 8; Christian Church and Cynic theory, 122; Plato and the medieval Church, 409–10, 446–8 (see also Middle Ages and Monasticism).
Citizenship, 2, 23–4, 28–9, 32–3
City-state, 2–7, 19–46, 452, 454
Classes, three classes of Pythagorean doctrine, 56, 186; of Hippodamus, 93; of Plato, 56, 127, 175–6, 198–203, 249–51, 260 n. 4, 276; Plato on the three classes of ancient Athens, 312–13; system of classes in the Politicus, 328; in the Laws, 372, 376, 386 sq., 395; Plato on the opposition of classes, 288–9, 293–4, 297–8, 326 (see also State); the c!asses of Comtianism, 456; the Prussian three-class system, 41, 388 n. 1
Cleisthenes, 10, 27, 29, 31, 57, 273, 368 n. 2, 373, 391 n. 2, 394
Climate, 356–67 (see also Geography).
Codification of law, of Solon, 50; of Plato in the Laws, 129, 340, 351, 356, 411
Colonies, 10, 92, 343, 364–5, 386 n. 2
Communism, 20, 56, 88, 94, 123–4; in Republic, 172 n. 2, 176, 199, 201, 202, 205, 209, 225, 288, 291, 316, 327, 446, 449–51, 455
Community, of property, 239–52, 370–1; of wives, 241–2, 252–62, 370, 382, 449; of children, 258–9, 370
Compensation (for damage in Plato’s Laws), 416–18
Concordance (of man and Nature), 53 n. 4, 57, 61 n. 1, 87 n. 2, 158 n. 1, 369, 406, 409
Constitution, the ‘ancestral’ constitution, 51–2, go, 117–18, 360; Plato’s verdict of actual constitutions, 283–300 (see also Actual); classification of constitutions, 320, 335–7; the mixed constitutions, 51, 57, 87 n. 2, 126, 134, 135, 291, 304, 327, 340, 345 n. 1, 353, 357–62, 369–70, 384, 388–9, 395–8
Contemplation, 136, 211, 234–6
Contract (social), 64, 71, 80, 142, 270, 357 n. 2, 453
Convention (opposed to nature), 60, 64, 74–89, 95–8, 102, 158–9, 184–6, 422–4
Conversion, of the soul, 109, 128, 217
Corinth, city of, 170; congress at (338 B.C.), 23, 40
Corporations, 269 n. 1, 273 (see also Associations).
Corruption, of Plato’s ideal state, 190, 283–300
Cosmopolitanism, 78–9, 97–8, 111, 120 sq.
Council, the Athenian Council, 38 sq., 99; the council in Plato’s Laws, 386 sq., 391, 395 sq. (see also Nocturnal Council).
Courage, 146–7, 187, 203, 212–13, 343–6
Craftsmen, 32–8, 92–3, 105–6, 191 n. 1, 311–12, 321 n. 1 (see also Industry); associations of craftsmen, 273
Credit, 170, 191 n. 1, 293, 373–4, 378
Crime, 412–22
Critias, the younger, 86, 90 n. 2, 108, 110 n. 2, 126; the elder, 126 n. 1
Critias, 127, 311–13, 333 n. 1, 357 n. 2
Crito, 43, 45, 110, 126, 140–3, 332 n. 1, 357 n. 2.
Curriculum, of the Republic, 218, 219 sq., 229; of the Laws, 436 sq.
Cynics, 16, 74, 111, 120–5, 192
D
Dancing, 222, 223 n. 2, 431, 435
Deification (of rulers), 23–4, 325 n. 1
Demagogue (see also ), 41
Democracy, 3–4, 13, 20, 50, 87 n. 2, 89; Socratic criticism of, 108, 111; Plato and democracy, 126, 152, 162, 169, 173, 174–5, 223, 247–8, 284, 288, 289–90, 294–300, 314, 331–2, 334–5, 336–7, 359, 360–1, 397–8; Rousseau and democracy, 452
Determinism, 415–16
Dialogue, the Platonic, 136–9, 339
Dionysius 1, 115, 119, 127, 130, 289, 300
Dionysius, the younger, 116, 130 sq., 314, 338, 342, 385 n. 1
Disease, injustice or crime a form of, 158, 414 sq., 420–1
Distributive justice, 233 n. 1, (cf. 389–90)
Divine Right, i n. 1, 47, 55, 72, 318 n. 1
Division of Labour, 144–6, 150, 170, 175–6, 189–92, 193, 199, 203, 275–6, 376 (see also Specialization).
Dorian Kingdoms, 357; Doric influence, 52
Drama, 162, 223, 360 n. 3, 433–4
Drones, Plato’s dislike of drones in the State, 274–5, 298, 450
Duodecimal system, 368–9
E
Ecclesiazusae, 242
Economic, crisis of 7th century, 49; economic factor in the State, 152–3, 190–2; economics in the Republic, 170, 191 n. 1; economic and political power, 243–4; economic interpretation of history, 289–90; economic system of the Laws, 369–79
Education, Greek conception of, 41–3; Protagoras and, 70–1; Xenophon and, 114; Isocrates and, 115–16 (see also Isocrates); Platonic Academy and, 127–8; view of education in Plato’s earlier dialogues, 145–6, 150–2, 153–4; education in the Republic, 168, 169, 176, 198, 285, 291; in the Politicus, 327; in the Laws, 355–6, 260 n. 1, 406–7, 414–15; in Utopia, 449–50; technical education, 191 n. 1; minister of education, in the Laws, 392, 433 (see also Art, Curriculum, Primary education, Secondary education, and University).
Elections, of Athenian Council, 38–9; of Council in the Laws, 386–8; of officials in the Laws, 386, 390–1, 393–4, 434
Emancipation, of women, 255–6 (see also Women).
English History, references to, 273 n. 1, 292 n. 1, 328–9, 366 n. 2, 367 n. 1, 448–9, 455; English Law, 417 n. 1, 419 n. 1
Environment, relation to mind, 121–2, 124–5, 217–19, 262–4
Epaminondas, 57, 119, 129 n. 1
Ephebi, oath of, 142 n. 1; discipline of, 440–2
Epistles (Platonic), 130 sq., 234, 278, 342
Equality, democratic ideal, 14; Solon’s ideal, 49; in Pythagorean theory, 54; rejected by Callicles, 81; equallty of landed property, 92–3; equality of all men, 79, 121; Plato on equality, 161 n. 1, 294, 296–7, 371–2, 388 n. 1, 389–90
Ethics, relation to politics, 6–7, 168 (see also Morality).
Eugenics, 138, 257–60, 328, 381–2
Euripides, 61 n. 1, 84 n. 1, 87, 87 n. 2, 253
Euthydemus, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147 n. 2, 154, 316
Examination (δοκιμασία), in the Republic, 195–6, 197–8, 232–4; in the Laws, 399 n. 2
Examiners (εὐθυνταί), in the Laws, 399–400
F
Family, 87–8, 123–4; the family and education, 211–13; the family and property, 241–3; Plato’s critique of the family in the Republic, 252–62; the family in the Laws, 379–83 (see also Household).
Farmers (γεωργοί), 198–200, 245–6, 312–13 (see also Agriculture).
Foreign relations, 117 sq., 307 sq., 401 sq.
Function (ἔργον), 100–1, 145–6, 170, 173, 176, 183, 243–4, 376
G
Generals, Athenian, 41, 146, 154; in Plato’s Laws, 390
Geography, 22, 127, 312, 365–6
Geometry, 1 n. 1, 127, 229–30, 283, 408 n. 2, 439
God, Plato’s conception of, 222–3, 306, 338, 405, 407, 423–9, 440
Golden age, 192, 316 sq., 328 n. 1, 352, 357
Goodness (ἀρετή), sophistic conception of, 67, 68; Socratic and Platonic view of its relation to knowledge, 101–3, 144–7, 147–9, 149–52, 165, 183, 195 n. 1, 219, 405; its proper discharge of function, 183; unity of goodness, loo, 140, 146–7, 152, 218, 326, 405; ‘complete virtue’, 177 n. 2, 343; the four cardinal virtues, 203, 344, 446 (see also Courage, Justice, Self-control, Wisdom).
Gorgias, 66, 68, 69–70, 81, 83, 116, 118, 155
Gorgias, 45, 53 n. 4, 81 sq., 88, 104, 126, 139, 140, 147–8, 153–60, 163, 181, 229, 337, 389 n. 1, 414 n. 2 & 3, 420
Government, in Plato’s Republic, 194 sq., 201, 210, 223–7, 236–7
Greeks, 1, 17; sense of unity, 22, 307–8; opposition to barbarians, 2, 59–60, 78–9, 116–17, 118 sq., 307–8; Greek law, 342–3
Guardians, of Plato’s Republic, 55, 56, 66, 135, 194 sq., 276, 342; ‘perfect’ guardians, 195–6, 235, 406; their training, 227 sq.; guardians of the laws, 41, 134, 135, 342, 386, 391–3, 398
Guilds, 49–50, 273, 321 n. 1; Guild socialism, 13 n. 1, 244–5
Gymnastics, 56, 151, 155, 211, 220–2, 380, 434, 436, 440
H
Habituation (ἐθισμός), 222, 356, 430, 438–9, 444
Happiness (εὐδαιμονία), its relation to justice, 144, 146, 157–8, 182–3, 246, 268, 287, 301–5
Harmony, Pythagorean doctrine of, 56; Platonic conception of harmany of soul and State, 146, 151, 200, 203, 206, 325 sq., 329–30, 344, 369–70 (see also Self-control and Concordance).
Hedonism, 124, 161, 303 n. 1 & 2 (see also Pleasure).
Hegel, 13, 42 n. 1, 169 n. 1, 454–5
Helots, 27, 374 n. 3, 442 n. 1
Heredity, 259 sq., 382, 415 (see also Eugenics).
Heretics, 402, 410, 422–9, 447–8
Herodotus, 3 n. 1, 42, 64 n. 1 & 2, 89, 253, 308, 334, 365 n. 1 & 2
Hippias (the Sophist), 66, 73, 175
History, all history contemporary, 16–17; Plato’s treatment of history, 189–90, 265–6, 283–4; Platonic philosophy of history, 285–6; the Laws on the lessons of Greek history, 356–63
Hobbes, 16, 79, 82, 143, 184 n. 2, 190 n. 1, 226, 270, 408 n. 2
Household, the State and the, 187 n. 1, 316 (see also Family).
I
Ideas (Platonic), 105, 146, 195–7, 231, 233
Idea of the Good, 196, 219, 225, 229, 233, 235
Ideals, function of, 165–6, 277 sq., 377
Ideal State, Greek conception of, 4, 92 sq.; Platonic conception of, 148, 172 n. 2, 187 sq., 370
Idealism of Plato, 251, 264 n. 1, 278 sq., 337
Ignorance, of statesmen criticized by Plato, 45–6, 173, 202–3, 212
Impiety (ἀσέβεια), 8–9, 108–9, 427 n. 2
Individualism, 62, 70, 73, 78, 80, 96 n. 3, 123–5; Plato’s attitude to, 172, 173–4, 180–1, 184 n. 2, 204, 267 sq.; Rousseau and, 452
Industry, 21, 49, 190, 191 n. 1, 245, 376–7 (see also Craftsmen).
Injustice, 146, 179–80, 285–6, 292–3, 301 sq.
Inspectors, of country, in the Laws, 393–4, 440–1
Instinct, 111, 149, 152, 185 (see also Opinion).
Intention, in crime, 413, 417–18, 419
Interest, 170, 191 n. 1, 293, 373–4
International relations, 83–4, 307–8
Invalids, Plato’s treatment of, 225–6, 266, 274
Ionians, 1 n. 2, 52; Ionian philosophers, 52 sq., 59–61, 64, 69–70, 75
Isocrates, 23, 67, 92, 115–20, 127, 154, 175, 211, 228, 230, 307–8, 309
J
Jus, 206–7; jus belli, 310; jus gentium, 129 n. 3, 353 n. 1; jus naturae, 73, 123, 310, 342,
Justice, distributive justice, 13, 54, 233 n. 1, 389 (see also Equality); justice basis of State, 30–1; Pythagorean view of, 54; Ionian philosophers on, 58, 61–2; sophistic view of, 80, 95–8; Socrates on, 73, 107; in Plato’s view it is τάξις καί κόσμος, 58, 162, 177 n. 2; in the Republic it is 
, 170, 172–3, 176, 177–208, 209–10, 226–7, 242, 246, 248–9, 254–5, 275, 285–6, 292–3, 296–7, 328, 344, 362–3, 454; justice and happiness, 301–6, 414
K
Knowledge (ἐπιστήμη), Socratic doctrine of two knowledges, 101 sq., 149 n. 1, 179; in Plato’s view politics needs real knowledge, which is transmissible, 149–50; this is an architectonic or master knowledge, 144–9, 154, 315; such knowledge must be sovereign and absolute, 149–53, 164–6, 194–8, 315, 320–5, 331–3; in the Laws knowledge is combined with liberty, 359–61; knowledge and ideas, 231–4; knowledge and pleasure, 303–4
L
Labour, 32–8, 191 n. 1, 449–50 (see also Industry).
Land, property in, 48, 49, 52, 92–3, 213–14, 240–1, 299 n. 2, 369–73
Language, origin of, 64 n. 3, 81; relation of words to things, 350 n. 1
Law, importance of Greek law, 342–3; Greek view of law, 43–6; Solon’s laws, 50; Heraclitus on law, 58; law opposed to nature, 61–4, 74–6, 95–8, 123–5, 156, 159–60, 184–7; (see also Convention); Hippodamus on law, 94; Socrates and law, 110–11; Xenophon on law, 114; the Cynics and law, 123–4; Plato’s interest in law, 130, 133, 135–6; his view of law in the earlier dialogues, 141–3; in the Republic, 186, 207–8, 210, 225–7, 237, 297–9; his conception of a public law of Greece, 307 sq.; treatment of law in the Politicus, 314, 320–1, 322–5, 328–33; in the Laws, 348–56, 424, 431
Laws, other references, 40, 45, 88, 117, 126, 128, 129, 135, 140, 157 n. 1, 189, 191 n. 1, 223 n. 1, 226 n. 1, 251 n. 1, 260 n. 4, 301 n. 1 & 2, 305–6, 314, 327, 337, 447
Law-Courts, Athenian, 50, 68–9, 98 n. 1, 154; aversion to, in the Republic, 225–7, 259; system of, in the Laws, 351, 392–5
Legislation, Isocrates on, 117; Plato’s view of, in the Gorgias, 156; in the Republic, 212, 227; system of, in the Laws, 351, 414; Greek methods of legislation, 323–4, 434 (see also Legislator).
Legislator (νομοθέτης), 9–10, 48–9, 63; Plato and the legislator, 129, 133, 226–7, 281–2, 341–3, 351, 357–9, 365, 385, 454
Leisure, 32–8
Liberty, Greek ideal, 14; Plato abolishes the family for the sake of, 254; Platonic communism and, 267 sq.; end of the State, 275–6; in democracy, 294–7; personal liberty of the Greeks, 309–10; view of liberty in the Laws, 343–5, 359–62, 396–8
Lot, the use of the, 39, 104, 117, 173, 294, 331, 338–9
Lunacy, and crime, 412 n. 1, 414 n. 1, 421 n. 2
M
Machiavelli, 10, 16, 79, 81, 272, 346
Market place (ἀγορά), 21, 35, 378, 394
Marriage, Euripides on, 87; Plato’s views on, 138, 252–62, 291, 327, 369, 379–83, 451
Mathematics, Greek genius for, 1 n. 1, 229; Pythagorean study of, 53–6, 56–7, 229 n. 2; Plato approaches philosophy through, 53 n. 1, 127, 131; Mathematics in the Republic, 228, 229–31; in the Laws, 367–9, 409, 437, 439, 455
Matter (ϕύσις or ὕλη), 52–3, 59, 65; matter and mind, 74–5, 262–5, 405–6, 423–4
Mean (τò μέσον) Delphic preaching of, 48; Pythagorean doctrine of, 56–7; Plato’s references to, 288 n. 2, 325 sq., 359; Rousseau and, 454
Meno, 104, 112, 140, 147–9, 155, 216, 445 n. 2
Middle Ages, Greek Middle Ages, 47; Middle Ages in Europe (compared with Platonism), 229–31, 244, 263, 272, 409–10, 428–9, 445–8
Might, and Right, 75, 81–6, 111, 156–8, 255, 352, 424
Militarism, 192–4, 212, 213, 219 sq., 292, 307–11, 345–8, 367, 380, 440–2
Mind (vo
s), 74, 199, 217–18, 265, 350, 404–8, 423–5 (see also Reason and Soul).
Monarchy, Homer on, 47; Pythagoreans and, 55; Isocrates on, 120, 128; Plato and monarchy, 116, 128, 237, 320–1, 328–30, 333–6, 357–61
Money, 169–70, 174, 245, 372–6 (see also Currency and Wealth).
Morality, and law, 177 n. 2, 207, 355, 412–15; and art, 221–5, 431–2, 438; social morality, 207, 454
Murder, Plato’s law of, 374 n. 3, 420
Music (i) in the broader sense (= the liberal arts); Pythagorean views on, 55–6; Platonic view of, 221; its place in education in the Republic, 222–7; (ii) in the narrower sense (= our music), as an instrument of education, 151, 211–12, 229–30, 232, 431, 434, 326–40; not for the sake of mere pleasure, 162, 360 n. 2; the ‘music of the spheres’, 326, 369, 406
Mysticism, of Socrates, 106, 109; political mysticism of Plato, 275
N
Nationality, among the Greeks, 22, 308–11
Nature (ϕύσις), as conceived by the Ionian philosophers, 53, 58–60; opposed to Law, or Art, or Convention, 60–2, 74–86, 95–7, 102, 124–5, 157, 159–60, 184–6, 422–4; conception of State of nature, 71–2, 80, 150, 184, 192, 316, 357 (see also Golden Age); ‘nature’ peoples, 92, 240, 252, 266
Nocturnal Council, in the Laws, 353 n. 1, 403 sq., 426
Number, Pythagorean view of, 53; in the Laws, 367–9, 407, 408 n. 2
O
Oligarchy, oligarchical party at Athens, 68, 85–6, 89–91, 108, 169; Plato’s verdict on oligarchy in the Republic, 174, 284–5, 288–91, 292–4, 299; in the Politicus, 335–6; in the Laws, 361, 396–8
Opinion, public, 44, 3:3–4; opinion (δόξα) contrasted wlth knowledge (ἐπιστήμη), 102, 116, 138, 147–9, 195 n. 2, 221
Organism, the State as an, 170, 202 n. 1, 205, 269 sq., 451; ‘organic’ growth, 281–3
Origin, of State, 71, 80, 150, 184, 189–90, 316–17, 357 (see also Contract).
P
Panhellenism, 118 n. 2, 113, 134, 307–11 (see also Greeks).
Pay (μσθός), in politics, 33–4, 241 n. 1, 247–8; the Sophists and pay, 66, 163, 174
Peace, Plato’s principles of, 307–11; Plato on peace and war in the Laws, 345–8; reference in the Politicus, 326
Pericles, 29, 30, 32, 41, 45, 61, 151 n. 1, 154, 163, 311 n. 1, 378; the funeral speech of, 5, 17, 30, 213, 290, 295
Persecution, 109, 410, 422–9, 447, 451 n. 1
Persia, 59, 114–15, 116, 119 sq., 359; Persian wars, 60–1, 307–8
Personality, 200–1, 262–3, 267–9, 273, 281, 390
Philip (of Macedon), 23, 40, 119, 347
Philosophy, characteristics of Greek, 1 n. 1, 12 n. 1; of Pythagoreans, 55; of Socrates, 106; of Isocrates, 116; Plato’s conception of, 45, 128, 154, 160, 215–16, 228–304, 338, 403 sq.; philosophy and poetry, 223 n. 3; the philosopher’s character, 235; philosopher-kings, 130, 146, 149, 195–6, 200–1, 234, 236–7, 340, 353, 406, 446, 447, 451 n. 2
Physician, analogy of physician and statesman, 145, 160, 163, 311–2, 331–2, 362, 414, 421; physicians banished in the Republic, 220, 226, 266
Plato, life of, 126–36; references to Plato in the first two chapters, 8, 14–15, 33, 35, 37, 4, 43, 45; his relation to the Pythagoreans, 53 n. 4, 54, 55 (see also Pythagoreans); his attitude to the Sophists, 67, 75, 79–82, 86–9, 423–4 (see also Sophists); his relation to Socrates, 111–13; Plato and Isocrates, 116, 128, 210, 306–7; Plato and the Cynics, 125; later history of his political theory, 445–57
Pleasure, 125, 161, 302–3, 360, 416, 438
Πλεονεξία, 53 n. 4, 81, 161 n. 1, 176, 182, 350
Poetics, of Aristotle, 222, 223 n. 3
Poetry, educational use of, in the Republic, 211, 221 sq.; in the Laws, 432, 437–8; poetry and philosophy, 223 n. 3
Political Science (see also Art); connected in Greek theory with ethics, 6 sq.; a practical science, 11–12, 45, 140, 144, 145–6, 149 sq.9 281, 315–16, 340, 424; concerned with ideals, 283
Politicians, Plato’s criticism of, 148–9, 151–2, 161–3, 173–4, 298, 318–19 (see also Ignorance and Selfishness).
Politics, of Aristotle, 7, 11, 17, 20, 32, 40, 42, 51, 87, 90, 92–4, 117, 118, 123, 138–9, 164 n. 1, 191 n. 1, 239, 324, 337 n. 1, 395–8, 443–4
Politicus, other references, 45, 126, 135, 140, 145 n. 1, 154, 260 n. 4, 299, 310 n. 1, 342, 369 n. 1, 452 n. 1
Population, size of, in the Republic, 237, 260; in the Laws, 368–9, 371, 381; restriction of, 260, 371, 381
Poverty, cause of sedition, 49, 289, 293; poor relief, 378
Preambles, Plato’s advocacy of, 134–5, 314, 338, 339, 353–4, 385 n. 1, 413–14, 438 n. 1
Preventive, theory of punishment, 150, 412, 420–1
Prodicus, the Sophist, 67, 68, 73, 85, 舠6, 333
Professional, soldiers, 105, 115, 175, 176
Property, ‘common use’ of, in city-state, 24–5; the right of property, 96 n. 3; Cynic view of, 124; Plato’s attitude to, 169, 176, 239 sq., 244, 289; property and the family, 241–2, 252, 259; Aristotle’s vindication of, 264; property and its political effects, 243, 289, 291; the treatment of property in the Laws, 369–73; canonical theory of, 446; More’s view of, 448
Proportional, equality, 53 n. 4, 117, 161 n. 1, 297 n. 1, 389; representation, 39, 40, 400 n. 1, 41, 149, 153, 299
Protagoras, 67–70, 88, 92, 149–53, 228, 365 n. 1, 423
Protagoras, 42, 71–2, 73, 126, 140, 147–8, 149–53, 156, 165, 317, 357 n. 2, 420, 438 n. 1 & 2
Providence, Plato’s argument for, 306, 425
Psychology, Platonic, 186, 187, 283–4, 287–9, 302–3, 328 (see also Soul).
Punishment, Plato’s theory of, 39, 150, 158–9, 178, 413–22, 431
Pythagoras, 55–7; the Pythagoreans, 1 n. 1, 10 n. 1, 48, 53–5, 57, 61, 74, 93; Socrates and the Pythagoreans, 113; Plato and, 53 n. 3 & 4, 54, 56, 113, 127, 158 n. 1, 186, 199 n. 1, 200, 230 n. 1, 231, 241, 317, 325 n. 1, 369 n. 1
R
Reason (λόγος), Plato’s conception of, 54, 56, 186, 194–8, 199–200, 206, 218, 242–3, 249–51, 277, 281, 284, 287, 302–3, 350
Redivision (ἀυαδασμος) of land, 240, 299
Reformation, Delphic, 47–8, 59; the Protestant, 105 n. 1, 227 n. 2, 271
Reformatory, theory of punishment, 158, 414–16, 420 (see also Punishment).
Religion, character of Greek, 1–2, 8–9, 29–30; criticisms of, 59, 62, 65 n. 2, 86; Socrates and, 106–10; Plato’s views on, 211, 221–2, 305–6, 422–9, 439; Rousseau’s view of, 433–4
Renaissance, Greek, 47, 51; Italian, 447
Representative Institutions, 38–41, 42, 361, 455
Republic, Pythagorean elements in, 54–7; relation to Sophists of, 66, 72, 77, 80, 82, 85, 87–8; Socratic elements in, 105, 107, 111, 112–13; anticipations of, in earlier dialogues, 144, 146, 147 n. 2, 148, 149, 151, 158, 165, 167; Politicus and, 314, 322, 327–8, 337; the Laws and, 339 n. 1, 340, 344, 345, 356, 361–2, 370–1, 375, 376, 380, 381, 385, 406, 410, 441–2; Aristotle more interested in the Laws than in the Republic, 444; later history of the Republic, 445–6, 447–8, 450 n. 1, 456
Resistance, to law, 110, 140–3, 331–2
Responsibility, of government, 321, 399, 421
Retail, trade, 20–1, 191 n. 1, 377
Revolution, causes of, 289, 298; the revolution of 411 B.C., 40, 50, 69, 387 n. 1
Rhetoric, 65, 67, 69–70, 115–16, 140, 145–6, 153 sq.9 229
Rights, conception of, in Greek political theory, 7, 30; rights and duties, 96 n. 3, 142; Plato and the conception of rights, 207, 226 n. 2, 257, 267 Sq., 307, 310, 371, 413, 421
Rigidity, of law, Plato’s view of, 323, 333, 352–3
Rome, 13, 23–4, 28; Roman Law, 208, 342–3, 411
Rule of Law, defined, 384 n. 1; Greek belief in, 43–5, 50, 51; Plato and, 44–5, 133–5, 227, 325, 328–33, 352, 353–4
S
Schools, 211, 365, 435 (see also Education).
Science, 10; classification of sciences in the Politicus, 315; natural sciences, 1 n. 1, 53, 232 (see also Biology, Geography, Mathematics).
Secondary education, 211, 356, 436–40
Self, nature of, 180, 267–8 (see also Soul).
Self-control (or temperance), Delphic teaching of, 48; discussed in the Charmides, 143–5; in the Republic, 177 n. 2, 201, 204, 206; in the Politicus, 328; in the Laws, 342–6, 347, 353, 359–60, 361
Selfishness, of politicians, 157 sq., 173 n. 1, 176, 203, 243, 254
Serfs, 26, 240–1, 375 (see also Helots).
Service, Plato’s insistence on social, 274; advocacy of national service in the Laws, 347–8, 379
Shepherd, statesman regarded as, 163, 316–17
Simplicity, Plato’s desire for, 224, 266
Slavery, characteristics of Greek, 33–7; attacked, 86, 93, 124, 241; Aristotle on, 139; discussed in the Republic, 310; in the Laws, 374 n. 3
Socialism, 13 n. 1; Plato’s Republic and, 169–70, 238, 244, 245, 246–9; More and, 449
Society, and the State, 11–13, 174–5, 203, 329, 455; society and education, 42, 151, 210
Socrates, disciple of Archelaus, 60; life and teaching, 99–112; his connexion with the Cynics and Cyrenaics, 120 sq.; Socrates in Plato’s dialogues, 112–13, 126, 130, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140–1, 142, 147–8, 149 sq.9 163–4, 175, 331, 337; Socrates’ view of marriage, 253, 259; his classification of constitutions, 335; Xenophon and Socrates, 107, 113, 335 n. 2; other references, 30, 43, 53, 67, 116
Solon, 8, 9, 48–51, 57, 116, 126, 211, 342 n. 1, 391, 438 n. 1
Sophist, 315 n. 1
Sophists, relation of, to Socrates, 101, 105, 106, 111; Isocrates and, 116; Plato and, 66, 76, 79–82, 87–8, 142, 154 sq., 170–1, 208 n. 1, 210, 423–4; other references, 2, 61, 139, 211, 334
Sophocles, 65 n. 1 & 2, 188 n. 1
Soul (Ψυχή), Plato’s doctrine of, in the Republic, 184 sq., 186, 199–200, 214–17, 223, 302–3; the soul and matter, 262–4; immortality of, 305; doctrine of, in the Laws, 342–4, 414 sq., 438
Sovereignty, Plato’s conception of, in the Republic, 201, 237 (see also Rule of Law); in the Politicus, 315; in the Laws, 384; Rousseau’s conception of, 453
Sparta, continuity of, 3; law of, 8–9; constitution of, 26–8, 272 n. 1, 358–9, 384; economic and social system of, 33, 51–2, 240, 253; education at, 212–13; the philosopher’s view of, 14–15; Plato’s view of, in the Republic, 212–14, 245, 266, 277, 290, 291, 292; in the Laws, 346–7, 358–9, 379, 397, 394, 401 n. 1, 442 n. 1
Specialization, advocated by Hippodamus, 94; Socratic principle, 105; advocated by Plato, 144–5, 173, 174–5, 176–7, 191–2, 193, 195, 203, 244–7, 250, 292–3, 376
Spirit (Θυμός), Plato’s view of, 54, 56, 186, 192–3, 194, 199–200, 206, 213, 221, 222, 277, 287, 290, 292
Στάσις, 13, 22, 24, 92, 174–5, 289
State, the Greek State; Greek conception of relation of State to individual, 2, 5, 7–8; of State to society, 12–13; of State to education, 42–6; Platonic theory of—State based on the character of its members, 137, 185–6, 283–300; scope of State action, 225–8; the State and art, 222–6, 432–3; the State and education, 151, 210 sq., 327–8, 355–6, 430 sq.; the State and society, 173–4, 203, 329; the State and law, 227, 320 sq., 348–56, 384, 398–9, 411 sq.; the State and philosophy, 148–9, 152, 234–7, 404–6; the State and the family, 254 sq.; the State as an organism, 269 sq.; the State and associations, 273–4; the State and foreign relations, 306–11; Platonic doctrine of the ‘two States’, 173, 244, 249–50, 277, 289, 291, 293, 320, 352, 455
Statesman, definition of in the Politicus, 315 sq. (see also Legislator and Philosophy).
Station, ‘my station and its duty’, 42, 180, 204–5, 207 n. 2, 242–3, 267, 454 (see also Organism).
Stoics, 15–16, 59, 122, 305, 307, 341
Strong, justice interest of the, 179 sq. (see also Might).
Suffrage, based on property, 40, 372, 386–7 sq.; based on military service, 347
Συσσίτια, 56, 240–1, 246, 371, 451 n. 1
Syracuse, 127, 130 sq., 277, 290, 300, 340, 342
T
Tάξις, justice as, 
of the soul, 158, 177 n. 2, 200, 297 n. 2, 415
Taxation, in the Laws, 372 n. 1, 376
Teacher, Platonic view of, 434–5
Teleology, of Socrates, roo, 102; of Plato, 7 n. 1, 145, 148–9, 218–19, 226, 267–8, 270, 306 (see also Function).
Theocracy, 317, 325 n. 1, 352, 360, 409
Theoretic life, 123 n. 2, 135 (see also Contemplation).
Thrasymachus, 67, 82, 88, 180–4, 352
Thucydides, 4, 85, 89, 290 n. 2 (see also under Pericles, funeral speech of).
Timaeus, 311–12, 410 n. 1, 414 n. 1, 445, 447
Trade, trade in Greece, 20, 170; Plato’s view of trade, 191 n. 1, 245, 292, 373–7
Training, of character, 14, 15; of statesmen, 149; education a social training, 42, 151, 210 sq., 222 sq. (see also Education).
Tribe (ἔθνος), in Greek history, 19, 23, 27–33; Plato in the Republic, goes back to the, 256, 267, 273; the tribe in the Laws, 372, 393
Tyranny, Greek view of, 83–5; the Republic and, 237, 285–6, 288, 290, 298, 299, 300, 301 n. 1; the Politicus and, 330, 334, 335, 336
Tyrant, Plato and the, 130, 135, 157–8, 300, 304; the ‘young tyrant’ in the Laws, 340 n. 2, 351, 361, 385; the Thirty Tyrants, 99, 110 n. 2, 130
U
Unification, of the State in the Republic, 172, 176–7, 195–6, 201
Unity, Plato on the unity of virtue, 140, 146–7, 152, 177 n. 1, 218, 326, 405; on the unity of Mind, 200, 218, 405; on the unity of the State, 195–6, 201, 248–9, 250–1, 254, 258–9, 262, 266–7, 269 sq., 275–6, 293, 296, 344–5, 359; on the unity of Greece, 306–10; on the unity of the world, 218, 306, 405, 407, 425
University, 66, 228, 228–9, 441 n. 1, 442, 447
Utility, 107, 223 n. 3, 258, 262 n. 2
Utopias, Greek writers of, 92–4; function of, 277 sq.
V
Village (κώμη), in Greek history, 27, 30–1
Voluntary, the voluntary and the involuntary, 106, 157, 414 sq.
W
War, 191, 307–10, 346–9, 359 (see also Militarism).
Warriors, in the Republic (see also Guardians); in the Critias, 312–13
Wealth, Solon and the use of 49; Plato on (see also Communism), 244, 289, 291, 292–4, 373, 389–90, 397
Weaving, metaphor of, applied to politics, 315, 319, 324–6, 342, 363, 370
Will, basis of government, 111, 183–4, 329, 361, 415; general will, 202, 296, 398, 454
Wisdom, one of the four virtues, 182, 204, 344, 359; 361, 407
Women, emancipation of, 87; Plato’s views on their position, 138, 213, 252–63, 274, 312, 347, 378–81, 435, 451
X
Xenophon, 89, 107, 113–14, 335 n. 2
Y
Young, associated in the Laws with the old, 393, 402–3, 442, 451 n. 1
