Anmerkungen
Die folgende Aufstellung enthält wissenschaftliche Fachartikel und andere Quellen, die für die Vertiefung des Themas hilfreich sind. Weitere Untersuchungen und jeweils aktualisierte Quellen finden Sie auf Englisch unter BrainWashBook.com .
Einführung
  1. Pew Research Center, »Political Polarization in the American Public: How Increasing Ideological Uniformity and Partisan Antipathy Affect Politics, Compromise and Everyday Life«, 12. Juni 2014, https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5 / 2014 / 06 / 6-12-2014-Political-Polarization-Release.pdf . [zurück]
  2. Daten über chronische Erkrankungen in den USA hält das dortige Gesundheitsministerium in der Abteilung Chronische Erkrankungen (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion) auf der entsprechenden Webseite bereit unter https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/infographic/chronic-diseases.htm (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  3. National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, »Why We Need Public Health to Improve Healthcare«, https://www.chronicdisease.org/page/whyweneedph2imphc (zuletzt abgerufen am 4. August 2019); dazu ebenfalls Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, »Health and Economic Costs of Chronic Diseases«, https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm (zuletzt abgerufen am 19. Juli 2019). [zurück]
  4. Weltgesundheitsorganisation, »Noncommunicable Diseases and Their Risk Factors«, https://www.who.int/ncds/en/ (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
Kapitel 1
  1. »Ericsson Mobility Report: 70 percent of world’s population using smartphones by 2020«, Presseerklärung vom 3. Juni 2015, https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2015 / 6/ericsson-mobility-report-70-percent-of-worlds-population-using-smartphones-by-2020 (zuletzt abgerufen am 18. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  3. »Americans spend nearly half of their waking hours (42 percent) looking at a screen, it’s been revealed by new research«, Presseerklärung vom 13. August 2018, Umfrage über OnePoll im Auftrag von CooperVision, https://coopervision.com/our-company/news-center/press-release/americans-spend-nearly-half-their-waking-hours-42-percent (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  4. S. C. Curtin et al., »Recent Increases in Injury Mortality Among Children and Adolescents Aged 10 – 19 Years in the United States: 1999 – 2016«, Natl Vital Stat Rep 67, Nr. 4 (Juni 2018): 1 – 16. [zurück]
  6. M. Markota, et al., »Benzodiazepine Use in Older Adults: Dangers, Management, and Alternative Therapies«, Mayo Clin Proceedings 91, Nr. 11 (November 2016): 1632 – 1639. [zurück]
  7. Siehe auch National Sleep Foundation unter www.sleepfoundation.org . [zurück]
  8. V. Poznyak und D. Rekve (Hrsg.)., Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 (Genf: Weltgesundheitsorganisation 2018). [zurück]
  10. »New Cigna Study Reveals Loneliness at Epidemic Levels in America«, Presseerklärung vom 1. Mai 2018, https://www.cigna.com/newsroom/news-releases/2018/new-cigna-study-reveals-loneliness-at-epidemic-levels-in-america (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  12. R. Micha, et al., »Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality from Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States«, JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association 317, Nr. 9 (2017): 912 – 924. [zurück]
  13. H. Waters and M. Graf, »America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight«, 26. Oktober 2018, https://www.milkeninstitute.org/reports/americas-obesity-crisis-health-and-economic-costs-excess-weight (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
Kapitel 2
  1. Sharon Begley, Neue Gedanken – neues Gehirn. Die Wissenschaft der Neuroplastizität beweist, wie unser Bewusstsein das Gehirn verändert. München: Goldmann, 2010. [zurück]
  2. G. Weinstein et al., »Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and the Risk for Dementia: the Framingham Heart Study«, JAMA Neurology 71, Nr. 1 (Januar 2014): 55 – 61. [zurück]
  3. Siehe das englischsprachige Interview mit Dr. Bredesen unter www.drperlmutter.com . [zurück]
  4. Die berühmte »triune brain theory« wurde usprünglich von dem amerikanischen Neurowissenschaftler Dr. Paul MacLean in den 1960er-Jahren vorgelegt. Siehe die Übersicht seiner Arbeit von J. D. Newman und J. C. Harris: »The Scientific Contributions of Paul D. MacLean (1913 – 2007)«, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 3 – 5. [zurück]
  5. Justin S. Feinstein et al., »The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear«, Current Biology 21, Nr. 1 (Januar 2011): 34 – 38. [zurück]
  6. J. B. Mackinnon, »The Strange Brain of the World’s Greatest Solo Climber«, Nautilus Issue 039, 11. August 2016. [zurück]
  7. M. J. Kim et al., »The Structural and Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala: From Normal Emotion to Pathological Anxiety«, Behavioral Brain Research 223, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2011): 403 – 410. [zurück]
  8. J. Amiel Rosenkranz, Emily R. Venheim und Mallika Padival, »Chronic Stress Causes Amygdala Hyperexcitability in Rodents«, Biological Psychiatry 67, Nr. 12 (Juni 2010): 1128 – 1136. [zurück]
  9. Eine Zusammenfassung des Lebens von Phineas Gage und der wissenschaftlichen Lerneffekte im Eintrag des Smithsonian Magazine von Steve Twomey, »Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient«, Januar 2010, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/phineas-gage-neurosciences-most-famous-patient-11390067/ (zuletzt abgerufen am 16. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  10. Die Notizen von Dr. Williams wurden von einem gewissen Dr. John Harlow publiziert, der den Fall Gage übernahm. Dazu J. M. Harlow, »Passage of an Iron Rod through the Head«, Boston Medical and Surgery Journal 39, Nr. 20 (13. Dezember 1848): 389 – 393. [zurück]
  11. Harlow, »Passage of an Iron Rod«; siehe auch J. M. Harlow, »Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head«, Publ. Massachusetts Medical Society 2 (1868): 327 – 347. [zurück]
  12. M. Ironside et al., »Effect of Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation on Regulation of Amygdala Response to Threat in Individuals with Trait Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial«, JAMA Psychiatry (Oktober 2018). [zurück]
  13. N. J. Kelley et al., »Stimulating Self-Regulation: A Review of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Studies of Goal-Directed Behavior«, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Nr. 12 (Januar 2019): 337. [zurück]
  14. Anne T. Park et al., »Amygdala – medial Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity Relates to Stress and Mental Health in Early Childhood«, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 13, Nr. 4 (April 2018): 430 – 439. [zurück]
Kapitel 3
  1. A. F. T. Arnsten, »Stress Signalling Pathways that Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function«, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, Nr. 6 (Juni 2009): 410 – 422. [zurück]
  3. Amy F. Arnsten, »Stress Weakens Prefrontal Networks: Molecular Insults to Higher Cognition«, Nature Neuroscience 18, Nr. 10 (2015): 1376 – 1385. [zurück]
  4. A. Nagano-Saito et al., »Stress-Induced Dopamin Release in Human Medial Prefrontal Cortex – 18F-fallypride/PET Study in Healthy Volunteers«, Synapse 67, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2013): 821 – 830. [zurück]
  5. International Data Corporation, »Always Connected: How Smartphones and Social Keep Us Engaged«, https://www.nu.nl/files/IDC-Facebook%20Always%20Connected%20 (1 ).pdf (zuletzt abgerufen am 19. Mai 2019). [zurück]
  7. »Kellogg Reveals Results of Monumental Breakfast Survey«, 22. Juni 2011, http://newsroom.kelloggcompany.com/news-releases?item=76379 (zuletzt abgerufen am 10. Mai 2019) [zurück]
  8. James E. Gangwisch et al., »High Glycemic Index Diet as a Risk Factor for Depression: Analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative«, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102 (2015): 454 – 463. [zurück]
  9. N. D. Mehta et al., »Inflammation Negatively Correlates with Amygdala-ventromedial Prefrontal Functional Connectivity in Association with Anxiety in Patients with Depression: Preliminary Results«, Brain, Behaviour, and Immunity 73 (Oktober 2018): 725 – 730. [zurück]
  10. T. K. Inagaki et al., »Inflammation Selectively Enhances Amygdala Activity to Socially Threatening Images«, Neuroimage 59, Nr. 4 (Februar 2012): 3222 – 3226. [zurück]
  11. E. Stice, K. S. Burger, and S. Yokum, »Relative Ability of Fat and Sugar Tastes to Activate Reward, Gustatory, and Somatosensory Regions«, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2013): 1377 – 1384. [zurück]
  12. N. D. Volkow, R. A. Wise und R. Baler, »The Dopamin Motive System: Implications for Drug and Food Addiction«, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18, Nr. 12 (November 2017): 741 – 752. [zurück]
  14. A. Mitchell et al., »The Modern News Consumer: News Attitudes and Practices in the Digital Era«, Pew Research Center, 7. Juli 2016, https://www.journalism.org/2016 / 07 / 07/the-modern-news-consumer/ . [zurück]
  18. J. Poushter, »Worldwide, People Divided on Whether Life Today Is Better Than in the Past«, Pew Research Center, 5. Dezember 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/12/ 05/worldwide-people-divided-on-whether-life-today-is-better-than-in-the-past/ . [zurück]
  19. J. Gramlich, »5 Facts about Crime in the U. S.«, Pew Research Center, 3. Januar 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019 / 01 / 03 / 5-facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/ . [zurück]
  20. M. Roser und M. Nagdy, »Optimism and Pessimism«, OurWorldInData.org, https://ourworldindata.org/optimism-pessimism [zurück]
  21. »The Burden of Stress in America«, Studie unter der Leitung der NPR/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health, 2014, https://media.npr.org/documents/2014/july/npr_rwfj_harvard_stress_poll.pdf . [zurück]
  22. Attila Szabo, »Negative Psychological Effects of Watching the News in the Television: Relaxation or Another Intervention May Be Needed to Buffer Them!«, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 14, Nr. 2 (2007): 57 – 62. [zurück]
  23. K. Leetaru, »Culturomics 2.0: Forecasting Large-scale Human Behavior Using Global News Media Tone in Time and Space«, First Monday 16, Nr. 9 (2011). [zurück]
  24. S. Vosoughi, D. Roy und S. Aral, »The Spread of True and False News Online«, MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy Research Brief, 2017, http://ide.mit.edu/sites/default/files/publications/2017%20IDE%20Research%20Brief%20False%20News.pdf . [zurück]
  25. »Dig Deeper: Critical Thinking in the Digital Age«, MindEdge, 2018, https://www2.mindedge.com/page/dig-deeper . [zurück]
  26. »Labor Day Survey: 51 % of U. S. Employees Overall Satisfied with Their Job«, Pressemitteilung vom 29. August 29 2018, https://www.conference-board.org/press/pressdetail.cfm.pressid=7528 . [zurück]
  27. C. Kong, »Bored at Work«, Robert Half blog, 19. Oktober 2017, https://www.roberthalf.com/blog/management-tips/bored-at-work . [zurück]
Kapitel 4
  1. Tristan Harris, »How Technology is Hijacking Your Mind  – from a Magician and Google Design Ethicist«, Thrive Global, 18. Mai 2016. [zurück]
  2. Cecilia Cheng und Angel Yee-lam Li, »Internet Addiction Prevalence and Quality of (Real) Life: A Meta-Analysis of 31 Nations Across Seven World Regions«, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17, Nr. 12, 2014: 755 – 760. [zurück]
  4. J. T. F. Lau et al., »Incidence and Predictive Factors of Internet Addiction among Chinese Secondary School Students in Hong Kong: A Longitudinal Study«, Socical Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52, Nr. 6 (Juni 2017): 657 – 667. [zurück]
  5. M. A. Moreno et al., »Problematic Internet Use Among US Youth: A Systematic Review«, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 165, Nr. 9 (2011): 797 – 805. [zurück]
  6. Yan Zhou et al., »Gray Matter Abnormalities in Internet Addiction: A Voxel-based Morphometry Study«, European Journal of Radiology 79 (2011): 92 – 95. Siehe auch: Rita Z. Goldstein und Nora D. Volkow, »Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinical Implications«, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12, Nr. 11 (2011): 652 – 669. [zurück]
  7. Yan Zhou et al., »Altered Default Network Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Addiction«, PLoS One 8, Nr. 3 (2013): e59902. [zurück]
  8. Ryan J. Dwyer, Kostadin Kushlev und Elizabeth W. Dunn, »Smartphone Use Undermines Enjoyment of Face-to-face Social Interactions«, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 78 (September 2018): 233 – 239. [zurück]
  9. Shalini Misra, Lulu Cheng, Jamie Genevie und Miao Yuan, »The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices«, Environment and Behavior 48, Nr. 2 (2016). [zurück]
  10. Juliana Schroeder et al., »Handshaking Promotes Cooperative Dealmaking«, Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper Nr. 14 – 117; Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Working Paper Nr. 14-117. Mai 2014. Abrufbar unter SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2443674 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2443674 . [zurück]
  11. Stephen T. Asma, »This Friendship Has Been Digitized«, Op-Ed for The New York Times, 23. März 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019 / 03 / 23/opinion/this-friendship-has-been-digitized.html . [zurück]
  12. Mehr über Dr. Lisa Strohman auf ihrer Webseite https://drlisastrohman.com . [zurück]
  13. J. D., Elhai et al., »Problematic Smartphone Use: A Conceptual Overview and Systematic Review of Relations with Anxiety and Depression Psychopathology«, Journal of Affective Disord 207 (Januar 2017): 251 – 259. [zurück]
  14. Y. S. Cheng et al., »Internet Addiction and Its Relationship With Suicidal Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of Multinational Observational Studies«, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 79, Nr. 4 (Juni 2018). [zurück]
  15. Danielle L. Clark, Jean L. Raphael und Amy L. McGuire, »HEADS: Social Media Screening in Adolescent Primary Care«, Pediatrics 141, Nr. 6 (Juni 2018). [zurück]
  16. ABC News Australia, »Internet-addicted South Korean Children Sent to Digital Detox Boot Camp«, viewable at https://youtu.be/YuT_RAugJu0 . [zurück]
  18. Für alle möglichen Statistiken zu Social Media Trends und Nutzerverhalten Social: GlobalWebIndex’s Flagship Report on the Latest Trends in Social Media (2018) auf https://www.globalwebindex.com/hubfs/Downloads/Social-H2-2018-report.pdf . [zurück]
  19. Saima Salin, »How Much Time Do You Spend on Social Media? Research Says 142 Minutes per Day«, Digital Information World, 4. Januar 2019 (www.digitalinformationworld.com ). [zurück]
  20. Social: GlobalWebIndex’s Flagship Report. [zurück]
  21. Das Interview mit Chamath Palihapitiya wurde von Tim Hains am 11. Dezember 2017 bei realclearpolitics.com unter dem Titel »Former Facebook Exec: Social Media Is Ripping Our Social Fabric Apart« gepostet. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2017 / 12 / 11/fmr_facebook_exec_social_media_is_ripping_our_social_fabric_apart.html . [zurück]
  22. Jay R. Corrigan et al., »How Much Is Social Media Worth? Estimating the Value of Facebook by Paying Users to Stop Using It«, PLoS One 13, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2018): e0207101. [zurück]
  23. »The Facebook Experiment«, Happiness Research Institute, 2015. Einzusehen unter: www.happinessresearchinstitute.com/publications . [zurück]
  24. Melissa G. Hunt et al., »No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression«, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, Nr. 10 (November 2018): 751 – 768. [zurück]
  25. B. A. Primack et al., »Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the U. S.«, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, Nr. 1 (Juli 2017): 1 – 8. [zurück]
  26. P. Verduyn et al., »Passive Facebook Usage Undermines Affective Well-being: Experimental and Longitudinal Evidence«, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, Nr. 2 (April 201): 480 – 488. [zurück]
  27. Q. He, O. Turel und A. Bechara, »Association of Excessive Social Media Use with Abnormal White Matter Integrity of the Corpus Callosum«, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 278 (Aug 2018): 42 – 47. [zurück]
  28. L. E. Sherman et al., »The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media«, Psychological Science 27, Nr. 7 (Juli 2016): 1027 – 1035. [zurück]
  29. Lauren E. Sherman, Leanna M. Hernandez, Patricia M. Greenfield und Mirella Dapretto, »What the Brain ›Likes‹: Neural Correlates of Providing Feedback on Social Media«, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 13, Nr. 7 (September 2018): 699 – 707. [zurück]
Kapitel 5
  1. J. Decety und P. L. Jackson »The Functional Architecture of Human Empathy«, Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Review 3, Nr. 2 (Juni 2004): 71 – 100. [zurück]
  2. William Ickes, Everyday Mind Reading: Understanding What Other People Think and Feel (New York: Prometheus Books, 2003). [zurück]
  3. S. H. Konrath, E. H. O’Brien und C. Hsing, »Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis«, Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, Nr. 2 (Mai 2011): 180 – 198. [zurück]
  4. Für ein gutes Review der wissenschaftlichen Empathieforschung allgemein siehe: Helen Riess, »The Science of Empathy«, Journal of Patient Experience 4, Nr. 2 (2017): 74 – 77. Siehe auch: Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda and Wojciech Zajkowski, »A Neural Model of Mechanisms of Empathy Deficits in Narcissism«, Medical Science Monitor 19 (2013): 934 – 941. [zurück]
  5. Dennis E. Reidy et al., »Effects of Narcissistic Entitlement and Exploitativeness on Human Physical Aggression«, Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008): 865 – 875. [zurück]
  6. Victoria Blinkhorn and Minna Lyons, »Drop the Bad Attitude! Narcissism Predicts Acceptance of Violent Behaviour«, Personality and Individual Differences 98 (2016): 157 – 161. [zurück]
  7. Auf Dr. Campbell’s Webseite befindet sich eine lange Literaturliste zu seinen Forschungsarbeiten und Büchern über Narzissmus: https://wkeithcampbell.com . [zurück]
  8. David G. Taylor, » (Don’t You) Wish You Were Here? Narcissism, Envy and Sharing of Travel Photos Through Social Media: An Extended Abstract«, in: Marketing at the Confluence between Entertainment and Analytics: Proceedings of the 2016 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) World Marketing Congress, hg. v. Patricia Rossi, Bd. 2, 821 – 824. [zurück]
  9. Phil Reed et al., »Visual Social Media Use Moderates the Relationship between Initial Problematic Internet Use and Later Narcissism«, The Open Psychology Journal 11, (2018), 163 – 170. [zurück]
  10. Sarah J. Woodruff, Sara Santarossa und Jillian Lacasse, »Posting #selfie on Instagram: What Are People Talking About?«, The Journal of Social Media in Society 7, Nr. 1 (2018): 4 – 14. [zurück]
  11. Julia Glum, »Millennials Selfies: Young Adults Will Take More Than 25 000 Pictures Of Themselves During Their Lifetimes: Report«, International Business Times, 22. September 2015. Die Umfrage stammt von Luster Premium White, einer Firma mit Sitz in Boston, die Zahnweißer herstellt. [zurück]
  12. Robert Lull und Ted M. Dickinson, »Does Television Cultivate Narcissism? Relationships Between Television Exposure, Preferences for Specific Genres, and Subclinical Narcissism«, Psychology of Popular Media Culture 7 Nr. 1 (2018): 47 – 60. [zurück]
  13. J. N. Beadle, S. Paradiso und D. Tranel, »Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Critical for Helping Others Who Are Suffering«, Frontiers in Neurology 9 (Mai 2018): 288. [zurück]
  14. Y. Mao et al., »Reduced Frontal Cortex Thickness and Cortical Volume Associated with Pathological Narcissism«, Neuroscience 328 (Juli 2016): 50 – 57. [zurück]
  15. J. T. Cheng, J. L., Tracy und G. E. Miller, »Are Narcissists Hardy or Vulnerable? The Role of Narcissism in the Production of Stress-related Biomarkers in Response to Emotional Distress«, Emotion 13, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2013): 1004 – 1011. [zurück]
  16. Robin S. Edelstein, Ilona S. Yim und Jodi A. Quas, »Narcissism Predicts Heightened Cortisol Reactivity to a Psychosocial Stressor in Men«, Journal of Research in Personality 44, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2010): 565 – 572. Siehe auch: David A. Reinhard et al., »Expensive Egos: Narcissistic Males Have Higher Cortisol«, PLoS One 7, Nr. 1 (2012): e30858. [zurück]
  17. Radoslaw Rogoza, »Narcissist Unmasked. Looking for the Narcissistic Decision-Making Mechanism: A Contribution from the Big Five«, Social Psychological Bulletin 13, Nr. 2 (2018). [zurück]
  18. P. Lockwood et al., »Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Prosocial Learning and Links to Empathy«, PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 113, Nr. 35 (August 2016): 9763 – 9768. [zurück]
  19. J. Majdanzic et al., »The Selfless Mind: How Prefrontal Involvement in Mentalizing with Similar and Dissimilar Others Shapes Empathy and Prosocial Behavior«, Cognition 157 (Dezember 2016): 24 – 38. [zurück]
  20. S. Katherine Nelson-Coffey et al., »Kindness in the Blood: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Gene Regulatory Impact of Prosocial Behavior«, Psychoneuroendocrinology 81 (2017): 8 – 13. [zurück]
  21. Über Hirnscans belegt Christina Karns, PhD, University of Oregon, wie positive Gefühle der Dankbarkeit mit Altruismus und Großzügigkeit in Verbindung stehen. Siehe dazu: https://bdl.uoregon.edu/research/people/staff/christina-karns/ . [zurück]
  23. H. Ohira et al., »Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Predicts Reduced Rejection of Unfair Financial Offers«, Neuroendocrinology Letters 34, Nr. 1 (2013): 47 – 51. [zurück]
  24. M. Wilkes, E. Milgrom und J. R. Hoffman, »Towards More Empathic Medical Students: A Medical Student Hospitalization Experience«, GMS Journal for Medical Education 36, Nr. 6 (Juni 2002): 528 – 533. [zurück]
  25. S. A. Batt-Rawden et al., »Teaching Empathy to Medical Students: An Updated, Systematic Review«, Academic Medicine 88, Nr. 8 (August 2013): 1171 – 1177. [zurück]
Kapitel 6
  1. E. M. Forster, »The Machine Stops«, The Oxford and Cambridge Review (November 1909). [zurück]
  2. Oliver Sacks, »The Machine Stops«, The New Yorker (4. Februar 2019). [zurück]
  3. Es gibt eine ganze Reihe von Fachartikeln, die sich dem Thema Natur und Gesundheit widmen. Eine gute kürzlich erschienene Übersicht bietet: M. A., Repke et al., »How Does Nature Exposure Make People Healthier? Evidence for the Role of Impulsivity and Expanded Space Perception«, PLoS One 13, Nr. 8 (August 2018): e0202246. [zurück]
  4. United Nations, World’s Population Increasingly Urban with More than Half Living in Urban Areas, Stand: 22. Mai 2017, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html . [zurück]
  7. Leah T Stiemsma et al., »The Hygiene Hypothesis: Current Perspectives and Future Therapies«, ImmunoTargets and Therapy 4 (2015): 143 – 157. [zurück]
  8. An Mihyang et al., »Why We Need More Nature at Work: Effects of Natural Elements and Sunlight on Employee Mental Health and Work Attitudes«, PLoS One 11, Nr. 5 (2016): e0155614. [zurück]
  9. Neil E. Klepeis et al., »The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants«, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 11 (2001): 231 – 252. [zurück]
  10. »Nine in Ten (87 %) Canadians Say They’re Happier When They Spend Time in Nature«, Ipsos poll conducted on behalf of the Nature Conservancy Canada, https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/Canadians-happier-in-Natur e. [zurück]
  12. O. R. McCarthy, »The Key to the Sanatoria«, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94, Nr. 8 (August 2001): 413 – 417. [zurück]
  13. Stephen R. Kellert und Edward O. Wilson (Hrsg.), The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington D. C.: Island Press 1993). Siehe auch Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1984). [zurück]
  14. R. S. Ulrich, »View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery«, Science 224, Nr. 4647 (April 1984): 420 f. [zurück]
  15. Ruth Kjaersti, Grete Grindal Patil und Terry Hartig, »Health Benefits of a View of Nature through the Window: A Quasi-experimental Study of Patients in a Residential Rehabilitation Center«, Clinical Rehabilitation 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 2012): 21 – 32. [zurück]
  16. Seong-Hyun Park und Richard H. Mattson, »Effects of Flowering and Foliage Plants in Hospital Rooms on Patients Recovering from Abdominal Surgery«, Horttechnology 18, Nr. 4 (2008): 563 – 568. [zurück]
  17. C. J. Beukeboom, D. Langeveld und K. Tanja-Dijkstra K, »Stress-reducing Effects of Real and Artificial Nature in a Hospital Waiting Room«, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 18, Nr. 4 (April 2012): 329 – 333. [zurück]
  18. B. A. Bauer et al., »Effect of the Combination of Music and Nature Sounds on Pain and Anxiety in Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Randomized Study«, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 17, Nr. 4 (2011): 16 – 23. [zurück]
  20. Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan and Songmun Kim, »Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response«, Scientific Pharmaceuticals 84, Nr. 4 (2016): 724 – 752. [zurück]
  21. Q. Li et al., »A Forest Bathing Trip Increases Human Natural Killer Activity and Expression of Anti-Cancer Proteins in Female Subjects«, Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 22, Nr. 1 (2008): 45 – 55. [zurück]
  22. Q. Li et al., »A Day Trip to a Forest Park Increases Human Natural Killer Activity and the Expression of Anti-Cancer Proteins In Male Subjects«, Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 24, Nr. 2 (2010): 157 – 165. [zurück]
  23. S. Dayawansa et al., »Autonomic Responses during Inhalation of Natural Fragrance of Cedrol in Humans«, Autonomic Neuroscience 108, Nr. 1 – 2 (2003): 79 – 86. [zurück]
  24. S. Dayawansa et al., »Autonomic Responses During Inhalation of Natural Fragrance of Cedrol in Humans«, Autonomic Neuroscience 108, Nr. 1 – 2 (Oktober 2003): 79 – 86. [zurück]
  25. Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan und Songmun Kim, »Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response«, Scientific Pharmaceuticals 84, Nr. 4 (2016): 724 – 752. [zurück]
  26. Won Kim et al., »The Effect of Cognitive Behavior Therapy-Based Psychotherapy Applied in a Forest Environment on Physiological Changes and Remission of Major Depressive Disorder«, Psychiatry Investig 6, Nr. 4 (2009): 245 – 254. [zurück]
  27. Daniel T. C. Cox et al., »Doses of Nearby Nature Simultaneously Associated with Multiple Health Benefits«, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, Nr. 2 (2017): 172. [zurück]
  28. C. A. Capaldi, R. L. Dopko und J. M. Zelenski, »The Relationship between Nature Connectedness and Happiness: A Meta-Analysis«, Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 976. [zurück]
  29. George Mackerron und Susana Mourato, »Happiness is Greater in Natural Environments«, Global Environmental Change 23 Nr. 5 (2013): 992 – 1000. [zurück]
  30. Mehr über Dr. Rhonda Patricks Arbeit auf der Webseite https://www.foundmyfitness.com . [zurück]
  31. P. K. Piff et al., »Awe, the Small Self, and Prosocial Behavior«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, Nr 6 (2015): 883 – 899. [zurück]
  32. M. Rudd, K. D. Vohs und J. Aaker, »Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-being«, Psychological Science 23, Nr. 10 (2012): 1130 – 1136. [zurück]
  33. P. K. Piff et al., »An Occasion for Unselfing: Beautiful Nature Leads to Prosociality«, Journal of Environmental Psychology 37 (2014): 61 – 72. [zurück]
  34. Gwang-Won Kim et al., »Functional Neuroanatomy Associated with Natural and Urban Scenic Views in the Human Brain: 3.0T Functional MR Imaging«, Korean Journal of Radiology 11, Nr. 5 (2010): 507 – 513. [zurück]
  35. Yalda T. Uhls et al., »Five Days at Outdoor Education Camp without Screens Improves Preteen Skills with Nonverbal Emotion Cues«, Computers in Human Behavior 39 (2014): 387 – 392. [zurück]
  36. Thomas Baumgartner et al., »Frequency of Everyday Pro-environmental Behaviour Is Explained by Baseline Activation in Lateral Prefrontal Cortex«, Scientific Reports 9, Nr. 9 (2019). [zurück]
  37. G. Z. Mao et al., »Effects of short-term forest bathing on human health in a broad-leaved evergreen forest in Zhejiang Province, China«, Biomedical and Environmental Science 25, Nr. 3 (2012): 317 – 324. [zurück]
  38. Ruth Ann Atchley, David L. Strayer und Paul Atchley, »Creativity in the Wild: Improving Creative Reasoning through Immersion in Natural Settings«, PLoS One 7, Nr. 12 (2012): e51474. [zurück]
  39. R. Mitchell und F. Popham, »Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population Study«, The Lancet 372, Nr. 9650 (2008): 1655 – 1660. [zurück]
  40. Dan L. Crouse et al., »Effect of Exposure to Natural Environment on Health Inequalities: An Observational Population Study«, The Lancet Public Health 1, Nr. 7 (2017: e289-e297. [zurück]
  41. D. Vienneau et al., »More than Clean Air and Tranquility: Residential Green Is Independently Associated with Decreasing Mortality«, Environment International 108 (2017): 176 – 184. [zurück]
  42. Magdalena van den Berg et al., »Health Benefits of Green Spaces in the Living Environment: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies«, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 14, Nr. 4 (2015): 806 – 816. [zurück]
Kapitel 7
  1. Robert H. Lustig, »Processed Food – An Experiment that Failed«, JAMA Pediatrics 171, Nr. 3 (2017): 212 ff. [zurück]
  2. Laure Schnabel et al., »Association between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Mortality Among Middle-aged Adults in France«, JAMA International Medicine 179, Nr. 4 (2019): 490 – 498. [zurück]
  3. GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators, »Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990 – 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017«, The Lancet 393, Nr. 10184 (2019): 1958 – 1972. [zurück]
  7. Barry Popkin und Corinna Hawkes, »The Sweetening of the Global Diet, Particularly Beverages: Patterns, Trends and Policy Responses for Diabetes Prevention«, The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4, Nr. 2 (2016): 174 – 186. [zurück]
  8. V. S. Malik et al., »Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults«, Circulation 139, Nr. 18 (2019): 2113 – 2125. [zurück]
  9. A. Mummert et al., »Stature and Robusticity During the Agricultural Transition: Evidence from the Bioarchaeological Record«, Economics & Human Biology 9, Nr. 3 (2011): 284 – 301. [zurück]
  10. Jared Diamond, »The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race«, Discover, Mai 1987. [zurück]
  12. Yuval Noah Harari, Eine kurze Geschichte der Menschheit. München: Pantheon 2015. [zurück]
  13. J. Graham Ruby et al., »Estimates of the Heritability of Human Longevity Are Substantially Inflated Due to Assortative Mating«, Genetics 210, Nr. 3 (1. November 2018): 1109 – 1124. [zurück]
  14. Felice N. Jacka et al., »Western Diet Is Associated with a Smaller Hippocampus: A Longitudinal Investigation«, BMC Medicine 13 (2015): 215. Siehe auch: T. Akbaraly, et al., »Association of Long-term Diet Quality with Hippocampal Volume: Longitudinal Cohort Study«, The American Journal of Medicine 131, Nr. 11 (2018): 1372 – 1381. [zurück]
  15. A. Ramirez et al., »Elevated HbA1c Is Associated with Increased Risk of Incident Dementia in Primary Care Patients«, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 44, Nr. 4 (2015): 1203 – 1212. [zurück]
  16. Robert H. Lustig, »Processed Food – An Experiment that Failed«, JAMA Pediatrics 171, Nr. 3 (2017): 212 ff. [zurück]
  17. Y. Lee et al., »Cost-effectiveness of Financial Incentives for Improving Diet and Health through Medicare and Medicaid: A Microsimulation Study«, PLoS Medicine 16, Nr. 3 (2019): e1002761. [zurück]
  18. M. Kent Potvin und A. Wanless, »The Influence of the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative: Change in Children’s Exposure to Food Advertising on Television in Canada between 2006 – 2009«, The International Journal of Obesity (London) 38, Nr. 4 (2014): 558 – 562. [zurück]
  19. S. Rincón-Gallardo Patiño et al., »Nutritional Quality of Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages Advertised on Mexican Television According to Three Nutrient Profile Models«, BMC Public Health 16 (2016): 733. [zurück]
  20. M. M. Romero-Fernández, MÁ Royo-Bordonada und F. Rodríguez-Artalejo, »Evaluation of Food and Beverage Television Advertising during Children’s Viewing Time in Spain Using the UK Nutrient Profile Model«, Public Health Nutrition 16, Nr. 7 (2013): 1314 – 1320. [zurück]
  21. Masoomeh Hajizadehoghaz, Maryam Amini und Afsoun Abdollahi, »Iranian Television Advertisement and Children’s Food Preferences«, International Journal of Preventive Medicine 7 (2016): 128. [zurück]
  22. Jennifer L. Harris, John A. Bargh und Kelly D. Brownell, »Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior«, Health Psychology 28, Nr. 4 (2009): 404 – 413. [zurück]
  23. E. J. Boyland et al., »Food Choice and Overconsumption: Effect of a Premium Sports Celebrity Endorser«, The Journal of Pediatrics 163, Nr. 2 (2013): 339 – 343. [zurück]
  24. J. A. Emond et al., »Exposure to Child-Directed TV Advertising and Preschoolers’ Intake of Advertised Cereals«, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 56, Nr. 2 (2019): e35 – e43. [zurück]
  25. Marie A. Bragg et al., »Sports Sponsorships of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverages«, Pediatrics 141, Nr. 4 (2018). [zurück]
  26. Shan Luo et al., »Abdominal Fat Is Associated with a Greater Brain Reward Response to High-calorie Food Cues in Hispanic Women«, Obesity (Silver Spring) 21, Nr. 10 (2013): 2029 – 2036. [zurück]
  27. Y. Yang et al., »Executive Function Performance in Obesity and Overweight Individuals: A Meta-Analysis and Review«, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review 84 (Januar 2018): 225 – 244. [zurück]
  28. N. Mac Giollabhui et al., »Executive Dysfunction in Depression in Adolescence: The Role of Inflammation and Higher Body Mass«, Psychological Medicine (2019): 1 – 9. [zurück]
  30. Jennifer A. Bremser und Gordon G. Gallup, Dr., »Mental State Attribution and Body Configuration in Women«, Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience 4 (2012): 1. [zurück]
  31. B. S. Lennerz et al., »Effects of Dietary Glycemic Index on Brain Regions Related to Reward and Craving in Men«, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98, Nr. 3 (2013): 641 – 647. [zurück]
  32. Rui Chen et al., »Decision Making Deficits in Relation to Food Cues Influence Obesity: A Triadic Neural Model of Problematic Eating«, Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018): 264. [zurück]
  33. Michael T. Osborne et al., »Amygdalar Activity Predicts Future Incident Diabetes Independently of Adiposity«, Psychoneuroendocrinology 100 (2019): 32 – 40. [zurück]
  34. Sara C. Staubo et al., »Mediterranean Diet, Micro- and Macronutrients, and MRI Measures of Cortical Thickness«, Alzheimers & Dementia 13, Nr. 2 (2017): 168 – 177. [zurück]
  35. Alessio Molfino et al., »The Role of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults«, Nutrients 6, Nr. 10 (2014): 4058 – 4072. [zurück]
  36. Robert K McNamara et al., »Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Increases Prefrontal Cortex Activation During Sustained Attention in Healthy Boys: A Placebo-controlled, Dose-ranging, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study«, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, Nr. 4 (2010): 1060 – 1067. Siehe auch: Simon C. Dyall, »Long-chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Brain: A Review of the Independent and Shared Effects of EPA, DPA, and DHA«, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 7 (2015): 52. [zurück]
  37. David Perlmutter, Scheißschlau. Wie eine gesunde Darmflora unser Hirn fit hält (mit Kristin Loberg) (München: Mosaik, 2016). [zurück]
  38. M. K. Wium-Andersen et al., »C-Reactive Protein Levels, Psychological Distress, and Depression in 73, 131 Individuals«, JAMA Psychiatry 70, Nr. 2 (2013): 176 – 184. [zurück]
  39. V. Valkanova, K. P. Ebmeier und C. L. Allan, »CRP, IL-6 and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies«, Journal of Affective Disorders 150, Nr. 3 (2013): 736 – 744. [zurück]
  40. A. N. Westover und L. B. Marangell, »A Cross-national Relationship between Sugar Consumption and Major Depression?«, Depression and Anxiety 16, Nr. 3 (2002): 118 – 120. [zurück]
  41. A. Sanchez-Villegas et al., »Added Sugars and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Dietary Carbohydrate Index and Depression Risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project«, British Journal of Nutrition 119, Nr. 2 (2018): 211 – 221. [zurück]
  42. James E. Gangwisch et al., »High Glycemic Index Diet as a Risk Factor for Depression: Analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative«, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, Nr. 2 (2015): 454 – 463. [zurück]
  43. C. Lassale et al., »Healthy Dietary Indices and Risk of Depressive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies«, Molecular Psychiatry 24, Nr. 7 (Juli 2019): 965 – 986. [zurück]
  44. Glenda Lindseth, Brian Helland und Julie Caspers, »The Effects of Dietary Tryptophan on Affective Disorders«, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 29, Nr. 2 (April 2015): 102 – 107. [zurück]
  45. Gislaine Z. Réusm et al., »Kynurenine Pathway Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Depression: Evidences from Animal and Human Studies«, Journal of Psychiatric Research 68 (2015): 316 – 328. [zurück]
  47. J. Savitz, »Role of Kynurenine Metabolism Pathway Activation in Major Depressive Disorder«, Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience 31 (2017): 249 – 267. [zurück]
  48. T. B. Meier et al., »Relationship between Neurotoxic Kynurenine Metabolites and Reductions in Right Medial Prefrontal Cortical Thickness in Major Depressive Disorder«, Brain, Behaviour and Immunity 53 (März 2016): 39 – 48. [zurück]
  49. Y. Zhou et al., »Cross-Sectional Relationship between Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Cognitive Function in Major Depressive Disorder«, Psychoneuroendocrinology 101 (März 2019): 72 – 79. [zurück]
  50. J. C. Feiger et al., »Inflammation Is Associated with Decreased Functional Connectivity Within Corticostriatal Reward Circuitry in Depression«, Molecular Psychiatry 21, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2016): 1358 – 1365. [zurück]
  51. M. Visser et al., »Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in Overweight and Obese Adults«, JAMA– Journal of the American Medical Association 282, Nr. 22 (Dezember 1999): 2131 – 2135. [zurück]
  52. K. A. Walker et al., »Midlife Systemic Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Late-life Brain Volume: The ARIC study«, Neurology 89, Nr. 22 (2017): 2262 – 2270. [zurück]
  53. Masashi Soga, Kevin J. Gaston und Yuichi Yamaurac, »Gardening Is Beneficial for Health: A Meta-Analysis«, Preventative Medicine Reports 5 (März 2017): 92 – 99. [zurück]
Kapitel 8
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, »Short Sleep Duration Among U. S. Adults«, https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data_statistics.html . [zurück]
  2. Materialien und Daten zum Thema Schlaf finden sich auch auf der Webseite der National Sleep Foundation unter www.sleepfoundation.org . [zurück]
  3. C. S. Möller-Levet et al., »Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Circadian Rhythmicity and Expression Amplitude of the Human Blood Transcriptome«, PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110, Nr. 12 (2013): E1132 – 1141. [zurück]
  4. Matthew Walker, Das große Buch vom Schlaf (München: Goldmann, 2018). [zurück]
  5. John G. Jenkins und Karl M. Dallenbach, »Obliviscence during Sleep and Waking«, American Journal of Psychology 35, Nr. 4 (1924): 605 – 612. [zurück]
  6. A. S. Lim et al., »Sleep Fragmentation and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognitive Decline in Older Persons«, Sleep 36, no. 7 (2013): 1027 – 1032. [zurück]
  7. L. K. Barger et al., »Short Sleep Duration, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Shiftwork, and the Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome«, Journal of the American Heart Association 6, Nr. 10 (2017). [zurück]
  8. C. W. Kim et al., »Sleep Duration and Progression to Diabetes in People with Prediabetes Defined by HbA1c Concentration«, Diabetic Medicine 34, Nr. 11 (2017): 1591 – 598. [zurück]
  9. M. R. Irwin, R. Olmstead und J. E. Carroll, »Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation«, Biological Psychiatry 80, Nr. 1 (Juli 2016): 40. [zurück]
  10. T. B. Meier et al., »Relationship Between Neurotoxic Kynurenine Metabolites and Reductions in Right Medial Prefrontal Cortical Thickness in Major Depressive Disorder«, Brain, Behaviour and Immunity 53 (März 2016): 39 – 48. [zurück]
  11. Stephanie M. Greer, Andrea N. Goldstein und Matthew P. Walker, »The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Food Desire in the Human Brain«, Nature Communications 4 (2013): 2259. [zurück]
  12. M. P. St-Onge et al., »Short Sleep Duration Increases Energy Intakes but Does Not Change Energy Expenditure in Normal-weight Individuals«, The American Journal Clinical Nutrition 94, Nr. 2 (2011): 410 – 416. [zurück]
  13. Julia S. Rihm et al., »Sleep Deprivation Selectively Upregulates an Amygdala – Hypothalamic Circuit Involved in Food Reward«, Journal of Neuroscience 39, Nr. 5 (2019): 888 – 899. [zurück]
  14. C. A. Everson, »Functional Consequences of Sustained Sleep Deprivation in the Rat«, Behavioural Brain Research 69, Nr. 1 – 2 (Juli – August 1995): 43 – 54. [zurück]
  15. Jeffrey J. Iliff et al, »A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid â«, Science Translational Medicine 4, Nr. 147 (2012): 147ra111. [zurück]
  16. L. Xie et al., »Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain«, Science 342, Nr. 6156 (2013): 373 – 377. [zurück]
  17. Ehsan Shokri-Kojori et al., »B-Amyloid Accumulation in the Human Brain After One Night of Sleep Deprivation«, PNAS 115, Nr. 17 (2018): 4483 – 4488. [zurück]
  18. Pent Li et al., »Beta-amyloid Deposition in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Differing Levels of Treatment Resistance: A Pilot Study«, ENJMMI Research 7 (2017): 24. Siehe auch: S. Perin et al., »Amyloid Burden and Incident Depressive Symptoms in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease«, Journal of Affective Disorders 229 (2018): 269 – 274. [zurück]
  19. E. Flores-Martinez und F. Pena-Ortega, »Amyloid â Peptide-Induced Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Its Response to Hippocampal Input«, International Journal of Peptide Research and Protein 12 (2017): 1 – 9. [zurück]
  20. Benjamin T. Kress et al., »Impairment of Paravascular Clearance Pathways in the Aging Brain«, Annuals of Neurology 76, Nr. 6 (2014): 845 – 861. [zurück]
  21. Seung-Schik Yoo et al., »The Human Emotional Brain without Sleep – a Prefrontal Amygdala Disconnect«, Current Biology 17, Nr. 20 (2007): 877 f. [zurück]
  22. Els van der Helm und Matthew P. Walker, »Overnight Therapy? The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Processing«, Psychological Bulletin 135, Nr. 5 (2009): 731 – 748. [zurück]
  23. Andrea N. Goldstein und Matthew P. Walker, »The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function«, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 10 (2014): 679 – 708. [zurück]
  24. Y. Motomura et al., »Two Days’ Sleep Debt Causes Mood Decline During Resting State Via Diminished Amygdala-Prefrontal Connectivity«, Sleep 40, Nr. 10 (2017). [zurück]
  25. Eti Ben Simon and Matthew P. Walker, »Sleep Loss Causes Social Withdrawal and Loneliness«, Nature Communications 9, Nr. 3146 (2018). [zurück]
  26. K. J. Brower und B. E. Perron, »Sleep Disturbance as a Universal Risk Factor for Relapse in Addictions to Psychoactive Substances«, Medical Hypotheses 74, Nr. 5 (2010): 928 – 933. [zurück]
  27. Grand View Research, »Insomnia Therapeutics Market Analysis By Treatment Type [Devices, Drugs (Benzodiazepines, Nonbenzodiazepines, Antidepressants, Orexin Antagonists, Melatonin Antagonists)], By Sales Channel, And Segment Forecasts, 2018 – 2025«, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/insomnia-therapeutics-market . [zurück]
  28. Yinong Chong, Cheryl D. Fryar und Quiping Gu, »Prescription Sleep Aid Use Among Adults: United States, 2005 – 2010«, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCHS Data Brief 127, August 2013, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db127.htm . [zurück]
  29. T. B. Huedo-Medina et al., »Effectiveness of Non-benzodiazepine Hypnotics in Treatment of Adult Insomnia: Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration«, BMJ 345 (2012): e8343. [zurück]
  30. Daniel F. Kripke, Robert D. Langer und Lawrence E. Kline, »Hypnotic Association with Mortality or Cancer: A Matched Cohort Study«, BMJ Open 2 (2012): e000850. [zurück]
  31. Daniel F. Kripke, »Hypnotic Drug Risks of Mortality, Infection, Depression, and Cancer: But Lack of Benefit«, Version 3. F1000Res 5 (2016): 918. [zurück]
  33. Anne-Marie Chang et al., »Evening Use of Light-emitting eReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness«, PNAS 112, Nr. 4 (2015): 1232 – 1237. [zurück]
  34. Jamie M. Zeitzer et al., »Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Pacemaker to Nocturnal Light: Melatonin Phase Resetting and Suppression«, Journal of Physiology 526, Nr. 3 (2000): 695 – 702. [zurück]
  35. Ariadna Garcia-Saenz et al., »Evaluating the Association between Artificial Light-at-Night Exposure and Breast and Prostate Cancer Risk in Spain (MCC-Spain Study)«, Environmental Health Perspectives 126, Nr. 4 (2018). [zurück]
  36. P. James et al., »Outdoor Light at Night and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Nurses’ Health Study II«, Environmental Health Perspectives 125, Nr. 8 (August 2017): 087010. [zurück]
  37. T. A. Bedrosian und R. J. Nelson, »Timing of Light Exposure Affects Mood and Brain Circuits«, Translational Psychiatry 7 (2017): e1017. [zurück]
  38. Common Sense Media, »The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight 2017«, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-kids-age-zero-to-eight-2017 . [zurück]
  40. Ari Shechter et al., »Blocking Nocturnal Blue Light for Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trail«, Journal of Psychiatric Research 96 (2018): 196 – 202. [zurück]
  41. F. H. Rångtell et al., »Two Hours of Evening Reading on a Self-Luminous Tablet Vs. Reading a Physical Book Does Not Alter Sleep After Daytime Bright Light Exposure«, Sleep Medicine 23 (2016): 111 – 118. [zurück]
Kapitel 9
  1. David A. Raichlen und Adam D. Gordon, »Relationship between Exercise Capacity and Brain Size in Animals«, PLoS One 6, Nr. 6 (2011): e20601. Siehe auch: David A. Raichlen und John D. Polk, »Linking Brain and Brawn: Exercise and the Evolution of Human Neurobiology«, Proceedings Biological Sciences 280, Nr. 1750 (2013): 201222550. [zurück]
  2. M. Moriya, C. Aoki und K. Sakatani, »Effects of Physical Exercise on Working Memory and Prefrontal Cortex Function in Post-Stroke Patients«, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 923 (2016): 203 – 208. Siehe auch: T. Tsujii, K. Komatsu und K. Sakatani, »Acute Effects of Physical Exercise on Prefrontal Cortex Activity in Older Adults: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study«, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 765 (2013): 293 – 298. [zurück]
  3. Stoyan Dimitrov, Elaine Hulteng und Suzi Hong, »Inflammation and Exercise: Inhibition of Monocytic Intracellular TNF Production by Acute Exercise via â2-adrenergic Activation«, Brain, Behavior and Immunity (2016). [zurück]
  4. D. Aune et al., »Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis«, European Journal of Epidemiology 30, Nr. 7 (2015): 529 – 542. [zurück]
  5. E. E. Hill et al., »Exercise and Circulating Cortisol Levels: The Intensity Threshold Effect«, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 31, Nr. 7 (2008): 587 – 591. [zurück]
  6. D. E. Lieberman, »Is Exercise Really Medicine? An Evolutionary Perspective«, Current Sports Medicine Reports 14, Nr. 4 (2015): 313 – 319. Siehe auch Lieberman, The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease (New York: Pantheon, 2013). [zurück]
  7. David Berrigan et al., »Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer«, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40 Nr. 1 (2008):181 – 188. [zurück]
  8. Frank Marlowe, The Hazda: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania (Origins of Human Behavior and Culture, Book 3) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). [zurück]
  9. Aviroop Biswas et al., »Sedentary Time and Its Association with Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis«, Annals of Internal Medicine 162 Nr. 2 (2015): 123 – 132. [zurück]
  10. Srinivasan Beddhu et al., »Light-Intensity Physical Activities and Mortality in the United States General Population and CKD Subpopulation«, CJASN – Clinical Cournal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015). [zurück]
  11. Zum Verhältnis von sportlicher Betätigung und Krebs siehe auch die Webseite des amerikanischen National Cancer Institute: www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/physical-activity-fact-sheet . [zurück]
  12. S. Colcombe und A. F. Kramer, »Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study«, Psychological Science 14, Nr. 2 (2003): 125 – 130. [zurück]
  13. Catherine L. Davis et al., »Exercise Improves Executive Function and Achievement and Alters Brain Activation in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial«, Journal of Health Psychology 31, Nr. 1 (2011): 91 – 98. [zurück]
  14. D. Moreau, I. J. Kirk und K. E. Waldie, »High-intensity Training Enhances Executive Function in Children in a Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial«, eLife 6 (2017). [zurück]
  15. Christina E. Hugenschmidt et al., »Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Functional Connectivity of Prefrontal Cortex In MCI: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial«, Alzheimer’s and Dementia 13, Nr. 7 (2017): 569 f. [zurück]
  16. James A. Blumenthal et al., »Lifestyle and Neurocognition in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments«, Neurology 92, Nr. 3 (2019): e212 – e223. [zurück]
  17. P. Gellert et al., »Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults: Does a Participating Partner Make a Difference?«, European Journal of Ageing 8, Nr. 3 (2011): 211. [zurück]
  18. Aikaterini Kassavou, Andrew Turner und David P. French, »Do Interventions to Promote Walking in Groups Increase Physical Activity? A Meta-Analysis«, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 10 (2013), 18. [zurück]
  19. Laura Chaddock-Heyman et al., »Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Greater White Matter Integrity in Children«, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014): 584. [zurück]
  20. Scott M. Hayes et al., »Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with White Matter Integrity in Aging«, Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 2, Nr. 6 (2015): 688 – 698. [zurück]
  21. C. J. Vesperman et al., »Cardiorespiratory Fitness Attenuates Age-associated Aggregation of White Matter Hyperintensities in an at-risk Cohort«, Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 10, Nr. 1 (2018): 97. [zurück]
  22. S. Müller et al., »Relationship between Physical Activity, Cognition, and Alzheimer Pathology in Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease«, Alzheimer’s & Dementia 14, Nr. 11 (2018): 1427 – 1437. [zurück]
  23. Helena Hörder et al., »Midlife Cardiovascular Fitness and Dementia«, Neurology 90, Nr. 15 (2018): e1298 – e1305. [zurück]
  24. Gary M. Cooney et al., »Exercise for Depression«, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 (September 2013): CD004366. [zurück]
  25. D. Catalan-Matamoros et al., »Exercise Improves Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses«, Psychiatry Research 244 (2016): 202 – 209. [zurück]
  26. Samuel B. Harvey et al., »Exercise and the Prevention of Depression: Results of the HUNT Cohort Study«, American Journal of Psychiatry 175, Nr. 1 (2017): 28 – 36. [zurück]
  27. Karmel W. Choi et al., »Assessment of Bidirectional Relationships Between Physical Activity and Depression Among Adults«, JAMA Psychiatry (2019). [zurück]
  28. Sebastian Butscheidt et al., »Impact of Vitamin D in Sports: Does Vitamin D Insufficiency Compromise Athletic Performance?«, Sportverletzung – Sportschaden 31, Nr. 1 (2017): 37 – 44. [zurück]
Kapitel 10
  1. S. Charron und E. Koechlin, »Divided Representation of Concurrent Goals in the Human Frontal Lobes«, Science 328, Nr. 5976 (April 2010): 360 – 363. [zurück]
  2. »Use of Yoga and Meditation Becoming More Popular in U. S.«, Presseerklärung vom 8. November 2018. Siehe: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2018 / 201811_Yoga_Meditation.htm . [zurück]
  3. P. H. Ponte Márquez et al., »Benefits of Achtsamkeit Meditation in Reducing Blood Pressure and Stress in Patients with Arterial Hypertension«, Journal of Humam Hypertension 33, Nr. 3 (2019): 237 – 247. [zurück]
  4. Lara Hilton et al., »Mindfulness Meditation for Chronic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis«, Annals of Behavioral Medicine 51, Nr. 2 (2017): 199 – 213. [zurück]
  5. David S. Black und George M. Slavich, »Achtsamkeit Meditation and the Immune System: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials«, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373, Nr. 1 (2016): 13 – 24. [zurück]
  6. Michaela C. Pascoe et al., »Mindfulness Mediates the Physiological Markers of Stress: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis«, Journal of Psychiatric Research 95 (2017): 156 – 178. [zurück]
  7. Tim Gard, Britta K. Hölzel und Sara W. Lazar, »The Potential Effects of Meditation on Age-related Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review«, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1307 (2014): 89 – 103. [zurück]
  8. J. Ong und D. Sholtes, »A Mindfulness-Based Approach to the Treatment of Insomnia«, Journal of Clinical Psychology 66, Nr. 11 (November 2010): 1175 – 1184. [zurück]
  9. Douglas C. Johnson et al., »Modifying Resilience Mechanisms in At-Risk Individuals: A Controlled Study of Mindfulness Training in Marines Preparing for Deployment«, American Journal of Psychiatry 171, Nr. 8 (2014): 844 – 853. [zurück]
  10. Madhav Goyal et al., »Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis«, JAMA International Medicine 174, Nr. 3 (2014): 357 – 368. [zurück]
  11. E. W. Orme-Johnson und V. A. Barnes, »Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials«, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20, Nr. 5 (2014): 330 – 341. [zurück]
  12. Britta K. Hölzel et al., »Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density«, Psychiatry Research 191, Nr. 1 (2011): 36 – 43. [zurück]
  13. Sara W. Lazar et al., »Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness«, Neuroreport 16, Nr. 17 (2005): 1893 – 1897. [zurück]
  14. Yi-Yuan Tang et al., »Short-term Meditation Induces White Matter Changes in the Anterior Cingulate«, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107, Nr. 35 (2010): 15649 – 15652. [zurück]
  15. J. A. Brewer et al., »Meditation Experience Is Associated with Differences in Default Mode Network Activity and connectivity«, PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108, Nr. 50 (2011): 20254 – 20259. [zurück]
  16. Y. Y. Tang et al., »Short-term Meditation Training Improves Attention and Self-regulation«, PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104, Nr. 43 (2007): 17152–17156. [zurück]
  17. Y. Y. Tang, B. K. Holzel und M. I. Posner, »The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation«, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, Nr. 4 (2015): 213 – 225. [zurück]
  18. Sofie L. Valk et al., »Structural Plasticity of the Social Brain: Differential Change after Socio-affective and Cognitive Mental Training«, Science Advances 3, Nr. 10 (2017): e1700489. Siehe auch: Rinske A. Gotnick et al., »8-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Induces Brain Changes Similar to Traditional Long-term Meditation Practice – A Systematic Review«, Brain and Cognition 108 (2016): 32 – 41. [zurück]
  19. C. A. Hutcherson, E. M. Seppala und J. J. Gross, »Loving-kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness«, Emotion 8, Nr. 5 (2008): 720 – 724. [zurück]
  20. Adrienne A. Taren et al., »Mindfulness Meditation Training and Executive Control Network Resting State Functional Connectivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial«, Psychosomatic Medicine 79 (2017): 674 – 683. [zurück]
  21. A. A. Taren, J. D. Creswell und P. J. Gianaros, »Dispositional Mindfulness Co-varies with Smaller Amygdala and Caudate Volumes in Community Adults«, PLoS One 8, Nr. 5 (2013): e64574. [zurück]
  22. Gaëlle Desbordes et al., »Effects of Mindful-attention and Compassion Meditation Training on Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli in an Ordinary, Non-meditative State«, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012). [zurück]
  23. Christine Wamsler et al., »Mindfulness in Sustainability Science, Practice, and Teaching«, Sustainability Science 13, Nr. 1 (2018): 143 – 162. [zurück]
  25. Manoj K. Bhasin et al., »Relaxation Response Induces Temporal Transcriptome Changes in Energy Metabolism, Insulin Secretion and Inflammatory Pathways«, PLoS One 8, Nr. 5 (2013): e62817. [zurück]
  26. M. De Jong et al., »A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study on Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Unipolar Depression in Patients with Chronic Pain«, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 79, Nr. 1 (Januar – Februar 2018): 26 – 34. [zurück]
  27. J. J. Miller, K. Fletcher und J. Kabat-Zinn, »Three-Year Follow-Up and Clinical Implications of a Mindfulness Meditation-Based Stress Reduction Intervention in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders«, General Hospital Psychiatry 17, Nr. 3 (Mai 1995): 192 – 200. [zurück]
  28. Dr. Newbergs Untersuchungen sind einsehbar unter: http://www.andrewnewberg.com/pdfs . [zurück]
  29. A. Newberg et al., »Meditation Effects on Cognitive Function and Cerebral Blood Flow in Subjects with Memory Loss: A Preliminary Study«, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20, Nr. 2 (2010): 517 – 526. [zurück]
  30. A. Newberg et al., »Effects of an 8-Week Meditation Program on Mood and Anxiety in Patients with Memory Loss«, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 19, Nr. 1 (2012): 48 – 53. [zurück]
  31. Imke Kirste et al., »Is Silence Golden? Effects of Auditory Stimuli and their Absence on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis«, Brain Structure and Function 220, Nr. 2 (2015): 1221 – 1228. [zurück]
  32. L. Bernardi, C. Porta und P. Sleight, »Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Changes Induced by Different Types of Music in Musicians and Non‐musicians: The Importance of Silence«, Heart 92, Nr. 4 (2006): 445 – 452. [zurück]
Kapitel 11
  1. G. Y. Kim, D. Wang und P. Hill, »An Investigation into the Multifaceted Relationship Between Gratitude, Empathy, and Compassion«, Journal Of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing 2, Nr. 1 (2018): 23 – 44. [zurück]
Fazit
  2. R. Waldinger et al., »Security of Attachment to Spouses in Late Life: Concurrent and Prospective Links with Cognitive and Emotional Well-Being«, Clinical Psychological Science 3, Nr. 4 (2015): 516 – 529. [zurück]
  3. John Bowlby, Bindung und Verlust, V1 (München: Ernst Reinhardt 2018). [zurück]
  4. R. Waldinger, G. E. Vaillant und E. J. Orav, »Childhood Sibling Relationships as a Predictor of Major Depression in Adulthood: A 30-year Prospective Study«, American Journal of Psychiatry 164, Nr. 6 (2007): 949 – 954. [zurück]
  5. Yuka Minagawa und Yasuhiko Saito, »Active Social Participation and Mortality Risk Among Older People in Japan: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample«, Research on Aging 36, Nr. 5 (2015): 481 – 499. [zurück]
  6. S. Cohen et al., »Social Ties and Suspectability to the Common Cold«, JAMA 277, Nr. 24 (Juni 1997): 1940 – 1944. [zurück]
  7. K. Orth-Gomér, A. Rosengren und L. Wilhelmsen, »Lack of Social Support and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-aged Swedish Men«, Psychosomatic Medicine 55, Nr. 1 (1993): 37 – 43. [zurück]