Endnotes

Introduction

1. James, Susan Donaldson. “Subway Takes Chemical Out of Sandwich Bread After Protest.” ABC News, February 5, 2014, National edition, Health section. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/subway-takes-chemical-sandwich-bread-protest/story?id=22373414.

2. Miller, Michael. “Kraft Mac & Cheese just got duller. You can thank (or blame) ‘The Food Babe.’” Washington Post, April 21, 2015, U.S. edition, Morning Mix section. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/21/kraft-mac-cheese-just-got-duller-you-can-thank-or-blame-the-food-babe/?utm_term=.f8538d1007ce.

3. Taylor, Kate. “How This Food Blogger Convinced Chick-fil-A to Go Antibiotics Free.” Entrepreneur, February 12, 2014, U.S. edition, Franchises section. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/231480#.

4. Daneshkhu, Scheherazade. “‘Food Babe’ Wins Battle with King of Beers.” Financial Times, June 13, 2014, National edition. https://www.ft.com/content/6fef0a00-f318-11e3-a3f8-00144feabdc0.

5. Taylor, Kate. “Can a Food Blogger Force Starbucks to Change Its Pumpkin Spice Latte?” Entrepreneur, August 27, 2014, U.S. edition. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/236896.

6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Health, National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 4-Methylimidazole (Cas No. 822-36-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr535.pdf.

7. Moyer, Justin. “Starbucks’s Pumpkin Spice Latte now has pumpkin after shaming by the ‘Food Babe.’” Washington Post, August 18, 2015, U.S. edition, Morning Mix section. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/08/18/starbuckss-pumpkin-spice-latte-now-has-pumpkin-after-shaming-by-jenny-mccarthy-of-food/?utm_term=.ecfb056f1451.

8. Rubin, Courtney. “Taking On the Food Industry, One Blog Post at a Time.” New York Times, March 13, 2015, National edition, Style section. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/style/taking-on-the-food-industry-one-blog-post-at-a-time.html.

9. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Food Science. “Fergus M. Clydesdale,” August 30, 2018. https://www.umass.edu/foodsci/faculty/fergus-m-clydesdale.

10. Sensient Technologies Corporation. “Leadership—Board of Directors.” https://web.archive.org/web/20141226220528/http://www.sensient.com/about-us/leadership.

11. Sethness Products Company. “Serving Worldwide Markets with High Quality Caramel Color.” Worldwide Locations. http://www.sethness.com/sethness-worldwide/.

12. Sensient Technologies Corporation. Schedule 14A, Definitive Proxy Statement, filed March 3, 2015. Sensient Technologies Corporation website. http://investor.sensient.com/Doc/Index?did=46442014.

13. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Food Science, “Fergus M. Clydesdale.”

14. Ibid.

15. UCSF Industry Documents Library. “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.” https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/chemical/collections/usrtk-agrichemical-collection/.

16. Algonquin College. “The School of Hospitality and Tourism at Algonquin College Presents an Evening with Dr. Joe Schwarcz: ‘Demystifying the Science of Food,’ Thursday, April 3, 2014, 5 pm Room H102, H Building, AC.” http://www.algonquincollege.com/hospitalityandtourism/files/2014/03/Dr.-Joe-Schwartz-Poster.pdf.

17. UCSF Industry Documents Library, “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.”

18. Pepperidge Farm Incorporated. “Our Story.” https://www.pepperidgefarm.com/our-story/.

19. James, “Subway Takes Chemical Out of Sandwich Bread After Protest,” ABC News.

20. Smith, Jack. “General Mills Starts Pulling Preservatives After Assault From Food Babe Army.” Observer, February 6, 2015. http://observer.com/2015/02/general-mills-starts-pulling-preservatives-after-assault-from-food-babe-army/.

21. Ilan, Brat. “Panera to Drop at Least 150 Artificial Ingredients from Menu.” Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2015, Business section. https://www.wsj.com/articles/panera-to-drop-at-least-150-artificial-ingredients-from-menu-1430787781.

22. Fuss, Sarah. “Activist Blogger ‘Foodbabe’ Scores Big Win With Chipotle.” Take Part, March 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130330101731/http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/03/27/blogger-foodbabe-win-chipotle-ingredients.

23. Ibid.

24. Time staff. “The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet.” Time, March 5, 2015. http://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-influential-people-on-the-internet/.

25. Myers, Dan. “The 13 Most Powerful Women in Food.” The Daily Meal, February 19, 2016. https://www.thedailymeal.com/eat/13-most-powerful-women-food-slideshow.

26. Berman, Rick. “The Crusade of Food Bimbos.” Washington Times, April 23, 2015. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/apr/23/rick-berman-exposure-of-food-babe-dr-oz/.

Chapter 1

1. Newman, Andrew Adam. “Reminders That a Cookie Goes Beyond the Fig,” New York Times, April 30, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/business/media/the-newtons-cookie-goes-beyond-the-fig.html.

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. “Toxicological Profile for N-Hexane.” July 1999. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp113.pdf; Yamamura, Yasuhiro. “n‐Hexane polyneuropathy.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 23.1 (1969): 45–57. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1969.tb01441.x.

3. Canola Council of Canada. “Steps in Oil and Meal Processing.” August 30, 2018. https://www.canolacouncil.org/oil-and-meal/what-is-canola/how-canola-is-processed/steps-in-oil-and-meal-processing; Gunnars, Kris . “Canola Oil: Good or Bad?” Healthline Media, March 9, 2014. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/canola-oil-good-or-bad#section3.

4. Center for Science in the Public Interest. “In Europe, Dyed Foods Get Warning Label.” July 20, 2010. https://cspinet.org/new/201007201.html.

5. Moss, Michael. “The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.” The New York Times Magazine, February 20, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/magazine/the-extraordinary-science-of-junk-food.html.

6. Hamerschlag, Kari, Anna Lappé, and Stacy Malkan. “Spinning Food: How food industry front groups and covert communications are shaping the story of food.” Friends of the Earth. https://1bps6437gg8c169i0y1drtgz-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/archive/FOE_SpinningFoodReport_8-15.pdf.

7. The Center for Food Integrity. “Cracking the Code on Food Issues: Insights from Moms, Millennials and Foodies.” The Center for Food Integrity 2014 Consumer Trust Research. http://www.foodintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/CFI2014ResearchBook.pdf.

8. Hamerschlag, Lappé, and Malkan, “Spinning Food.”

9. Center for Food Safety. “Best Public Relations That Money Can Buy. A Guide to Food Industry Front Groups.” May 2013. https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/front_groups_final_84531.pdf.

10. Butler, Kiera. “How the US Government Helps McDonald’s Sell Junk Food.” Mother Jones, June 23, 2014. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/06/usda-dairy-checkoff-mcdonalds-taco-bell/.

11. American Council on Science and Health. “About ACSH.” https://www.acsh.org/about-acsh-0.

12. U.S. Right to Know. “Public Interest Groups to USA Today: Ditch Corporate Front Group Science Columns.” News release, February 23, 2017. https://usrtk.org/news-releases/public-interest-groups-to-usa-today-ditch-corporate-front-group-science-columns/.

13. Malkan, Stacy. “Why is Cornell University hosting a GMO propaganda campaign?” The Ecologist, January 22, 2016. https://theecologist.org/2016/jan/22/why-cornell-university-hosting-gmo-propaganda-campaign.

14. Sustainable Pulse. “New York Farmers Ask Cornell University to Evict ‘Alliance for Science’ over GMO Bias.” September 24, 2016. https://sustainablepulse.com/2016/09/24/new-york-farmers-ask-cornell-university-to-evict-alliance-for-science-over-gmo-bias/#.WwXf69MvyRv.

15. Cornell Alliance for Science. “Partners.” https://web.archive.org/web/20170330031902/http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/partners.

16. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). “Donor Support Groups.” http://www.isaaa.org/inbrief/donors/default.asp.

17. Sustainable Pulse, “New York Farmers Ask Cornell University to Evict ‘Alliance for Science’ over GMO Bias,” September 24, 2016.

18. Cornell Alliance for Science. “Cornell Alliance for Science Launches Global Ag Journalism Fellowship.” News release, June 10, 2015.

19. The Center for Food Integrity. “CFI Members.” http://www.foodintegrity.org/about/members/cfi-members/.

20. Malkan, Stacy. “Center for Food Integrity Partners with Monsanto.” U.S. Right to Know, May 31, 2018. https://usrtk.org/gmo/center-for-food-integrity-partners-with-monsanto/.

21. U.S. Farmers & Ranchers Alliance. “Earning Consumer Trust in U.S. Food & Agriculture.” AffiliatesInsert_Apr18_v1.

22. Hamerschlag, Lappé, and Malkan, “Spinning Food.”

23. U.S. Right to Know. “U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance—key facts,” Hall of Shame. January 21, 2015. https://usrtk.org/hall-of-shame/us-farmers-and-ranchers-alliance/.

24. Chase, Spencer. “USFRA to Ramp Up Its Food Company Outreach on GMOs.” Agri-Pulse, October 31, 2016. https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/7931-usfra-to-ramp-up-its-food-company-outreach-on-gmos.

25. Quinn, Erin and Chris Young. “Who needs lobbyists? See what big business spends to win American minds.” The Center for Public Integrity, January 17, 2015. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/01/15/16596/who-needs-lobbyists-see-what-big-business-spends-win-american-minds.

26. Folta, Kevin. Let’s Drink Weed Killer, Not! (Blog). http://kfolta.blogspot.com/2015/03/lets-drink-weed-killer.html.

27. Malkan, Stacy. “The Misleading and Deceitful Ways of Dr. Kevin Folta.” U.S. Right to Know, August 1, 2018. https://usrtk.org/our-investigations/kevin-folta/.

29. Folta, Kevin. Food Babe Visits My University (blog). http://kfolta.blogspot.com/2014/10/food-babe-visits-my-university.html.

30. UCSF Industry Documents Library, “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.”

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Hamblin, James. “The Food Babe: Enemy of Chemicals.” The Atlantic, February 11, 2015, Health section. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/the-food-babe-enemy-of-chemicals/385301/.

34. Rubin, “Taking On the Food Industry, One Blog Post at a Time,” New York Times.

35. UCSF Industry Documents Library, “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.”

36. Lipton, Eric. “Food Industry Enlisted Academics in G.M.O. Lobbying War, Emails Show.” The New York Times, September 5, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/us/food-industry-enlisted-academics-in-gmo-lobbying-war-emails-show.html.

37. These emails can be found at the USRTK Agrichemical Industry Archive at UCSF: https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/chemical/results/#q=(collection%3A%22USRTK%20Agrichemical%20Collection%22)&h=%7B%22hideDuplicates%22%3Atrue%2C%22hideFolders%22%3Atrue%7D&subsite=chemical&cache=true&count=1433.

38. Schweers, Jeff. “UF prof donates Monsanto grant to food pantry.” Gainesville Sun, August 28, 2015, Sports section. http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20150828/SPORTS/604134071/GS/.

39. Lesser, Lenard I. et al. “Relationship between Funding Source and Conclusion among Nutrition-Related Scientific Articles.” PLOS Medicine 4.1 (February 9, 2007): e5. http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005.

40. American Association of University Professors. “Big Food, Big Agra, and the Research University.” November–December 2010. https://www.aaup.org/article/big-food-big-agra-and-research-university#.WwX2UdMvyRs.

41. Simon, Michele. “Nutrition Scientists on the Take from Big Food, June 2015.” Eat Drink Politics. http://www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/ASNReportFinal.pdf.

42. Ruskin, Gary. “Did 24 Coke-Funded Studies on Childhood Obesity Fail to Disclose Coke’s Influence?” U.S. Right to Know, News release, December 11, 2017. https://usrtk.org/news-releases/did-24-coke-funded-studies-on-childhood-obesity-fail-to-disclose-cokes-influence/.

43. North Carolina Consumers Council. “Kids Eat Right Seal Removed from Kraft Singles Packages Following Opposition.” April 1, 2015.

44. PepsiCo. “Frito-Lay Announces New Resources to Make Gluten Free Snacking a Cinch.” Press release, August 13, 2012. http://www.pepsico.com/live/pressrelease/frito-lay-announces-new-resources-to-make-gluten-free-snacking-a-cinch08132012.

45. Hari, Vani. “Are You Being Tricked By These Food Industry Marketing Tactics?” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/are-you-being-tricked-by-these-food-industry-marketing-tactics/.

46. Butler, Kiera. “I Went to the Nutritionists’ Annual Confab. It Was Catered by McDonald’s.” Mother Jones, May 12, 2014, Environment section. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/05/my-trip-mcdonalds-sponsored-nutritionist-convention/; Dietitians for Professional Integrity. “Really?! McDonald’s Is Back as California Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Sponsor.” February 7, 2017. https://integritydietitians.org/2017/02/07/really-mcdonalds-back-california-academy-nutrition-dietetics-sponsor-2/.

47. Moye, Jay. “Just the Facts: 10 Years In, Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness Expands Its Reach.” December 17, 2014. https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/just-the-facts-10-years-in-beverage-institute-for-health-wellness-expands-its-reach.

48. Zelman, Kathleen. “17 Best Foods for Dieters.” WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/features/17-best-foods-for-dieters#1.

49. MyPlate. “All about the Dairy Group.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, August 31, 2018. https://www.choosemyplate.gov/dairy.

50. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. “Doctors Not Lovin’ USDA-McDonald’s Partnership to Push Disease-Causing Dairy.” News release, April 3, 2018.

51. MacDonald, Lauren et al. “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Pasteurization on Milk Vitamins, and Evidence for Raw Milk Consumption and Other Health-Related Outcomes.” Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 11 (May 2011): 1814–32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054181.

52. Thielman, Sam and Dominic Rushe. “Government-Backed Egg Lobby Tried to Crack Food Startup, Emails Show.” The Guardian, September 2, 2015, Business section. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/02/usda-american-egg-board-hampton-creek-just-mayo.

53. Gillam, Carey. “EPA Bows to Chemical Industry in Delay of Glyphosate Cancer Review.” Huffington Post, October 19, 2016. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/epa-bows-to-chemical-indu_b_12563438.html.

54. American Cancer Society. “Kenneth Portier, PhD, Managing Director, Statistics and Evaluation Center, American Cancer Society.” Expert Voices (Blog), August 31, 2018. http://blogs.cancer.org/expertvoices/kenneth-portier.

55. CropLife America to Environmental Protection Agency. Letter. October 12, 2016. http://191hmt1pr08amfq62276etw2.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CLA-Comments-on-SAP-Disqualification-10-12-16.pdf.

56. Polansek, Tom. “U.S. EPA says glyphosate not likely to be carcinogenic to people.” Reuters, December 20, 2017, Health News section. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pesticides-glyphosate/u-s-epa-says-glyphosate-not-likely-to-be-carcinogenic-to-people-idUSKBN1EE2XH.

57. Gillam, Carey. “FDA Suspends Testing for Glyphosate Residues in Food.” Huffington Post, November 11, 2016. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/fda-suspends-glyphosate-r_b_12913458.html.

58. Staff and agencies. “Roundup weedkiller ‘probably’ causes cancer, says WHO study.” The Guardian, March 21, 2015, Environment section. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/21/roundup-cancer-who-glyphosate-.

Chapter 2

1. McNary, Chris. “Coke as a Healthy Treat? Company, Health Experts Get the Word Out.” Dallas Morning News, March 16, 2015, Better Living section. https://www.dallasnews.com/life/healthy-living/2015/03/16/coke-as-a-healthy-treat-company-health-experts-get-the-word-out.

2. Ibid.

3. Thacker, Paul. “Coca-Cola’s secret influence on medical and science journalists.” BMJ 357 (2017): j1638. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j1638.

4. May, Ashley. “Coconut Oil Isn’t Healthy. It’s Never Been Healthy.” USA Today, June 16, 2017. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/06/16/coconut-oil-isnt-healthy-its-never-been-healthy/402719001/.

5. D’Souza, Karen. “Nutrition Experts Warn Coconut Oil Is on Par with Beef Fat, Butter.” Chicago Tribune, June 19, 2017, Health section. http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-coconut-oil-bad-fat-20170619-story.html.

6. Hampson, Laura. “This Popular Health Food Is Worse for You than Pork Lard.” Daily Star, June 19, 2017, Health section. https://www.dailystar.co.uk/health/623489/Is-coconut-oil-for-you-making-you-fat-health-benefits.

7. Valente, Danielle. “Coconut Oil Isn’t Healthy Because It Raises Cholesterol Levels.” Elite Daily, June 19, 2017. https://www.elitedaily.com/social-news/coconut-oil-actually-bad-for-you/1995512.

8. American Heart Association News. “Advisory: Replacing Saturated Fat with Healthier Fat Could Lower Cardiovascular Risks.” American Heart Association, June 15, 2017.

9. Lauretti, Elisabetta and Domenico Praticò. “Effect of canola oil consumption on memory, synapse and neuropathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.” Scientific reports 7.1 (2017): 17134. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17373-3.

10. Hamley, Steven. “The Effect of Replacing Saturated Fat with Mostly N-6 Polyunsaturated Fat on Coronary Heart Disease: a Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.” Nutrition Journal 16, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 1. https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-017-0254-5.

11. Taubes, Gary. “Vegetable Oils, (Francis) Bacon, Bing Crosby, and the American Heart Association.” June 17, 2017. http://garytaubes.com/vegetable-oils-francis-bacon-bing-crosby-and-the-american-heart-association/; Teicholz, Nina. “Don’t believe the American Heart Assn.—butter, steak and coconut oil aren’t likely to kill you.” Los Angeles Times, July 23, 2017. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-teicholz-saturated-fat-wont-kill-you-20170723-story.html.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. American Heart Association. “Certified Products Listed by Food Category,” Heart-Check Food Certification Program. June 4, 2018. http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@fc/documents/downloadable/ucm_474830.pdf.

16. Ibid.

17. Corliss, Julie. “Eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease.” Harvard Health Blog. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021.

18. Ibid.

19. Harvard School of Public Health. “Eating processed meats, but not unprocessed red meats, may raise risk of heart disease and diabetes.” Press release, May 17, 2010. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/processed-meats-unprocessed-heart-disease-diabetes/.

20. Horovitz, Bruce. “One thing NOT in Starbucks’ pumpkin latte: pumpkin.” USA Today, August 25, 2014, Money section. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/08/25/starbucks-pumpkin-spice-latte-food-babe-nutritionist/14578839/.

21. Fox News. “What’s really in Starbucks’ pumpkin spice latte?” Fox & Friends, September 2, 2014. http://video.foxnews.com/v/3762855144001/?#sp=show-clips.

22. Godoy, Maria. “Is the Food Babe a Fearmonger? Scientists Are Speaking Out.” NPR, December 4, 2014, The Salt (Blog) section. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/04/364745790/food-babe-or-fear-babe-as-activist-s-profile-grows-so-do-her-critics.

23. Haro von Mogel, Karl. Have you signed the #Science14 letter yet? (Blog). https://www.biofortified.org/2015/03/have-you-signed-the-science14-letter-yet/.

24. Senapathy, Kavin. “3 Tactics Donald Trump Shares with Dr. Oz, The Food Babe, and Other Snake Oil Salesmen.” Forbes, October 5, 2016 https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/10/05/3-tactics-donald-trump-shares-with-dr-oz-the-food-babe-and-other-snake-oil-salesmen/#46bc86630ae8.

25. Senapathy, Kavin. “The Food Babe Is a Bully and Cotton Incorporated Isn’t Going To Take It.” Forbes, May 27, 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/05/27/the-food-babe-is-a-bully-cotton-incorporated-isnt-going-to-take-it/#353ccfac2fc0.

26. Senapathy, Kavin. “Del Monte Joins Food Babe Army, Shuns Fruit-Saving Technology.” Forbes, April 5, 2016. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/04/05/del-monte-joins-food-babe-army-shuns-fruit-saving-technology/#6bddd3f8638a.

27. Senapathy, Kavin. “The Toxic ‘Chemical Hypocrisy’ of Food Babe, Joseph Mercola and Mark Hyman,” Forbes, December 3, 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2015/12/03/the-toxic-chemical-hypocrisy-of-food-babe-joseph-mercola-and-mark-hyman/#7bdea2ca2df6.

28. U.S. Right to Know, “U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance—key facts,” January 21, 2015.

29. “Monsanto transfers some cotton technology to Cotton Inc.” St. Louis Business Journal, August 9, 2002. https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2002/08/05/daily76.html.

30. Hakim, Danny. “Monsanto Emails Raise Issue of Influencing Research on Roundup Weed Killer.” New York Times, August 1, 2017, Business section. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/business/monsantos-sway-over-research-is-seen-in-disclosed-emails.html.

31. Ibid.

32. Talking Biotech. “Sponsors.” http://talkingbiotech.com/sponsors/.

33. CropLife Canada. “Members.” August 31, 2018. https://croplife.ca/about-us/members-2/.

34. American Seed Trade Association. “About ASTA—Leadership.” August 31, 2018. https://www.betterseed.org/about-asta/leadership/.

35. Food &Water Watch. “The Farm Bureau’s Billions: The Voice of Farmers or Agribusiness?” July 2010. https://www.panna.org/sites/default/files/FWW_FarmBureau.pdf.

36. Manitoba Canola Growers Association. “Canola Check Off.” August 31, 2018. https://canolagrowers.com/about-mcga/canola-check-off/.

37. Folta, Kevin. “160731 Folta total.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0GH8K8D3PEuTUJCa3Y5WkNxZEk/view.

38. Farm & Food Care Saskatchewan. “Members & Sponsors.” https://farmfoodcaresk.org/about-us/members-and-sponsors/.

39. Great Lakes Crop Summit. “Sponsors.” http://www.greatlakescropsummit.com/sponsors.

40. Malkan, Stacy. “The Misleading and Deceitful Ways of Dr. Kevin Folta.” U.S. Right to Know, August 1, 2018. https://usrtk.org/our-investigations/kevin-folta/. Bayer AG to Kevin Folta. Letter. May 21, 2017. https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Bayer_Folta_funding.pdf.

41. UCSF Industry Documents Library, “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.”

42. Knutson, Jonathan. “Agweek visits Monsanto: Touring the company’s biggest research center.” AgWeek, Aug 8, 2016, Technology section. https://www.agweek.com/business/technology/4089872-video-agweek-visits-monsanto-touring-companys-biggest-research-center.

43. Rosenbloom, Cara. “A Diet Rich in Fruits and Vegetables Outweighs the Risks of Pesticides.” Washington Post, January 18, 2017, Lifestyle section. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/a-diet-rich-in-fruits-and-vegetables-outweighs-the-risks-of-pesticides/2017/01/13/f68ed4f6-d780-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.4971a66ea9c1.

44. Words to Eat By. “Services.” http://wordstoeatby.ca/.

45. Rosenbloom, Cara. “A Diet Rich in Fruits and Vegetables Outweighs the Risks of Pesticides.” Washington Post.

46. Environmental Working Group. “Dirty Dozen: EWG’s 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce.” https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/dirty-dozen.php Environmental Working Group. “OUT NOW: EWG’s 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce.” https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/press.php.

47. Attkisson, Sharyl. “Astroturf and manipulation of media messages.” Filmed in January 2015 at University of Nevada. TEDx video, 10:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bYAQ-ZZtEU.

48. Experience Life staff. “Turf Wars.” Experience Life, October 2015. https://experiencelife.com/article/turf-wars/.

49. Ibid.

50. In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation,16-md-02741-VC (N.D. Cal. 2016). https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/VC/roundupmdl. RT staff, “Monsanto accused of hiring army of trolls to silence online dissent—court papers.” RT, May 2, 2017. https://www.rt.com/usa/386858-monsanto-hired-trolls-court/.

51. Hari, Vani. “The Unethical Tactics Of The Chemical Industry To Silence The Truth.” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/the-unethical-tactics-of-the-chemical-industry-to-silence-the-truth/.

52. U.S. Right to Know. “GMO Answers Is a Crisis Management PR Tool for GMOs & Pesticides.” Food For Thought, GMOs. March 1, 2018. https://usrtk.org/gmo/gmo-answers-is-a-marketing-and-pr-website-for-gmo-companies/.

53. Szalavitz, Maia. “Mayo Clinic vs. WebMD: Another Perspective.” Time, February 7, 2011, Pharmaceuticals section. http://healthland.time.com/2011/02/07/mayo-clinic-vs-webmd-another-perspective/.

54. WebMD. “A Bigger Discussion About Food.” http://www.webmd.com/food-discussion/default.htm Internet archive.

55. Drake, Lisa to Kevin Folta. E-mail, January 2015. https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/webmd.pdf.

56. Pinsker, Joe. “The Covert World of People Trying to Edit Wikipedia—for Pay: Can the Site’s Dwindling Ranks of Volunteer Editors Protect Its Articles from the Influence of Money?” The Atlantic, August 11, 2015, Business section. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/08/wikipedia-editors-for-pay/393926/.

57. Ibid.

Chapter 3

1. Associated Press. “Coke, Pepsi dropping controversial ‘BVO’ from all drinks.” USA Today, May 5, 2014, News section. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/05/05/coke-pepsi-dropping-bvo-from-all-drinks/8736657/.

2. Quaker Instant Oatmeal Strawberries & Cream ingredients: Whole Grain Rolled Oats, Sugar, Creaming Agent (Maltodextrin, Sunflower And Palm Oils, Whey, Sodium Caseinate), Flavored And Colored Fruit Pieces (Dehydrated Apples [Treated With Sodium Sulfite To Promote Color Retention], Artificial Strawberry Flavor, Citric Acid, Red 40), Salt, Guar Gum, Artificial Flavor, Citric Acid, Niacinamide, Vitamin A Palmitate, Reduced Iron, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Thiamin Mononitrate, Folic Acid.

3. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “In Europe, Dyed Foods Get Warning Label,” July 20, 2010.

4. General Mills. “Red Velvet Cake Mix.” Betty Crocker U.K. https://www.bettycrocker.co.uk/products/red-velvet-cake-mix.

5. Szabo, Liz. “Americans die younger than others in rich nations.” USA Today, January 10, 2013, News section. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/01/09/americans-health-mortality-illness/1818903/; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division. “U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health.” January 9, 2013. http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2013/US-Health-in-International-Perspective-Shorter-Lives-Poorer-Health.aspx.

6. Khazan, Olga. “A Shocking Decline in American Life Expectancy.” The Atlantic, December 21, 2017, Health section. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/12/life-expectancy/548981/.

7. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Health Information Center. “Overweight & Obesity Statistics.” August 2017. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Childhood Obesity Facts.” August 13, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html.

9. Berlinger, Joshua. “1 in 5 people will be obese by 2025, study says.” CNN, April 1, 2016. https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/01/health/global-obesity-study/index.html.

10. Kindy, Kimberly. “Food Additives on the Rise as FDA Scrutiny Wanes.” Washington Post, August 17, 2014, National Section. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/food-additives-on-the-rise-as-fda-scrutiny-wanes/2014/08/17/828e9bf8-1cb2-11e4-ab7b-696c295ddfd1_story.html?utm_term=.469f1defb159.

11. Neltner, T., M. Maffini, and Natural Resources Defense Council. “Generally Recognized as Secret: Chemicals Added to Food in the United States.” https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/safety-loophole-for-chemicals-in-food-report.pdf.

12. Damewood, Kelly. “The GRAS Process: How Companies Legally Add Ingredients to Food.” Food Business News, January 30, 2014, Food Policy & Law section. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/01/the-gras-process-how-companies-legally-add-ingredients-to-food/#.WxWqcVMvyRt; Eng, Monica. “Who Determines Safety of New Food Ingredients? Critics Say Manufacturers Are Too Often Making the Call on Their Own Products.” Chicago Tribune, August 25, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-08-25/health/ct-met-food-ingredients-20120825_1_food-supply-pew-health-group-u-s-food.

13. Neltner, Maffini, and Natural Resources Defense Council, “Generally Recognized as Secret.”

14. Kindy, “Food Additives on the Rise as FDA Scrutiny Wanes,” Washington Post.

15. Ibid.

16. U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Food Safety: FDA Should Strengthen Its Oversight of Food Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).” GAO-10-246: March 5, 2010. https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-246.

Chapter 4

1. O’Connor, Anahad. “‘Fed Up’ Asks, Are All Calories Equal?” Well—New York Times (blog), May 9, 2015. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/fed-up-asks-are-all-calories-equal/.

2. Hyman, Mark. The Key to Automatic Weight Loss! (Blog). Dr. Hyman. http://drhyman.com/blog/2014/05/19/key-automatic-weight-loss/.

3. Gardner, Christopher D. et al. “Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association with Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion.” JAMA 319, no. 7 (February 20, 2018): 667–79. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150; Armitage, Hanae. “Low-fat or low-carb? It’s a draw, study finds.” Stanford Medicine, February 20, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/02/low-fat-or-low-carb-its-a-draw-study-finds.html.

4. Walters, D. Eric. “Aspartame, a sweet-tasting dipeptide.” The Chicago Medical School Molecule of the Month, February 2001. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/aspartame/aspartameh.html; Yoquinto, Luke. “The Truth About Aspartame.” Live Science, April 13, 2012. https://www.livescience.com/36257-aspartame-health-effects-artificial-sweetener.html.

5. Fowler, S. P. et al. “Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long‐term weight gain.” Obesity, 16(8), August 2008, 1894–1900. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535548.

6. De Koning, Lawrence et al. “Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Biomarkers of Risk in Men.” Circulation 125, no. 14, March 12, 2012: 1735–41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22412070.

7. Swithers, Susan E. and Terry L. Davidson. “A role for sweet taste: calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats.” Behavioral Neuroscience 122.1 (2008): 161. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298259.

8. Swithers, Susan E., Chelsea R. Baker, and T. L. Davidson. “General and persistent effects of high-intensity sweeteners on body weight gain and caloric compensation in rats.” Behavioral Neuroscience 123.4 (2009): 772. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634935.

9. Green, Erin and Claire Murphy. “Altered processing of sweet taste in the brain of diet soda drinkers.” Physiology & Behavior 107.4 (2012): 560–67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465626/.

10. Elmhurst College. “Cellulose,” Virtual Chembook. http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/547cellulose.html.

11. Chassaing, Benoit et al. “Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.” Nature 519.7541 (2015): 92–96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731162.

12. Young, Chris. “Critic of Artificial Sweeteners Pilloried by Industry-Backed Scientists: Conflicts Abound among Industry’s Defenders, Even on National TV.” The Center for Public Integrity, August 6, 2014. https://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/08/06/15207/critic-artificial-sweeteners-pilloried-industry-backed-scientists.

13. Ruskin, Gary. “Calorie Control Council (CCC)—key facts.” U.S. Right to Know, January 17, 2015. https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/calorie-control-council/.

14. Young, Chris. “Critic of Artificial Sweeteners Pilloried by Industry-Backed Scientists.” The Center for Public Integrity, August 6, 2014.

15. U.S. Centers for Disease Control. “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008.” https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf.

16. “U.S. News Reveals Best Diets Rankings for 2018.” U.S. News and World Report, January 3, 2018. https://www.usnews.com/info/blogs/press-room/articles/2018-01-03/us-news-reveals-best-diets-rankings-for-2018.

17. The Cornucopia Institute. “The Organic Watergate—White Paper. Connecting the Dots: Corporate Influence at the USDA’s National Organic Program.” https://www.cornucopia.org/USDA/OrganicWatergateWhitePaper.pdf.

18. Chassaing et al., ”Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome,” 92–96.

19. Center for Science in the Public Interest. “CSPI Downgrades Sucralose from ‘Caution’ to ‘Avoid.’ New Animal Study Indicates Cancer Risk.” February 8, 2016. https://cspinet.org/new/201602081.html.

20. Holtcamp, Wendee. “Obesogens: An Environmental Link to Obesity.” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 2 (February 2012): a62–68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279464/.

21. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “Endocrine Disruptors.” May 2010. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/endocrine_disruptors_508.pdf; Kristof, Nicholas. “Warnings from a Flabby Mouse.” New York Times, January 19, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/20/opinion/sunday/kristof-warnings-from-a-flabby-mouse.html?mtrref=undefined&gwh=292B392FB3534BFC320B66C083F4C250&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion.

22. Chotiwat, C. et al. “Feeding a high-fructose diet induces leptin resistance in rats.” Appetite 49, No. 1, (2007): 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.049; CBS/AP. “Fructose changes brain to cause overeating, scientists say.” CBS News, January 2, 2013. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fructose-changes-brain-to-cause-overeating-scientists-say/; Page, K. A. et al. “Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved With Appetite and Reward Pathways.” JAMA 309, no.1 (2013): 63–70. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.116975.

23. Chamorro-García, R. et al. “Transgenerational Inheritance of Increased Fat Depot Size, Stem Cell Reprogramming, and Hepatic Steatosis Elicited by Prenatal Obesogen Tributyltin in Mice.” Environ Health Perspectives 121, no. 3, (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322813.

24. Phillips, Melissa Lee. “Phthalates and Metabolism: Exposure Correlates with Obesity and Diabetes in Men.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 6 (2007): A312. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892143/.

25. Melzer, David et al. “Association between Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Thyroid Disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Environmental Health Perspectives 118, no. 5 (2010): 686–92. PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20089479.

26. Diep, Francie. “FDA Aims To Reduce Use Of Antibiotics For Fattening Farm Animals.” Popular Science, December 11, 2013. https://www.popsci.com/article/science/fda-aims-reduce-use-antibiotics-fattening-farm-animals#_blank.

27. Katz, David L. and Stephanie Meller. “Can We Say What Diet Is Best for Health?” Annual Review of Public Health 35 (March 2014): 83–103. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351.

Chapter 5

1. McGandy, Robert B. et al. “Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 277.4 (1967): 186–92. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196707272770405.

2. Kearns, Cristin E., Dorie Apollonio, and Stanton A. Glantz. “Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents.” PLOS Biology 15.11 (2017): e2003460. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003460; O’Connor, Anahad. “How the Sugar Industry Shifted Blame to Fat.” New York Times, September 12, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/well/eat/how-the-sugar-industry-shifted-blame-to-fat.html.

3. Yudkin, John. Pure, White, and Deadly: How Sugar Is Killing Us and What We Can Do to Stop It. New York: Penguin, 2013.

4. Ibid., 81–93.

5. Ibid., 110, 135–136.

6. Ibid., 81–93.

7. Ibid., 2.

8. Ibid., 167.

9. Taubes, Gary and Cristin Kearns Couzens. “Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies.” Mother Jones, November/December 2012. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/sugar-industry-lies-campaign/.

10. U.S. Department of Agriculture. “A Brief History of USDA Food Guides.” ChooseMyPlate.gov. https://www.choosemyplate.gov/brief-history-usda-food-guides.

11. Taubes, Gary. “Is Sugar Toxic?” The New York Times Magazine, April 13, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17Sugar-t.html.

12. Ibid.

13. New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. “How Much Sugar Do You Eat? You May Be Surprised!” https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/nhp/documents/sugar.pdf.

14. Taubes, “Is Sugar Toxic?,” April 13, 2011.

15. Ibid.

16. Friedman, Richard. “What Cookies and Meth Have in Common.” New York Times, June 30, 2017, Opinion section. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/opinion/sunday/what-cookies-and-meth-have-in-common.html.

17. Hyman, Mark. “7 Ways to Permanently Banish Belly Fat.” Dr. Hyman (Blog). https://drhyman.com/blog/2015/01/29/7-ways-permanently-banish-belly-fat/.

18. Ibid.

19. Hunter, Philip. “The Inflammation Theory of Disease: The Growing Realization That Chronic Inflammation Is Crucial in Many Diseases Opens New Avenues for Treatment.” EMBO Reports 13.11 (2012): 968–70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492709/.

20. Thuy, Sabine et al. “Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Humans Is Associated with Increased Plasma Endotoxin and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Concentrations and with Fructose Intake.” The Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 8 (August 2008): 1452–55. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/138/8/1452/4750797.

21. Maniam, Jayanthi et al. “Sugar Consumption Produces Effects Similar to Early Life Stress Exposure on Hippocampal Markers of Neurogenesis and Stress Response.” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 8, no. 86 (January 19, 2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717325/.

22. Schmidt, Elaine. “This Is Your Brain on Sugar: UCLA Study Shows High-Fructose Diet Sabotages Learning, Memory. Eating More Omega-3 Fatty Acids Can Offset Damage, Researchers Say.” UCLA Newsroom, May 15, 2012. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/this-is-your-brain-on-sugar-ucla-233992.

23. Hanson, Nick. “Eating Lots of Carbs, Sugar May Raise Risk of Cognitive Impairment, Mayo Clinic Study Finds.” Mayo Clinic news release, October 16, 2012._https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/eating-lots-of-carbs-sugar-may-raise-risk-of-cognitive-impairment-mayo-clinic-study-finds/.

24. Sanchez, Albert et al. “Role of sugars in human neutrophilic phagocytosis.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26, issue 11 (November 1, 1973): 1180–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/26.11.1180.

25. DiNicolantonio, James J. et al. “Added Fructose: A Principal Driver of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Consequences.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90, no. 3 (March 2015): 372–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25639270.

26. Hyman, Mark. “Eggs Don’t Cause Heart Attacks—Sugar Does.” Dr. Hyman (Blog). http://drhyman.com/blog/2014/02/07/eggs-dont-cause-heart-attacks-sugar/.

27. Ibid.

28. Tappy, Luc. “Q&A: ‘Toxic’ Effects of Sugar: Should We Be Afraid of Fructose?” BMC Biology 10, no. 42 (May 21, 2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22613805.

29. Malkan, Stacy. “ILSI Wields Stealthy Influence for Food, Agrichemical Industries.” U.S. Right to Know. June 28, 2016. https://usrtk.org/sweeteners/ilsi-wields-stealthy-influence-for-the-food-and-agrichemical-industries/.

30. Erickson, Jennifer et al. “The Scientific Basis of Guideline Recommendations on Sugar Intake: A Systematic Review.” Annals of Internal Medicine 166, no. 4 (February 21, 2017): 257–67. http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2593601/scientific-basis-guideline-recommendations-sugar-intake-systematic-review; Choi, Candice. “Snickers maker criticizes industry-funded paper on sugar.” AP News, December 21, 2016. https://apnews.com/cb26ddb939114d8ea0c219d27a788482.

31. Lustig, Robert H., Laura A. Schmidt, and Claire D. Brindis. “Public health: the toxic truth about sugar.” Nature 482.7383 (2012): 27–29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297952.

32. Friedman, Richard. “What Cookies and Meth Have in Common.” New York Times June 30, 2017 Opinion section. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/opinion/sunday/what-cookies-and-meth-have-in-common.html.

33. Taubes and Couzens, “Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies.”

34. Taubes and Couzens, “Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies.”

35. Cohen, Deborah. “The Truth about Sports Drinks.” BMJ 345 (July 18, 2012). https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e4737; Abrams, Lindsay. “The Controversial Science of Sports Drinks.” The Atlantic, July 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/07/the-controversial-science-of-sports-drinks/260124/.

36. Freeman, David. “Does Candy Keep Kids from Getting Fat?” CBS News, June 29, 2011, News section. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/does-candy-keep-kids-from-getting-fat/.

37. Choi, Candice. “Chocolate Milk Maker Wanted Study Touted with ‘Concussion.’” AP News, April 20, 2016. https://apnews.com/24e44163938e4bf9a4c980ff76e7cab5/chocolate-milk-study-was-timed-concussion-movie.

38. Letzter, Rafi. “A Viral Story That Claimed Eating Ice Cream for Breakfast Will Make You Smarter Points to a Bigger Problem in Health Journalism.” Business Insider, November 30, 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/dont-eat-ice-cream-breakfast-2016-11.

39. Choi, Candice. “Can Breakfast Help Keep Us Thin? Nutrition Science Is Tricky.” Seattle Times, January 19, 2017, Business section. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/can-breakfast-help-keep-us-thin-nutrition-science-is-tricky/.

40. Environmental Working Group. “Children’s Cereals: Cereals Contain Far More Sugar Than Experts Recommend.” May 15, 2014. https://www.ewg.org/research/childrens-cereals-sugar-pound/cereals-contain-far-more-sugar-experts-recommend.

41. Smith, Aaron. “Cash-Strapped Farmers Feed Candy to Cows.” CNN, October 10, 2012, Money section. http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/10/news/economy/farmers-cows-candy-feed/index.html.

42. U.S. Department of Agriculture. “2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.” https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/2015-2020-dietary-guidelines-americans.

43. Corn Refiners Association. “Sweeteners.” http://www.corn.org/products/sweeteners/.

Chapter 6

1. Personal e-mail correspondence.

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program. “NTP Technical Report on The Toxicology And Carcinogenesis Studies Of 4-Methylimidazole (Cas No. 822-36-6) in F344/N Rats And B6c3f1 Mice (Feed Studies).”

3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.” List of Classifications. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/.

4. Consumer Reports. “Consumer Reports Test Results for 4-MEI in Soft Drinks.” https://www.consumerreports.org/content/dam/cro/news_articles/health/PDFs/CRO_Carmel_CompleteTestResults_1_14.pdf.

5. Fox News, “What’s really in Starbucks’ pumpkin spice latte?,” Fox & Friends.

6. Giammona, Craig. “Starbucks Pulls Artificial Coloring From Pumpkin Spice Latte.” Bloomberg, August 17, 2015, Business Section. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-17/starbucks-pulls-artificial-coloring-from-pumpkin-spice-latte.

7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Get the Facts: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Consumption.” https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/sugar-sweetened-beverages-intake.html.

8. Fung, Teresa T. et al. “Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 4 (2009): 1037–42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667454/.

9. Yang, Quanhe et al. “Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults.” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 4 (2014): 516–24. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1819573.

10. Center for Science in the Public Interest. “CSPI Downgrades Sucralose from ‘Caution’ to ‘Avoid.’ New Animal Study Indicates Cancer Risk.” February 8, 2016. https://cspinet.org/new/201602081.html.

11. Kobylewski, Sarah and Michael Jacobson. “Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks.” Center for Science in the Public Interest, June 2010. https://cspinet.org/resource/food-dyes-rainbow-risks.

12. Dos Santos, Vânia Paula Salviano et al. “Benzene as a Chemical Hazard in Processed Foods.” International Journal of Food Science 2015, Article ID 545640 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/545640.

13. Beverage Institute. “Move.” The Coca-Cola Company, May 17, 2013. https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/move.

14. Orlov, Alex. “Leaked emails reveal largest group of dietitians wants to hide ties to Big Soda.” Mic, February 23, 2017. https://mic.com/articles/169224/leaked-emails-reveal-largest-group-of-dietitians-wants-to-hide-ties-to-big-soda#.TpcKMgCPt; Tribune News Services. “Soda group suspends payments to dietitians opposing new tax.” Chicago Tribune, October 6, 2016, Business section. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-soda-group-dietitians-20161006-story.html.

15. Cronin, Jeff and Ariana Stone. “Soda Industry Spent $67 Million Opposing State, City Soda Taxes & Warning Labels.” Center for Science in the Public Interest, September 21, 2016. https://cspinet.org/news/soda-industry-spent-67-million-opposing-state-city-soda-taxes-warning-labels-20160921.

16. Aaron, Daniel G. et al. “Sponsorship of National Health Organizations by Two Major Soda Companies,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52, no. 1 (January 2017): 20–30. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(16)30331-2/abstract; Fox, Maggie. “Have Soda Company Donations Influenced Health Groups?” NBC News, October 10, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/have-soda-company-donations-influenced-health-groups-n663866.

17. O’Connor, Anahad. “Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away From Bad Diets,” Well—New York Times (Blog). https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/.

18. Choi, Candice. “APNewsBreak: Emails reveal Coke’s role in anti-obesity group.” AP News, November 24, 2015. https://www.apnews.com/ce372c3d89d442a79458e6d32e713865.

19. Barlow, Pepita et al. “Science Organisations and Coca-Cola’s ‘War’ with the Public Health Community: Insights from an Internal Industry Document.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (March 2018). http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2018/03/14/jech-2017-210375.

20. O’Connor, Anahad. “Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away from Bad Diets.” August 9, 2015; O’Connor, Anahad. “Coke Discloses Millions in Grants for Health Research and Community Programs.” Well—New York Times (Blog), September 22, 2015. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/coke-discloses-millions-in-grants-for-health-research-and-community-programs/.

21. Pfister, Kyle. “The New Faces of Coke.” Medium, September 28, 2015. https://medium.com/cokeleak/the-new-faces-of-coke-62314047160f.

22. Ibid.

23. Gillam, Carey. “Beverage Industry Finds Friend inside U.S. Health Agency.” Huffington Post, December 6, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/beverage-industry-finds-f_b_10715584.html; Gillam, Carey. “CDC Official Exits Agency after Coca-Cola Connections Come to Light.” Huffington Post, June 30, 2016. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/cdc-official-exits-agency_b_10760490.html; Gillam, Carey. “More Coca-Cola Ties Seen inside U.S. Centers for Disease Control.” Huffington Post, August 1, 2016. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/more-coca-cola-ties-seen_b_11287198.html.

24. UCSF Industry Documents Library, “US Right to Know Agrichemical Documents.”

25. Nestle, Marion. “I’ve Been Wikileaked!” Food Politics (Blog), October 13, 2016. https://www.foodpolitics.com/2016/10/ive-been-wikileaked/.

Chapter 7

1. O’Connor, Anahad. “The Claim: Artificial Sweeteners Can Raise Blood Sugar.” New York Times, July 19, 2010, U.S. Edition, Health section. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/health/20real.html?ref=health.

2. Hammond, H. C. “Is Maltodextrin Causing Your Blood Sugar Spikes?” Diabetics Weekly, June 29, 2017. https://diabeticsweekly.com/maltodextrin-causing-blood-sugar-spikes/.

3. Tobias, Deirdre et al. “Effect of Low-Fat vs. Other Diet Interventions on Long-Term Weight Change in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 968–79. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(15)00367-8/abstract.

4. Schwingshackl, Lukas et al. “Comparison of Effects of Long-Term Low-Fat vs High-Fat Diets on Blood Lipid Levels in Overweight or Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113, no. 12 (December 2013): 1640–61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139973.

5. Mozaffarian, Dariush. “Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review.” Circulation 133, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 187–225. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746178.

6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat).” May 15, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm449162.htm.

7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “FDA Takes Step to Further Reduce Trans Fats in Processed Foods.” News release, Nov. 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110003708/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm373939.htm.

8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Genetics Home Reference. “Celiac Disease.” https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/celiac-disease#statistics.

9. Celiac Disease Foundation. “Screening.” https://celiac.org/celiac-disease/understanding-celiac-disease-2/diagnosing-celiac-disease/screening/.

10. Celiac Disease Foundation. “Celiac Disease Symptoms.” https://celiac.org/celiac-disease/understanding-celiac-disease-2/celiacdiseasesymptoms/.

11. NPD Group, Inc. “Percentage of U.S. Adults Trying to Cut Down or Avoid Gluten in Their Diets Reaches New High in 2013, Reports NPD.” News release, March 6, 2013. https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/percentage-of-us-adults-trying-to-cut-down-or-avoid-gluten-in-their-diets-reaches-new-high-in-2013-reports-npd/.

12. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.”

13. Consumer Reports. “Results of Our Tests of Rice and Rice Products.” Consumer Reports Arsenic in Food, November 2012. https://www.consumerreports.org/content/dam/cro/magazine-articles/2012/November/Consumer%20Reports%20Arsenic%20in%20Food%20November%202012_1.pdf.

14. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.”

15. Neslen, Arthur. “Glyphosate shown to disrupt microbiome ‘at safe levels’, study claims.” The Guardian, May 16, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/16/glyphosate-shown-to-disrupt-microbiome-at-safe-levels-study-claims.

16. Wu, Jason et al. “Are Gluten-Free Foods Healthier Than Non-Gluten-Free Foods? An Evaluation of Supermarket Products in Australia.” British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 3 (August 14, 2015): 448–54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119206.

17. Niewinski, Maryn. “Advances in Celiac Disease and Gluten-Free Diet.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108, no. 4 (April 2008): 661–72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375224.

18. Taillie, Lindsey Smith et al. “No Fat, No Sugar, No Salt … No Problem? Prevalence of ‘Low-Content’ Nutrient Claims and Their Associations with the Nutritional Profile of Food and Beverage Purchases in the United States.” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 117, no. 9 (September 2017): 1366–74. https://jandonline.org/article/S2212-2672(17)30072-2/abstract.

Chapter 8

1. Environmental Working Group. “Synthetic Ingredients in Natural Flavors and Natural Flavors in Artificial Flavors.” http://www.ewg.org/foodscores/content/natural-vs-artificial-flavors.

2. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.”

3. Quinn, Erin and Chris Young. “Meet the Secret Group That Decides Which Flavors Are ‘Natural.’” Time, June 9, 2015, Politics section. http://time.com/3913232/natural-flavoring-government/.

4. Center for Science in the Public Interest et al. to Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter. June 10, 2015. https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/food-additive-petition-2015.pdf.

5. Schatzker, Mark. The Dorito Effect: The Surprising New Truth About Food and Flavor. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015.

6. Ibid.

7. 60 Minutes. “The Flavorists: Tweaking Tastes and Creating Cravings.” CBS News, November 27, 2011.

8. Andrews, David. “Synthetic Ingredients in Natural Flavors and Natural Flavors in Artificial Flavors.” Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/foodscores/content/natural-vs-artificial-flavors.

9. Personal conversation, August 23, 2017.

10. Schatzker, The Dorito Effect.

11. Curwin, Brian et al. “Flavoring Exposure in Food Manufacturing.” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 25.3 (2015): 324–33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520397/.

Chapter 9

1. Markel, Howard. “The remarkable history in your cereal bowl.” CNN, August 13, 2017, Health section. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/13/health/kellogg-corn-flakes-wellness-history-markel/index.html; Severson, Kim. “A Short History of Cereal.” The New York Times, February 22, 2016, Food section. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/22/dining/history-of-cereal.html.

2. Akron Beacon Journal staff. “Akron experiment makes medical history.” Akron Beacon Journal, March 8, 2009, Lifestyle section.

3. Ibid.

4. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling. Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification. 3, Overview of Food Fortification in the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK208880/.

5. Crider, Krista S., Lynn B. Bailey, and Robert J. Berry. “Folic Acid Food Fortification—Its History, Effect, Concerns, and Future Directions.” Nutrients 3.3 (2011): 370–84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257747/.

6. Ostrow, Ruth. “Vitamins and supplements—here are the chemicals you should know about.” The Australian, August 14, 2015. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/health-wellbeing/vitamins-and-supplements--here-are-the-chemicals-you-should-know-about/news-story/d3fbda04ebfa45ee54912c5d87216321.

7. Burton, G. W. et al. “Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, Issue 4 (1998): 669–84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537614.

8. Liu, Rui Hai. “Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, Issue 3 (2003): 517S–520S. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/78/3/517S/4689990.

9. Freuman, Tamara Duker. “When Nutrition Labels Lie.” U.S. News & World Report, August 21, 2012, Health section. https://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2012/08/21/when-nutrition-labels-lie.

10. Ibid.

11. Naidenko, O. and R. Sharp. “How Much is Too Much? Excess Vitamins and Minerals in Food Can Harm Kids’ Health.” Environmental Working Group. https://static.ewg.org/reports/2014/children_at_risk/pdf/too_much_of_a_good_thing.pdf?_ga=2.33421689.691200960.1530124660-514613677.1510617920.

12. Zivkovic, Angela M. et al. “Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Aid in the Modulation of Inflammation and Metabolic Health.” California Agriculture 65.3 (2011): 106–11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030645/.

13. Campos, Marcelo. “Leaky gut: What is it, and what does it mean for you?” Harvard Health Blog, September 22, 2017. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/leaky-gut-what-is-it-and-what-does-it-mean-for-you-2017092212451.

14. Ibid.

15. Thomas Jefferson University. “Stronger intestinal barrier may prevent cancer in the rest of the body, new study suggests.” ScienceDaily, February 21, 2012. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120221212345.htm.

16. Katz, David. “Fortification Follies: Lipstick on a Pig for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner.” Huffington Post, April 9, 2014. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-katz-md/diet-and-nutrition_b_4744951.html.

Chapter 10

1. Taleb, N. N. et al (2014). “The precautionary principle (with application to the genetic modification of organisms).” arXiv:1410.5787. https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.5787.

2. Alsadek, Jihad. “Updated Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) Report for Glyphosate Case PC #s (103601, 103604, 103607, 103608, 103613, and 417300).” Memorandum. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/yesmaam/pages/680/attachments/original/1492450468/GLYPHOSATE_use_10-22-15.pdf?1492450468.

3. UC San Diego Health. “Exposure to Glyphosate, Chemical Found in Weed Killers, Increased Over 23 Years.” News release, October 24, 2017. https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2017-10-24-exposure-to-glyphosate-chemical-found-in-weed-killer-increased-over-23-years.aspx.

4. Johnson, Nathanael. “Roundup-ready, aim, spray: How GM crops lead to herbicide addiction.” Grist, October 14, 2013, Food section. https://grist.org/food/roundup-ready-aim-spray-how-gm-crops-lead-to-herbicide-addiction/.

5. Pandey, Aparamita and Medhamurthy Rudraiah. “Analysis of Endocrine Disruption Effect of Roundup® in Adrenal Gland of Male Rats.” Toxicology Reports 2 (2015): 1075–85. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475001530041X.

6. Thongprakaisang, Siriporn et al. “Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (2013): 129–36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237146763_Glyphosate_induces_human_breast_cancer_cells_growth_via_estrogen_receptors.

7. Neslen, “Glyphosate shown to disrupt microbiome ‘at safe levels’, study claims.” The Guardian.

8. Schubert, David. “The Coming Food Disaster.” CNN, January 28, 2015, Opinion section. https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/27/opinion/schubert-herbicides-crops/index.html.

9. In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation,16-md-02741-VC (N.D. Cal. 2016); Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman. “Monsanto Papers | Secret Documents.” https://www.baumhedlundlaw.com/toxic-tort-law/monsanto-roundup-lawsuit/monsanto-secret-documents/; Baum, Hedlund, Aristei Goldman. “monsanto-documents-chart-101217.” http://baumhedlundlaw.com/pdf/monsanto-documents/monsanto-documents-chart-101217.pdf.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Gillam, Carey. “Internal EPA Documents Show Scramble For Data On Monsanto’s Roundup Herbicide.” Huffington Post, August 7, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/internal-epa-documents-show-scramble-for-data-on-monsantos_us_5988dd73e4b030f0e267c6cd.

13. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.”

14. Gillam, Carey. “IARC Scientists Defend Glyphosate Cancer Link; Surprised by Industry Assault.” Huffington Post, December 6, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/iarc-scientists-defend-gl_b_12720306.html.

15. International Agency for Research on Cancer. “IARC response to criticisms of the Monographs and the glyphosate evaluation.” http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/IARC_response_to_criticisms_of_the_Monographs_and_the_glyphosate_evaluation.pdf.

16. Gillam, “IARC Scientists Defend Glyphosate Cancer Link,” December 6, 2017.

17. Sesana, Laura. “EPA Raises Levels Of Glyphosate Residue Allowed In Food.” The Washington Times, July 5, 2013. Archived version: https://web.archive.org/web/20140428230405/http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/world-our-backyard/2013/jul/5/epa-raises-levels-glyphosate-residue-allowed-your-/.

18. In Re: Roundup Products Liability Litigation.

19. Rosenblatt, Joel et al. “EPA Official Accused of Helping Monsanto ‘Kill’ Cancer Study.” Bloomberg, March 14, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-14/monsanto-accused-of-ghost-writing-papers-on-roundup-cancer-risk.

20. Gillam, Carey. “Questions about EPA-Monsanto collusion raised in cancer lawsuits.” Huffington Post, February 14, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/questions-about-epa-monsa_b_14727648.html.

21. Polansek, Tom. “U.S. EPA says glyphosate not likely to be carcinogenic to people.” Reuters.

22. Murphy, D. and H. Rowlands. “Glyphosate: Unsafe on Any Plate.” Food Democracy Now! and The Detox Project. https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.fooddemocracynow.org/images/FDN_Glyphosate_FoodTesting_Report_p2016.pdf.

23. Gillam, Carey. “Canadians Report Weed Killer Detected in 30 Percent of Food Tested.” U.S. Right to Know, April 12, 2017. https://usrtk.org/ourinvestigations/seek-and-ye-shall-find-canadians-report-weed-killer-detected-in-30-percent-of-food-tested/?mc_cid=2584e742b5&mc_eid=47556c3c3b.

24. Gillam, Carey. “Regulators may recommend testing food for glyphosate residues.” Reuters, April 20, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-food-agriculture-glyphosate-idUSKBN0NB1N020150420.

25. Gillam, Carey. “FDA Finds Monsanto’s Weed Killer In U.S. Honey.” Huffington Post, September 16, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carey-gillam/fda-finds-monsantos-weed_b_12008680.html.

Chapter 11

1. Rodale Institute. “About Us.” https://rodaleinstitute.org/about-us/mission-and-history/.

2. Ibid.

3. Shanker, Deena. “Buying organic veggies at the supermarket is a waste of money.” Quartz, August 29, 2015. https://qz.com/488851/buying-organic-veggies-at-the-supermarket-is-basically-a-waste-of-money/.

4. Miller, Henry. “The USDA ‘Organic’ Label Misleads and Rips Off Consumers.” Forbes, March 7, 2016, Opinion section. https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/03/07/the-usda-organic-label-misleads-and-rips-off-consumers/.

5. Krasny, Jill. “Economist Tyler Cowen Says Organic Foods Are Just A ‘Marketing Label.’” Business Insider, September 19, 2012. http://www.businessinsider.com/economist-organic-foods-just-marketing-2012-9.

6. Burke, Cindy. “Don’t Believe the (Organic) Hype.” Tell Me More. Podcast, June 21, 2007; https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11251576.

7. Pamplin Media Group. “Smart Money: Is organic food worth the higher price? Experts say no.” Portland Tribune (Newberg Graphic), February 15, 2017, News section. https://portlandtribune.com/nbg/142-news/345111-225219-smart-money-is-organic-food-worth-the-higher-price-experts-say-no.

8. Hamerschlag, Lappé, and Malkan, “Spinning Food.”

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Hatfield, Jenna. “From Panels to Parties to Sponsors, BlogHer Food ’13 Attendees Share It All.” BlogHer, June 24, 2013. http://www.blogher.com/panels-parties-sponsors-blogher-food-13-attendees-share-it-all.

12. Lappé, Anna. “Big Food uses mommy bloggers to shape public opinion.” Al Jazeera America, August 1, 2014, Opinion section. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/food-agriculturemonsantogmoadvertising.html.

13. Aubrey, Allison. “Are Organic Tomatoes Better?” NPR, May 29, 2008, Your Health section. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90914182.

14. Oliveira, Aurelice B. et al. “The Impact of Organic Farming on Quality of Tomatoes Is Associated to Increased Oxidative Stress during Fruit Development.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2013): e56354. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437115.

15. Baran´ski, M. et al. “Higher Antioxidant and Lower Cadmium Concentrations and Lower Incidence of Pesticide Residues in Organically Grown Crops: a Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses.” British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 5 (2014): 794–811. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968103.

16. Średnicka-Tober, Dominika et al. “Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, Conjugated Linoleic Acid, α-Tocopherol and Iron, but Lower Iodine and Selenium Concentrations in Organic Milk: a Systematic Literature Review and Meta- and Redundancy Analyses.” British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 6 (2016): 1043–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878105.

17. Holtcamp, Wendee. “Obesogens: An Environmental Link to Obesity.” Environmental Health Perspectives 120.2 (2012): a62–a68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279464/.

18. Baillie-Hamilton, Paula. “Chemical Toxins: A Hypothesis to Explain the Global Obesity Epidemic.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8, no. 2 (April 2002): 185–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006126.

19. Kristof, “Warnings from a Flabby Mouse,” New York Times.

20. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. “Health benefits of organic food, farming outlined in new report.” https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/health-benefits-organic-food-farming-report/.

21. Baran´ski et al, “Higher Antioxidant and Lower Cadmium Concentrations and Lower Incidence of Pesticide Residues in Organically Grown Crops,” 794–811.

22. Pesticide Action Network North America, What’s On My Food. “How Much Is Too Much?” http://www.whatsonmyfood.org/howmuch.jsp.

23. Roberts, J. R. and C. J. Karr, Council on Environmental Health. “Pesticide Exposure in Children.” Pediatrics 130, issue 6 (2012): e1765–88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23184105.

24. Greene, Ronnie. “Poisoning Workers at the Bottom of the Food Chain.” Mother Jones, June 25, 2012, Environment section. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/06/pesticides-farm-workers-poison-epa/.

25. Reuben, S. “2008–2009 Annual Report President’s Cancer Panel. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now.” National Cancer Institute. https://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualreports/pcp08-09rpt/pcp_report_08-09_508.pdf.

26. Ibid.

27. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “Endocrine Disruptors,” May 2010.

28. United Nations Human Rights. “Pesticides are ‘global human rights concern,’ say UN experts urging new treaty.” News release, March 7, 2017. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21306.

29. Ibid.

30. U.S. Department of Agriculture. “Organic Labeling Standards.” https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/organic-labeling-standards.

31. U.S. Department of Agriculture. “Organic Regulations.” https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic.

32 Pesticide Action Network North America. What’s On My Food? “Pesticides: A Public Problem.” http://www.whatsonmyfood.org/index.jsp.

33. Eng, Monica. “Another concern: Drug residues in meat.” Chicago Tribune, May 26, 2013, News section. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-26/news/ct-met-antibiotics-residue-20130526_1_u-s-meat-the-fda-drug-violations.

34. Environmental Working Group. “EWG’s 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce,” Dirty Dozen. https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/dirty-dozen.php; Environmental Working Group. “OUT NOW: EWG’s 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce.” https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/press.php.

Chapter 12

1. Fiolet, Thibault, et al. “Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort.” BMJ 360 (February 2018): k322. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k322.

Bonus Section

1. National Cancer Institute. “Cruciferous Vegetables and Cancer Prevention.” https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cruciferous-vegetables-fact-sheet.

2. Wallig, M. et al. “Synergy among Phytochemicals within Crucifers: Does It Translate into Chemoprotection?” The Journal of Nutrition 135, issue 12 (2005): 2972S–2977S. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/135/12/2972S/4669948.

3. Christensen, K. L. Y. et al. “The contribution of diet to total bisphenol A body burden in humans: Results of a 48 hour fasting study.” Environment International 50 (2012): 7–14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026348.

4. Wilson, Clare. “Calorie restriction diet extends life of monkeys by years.” New Scientist, January 2017. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2118224-calorie-restriction-diet-extends-life-of-monkeys-by-years/; Healy, Melissa. “Longer fasts might help with weight loss but Americans eat all day long.” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2015. http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-americans-all-day-eating-20150924-story.html.

5. MacIntosh, A. “The effects of a short program of detoxification in disease-free individuals.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, July 1, 2000, 6(4):70–76. https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10895516.

6. Rodriguez, T. Saénz et al. “Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats.” Phytomedicine 9, no. 8 (2002): 687–93. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471102321621278.

7. Krajka-Kuźniak, Violetta et al. “Betanin, a Beetroot Component, Induces Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2-Mediated Expression of Detoxifying/Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Liver Cell Lines.” British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 12 (2013): 2138–49. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23769299.

8. Munday, R. et al. “Comparative effects of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasulfides derived from plants of the Allium family: redox cycling in vitro and hemolytic activity and Phase 2 enzyme induction in vivo.” Free Radic Biol Med. 34, issue 9 (2003): 1200–1211. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12706500.

9. Wang, E., and M. Wink. “Chlorophyll enhances oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans and extends its lifespan.” PeerJ 4 (2016): e1879. https://peerj.com/articles/1879/.

10. Park, Kun-Young et al. “Health Benefits of Kimchi (Korean Fermented Vegetables) as a Probiotic Food.” Journal of Medicinal Food 17, issue 1 (2014). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24456350.

11. Wallig, M. “Synergy among Phytochemicals within Crucifers: Does It Translate into Chemoprotection?” The Journal of Nutrition 135, issue 12 (2005): 2972S–2977S.

12. Perez, Jose L. et al. “In Vivo induction of Phase II Detoxifying Enzymes, Glutathione Transferase and Quinone Reductase by Citrus Triterpenoids.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10 (2010): 51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954937/.

13. Healthline. “Top 11 Science-Based Health Benefits of Pumpkin Seeds.” https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-benefits-of-pumpkin-seeds.

Appendix

1. Center for Science in the Public Interest. “Chemical Cuisine: Acesulfame Potassium.” https://cspinet.org/eating-healthy/chemical-cuisine#acesulfamek.

2. Yang, Qing. “Gain Weight by ‘Going Diet?’ Artificial Sweeteners and the Neurobiology of Sugar Cravings: Neuroscience 2010.” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 83.2 (2010): 101–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/.

3. Soffritti, Morando et al. “First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed to Sprague-Dawley Rats.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114.3 (2006): 379–85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392232/; Ferrari, Nancy. “Is there a link between diet soda and heart disease?” Harvard Health Blog, February 21, 2012. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/is-there-a-link-between-diet-soda-and-heart-disease-201202214296.

4. Jing Ye et al. “Assessment of the Determination of Azodicarbonamide and Its Decomposition Product Semicarbazide: Investigation of Variation in Flour and Flour Products.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, no. 17 (2011): 9313–18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786817.

5. Lefferts, Lisa. “FDA Should Ban Azodicarbonamide, Says CSPI.” Center for Science in the Public Interest, February 4, 2014. https://cspinet.org/new/201402041.html.

6. Ibid.

7. Environmental Working Group. “EWG’s Dirty Dozen Guide to Food Additives.” https://www.ewg.org/research/ewg-s-dirty-dozen-guide-food-additives/generally-recognized-as-safe-but-is-it#.W4hygpNKiRs.

8. Lefferts, “FDA Should Ban Azodicarbonamide, Says CSPI.”

9. Environmental Working Group, “EWG’s Dirty Dozen Guide to Food Additives.”

10. Henriques, Martha. “Additive in breakfast cereals could make the brain ‘forget’ to stop eating.” International Business Times, August 10, 2017. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/additive-breakfast-cereals-could-make-brain-forget-stop-eating-1634413.

11. Bryce, Martha. “Hues of Blues in the News: Blue dye in foods present health concerns.” WhyDye? (Blog), January 17, 2013. http://www.whydye.org/2013/01/hues-of-blues-in-the-news-health-concerns-of-ingesting-artificial-blue-dye/.

12. Kobylewski and Jacobson, “Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks.”

13. Dengate, S. and A. Ruben. “Controlled trial of cumulative behavioural effects of a common bread preservative.” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38 (2002): 373–76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173999.

14. Charlton, K. M. et al. “Cardiac Lesions in Rats Fed Rapeseed Oils.” Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 39, no. 3 (1975): 261–69. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1277456/.

15. O’Keefe, S., et al. “Levels Of Transgeometrical Isomers Of Essential Fatty Acids In Some Unhydrogenated U. S. Vegetable Oils.” Journal of Food Lipids 1 (1994): 165–76. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-4522.1994.tb00244.x; Fallon, Sally and Mary G. Enig. “The Great Con-ola.” The Weston A. Price Foundation, July 28, 2002. https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/know-your-fats/the-great-con-ola/.

16. International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–121.”

17. Walsh, Bryan. “Do the Chemicals That Turn Soda Brown Also Cause Cancer?” Time, February 17, 2011. http://healthland.time.com/2011/02/17/do-the-chemicals-that-turn-soda-brown-also-cause-cancer/; Center for Science in the Public Interest. “Petition to bar the use of caramel colorings produced with ammonia and containing certain carcinogens.” February 16, 2011. https://cspinet.org/resource/petition-bar-use-caramel-colorings-produced-ammonia-and-containing-certain-carcinogens.

18. Ciriminna, Rosaria et al. “Citric Acid: Emerging Applications of Key Biotechnology Industrial Product.” Chemistry Central Journal 11 (2017): 22. https://ccj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13065-017-0251-y.

19. Rodale Institute. “Chemical cotton.” February 4, 2014. http://rodaleinstitute.org/chemical-cotton/.

20. Environmental Justice Foundation in collaboration with Pesticide Action. “The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton.” 2007. https://ejfoundation.org//resources/downloads/the_deadly_chemicals_in_cotton.pdf.

21. Hardin, Pete. “FDA Approved Polydimethylsiloxane in Foods in 1998.” The Milkweed, March 2006. http://www.themilkweed.com/Pizza_Cheese_Update_March_2006.pdf.

22. Van den Broeck, Hetty C. et al. “Presence of Celiac Disease Epitopes in Modern and Old Hexaploid Wheat Varieties: Wheat Breeding May Have Contributed to Increased Prevalence of Celiac Disease.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 121.8 (2010): 1527–39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664999.

23. Price, Annie. “Erythritol: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly with This Common Sweetener.” Dr. Axe, October 12, 2016. https://draxe.com/erythritol/.

24. Kresser, Chris. “Harmful or Harmless: Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum, and More.” Chris Kresser (Blog), December 13, 2013. https://chriskresser.com/harmful-or-harmless-guar-gum-locust-bean-gum-and-more/.

25. Hyman, Mark. “5 Reasons High Fructose Corn Syrup Will Kill You.” Mark Hyman, M.D. (Blog), https://drhyman.com/blog/2011/05/13/5-reasons-high-fructose-corn-syrup-will-kill-you/.

26. American Chemical Society. “Soda Warning? High-Fructose Corn Syrup Linked To Diabetes, New Study Suggests.” ScienceDaily, August 23, 2007. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070823094819.htm.

27. Dufault, Renee et al. “Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in product sugar.” Environmental Health. 8 (2009):2. https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-069X-8-2.

28. Cleveland Clinic. “Researcher Links Digestive Problems to Food Additive.” https://giving.clevelandclinic.org/articles/researcher-links-digestive-problems-food-additive.

29. Nutrition for Optimal Health Association. “Review of: Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills.” Nutrition Digest 38, No. 2 (1995). http://americannutritionassociation.org/newsletter/review-excitotoxins-taste-kills.

30. Environmental Working Group, “Synthetic Ingredients in Natural Flavors and Natural Flavors in Artificial Flavors.”

31. Mercola, Joseph. “Neotame: Is This More-Dangerous-than-Aspartame Sweetener Hiding in Your Food?” March 28, 2012. http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/03/28/neotame-more-toxic-than-aspartame.aspx.

32. Charles, A. K. and P. D. Darbre. “Combinations of parabens at concentrations measured in human breast tissue can increase proliferation of MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 33 (2013): 390–98. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.2850; Khanna S., P. R. Dash, and P. D. Darbre. “Exposure to parabens at the concentration of maximal proliferative response increases migratory and invasive activity of human breast cancer cells in vitro.” J. Appl. Toxicol. 34 (2014): 1051–59. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.3003.

33. Willett, Walter and Dariush Mozaffarian. “Trans fats in cardiac and diabetes risk: An overview.” Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 1 (2007): 16–23. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12170-007-0004-x.

34. Environmental Working Group, “EWG’s Dirty Dozen Guide to Food Additives.”

35. Kobylewski and Jacobson, “Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks.”

36. Ibid.

37. Bøhn, Thomas et al. “Compositional differences in soybeans on the market: Glyphosate accumulates in Roundup Ready GM soybeans.” Food Chemistry 153 (2014): 207–15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814613019201.

38. Gupta, Raj Kishor, Shivraj Singh Gangoliya, and Nand Kumar Singh. “Reduction of Phytic Acid and Enhancement of Bioavailable Micronutrients in Food Grains.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 52.2 (2015): 676–84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325021/.

39. Coca-Cola Company. “Rebaudioside A Composition and Method for Purifying Rebaudioside A.” United States Patent Application 20070292582, December 20, 2007. http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=11751627&OS=11751627&RS=11751627.

40. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “CSPI Downgrades Sucralose from ‘Caution’ to ‘Avoid,’” February. 8, 2016.

41. Kelley, Geri and Sarina Gleason. “Common Additive May Be Why You Have Food Allergies.” Michigan State University, July 11, 2016. http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2016/common-additive-may-be-why-you-have-food-allergies/.

42. Illuminato, Ian. “Tiny Ingredients, Big Risks.” Friends of the Earth U.S., May 2014. https://1bps6437gg8c169i0y1drtgz-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/archive/2014_Tiny_Ingredients_Big_Risks_Web.pdf.

43. Kobylewski and Jacobson, “Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks.”

44. Ibid.