1. Thomas Dudley to Mrs. Mercy Woodbridge, Dec. 28, 1643, CHS Collections (Hartford, 1924), XXI, 25. The editor incorrectly identified the “mother” referred to in the letter as Dudley’s second wife.
2. AB Works, p. 220.
3. Thomas Dudley to Mrs. Mercy Woodbridge, p. 26.
4. Rev. Timothy Woodbridge to Rev. John Woodbridge, July 27, 1691, CHS Collections (1924), XXI, 339–340.
5. Hannah Moody gravestone, Old Burying Ground, York Village, Me. Died Jan. 29, 1727/8.
6. Seaborn Cotton Commonplace Book, NEHGS, pp. 177–188.
7. F. Ivan Nye and Viktor Gecas, “The Role Concept: Review and Delineation,” in F. Ivan Nye, ed., Role Structure and Analysis of the Family (Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1976), pp. 3–14.
8. Robert V. Wells, “Quaker Marriage Patterns in a Colonial Perspective,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXIX (1972), 428, 438.
9. Philip J. Greven, Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell U. Press, 1970), pp. 31–37, 117–122, 206–210; Daniel Scott Smith, “The Demographic History of Colonial New England,” Journal of Economic History, XXXII (1972), 165–183.
10. Thomas Dudley to Mrs. Mercy Woodbridge, p. 26.
11. Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1765–1769), I, 442, quoted and discussed in Marylynn Salmon, “Equality or Submersion?” in Carol Ruth Berkin and Mary Beth Norton, Women of America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), PP. 93–98.
12. Karen Andrésen, “Marah Revisited: Widowhood in Colonial New Hampshire,” paper presented at the Berkshire Conference on Women’s History, Vassar College, June 1981; Richard Morris, Studies in the History of American Law (New York: Columbia U. Press, 1930), pp. 155–156; Alexander Keyssar, “Widowhood in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” Perspectives in American History, VIII (1974), 101–103.
13. Samuel Willard, A Complete Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), pp. 609–612; for more detailed discussion of this point, see Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “Vertuous Women Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668–1735,” AQ, XXVIII (1976), 28–30.
14. William Secker, A Wedding Ring (Boston, 1690), n.p.
15. Thomas Dudley to Mrs. Mercy Woodbridge, p. 26.
1. E.g., John Dod and William Hinde, Bathshebaes Instructions to Her Son Lemuel (London, 1614) and Cotton Mather, Ornaments for the Daughters of Zion, or the Character and Happiness of a Virtuous Woman (Cambridge, Mass., 1692). For later use, see Lonna Malmsheimer, “Daughters of Zion: New England Roots of American Feminism,” NEQ, Sept. 1977, p. 492.
2. William H. Chafe, Women and Equality: Changing Patterns in American Culture (New York: Oxford U. Press, 1977), p. 17; Mary P. Ryan, Womanhood in America from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: New Viewpoints, 1975), p. 30; Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), pp. 53–54; and Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven and London: Yale U. Press, 1977), p. 21.
3. Unless otherwise noted, the information which follows comes from the Francis Plummer will and inventory, EPR, II, 319–322.
4. Joshua Coffin, A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury (Boston, 1845; Hampton, N.H.: Peter E. Randall, 1977), p. 315.
5. Abbott Lowell Cummings, The Framed Houses of Massachusetts Bay, 1625–1725 (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard U. Press, 1979), PP. 31–32.
6. Cummings, Framed Houses, pp. 29–31.
7. Darrett B. Rutman, Husbandmen of Plymouth (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), pp. 10–11. Other Newbury families did use corn, including the local miller, who ate “samp”; ECR, III, 50, and Coffin, Newbury, p. 43. On oats, see MHS Collections, 5th Ser., I, 97, and Jay Allen Anderson, “A Solid Sufficiency: An Ethnography of Yeoman Foodways in Stuart England” (Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of Pennsylvania, 1971), pp. 171, 203–204, 265, 267, 268.
8. Cf. menus in Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 263–270, and in an anonymous reminiscence of life in mid-18th-century New Hampshire in NHHS Collections, V (1837), 225–226.
9. Quoted in Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” p. 232.
10. Cummings, Framed Houses, pp. 4, 120–122; Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” p. 157; Jane Carson, Colonial Virginia Cookery (Charlottesville: U. Press of Virginia, 1968), p. 104; Frances Phipps, Colonial Kitchens: Their Furnishings and Their Gardens (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1972), p. 94 ff.
11. Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 171–172; Carson, Colonial Virginia Cookery, p. 106.
12. Carson, Colonial Virginia Cookery, pp. 104–105.
13. Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 63, 65, 118; Howard S. Russell, A Long, Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming in New England (Hanover, N.H.: U. Press of New England, 1976), p.160; NHHS Collections, V (1837), 225.
14. Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 120–132.
15. Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 99–108.
16. Sanborn C. Brown, Wines and Beers of Old New England (Hanover, N.H.: U. Press of New England, 1978), pp. 87–97.
17. Brown, Wines and Beers, pp. 50–63, 70–77; Anderson, “Solid Sufficiency,” pp. 89–98.
18. ECR, IV, 194–195, 297–298.
19. Essex Probate, CCCVII, 58–59.
20. “Part of Salem in 1700,” pocket map in James Duncan Phillips, Salem in the Seventeenth Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933), H-6.
21. Sidney Perley, The History of Salem, Massachusetts (Salem, 1924), I, 435, 441.
22. Phillips, Salem in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 328, 314, 318, 317, and James Duncan Phillips, Salem in the Eighteenth Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), pp. 20–21.
23. The nature of petty trade in colonial America is largely unstudied. I have relied on Karen Friedman, “Victualling Colonial Boston,” Agricultural History, XLVII (July 1973), 189–205, and suggestive glimpses in Benjamin Coleman, Some Reasons and Arguments Offered to the Good People of Boston and Adjacent Places, for the Setting Up Markets in Boston (Boston, 1719), pp. 5–9.
24. Phillips, Salem in the Eighteenth Century, p. 25, quoting Edward Ward, 1699.
25. One of the accusations against Mary Bradbury was that she sold maggoty cheese. Witchcraft Papers, I, 117–129.
26. Cummings, Framed Houses, pp. 29–31.
27. “Washing and diet” are often grouped in charges for boarders; e.g., MPCR, IV, 205–206. A maid in one New Hampshire house testified to having made a pair of linen sleeves in April which were stolen from the washline in May; NH Court, IV, 237. For infant’s clothing, see Claire Elizabeth Fox, “Pregnancy, Childbirth and Early Infancy in Anglo-American Culture: 1675–1830” (Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of Pennsylvania, 1966), pp. 240–245, and Essex Probate, CCCXXI, 96, which lists infant’s linen: 57 clouts, 27 caps, 2 headbands, 1 swather, 50 belly bands and bibs, and 6 shirts.
28. Susan Burrows Swan, Plain and Fancy: American Women and Their Needlework, 1700–1850 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), p. 38.
29. Swan, Plain and Fancy, pp. 18–19, 34–35.
30. Alice Clark, Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century (London: G. Routledge & Sons; New York: E. P. Dutton; 1919), p. 95.
31. “Letter-Book of Samuel Sewall,” MHS Collections, 6th Ser., I, 19. Spinning wheels were staple equipment in traditional dame schools, as a number of engravings show. Lucy Larcom, A New England Girlhood (repr. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1973), p. 43, recalls “Aunt Hannah” spinning at her flax wheel and singing hymns for the children.
32. York Probate, II, 26.
33. NLD, p. 727.
34. Charles Clark, The Eastern Frontier (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), pp. 67–72.
35. MPCR, IV, 91–92, 175, 176, 206, 263, 307, 310.
36. NLD, p. 726.
37. MeHS Collections, IX, 58–59, 457, 466; MHS Collections, 6th Ser., I, 126–165, 182–184, 186–189; Journals of the Rev. Thomas Smith…, ed. William Willis (Portland, Me.: 1849), PP. 85–86, 87, 88, 96.
38. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (Boston, 1699), repr. Charles H. Lincoln, ed., Narratives of the Indian Wars (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), pp. 266–267.
39. Richard M. Candee, “Wooden Buildings in Early Maine and New Hampshire: A Technological and Cultural History 1600–1720” (Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of Pennsylvania, 1976), pp. 255ff.
40. Candee, “Wooden Buildings,” pp. 18, 42–48. Secondary accounts have not discussed the sharing of shelter with animals, but there are some tantalizing hints in John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages Made During the Years 1638, 1663 (Boston, 1865), p. 193, on chickens fed under the table in rainy weather; ECR, IV, 159, on “goeing into the other roome to give my piggs corne”; and Saltonstall Papers, I, 219, on being “billeted” with “ould Jersey” during Indian troubles.
41. The Rev. John Pike noted that “The Indians killed Henry Barns, Edward Hammonds & his wife, as they were at work in a field at Spruce-Creek” in Kittery. MHS Proceedings (1876), p. 129. Also see ECR, II, 372–373, 22, 442; The Diary of Matthew Patten (Concord, N.H., 1903), pp. 6, 11, 19, 68, 84, 129, 141; and G. E. and K. R. Fussell, The English Countrywoman (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), pp. 95–96.
42. Sarah Orne Jewett, The Old Town of Berwick (Berwick, Me.: Old Berwick Historical Society, 1967), n.p., quoting a local story about Margery Sullivan, whose son John became governor of New Hampshire and whose son James became governor of Massachusetts.
43. NLD, pp. 726, 729.
1. Page Smith, Daughters of the Promised Land (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1970), p. 54; Elizabeth A. Dexter, Colonial Women of Affairs (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1924), p. 37; Linda Grant Depauw and Conover Hunt, “Remember the Ladies”: Women in America 1750–1815 (New York: Viking Press, 1976), p. 62; Richard B. Morris, Studies in the History of American Law (New York: Columbia U. Press, 1930), pp. 128–129.
2. Mary Beth Norton, “Eighteenth-Century American Women in Peace and War: The Case of the Loyalists,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXIII (1976), 386–409.
3. Alexander Keyssar, “Widowhood in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts: A Problem in the History of the Family,” Perspectives in American History, VIII (1974), pp. 99–111. Also see Karen E. Andrésen, “Marah Revisited: The Widow in Early New Hampshire,” paper delivered at Berkshire Conference on Women’s History, Vassar College, June 1981.
4. ECR, V, 57.
5. Thomas Fuller, The Holy and the Profane State (1642), quoted in G. E. and K. R. Fussell, The English Countrywoman (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), p. 47. Also see Cotton Mather, Ornaments for the Daughters of Zion (Cambridge, 1692), p. 101.
6. Even widows with grown sons were frequently given joint administration. From 75 to 80% of widows in my sample of New Hampshire wills, 1650–1730, were named executors (N=93). NHSP, XXXI, 20–42, 115–167, 459–513; XXXII, 374–434.
7. ECR, II, 295–297.
8. ECR, VIII, 278, 411; NH Court, I, 1, 35.
9. ECR, VI, 412.
10. NH Court, II, 325.
11. NLD, pp. 88, 190, 738, 737.
12. ECR, II, 291, 407–409.
13. J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1912), p. 146.
14. Barton Papers, I, 7, EI.
15. Barton Papers, I, 30, EI.
16. Barton Papers, I, 25, EI.
17. NH Court, I, 2, 543.
18. NH Court, II, 471; NLD, pp. 57, 628–629.
19. Coffin Papers, I, 89–131, EI.
20. Kenneth A. Lockridge, Literacy in Colonial New England (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), pp. 38–42. I would emphasize that the discrepancy is in writing, not necessarily in reading.
21. John Gould Account Book, 1697–1723, EI.
22. Anonymous Portsmouth Account Book, NEHGS, p. 203 and passim.
23. ECR, VIII, 279–283.
24. E.g., Abraham How Account Book, Ipswich Historical Society, Ipswich, Mass.; John Burnham Account Book, EI; Nicholas Perryman Ledger, NHHS. The Perryman Ledger has accounts from both Marblehead and Exeter.
25. Thomas Bartlett Account Book, p. 41, EI.
26. Bartlett Account, p. 93.
27. Account Book of Thomas Chute, MeHS, pp. 6, 194. For other references to occasional activities by Mrs. Chute, see pp. 99, 148, 152, 168, 171, 172, 177, 195.
28. ECR, VIII, 10.
29. NH Court, III, 223, 228, 235; I, 2, 427, 429; NHSP, XXXX, 255, 263, 323–324.
30. NH Court, III, 228.
31. “Testimony Regarding Testimentary Deed,” Thomas Bartlett Papers, EI.
32. Mary Russell to Mr. Curwen, Feb. 1757, Corwin Papers, III, EI.
33. Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 225.
1. NH Court, V, 309.
2. ECR, III, 194.
3. ECR, III, 140.
4. ECR, III, 275.
5. James Duncan Phillips, Salem in the Eighteenth Century (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), p. 175.
6. David H. Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: U. Press of Virginia, 1972), p. 99.
7. Flaherty, Privacy, pp. 111–112.
8. ECR, VIII, 286–287; NH Court, V, 135.
9. Thomas Franklin Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, I (Ipswich, Mass.: Ipswich Historical Society, 1905), 512–513.
10. Edward S. Perzel, “Landholding in Ipswich,” EIHC, CIV (1968), 303, 322–324.
11. Part II of the first volume of Waters, Ipswich, pp. 317–489, traces ownership of town lots.
12. Waters, Ipswich, I, 113; ECR, IV, 240; V, 306. Robert J. Dinkin, “Seating the Meeting House in Early Massachusetts,” NEQ, XLIII (1970), 450–464.
13. Waters, Ipswich, I, 108, 113, 424–427; John D. Cushing, “Town Commons of New England, 1640–1840,” Old Time New England, LI (1961, 90–92.
14. ECR, V, 31–33.
15. ECR, V, 38, 157.
16. ECR, V, 138, 141, 143, 147, 155, 186, 189, 218, 219, 220, 227, 283, 284, 292, 303, 306, 318, 413, 414.
17. ECR, V, 315, 155.
18. ECR, V, 414–417. Also see pp. 141, 143, 146, 218, 319.
19. ECR, V, 143–146. Ipswich Vital Records, I, 402; II, 467; James Savage, A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, IV (Boston: Little, Brown, 1862), 643; Waters, Ipswich, I, 477, 443, 454.
20. Waters, Ipswich, I, 442; NEHGR, VIII, 23; EPR, I, 222–225, 167; III, 388; John Langdon Sibley, Bibliographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, I (Cambridge, Mass.: Charles William Sever, 1873), 166–167, 170.
21. Witchcraft Papers, I, 117–129.
22. ECR, IV, 141, 181; V, 31–33.
23. ECR, III, 140–141.
24. ECR, III, 193.
25. Waters, Ipswich, I, 415, 439, 345; EPR, III, 388–389.
26. ECR, III, 244–246.
27. ECR, III, 246.
28. ECR, III, 245.
29. ECR, IV, 239–242.
30. ECR, V, 155–157.
31. ECR, V, 414; Essex Probate, 14262, Deposition of Ezekiell Northend.
32. Waters, Ipswich, I, 478–480, Map 5.
33. ECR, V, 231.
34. ECR, IV, 240–243.
35. Dinkin, “Seating,” p. 462; Ola Winslow, Meetinghouse Hill (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972, 1952), pp. 144–146.
36. ECR, IV, 341.
37. ECR, V, 306–307; IV, 240–243.
38. Waters, Ipswich, I, 114. Cf. ECR, IV, 146, and Joshua Coffin, A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury (Boston, 1845; Hampton, N.H.: Peter E. Randall, 1977), p. 167.
1. The Letters of Benjamin Franklin and Jane Mecom, ed. Carl van Doren (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press, 1950), p. 35.
2. Samples of this literature are quoted in G. E. & K. R. Fussell, The English Countrywoman (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), p. 107. For a modern echo of the stereotype, see Linda Grant Depauw and Conover Hunt, “Remember the Ladies”: Women in America, 1750–1815 (New York: Viking Press, 1976), p. 126.
3. James Duncan Phillips, Salem in the Eighteenth Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), pp. 252–257.
4. The Holyoke Diaries, ed. George Francis Dow (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1911), pp. 48–81. These entries represent about a third of those referring to housekeeping in the period between January 1761 and January 1773.
5. Holyoke Diaries, p. 59; [Hannah Wooley], The Accomplish’d Lady’s Delight (London, 1675), p. 253.
6. Inventory of Ursula Cutt, Portsmouth, Aug. 7, 1694, MS Probate Records, NHSA. (Karen Andrésen shared this document with me.) Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (Boston, 1699), p. 253; MHS Proceedings, 1875–1876, p. 128.
7. Saltonstall Papers, I, 176.
8. Saltonstall Papers, I, 189–190.
9. Saltonstall Papers, I, 218–221, 224, 235.
10. Saltonstall Papers, I, 242.
11. Saltonstall Papers, I, 228. On Nathaniel’s conviviality and apparent fondness for drink, Diary of Samuel Sewall, ed. M. Halsey Thomas (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), I, 374; Saltonstall Papers, I, 211–212.
12. Susan Burrows Swan, Plain and Fancy: American Women and Their Needlework, 1700–1850 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), PP. 47–57; and A Winterthur Guide to American Needlework (New York: Crown Publishers, 1976), pp. 26–40. For poetic treatment of the same themes, see Jane Colman Turrell’s “Invitation into the Country” in Benjamin Colman, Reliquiae Turellae (Boston, 1735), p. 84. For more detail on gentility and on the “servant question,” see my “Good Wives: A Study in Role Definition in Northern New England, 1650–1750” (Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of New Hampshire, 1980), pp. 155–164, 170–172.
13. MHS Collections, 6th Ser., IV, 228–229. The editor of the Belknap Papers thinks Jeremy wrote the poem himself, though he attributed the poem to “Ruthy” in a letter to a friend.
14. Laurie Crumpacker, “ ‘My Time Is Not My Own But God’s’: Religion and Daily Work in the Journal of Esther Burr, 1754–1758,” paper delivered at Old Sturbridge Village, March 1977, pp. 5, 8–11.
15. Philip J. Greven, Jr., The Protestant Temperament (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977).
16. Holyoke Papers, Box I, Folder 2, EI.
17. A Family History in Letters and Documents, 1667–1837, ed. Mrs. Charles P. Noyes (St. Paul, Minn., 1919), pp. 55–60.
18. Family History, pp. 66, 65.
19. Family History, p. 54; Constance Le Neve Gilman Ames, The Story of the Gilmans (Yakima, Wash., 1950), p. 73.
20. Holyoke Diaries, e.g., pp. 3, 15, 21–22; “The Diary of Nicholas Gilman,” ed. William Kidder (M.A. Thesis, U. of New Hampshire, 1967), eg., PP. 153, 203, 134.
21. Book of the Church of Newbury, Mass., 1635–1828, MS, Old Newbury Historical Society, Newbury, Mass., May 1752.
22. The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (London, 1647), pp. 25–31.
23. Ray Wilbur shared this reference from the manuscript diary of Joseph Moody, which he is editing.
24. Hoop-Petticoats Arraigned (Boston, 1722), p. 7.
25. Rolla Milton Tryon, Household Manufacturers in the United States (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1917), pp. 124ff.; Mary Crawford, Social Life in Old New England (Boston: Little, Brown, 1914), pp. 266–268.
26. Cotton Mather, Ornaments for the Daughters of Zion (Cambridge, Mass., 1692), pp. 2, 73–74, 81–83, 100–101, 5, 7–8.
27. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “Vertuous Women Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668–1735,” AQ, XXVII, 25–26, 32–35.
28. AB Works, pp. 4, iii-xiv.
29. AB Works, pp. iii-iv.
30. Thomas Prince, Christ Abolishing Death (Boston, 1736), p. 39.
31. NH Court, I, 1, 157.
32. Joseph W. P. Frost, Sir William Pepperrell (New York: Newcomen Society, 1951), p. 30.
33. MHS Collections, 6th Ser., VI, 168–171.
34. Belcher Manuscript Letter Book, MHS, II, Oct. 25, 1731 (on turnips); II, Nov. 22, 1731 (on feminine piety); II, June 20, 1732, and VI, Feb. 15, 1739/40 (on conflict over marriage).
1. The Greenland-Rolfe case described below was reconstructed from depositions in ECR, III, 47–55, 65–67, 70, 75, 88–91. All dialogue is in the original. Greenland eventually removed to Kittery, where he was continually in trouble and where his wife was accused of witchcraft. NLD, 288; NH Court, I, 1, 267.
2. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (London: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 523; Keith Thomas, “The Double Standard,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XX (1959), 203.
3. ECR, III, 66.
4. Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritans and Sex,” NEQ, XV (1942), 591–607.
5. Michael Zuckerman, “Pilgrims in the Wilderness: Community, Modernity, and the Maypole at Merry Mount,” NEQ, L (1977), 265–267.
6. Philip J. Greven, Jr., The Protestant Temperament (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), pp. 24–140.
7. Thomas, “Double Standard,” p. 213 and passim.
8. ECR, III, 88, 48.
9. The Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts, 1648 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1929), pp. 6, 23; George Lee Haskins, Law and Authority in Early Massachusetts (New York: Macmillan, 1960), pp. 149–150.
10. Haskins, Law and Authority, p. 149; Morgan, “Puritans and Sex,” p. 602.
11. William H. Whitmore, ed., The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts … 1660 (Boston, 1880), p. 257. Stone, Family, Sex, and Marriage, p. 623, believes New England courts gave up trying to punish a sin. The continuing conviction of married fornicators argues against this. Between 1653 and 1727 the York courts tried 274 cases of fornication, 61% involving couples who had already married, eliminating the economic motive for prosecution. The midwives’ testimony was crucial in cases of single women; e.g., MPCR, VI, 121–126.
12. In describing the effort of colonial New Englanders to achieve sexual privacy, David Flaherty clearly demonstrates its lack. Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: U. Press of Virginia, 1972), pp. 76–84.
13. NH Court, VII, 225, 227.
14. ECR, V, 351–354; MPCR, I, 85.
15. ECR, II, 35.
16. ECR, II, 420.
17. ECR, V, 351–354.
18. ECR, V, 228–229; G. E. and K. R. Fussell, The English Countrywoman (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), p. 27; Stone, Family, Sex, and Marriage, p. 520.
19. E.g., Nicholas Noyes, “A Consolatory Poem,” in Cotton Mather, Meat Out of the Eater (Boston, 1703), p. 186; Cotton Mather, Virtue in Its Verdure (Boston, 1725), p. 23, and Life Swiftly Passing (Boston, 1716), p. 3; Benjamin Colman, A Devout Contemplation (Boston, 1714), p. i.
20. MPCR, I, 176.
21. ECR, III, 90.
22. ECR, VIII, 99, 259–263, 288–289, 296, 308, 433.
23. Morgan, “Puritans and Sex,” p. 594 and passim; Eli Faber, “Puritan Criminals: The Economic, Social, and Intellectual Background to Crime in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts,” Perspectives in American History, XI (1977–1978), 85.
24. Sherry Ortner, “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?” in Woman, Culture, and Society, ed. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford U. Press, 1974), pp. 67–87.
25. E.g., Cotton Mather, Ornaments for the Daughters of Zion (Boston, 1692), p. 50. I have never found a reference to original sin as “Eve’s Sin.” As in the primer, “In Adam’s fall we die all.”
26. Natalie Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford U. Press, 1975), pp. 124–125.
27. William Hubbard, A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians (Boston, 1677), pp. 61, 77; [Elizabeth Hanson], God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty (Philadelphia, 1728), pp. 35–36; Cotton Mather, Good Fetch’d Out of Evil (Boston, 1700), pp. 33–34.
28. The Works of Aristotle (Philadelphia, 1798), pp. 16–19; Stone, Family, Sex, and Marriage, p. 281; Nancy F. Cott, “Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records,” Journal of Social History, X (1976), 33–35; Charles Carlton, “The Widow’s Tale: Male Myths and Female Reality in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England,” Albion, X (1978), 118–129.
29. E.g., MPCR, II, 43, 92; IV, 48–50; VI, 98.
30. ECR, V, 21–22.
31. ECR, III, 194. It is hardly surprising that informal court actions, male witnesses would predominate (Cott, pp. 26–27), especially in 18th-century divorce cases, which went to the Council rather than to county courts.
32. MPCR, I, 140–143.
33. ECR, V, 52–55.
34. MPCR, III, 378–380.
35. MPCR, I, 142–143.
36. ECR, V, 54–55.
37. MPCR, III, 379.
38. Daniel Scott Smith and Michael S. Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy in America 1640–1971,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V (Spring 1975), 537–570.
39. Laurie Crumpacker and Carol Karlsen, paper delivered at the Fourth Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Mt. Holyoke, August 1978. For additional evidence that Pamela was read in New England, see Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744, ed. Carl Bridenbaugh (Chapel Hill, N.C.: U. of North Carolina Press for Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1948), p. 112; and Clifford K. Shipton, New England Life in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1963), p. 185.
40. Thomas, “Double Standard,” pp. 214–215.
41. Robert A. Erickson, “Mother Jewkes, Pamela, and the Midwives,” ELH, XLIII (1976), 500–516.
1. Ian Maclean, The Renaissance Notion of Woman (Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, 1980), pp. 8–27; “The Convenant Idea and the Puritan View of Marriage,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXII (1971), 108–109.
2. John Cotton, A Meet Help (Boston, 1699), p. 15, quoted in Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. 29. For contrasting interpretations of Puritan notions, see Wil liam and Malleville Haller, “The Puritan Art of Love,” Huntington Library Quarterly, V (1941–1942), 235–272, and Kathleen M. Davies, “The Sacred Condition of Equality—How Original Were Puritan Doctrines of Marriage?”, Social History, V (May 1977), 563–580.
3. William Secker, A Wedding Ring (Boston, 1690), n.p.
4. John Calvin, Commentary on the First Book of Moses, trans. John King (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1963), I, 129–130.
5. John Calvin, Commentary on the First Epistle … to the Corinthians, trans. John Fraser (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1960), pp. 130–131. Also see Mary Maples Dunn, “Saints and Sisters: Congregational and Quaker Women in the Early Colonial Period,” in Janet Wilson James, ed., Women in American Religion (Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1980), pp. 28–30.
6. ECR, III, 193–194.
7. Samuel Willard, A Complete Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), p. 612.
8. John Allin, The Spouse of Christ (Cambridge, Mass., 1672), p. 9.
9. Cotton Mather, The Mystical Marriage (Boston, 1728), p. 6.
10. EPR, II, 278–279; also see Andrew Oliver, Portraits of John and Abigail Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1967), p. 137; and Lucy Larcom, A New England Girlhood (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1973), P. 25, for persistence of the tradition.
11. Mehitable Parkman to Mr. Deliverance Parkman, Salem, 1683, Curwen Family Papers, EL
12. Cotton Mather, Meat Out of the Eater (Boston, 1703), p. 209.
13. D. Kelly Weisberg, “Under Greet Temptations Heer: Women and Divorce in Puritan Massachusetts,” Feminist Studies, II (1975), 183–194, and Nancy F. Cott, “Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” WMQ, 3d Ser. XXXIII (1976), 589–590, 612.
14. Elizabeth Wade White, Anne Bradstreet: “The Tenth Muse” (New York: Oxford U. Press, 1971), pp. 51–52, 89–90, 158, 174–177; Suffolk Deeds, I (Boston, 1880), 83–84; AB Works, pp. 394–398.
15. AB Works, pp. 394–395.
16. Rosamund Rosenmeier, “ ‘Divine Translation’: A Contribution to the Study of Anne Bradstreet’s Method in the Marriage Poems,” Early American Literature, XII (Fall 1977), 121–135.
17. Records of the First Church in Boston 1630–1868, ed. Richard D. Pierce, CSM Publications, XXXIX (1961), 46; White, Bradstreet, p. 174.
18. Suffolk Deeds, I, 84.
19. Records of the First Church, p. 49.
20. Records of the First Church, p. 25.
21. White, Bradstreet, pp. 175–176.
22. AB Works, pp. 374, 380.
23. John Milton, Paradise Lost (London, 1667), Book VII, Lines 1100–1110.
24. Paradise Lost, IV, 492–497, 690–700.
25. New England Weekly Journal, Aug. 21, 1727. For other examples, see George F. Sensabaugh, Milton in Early America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press, 1964), p. 43ff.
26. Samuel Eliot Morison, “The Letter-Book of Hugh Hall,” CSM Publications, XXXII (1933–1937), 518.
27. Ebenezer Turell, The Life and Character of the Reverend Mr. Colman (Boston, 1749), p. 36.
28. The Notebook of John Smibert, ed. Andrew Oliver (Boston: MHS, 1969), pp. 88–94. The following discussion of portraits is based upon my unpublished paper, “Rosebuds and Bibles: Feminine Iconography in 18th Century New England Portraits,” a study of 331 paintings by John Smibert, Robert Feke, John Greenwood, Joseph Blackburn, Joseph Badger, and John Singleton Copley.
29. Henry Wilder Foote, Robert Feke: Colonial Portrait Painter (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1930), pp. 123–124.
30. Décolletage and flowing ringlets appear in 77% of the 232 female portraits I studied. Biographical data in Jules David Prown, John Singleton Copley in America, 1738–1774 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1966), suggest that cultural divisions were reflected in clothing; 34% of Copley’s congregational sitters, but only 15% of the Anglicans, had covered hair. The age distribution was similar.
31. James Bowdoin, A Paraphrase on Part of the Oeconomy of Human Life (Boston, 1759), p. 17. Portraits of Bowdoin and his wife appear in Marvin S. Sadik, Colonial and Federal Portraits at Bowdoin College (Brunswick, Me.: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, 1966), pp. 49–51.
32. Thomas Prince, Precious in the Sight of the Lord (Boston, 1735), pp. 23–24. The painting is reproduced in Antiques, 95 (February, 1969), p. 368.
33. Susan Burrows Swan, Plain and Fancy: American Women and Their Needlework, 1700–1850 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977), pp. 22, 57, 64, 106, 144–145, and A Winterthur Guide to American Needlework (New York: Crown Publishers, 1976), pp. 32–40; Lloyd E. Hawes, “Adam and Eve in the Decorative Arts,” Antiques, 84 (September, 1963), pp. 279–281; Anita Schorsch, Pastoral Dreams (New York: Universe Books, 1977), p. 71; Glee Krueger, New England Samplers to 1840 (Old Sturbridge Village, 1978), figures 21, 22, 23.
34. Old Gaol Museum, York, Maine. The provenance of the hangings is somewhat in doubt, according to the curator, Eldridge Pendleton, though the approximate date and coastal New England origin do seem correct, and the sentiment jibes with what is known of Mary Bulman. The Watts poem is “Meditation in a Grove” from Horae Lyricae, 1706. Ann Pollard Rowe, “Crewel Embroidered Bed Hangings in Old and New England,” Bulletin: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, LXXI (1973), 101–166; Edward E. Bourne, History of Wells and Kennebunk (Portland, Me.: B. Thuston & Co., 1875), pp. 381–383; and Benjamin and Mary Colman to William Pepperrell, MHS Collections, 6th Ser., X, 373.
35. Curwen Papers, I, 8–13, EI. (George signed his name “Corwin,” though all the Corwins and Curwens are grouped with the Curwen papers.)
36. The letters have been reprinted in Usher Parsons, The Life of Sir William Pepperrell (Boston, 1856), pp. 220–222.
37. Parsons, William Pepperrell, pp. 222–223.
38. For some sense of the complexity of this change, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500–1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 103, 181–191, and Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family (New York: Academic Press, 1978), pp. 97–113.
39. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1974), PP. 1, 23.
40. The Journals of Ashley Bowen of Marblehead, CSM Publications, XLIV (1973), 47.
41. ECR, III, 271–272, 457ff.; IV, 424; V, 267, 312; VI, 344.
42. ECR, V, 188, 143–147, 228–229.
43. ECR, V, 186–189.
44. Secker, Wedding Ring, n.p.
45. ECR, II, 100, 217, 340.
46. Daniel Scott Smith and Michael S. Hindus, “Premarital Pregnancy in America 1640–1971: An Overview and Interpretation,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V (Spring 1975), 537–570; Robert Gross, The Minutemen and Their World (New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), p. 235; Nancy F. Cott, “Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790–1850,” in Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pieck, A Heritage of Her Own (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), p. 166
47. Henry Reed Stiles, Bundling: Its Origins, Progress and Decline in America (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.: Peter Pauper Press, n.d., repr. 1871), p. 67.
48. Stiles, Bundling, p. 66.
49. Dana Doten, The Art of Bundling (New York: Countryman Press, 1938), pp. 148–152.
50. Journals of Ashley Bowen, pp. 47–49.
51. Journals of Ashley Bowen, pp. 49–50, 232, 271–273.
1. ECR, VI, 156; IV, 379–380; Julia Cherry Spruill, Women’s Life and Work in the Southern Colonies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972, 1938), PP. 50, 325; letter from Susan Swan, curator of textiles at Winterthur Museum, to the author, Aug. 2, 1979.
2. Diary of Zaccheus Collins, I, 1726–1750, n.p., EI; The Diary of Matthew Patten of Bedford, NH. (Concord, N.H., 1903), pp. 206–207; ECR, II, 36–38.
3. Journals of the Rev. Thomas Smith and the Rev. Samuel Deane, ed. William Willis (Portland, Me.: Joseph S. Bailey, 1849), pp. 22–23. For the size of Falmouth, see p. 10.
4. Elizabeth Bing, Six Practical Lessons for an Easier Childbirth (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1967); Suzanne Arms, Immaculate Deception: A New Look at Women and Childbirth in America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975); Constance A. Bean, Labor and Delivery: An Observer’s Diary (New York: Doubleday, 1977), ch. 6–7.
5. John Oliver, A Present for Teeming American Women (Boston, 1694), p. 3; ECR, V, 267; “The Experienced Midwife,” in The Works of Aristotle (Philadelphia, 1798), pp. 36, 45, 62. On the origin of this work, see Otho T. Beall, Jr., “Aristotle’s Master Piece in America: A Landmark in the Folklore of Medicine,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XX (1963), 207–223. For the antiquity of some of “Aristotle’s” lore, see Thomas Rogers Forbes, The Midwife and the Witch (New Haven and London: Yale U. Press, 1966), pp. 36–38.
6. “The Diary of Nicholas Gilman,” ed. William Kidder (unpublished M.A. Thesis, U. of New Hampshire, 1967), pp. 115, 134.
7. Diary of Cotton Mather, MHS Collections, 7th Ser., VII, 444–445.
8. See Irving S. Cutter and Henry R. Viets, A Short History of Midwifery (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders, 1964), p. 9, for the reference to Riverius, The Practice of Physick.
9. “Experienced Midwife,” p. 61.
10. Patten Diary, pp. 64, 91, 120, 146; “Experienced Midwife,” pp. 36, 40, 46.
11. The Lamaze method is based on this idea. For an intriguing description of labor “coaching,” see Bean, Labor and Delivery, ch. 2.
12. Catherine M. Scholten, “On the Importance of the Obstetrick Art: Changing Customs of Childbirth in America, 1760 to 1825,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXIV, 433. Other delivery positions included kneeling on a pallet and standing with the support of two other women.
13. “Experienced Midwife,” p. 38.
14. “Experienced Midwife,” p. 65; The Diary of Samuel Sewall, ed. M. Halsey Thomas (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), I, 41.
15. “Experienced Midwife,” pp. 43–44.
16. “Experienced Midwife,” p. 51; Cotton Mather, Elizabeth in Her Holy Retirement (Boston, 1710), p. 2.
17. AB Works, p. 395; Sarah Goodhue, “A Valedictory and Monitory Writing,” in Thomas F. Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1633–1700, I (Ipswich, Mass.: Ipswich Historical Society, 1905), pp. 519–524.
18. Reverend Seaborn Cotton Commonplace Book, pp. 177–188, NEHGS.
19. Nicholson J. Eastman and Louis M. Hellman, William’s Obstetrics (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966), pp. 702, 724–745.
20. Seaborn Cotton, pp. 183–188.
21. “Nicholas Gilman Diary,” p. 134.
22. Patten Diary, p. 253.
23. John 16:21–22.
24. Diary of Mary Greenland Cleaveland (1742–1762) in Cleaveland Family Papers, EI.
25. The Notebook of the Reverend John Fiske, 1644–1675, ed. Robert G. Pope, MHS Collections (Boston, 1974), pp. 49–50; Mary Maples Dunn, “Saints and Sisters: Congregational and Quaker Women in the Early Colonial Period,” in Janet Wilson James, ed. Women in American Religion (Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1980), pp. 33–34. For another such case, see MHS Collections, 4th Ser., VIII (1868), 361–362.
26. Hugh Adams, “A Narrative of Remarkable Instances of a Particular Faith, and Answers of Prayers,” MHS, p. 36.
27. Adams, “Narrative,” pp. 33, 5, 2, 3–4.
28. Adams, “Narrative,” p. 38.
29. Holyoke Diaries. In a typical account for this period, “hard labor” appears four times between June 25 and Dec. 19, 1756. For later interest in forceps, see EAH to James Jackson, Jan. 14, 1800, James Jackson Manuscripts, MHS.
30. Judy Barrett Litoff, American Midwives: 1860 to the Present (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1978), pp. 7–14.
31. Scholten, “Importance,” pp. 444–445.
32. Claire Elizabeth Fox, “Pregnancy, Childbirth and Early Infancy in Anglo-American Culture: 1675–1830” (Unpub. Ph.D. Dissertation, U. of Pennsylvania, 1966), pp. 240–245.
33. Holyoke Diaries, pp. xvi, 73.
34. Holyoke Diaries, pp. 77, 70, 73, 81, 95, 107.
35. Holyoke Diaries, pp. 73, 77, 81.
36. Holyoke Diaries, p. 58, for a typical sequence.
37. Susan Swan, Plain and Fancy: American Women and Their Needlework, 1700–1850 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), p. 123.
38. “Experienced Midwife,” pp. 21–26.
39. ECR, VII, 278.
40. ECR, II, 36–38.
41. “Experienced Midwife,” p. 21; Mather, Elizabeth in Her Holy Retirement, p. 21.
42. ECR, II, 38.
43. ECR, II, 38.
44. Vital Records of Gloucester (Topsfield, Mass.: Topsfield Historical Society, 1917), p. 395.
45. “Nicholas Gilman Diary,” pp. 79–135.
46. Diaries of Benjamin Lynde and of Benjamin Lynde, Jr. (Boston, 1880), pp. 36, 163.
47. John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York: Oxford U. Press, 1971), p. 133; Philip J. Greven, Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca and London: Cornell U. Press, 1970), pp. 30, 112; James Axtell, The School Upon a Hill (New Haven, Conn.: Yale U. Press, 1974), P. 82. The extent of wet-nursing in mid-18th-century cities is unknown, though among some urban women breast-feeding was favored as a contraceptive. Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 232–233.
48. E.g., ECR, III, 46, and MHS Collections, 5th Ser., 1 (1871), 104.
49. Samuel X. Radbill, “The Role of Animals in Infant Feeding,” in Wayland D. Hand, ed., American Folk Medicine: A Symposium (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U. of California Press, 1976), pp. 21–30; “Experienced Midwife,” p. 96.
50. Vital Records of Lynn, Mass. (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1905), I, 114, 117, 119; II, 105, 463, 461; History of Bedford, N.H., from 1737 (Concord, N.H., 1903), pp. 694–698; “Joseph Green His Book,” CSM Publications, XXXIV (1943), 197–253; EIHC, VII (1866), 215–224; X (1869), 73–104; and XXXVI (1900), 325–330.
51. Patten Diary, p. 200.
52. Zaccheus Collins, unpaged diary, EI.
53. “Joseph Green Diary,” EIHC, X, 86.
54. Patten Diary, pp. 20–21.
55. Patten Diary, p. 28.
56. “Joseph Green Diary,” EIHC, VIII, 222.
57. “Nicholas Gilman Diary,” pp. 219–220.
58. Holyoke Diaries, p. 3.
59. John Demos, “Underlying Themes in the Witchcraft of Seventeenth-Century New England,” in Stanley N. Katz, ed., Essays in Politics and Social Development: Colonial America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, P. 132.
60. Axtell, School, p. 88.
61. Samuel Moody, The Children of the Covenant Under the Promise of Divine Teachings (Boston, 1716), p. 34.
62. AB Works, p. 152.
63. Sewall, Diary, I, 444.
1. The stones are in Old Newbury Burying Ground opposite the Coffin house, 16 High Road. The epitaphs have been printed in Joshua Coffin, A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury (Boston, 1845; Hampton, N.H.: Peter E. Randall, 1977), p. 402.
2. Long before the current wave of “family history,” Edmund S. Morgan argued that by the end of the 17th century “theology became the handmaid of genealogy” in New England. The Puritan Family (New York: Harper & Row, 1966, 1944), p. 186.
3. Tristram Coffin will, reprinted in James W. Spring, “The Coffin House in Newbury, Massachusetts,” Old-Time New England, XX (1929), 10–11.
4. James Henretta, “Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXV, 1 (January 1978), pp. 21–32.
5. Data on Coffin descendants gathered from Old-Time New England, XX, 1, pp. 8, 11–12; Coffin, Newbury, pp. 318, 298, 204, 308, 299, 293, 307; NLD, p. 604; and George Kuhn Clarke, The Descendants of Nathaniel Clarke and His Wife Elizabeth Somerby of Newbury, Massachusetts (Boston, 1902), pp. 28–29. Unless otherwise indicated, the following discussion is based on these sources.
6. The cradle is in the Tristram Coffin House, Newbury, Mass., Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Linda Grant Depauw and Conover Hunt call these “senility cradles,” “Remember the Ladies”: Women in America, 1750–1815 (New York: Viking Press, 1976), p. 161.
7. Philip J. Greven, Jr., Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell U. Press, 1970), pp. 30, 11, 16; Susan L. Norton, “Population Growth in Colonial America: A Study of Ipswich, Massachusetts,” Population Studies, XXV (1971), 440–442; Darrett B. and Anita H. Rutman, “Now-Wives and Sons-in-Law: Parental Death in a Seventeenth-Century Virginia County,” in Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, ed., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century (Williamsburg, Va.: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1979), pp. 162, 167–168; Maris Vinovskis, “Mortality Rates,” Journal of Economic History, XXXII (1972), 198–199; Charles E. Clark, The Eastern Frontier (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), pp. 274–277; Coffin, Newbury, p. 204.
8. Coffin, Newbury, p. 299.
9. Charles G. Steffen, “The Sewall Children in Colonial New England,” NEHGR, CXXXI (1977), 163–171, shows the importance of extended kin networks in one family with extensive Salem-Newbury connections.
10. Daniel Scott Smith, in an unpublished study of Hingham, has shown the importance of lineal naming patterns well into the 19th century, but no one has yet studied New England naming patterns using female as well as male lines. Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters (Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 85–86. In reconstructing the Coffin-Greenleaf families, I used, in addition to sources listed in Note 5, the genealogies in NEHGR, XXIV, 149–154, 305–315, and a manuscript Coffin genealogy at the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston.
11. Saltonstall Papers, I, 185.
12. Cotton Mather, Maternal Consolations of God (Boston, 1714), pp. 24–25.
13. Cotton Mather, Tabitha Rediviva, An Essay to Describe and Commend the Good Works of a Virtuous Woman (Boston, 1713), p. 23.
14. Benjamin Colman, Some of the Honors That Religion Does unto the Fruitful Mothers in Israel (Boston, 1715), p. 7.
15. E.g., Samuel Moody, The Children of the Covenant (Boston, 1716), p. 24; John Cotton, Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes (Cambridge, Mass., 1656), for positive imagery; Benjamin Wadsworth, The Well-Ordered Family (Boston, 1712), p. 92; John Flavell, A Discourse (Boston, 1728), p. 5, for cautionary comments. Joseph and Anna Gerrish la mented that Joseph Green, minister at Salem Village, had died young, “his breast full of milk”; Jeffrey Papers, EI.
16. Sarah Goodhue, “A Valedictory and Monitory Writing,” in Thomas Franklin Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, I (Ipswich, Mass.: Ipswich Historical Society, 1905), pp. 519–524.
17. Philip J. Greven, Jr., The Protestant Temperament (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), Part One, passim; John Demos, A Little Commonwealth (New York: Oxford U. Press, 1970), pp. 131–139; Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500–1800 (London: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 209–215; and David Stannard, The Puritan Way of Death (New York: Oxford U. Press, 1977), pp. 64–66.
18. Greven, Protestant Temperament, pp. 22–24.
19. ECR, IV, 310, 403.
20. ECR, II, 275–276. Also see ECR, II, 28, and V, 417–418.
21. ECR, II, 335–338; James Axtell, School Upon a Hill (New Haven, Conn.: Yale U. Press, 1974), pp. 156–159; Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 283–285; Records of the Court of Assistants (Boston, 1928), III, 138–139.
22. Saltonstall Papers, I, 176.
23. NHSP, XXXX, 127; ECR, III, 282; “Diary of Nicholas Gilman,” ed. William Kidder (Unpublished M.A. Thesis, U. of New Hampshire, 1967), p. 192; Hannah Pickering entries for Jan. 17–23, 1712, in Burbank Diary, EI. Cf. Barbara A. Hanawalt, “Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, VIII (1977), 1–22.
24. Moody, Children of the Covenant, p. 42.
25. Lucy Larcom, A New England Girlhood (Boston, 1889, repr. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1973), pp. 39–45; The Journals of Ashley Bowen, ed. Philip Chadwick Foster Smith, CSM Publications, XLIV (1973), 184; Holyoke Diaries, ed. George Francis Down (Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1911), p. 63; ECR, VI, 156, 353.
26. E.g., Jonathan Belcher Letterbook, II, Nov. 12, 1731; Nov. 22, 1731; Feb. 7, 1731/2; III, April 2, 1733; Nov. 5, 1733; IV, Nov. 25, 1734, MHS.
27. Chadwick Hansen, Witchcraft at Salem (New York: George Braziller, 1969), pp. 2–3; Alan Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 82–85, 154 (Plate 7), 214; Witchcraft Papers, I, 83, 94–95, 97–99, 104, 105, 107, 111–112, 191, 217, 244; II, 634.
28. MPCR, VI, 208–216; Neal W. Wallen, Jr., “A Maine Witch,” Old Time New England, LXI (Winter 1971), 75–81.
29. Bruno Bettelheim, The Uses of Enchantment (New York: Vintage Books, 1977), PP. 66–70; Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum make use of the “wicked stepmother” image in Salem Possessed (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard U. Press, 1974), though they confine it to projected anger against a real stepmother.
30. Margaret Thatcher letter, Oct. 28, 1686, Curwen Family Papers, III, EI.
31. Stephen Jaques Journal, EI. Also quoted in Coffin, Newbury, p. 204.
32. NEHGR, XXVIII, 36–39. There is some evidence that among the gentry the preservation of genealogical information was a female role: “Samuel Sewall Letter Book,” MHS Collections, 6th Ser., I (1886), 265; The Diary of Samuel Sewall, ed. M. Halsey Thomas (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), I, 292; Diaries of Benjamin Lynde and of Benjamin Lynde, Jr. (Boston, 1880), p. 128; Charles W. Brewster, Rambles About Portsmouth (Portsmouth, N.H., 1869; repr. Portsmouth: New Hampshire Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 51–52.
33. Coffin, Newbury, pp. 310, 401; Allan I. Ludwig, Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650–1815 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan U. Press, 1966), pp. 236–237.
34. Old Burying Ground, Main Street, York Village, Maine. Ray Wilbur directed me to this stone and explained its significance.
35. AB Works, pp. 400–403.
1. Humiliations Follow’d with Deliverances (Boston, 1697) and Decennium Luctuosum (Boston, 1699).
2. “Journal of the Rev. John Pike,” NHHS Collections, III (Concord, 1832), 48.
3. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (Boston, 1702, repr. New Haven, 1820), Book VII; The Diary of Samuel Sewall, ed. M. Halsey Thomas (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), I, 372; George Wingate Chase, The History of Haverhill, Massachusetts, from Its First Settlement, in 1640, to the Year 1860 (Haverhill, 1861), p. 191.
4. Mather, Magnalia, p. 551.
5. Mather, Magnalia, pp. 550–551.
6. Mather, Humiliations, p. 47.
7. David D. Hall, The Faithful Shepherd (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), pp. 260–264, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “Vertuous Women Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668–1735,” AQ, XXVIII (1976), 20–40.
8. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Marble Faun: or, The Romance of Monte Deni (New York and Toronto: Signet Books, 1961), p. 39.
9. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, p. 40.
10. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard U. Press, 1969), pp. 297–298.
11. From American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge, II (May 1836), 397, quoted in Kathryn Whitford, “Hannah Duston: The Judgement of History,” EIHC, CVIII (1972), 318. Whitford’s article has a useful survey of 19th-century treatments of Duston, including those by Whittier and Thoreau.
12. Douglas E. Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip’s War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1966) is a general account of this war. See also Alden T. Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1610–1675 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 319–320; and for a concise summary, Gary B. Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp. 123–127.
13. Vaughan, Frontier, pp. 309–310; Neal Salisbury, “Red Puritans: The ‘Praying Indians’ of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot,” WMQ, 3rd Ser., XXXI (January, 1974), 54.
14. Increase Mather, A Brief History of the Warr with the Indians (Boston, 1676), p. 25.
15. William Hubbard, “A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England, from Pascataqua to Pemmaquid,” in A Narrative of the Troubles (Boston, 1677), p. 46.
16. “Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, 1682,” in Charles H. Lincoln, ed. Narratives of the Indian Wars 1675–1699 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), p. 128.
17. Hubbard, A Narrative of the Troubles, pp. 61, 77; “Piscataqua,” 15; [Elizabeth Hanson], God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty (Philadelphia, 1728), pp. 35–36; Cotton Mather, Good Fetch’d Out of Evil (Boston, 1706), pp. 33–34.
18. I. Mather, Brief History, p. 6.
19. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” pp. 130–131; Douglas Leach, “The ‘Whens’ of Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity,” NEQ, XXXIV (Sept. 1960), 352–363, for a general account of geography.
20. Hubbard, “Pascataqua,” pp. 32–33.
21. Hubbard, “Pascataqua,” pp. 20–21.
22. Douglas Edward Leach, “Mary White Rowlandson,” in Notable American Women 1607–1950, ed. Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard U. Press, 1971), III, 200; “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 137.
23. William Willis, The History of Portland (1865, repr. Somers-worth, N.H.: New Hampshire Publishing Company and Maine Historical Society, 1972), pp. 45, 50, 101.
24. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 119.
25. Letter from Thaddeus Clark to Mrs. Elizabeth Harvy, Aug. 14. 1676, in Emma Lewis Coleman, New England Captives Carried to Canada (Portland, Me.: Southworth Press, 1925), I, 210.
26. Douglas Leach, Arms for Empire (New York: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 80–115 passim.
27. Ulrich, “Vertuous Women,” passim; and William Andrews, “The Printed Funeral Sermons of Cotton Mather,” Early American Literature, V (Fall 1970), 24–44.
28. C. Mather, Decennium, p. 237.
29. Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire (Philadelphia, 1784), I, 338–339. Belknap says Oyster River stories were collected from aged persons by John Smith, Esq., a descendant of one of the suffering families.
30. Belknap, New-Hampshire, I, 357.
31. Nicholas Perryman Ledger, Exeter, N.H., 1723–1754, MS, NHHS, p. 7.
32. Samuel Penhallow, The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians (Boston, 1726; repr. NHHS Collections, 1824, 1871), I, 107.
33. Penhallow, Wars, p. 28; and Cotton Mather, Good Fetch’d Out of Evil, p. 38.
34. See, for example, the letter from Pendleton Fletcher, dated Sept. 8, 1721, MeHS Collections, IX, 466.
35. (Philadelphia, 1728).
36. C. Mather, Frontiers Well-Defended (Boston, 1707), pp. 4–5.
37. Cotton Mather, Duodecennium Luctuosum (Boston, 1714), p. 8.
38. This statement is based on a count of captives listed in Coleman, New England Captives, ch. 11.
39. “A Narrative of Hannah Swarton,” in C. Mather, Humiliations, P. 55.
40. John Gyles, Memoirs of Odd Adventures (Boston, 1736), p. 4.
41. Gyles, Memoirs, p. 4.
42. Gyles, Memoirs, p. 4.
43. Gyles, Memoirs, p. 34.
44. Cotton Mather, Decennium, pp. 198–199. Mather said he received his information from John Pike, the minister at Dover. Pike did flee to safety, living in Portsmouth during much of the war.
45. “Letter-Book of Samuel Sewall,” MHS Collections, 6th Ser. (Boston, 1886), I, 394.
46. Cotton Mather, El Shaddai (Boston, 1725), p. 21.
1. Cotton Mather, Humiliations Follow’d with Deliverances (Boston, 1697), pp. 42–48.
2. Charles Henry Pope in The Haverhill Emersons (Boston: Murray and Emery, 1913), p. 21, hoped that the “mantle of charity” would cover Elizabeth’s name.
3. Eleanor Emmons Maccoby and Carol Nagy Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford U. Press, 1974), pp. 243–247.
4. This statement is based upon a count of all court cases involving any form of physical assault in three volumes of the Essex County Court Records, Volume II (41 cases), Volume V (37 cases), and Volume VIII (30 cases). Females were assailants in 21 of 108 cases, victims in 34. Women in a working-class section of London in the late 19th century committed 18 violent crimes for every 100 committed by men. Nancy Tomes, “A ‘Torrent of Abuse’: Crimes of Violence Between Working-Class Men and Women in London, 1840–1875,” Journal of Social History, XI (Spring 1978), 330.
5. Emanuel Marx, The Social Context of Violent Behavior: A Social Anthropological Study in an Israeli Immigrant Town (London, Henley, and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976), pp. 96–99.
6. Anne Bradstreet, “Meditations,” in The Works of Anne Bradstreet, ed. John Harvard Ellis (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1962), p. 65.
7. All of the Quarterly Courts punished wife beaters, but they seldom allowed women to leave an abusive husband and, especially if there was any evidence of provocation, they were lenient. E.g., MPCR, II, 403, 460; ECR, V, 377; NHSP, XXX, 20, 83, 166. See also Nancy Cott, “Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXIII (October 1976), 608–609.
8. ECR, III, 224–225.
9. MPCR, I, 262.
10. ECR, VIII, 222–224.
11. ECR, VIII, 272–273. Elderly mothers were sometimes victims of family violence and also accused and recanted their accusations. E.g., ECR, II, 443–446. For a similar case, see MPCR, VI, 9–11, 20. Again the son-in-law is admonished and eventually cleared.
12. ECR, V, 312.
13. MPCR, IV, 278, 281, 284, 285–287.
14. “Deposition and complaint of Thomas Maule against Elizabeth Darby,” EI.
15. ECR, V, 59–60.
16. ECR, VI, 9. There are numerous examples of this sort of neighborly brawling. E.g., ECR, II, 50, 249; III, 32–34, 57–58, 274, 414; VIII, 97, 296; MPCR, IV, 91, 111, 270–271; VI, 64–66; NH Court, I, part 1, 13–27; IX, 121.
17. George Lyman Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (New York: Russell & Russell, 1929), pp. 48–49, 102–103.
18. ECR, VIII, 226–227.
19. ECR, VIII, 46, 65.
20. ECR, VIII, 181–183, a fight at a barn-raising; ECR, VIII, 193–194, grievances accumulated during a fishing voyage; ECR, V, 31–33, trouble after training.
21. NH Court, I, part 1, 81, 91, 93. For identity of women, NLD, pp. 57–58, 132, 219, 387.
22. In the 108 cases described in note 4, men attacked other men in 66 of the 92 cases in which they were assailants. Women attacked other women in 10 cases, men in 10 cases, and both in 1. (The total number of assailants exceeds 108 because men and women acted together in several.)
23. ECR, VIII, 293.
24. NH Court, III, 37.
25. NH Court, III, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 141, 153, 155, 157, 161, 265, 267, 271, 273, 275, 279, 281.
26. NH Court, III, 37, 149.
27. ECR, VIII, 212–213.
28. E.g., ECR, VII, 41; VIII, 18–22.
29. “The Vengeful Women of Marblehead: Robert Roules Deposition of 1677,” ed. James Axtell, WMQ, 3rd Ser., XXXI (Oct. 1974), 650–652.
30. Natalie Davis, “Women on Top,” in Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford U. Press, 1975), pp. 146–149.
31. NH Court, File 17285, New Hampshire State Archives.
32. Edwin Powers, Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620–1692 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 287–290.
33. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 473–474.
34. Powers, Crime and Punishment, p. 307.
35. Cotton Mather, Warnings from the Dead (Boston, 1693); A Sorrowful Spectacle (Boston, 1715); Samuel Willard, Impenitent Sinners (Boston, 1698); John Rogers, Death the Certain Wages of Sin (Boston, 1709).
36. A Faithful Narrative of … Patience Boston (Boston, 1738), p. 8.
37. Nicall Emerson Will, 8925, Essex Probate; Pope, Haverhill Emersons, pp. 14–15.
38. Pope, Haverhill Emersons, pp. 13–21; Mather, Warnings from the Dead, pp. 71–72.
39. ECR, VI, 139, 141; George Wingate Chase, The History of Haverhill, Massachusetts, from Its First Settlement, in 1640, to the Year 1860 (Haverhill, 1861), p. 122.
40. ECR, VI, 212, 213.
41. ECR, IX, 603; Mather, Warnings from the Dead, pp. 71–72.
42. Vital Records of Haverhill, Massachusetts, I, 113, 290–291.
43. Suffolk County Court Records, Early Files, 2636, Suffolk County Court House, pp. 92–96.
44. Examination of Elizabeth Emerson, May 11, 1691, Suffolk Court, Early Files, 2636.
45. Examination of Michael Emerson, May 11, 1691; Examination of Hannah, the wife of Michael Emerson, May 11, 1691; Suffolk Court, Early Files, 2636.
46. Verdict of the Jury Sitting in Boston, Suffolk Court, Early Files, 2636, p. 92; Saltonstall Papers, I, 203.
47. Mather, Warnings from the Dead, p. 72.
48. Mather, Warnings from the Dead, p. 71.
1. Emma Coleman, New England Captives Carried to Canada (Portland, Me.: Southworth Press, 1925). All statistics in this chapter are compiled from information given on individual captives in Volume I, chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, and Volume II, 15, 16, and 17. I have excluded a few names which Coleman mentioned but did not document.
2. James Axtell, “The White Indians of Colonial America,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXII (Jan. 1975), 58–59.
3. Cotton Mather, Good Fetch’d Out of Evil (Boston, 1706).
4. John Williams, The Redeemed Captive, ed. Edward W. Clark (Amherst, Mass.: U. of Massachusetts Press, 1976), pp. 48–59, 51, 52.
5. “A Narrative of Hannah Swarton, Containing Wonderful Passages, Relating to Her Captivity, and Her Deliverance,” in Cotton Mather, Humiliations Follow’d with Deliverances (Boston, 1697), p. 59.
6. [Elizabeth Hanson], God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty (Philadelphia, 1728), p. 9.
7. Coleman, Captives, II, 40–41, and individual biographies of captives.
8. MeHS, IX, 60.
9. “Statements of Grace Higiman and Others in Relation to Being Taken Captive by the Indians,” NEHGR, XVIII (1864), 161–163.
10. Coleman, Captives, I, 69–70.
11. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (Boston, 1699), pp. 227, 220.
12. W. J. Eccles, The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), p. 71 and ch. 4, passim.
13. Coleman, Captives, II, 8–9; NLD, 131, 699.
14. Coleman, Captives, I, 255–259; NHHS Collections, VIII, 147; NH Court, VII, 225, 227.
15. Coleman, Captives, I, 75, 123–126, 143, 147, 149, 150–151 162–163, 321; II, 9, 21, 412; NLD, 520–521, 721.
16. NLD, 558, 754, 520–521.
17. Coleman, Captives, II, 8–9.
18. Coleman, Captives, I, 239–240; NLD, 367, 588, 744.
19. Eccles, Canadian Frontier, p. 40.
20. James Douglas, New England and New France (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), pp. 360–366.
21. Coleman, Captives, I, 357; II, 268–271, 398, 407, 409.
22. Coleman, Captives, I, 359; II, 96.
23. Coleman, Captives, I, 429.
24. Mather, Good Fetch’d, p. 21.
25. Coleman, Captives, I, 40, 358.
26. Coleman, Captives, I, 144–146.
27. To develop this topic fully would require a more detailed picture of the operation of both the school and the hospital than are available in Coleman’s sketches, but the interlocking of names is clear even from the information she includes on godmothers and godfathers of baptized captives. Grizel Otis Robitaille is highly visible throughout.
28. Coleman, Captives, I, 146–154.
29. François Seguenot, A Letter from a Romish Priest (Boston, 1729), pp. 5, 20, 11, and preface.
1. Jeremy Belknap, The History of New Hampshire, II (Dover, N.H., 1812), 226–234; Everett S. Stackpole, Old Kittery and Her Families (Lewiston, Me.: 1903), pp. 184–199; Charles E. Clark, Maine: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 45, and The Eastern Frontier (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), pp. 82–89.
2. Robert F. Lawrence, The New Hampshire Churches (Claremont, N.H., 1856), p. 320; NLD, pp. 520–521.
3. Lawrence, New Hampshire Churches, p. 320; Minutes of Dover Monthly Meeting, 1701–1784, Dover Public Library, microfilm, reel 3.
4. The Church Record of Hampton Falls, N.H., copied from the original by Emily Wilder Leavitt, MS, NEHGS, pp. 6–9.
5. Philip J. Greven, Jr., “Youth, Maturity, and Religious Conversion: A Note on the Ages of Converts in Andover, Massachusetts, 1711–1749,” EIHC, CVIII (1972), 126–134.
6. The Records of the Church of Christ at Barwick, Dec. 21, 1701, to Oct. 14, 1829, MS, First Parish Federated Church, South Berwick, Maine.
7. Richard L. Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690–1765 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), p. 62. Bushman says that this was a phenomenon of “outlivers” rather than of new towns in Connecticut, which were notoriously slow to establish churches. If, as I believe, women were especially interested in convenient access to the meetinghouse, the existence of a distant church (which husbands might attend more frequently than wives) may have been a greater motive than the entire absence of church.
8. Everett S. Stackpole and Lucien Thompson, History of the Town of Durham, New Hampshire (Concord, N.H., n.d.) I, 169–184, has the long succession of petitions and counterpetitions from the Oyster River parish regarding the location of the meetinghouse.
9. History of Bedford, New Hampshire, Being Statistics Compiled on the Occasion of the One Hundredth Anniversary (Boston, 1851), p. 136. The anonymous author said the story came from Ann Orr, “who had it from the lips of old Mrs. Smith.”
10. The Winthrop Papers, Part III, MHS Collections, 5th Ser., I (Boston, 1871), 104–105.
11. Records of Chebacco Parish, 1676–1726, MS, EI, pp. 7–17.
12. Records of Chebacco, p. 18.
13. ECR, VII, 245. In their own town they became heroines. See Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Organization of the Congregational Church & Parish in Essex, Mass. (Salem, Mass., 1884), p. 45.
14. Increase Mather, An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences (Boston, 1684) gives examples both of folk magic and of ministerial opposition. E.g., when Mary Hortado of Salmon Falls was tormented by demons, she hung the door with bays; Mather did not doubt that the remedy worked, but deplored it. Pp. 167, 248–249. Two species of folk magic specifically prohibited by Mather in the long chapter on superstition (pp. 248–288) were employed in the parsonage at Salem Village—divining with egg white and detecting witchcraft with urine. Chadwick Hansen, Witchcraft at Salem (New York: George Braziller, 1969), pp. 30–32.
15. Patricia Trainor O’Malley, “Rowley, Massachusetts, 1639–1730: Dissent, Division and Delimitation in a Colonial Town” (Unpub. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston College, 1975), pp. 61–65.
16. O’Malley, “Rowley,” pp. 67–68, quoting from church book kept by Phillips.
17. O’Malley, “Rowley,” p. 69.
18. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard U. Press, 1974), pp. 54–56.
19. Boyer and Nissenbaum put the Putnams at the head of an anti-town, pro-church, pro-autonomy movement in the village. The facts don’t add up very well in Burroughs’ case. Captain Putnam promoted the church, but obviously disliked Burroughs. Even though he had welcomed him into his home in 1681, he publicly humiliated him in 1683. The controversy here seems personal rather than economic or political.
20. Witchcraft Papers, I, 176.
21. Witchcraft Papers, I, 172–174.
22. “Church Records of the Rev. Hugh Adams,” NEHGR, XXX (1876), 59; NLD, p. 184.
23. NHSP, IX, 235–236.
24. Deodat Lawson, “A Brief and True Narrative of Witchcraft at Salem Village,” in George Lincoln Burr, ed., Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1946), pp. 152–154.
25. “The Diary of Nicholas Gilman,” ed. William Kidder (Unpub. M.A. Thesis, U. of New Hampshire, 1967), pp. 253, 243.
26. Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed, pp. 24–30, compare the “fits” of the Salem girls with some of the more bizarre manifestations in the Great Awakening at Northampton. I am making a slightly different point here. Mary Reed’s behavior does not seem to have been tortured at all, but rather passive and quiet, but, like the girls in Salem, she conveyed information to the larger community which she received in visions.
27. “Nicholas Gilman Diary,” pp. 256–263.
28. When a second visionary young woman tried to stay with Gilman, an uproar in the neighborhood drove her away.
29. “Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, 1682,” in Charles H. Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars 1675–1699 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), p. 116. The quote, from the introduction, is amply reflected in the narrative itself.
30. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, pp. 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 144, 146.
31. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 154.
32. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 142.
33. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 144.
34. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 145, 161.
35. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 159.
36. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 132–133.
37. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 149.
38. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 150.
39. “Captivity of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” p. 150–154.
40. E.g., Murray G. Murphey, “The Psychodynamics of Puritan Conversion,” American Quarterly, XXXI (Summer 1979), 140–147, for the relation between religion and personality.
41. [Elizabeth Hanson], “God’s Mercy Surmounting Man’s Cruelty,” in The Garland Library of Narrative of North American Indian Captivities, ed. Wilcomb E. Washburn (New York: Garland Publishing, 1977), p. 31.
42. Samuel Penhallow, The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians (Boston, 1726), reprinted in NHHS Collections (1824, 1871), I, 109.
43. [Hanson], “God’s Mercy,” p. 16.
44. [Hanson], “God’s Mercy”, p. 24–25.
45. [Hanson], “God’s Mercy,” p. 23–30.
47. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), pp. 126–127 and ch. 4, passim.
48. Barbara Welter first advanced this argument in “The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860,” in Insights and Parallels, ed. William L. O’Neill (Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Company, 1973), pp. 305–331.
49. Cotton Mather, Humiliations Follow’d with Deliverances (Boston, 1697), pp. 42–48.
50. Haverhill Church Book, Haverhill Public Library, Haverhill, Mass., n.p.; the profession of faith is now on display at Buttonwoods, the museum of the Haverhill Historical Society. It has been reprinted in “The Story of Hannah Duston” (Haverhill, Mass.: Duston-Dustin Family Association, 1959), pp. 13–14.
51. The rejuvenation of the church is quite apparent in the Church Book. In a summary, Brown wrote: “The Number above set down by Mr Gardner is 17. The Number of the persons here named below on this page is 55. & I think but 3 records have come to ye Lord’s Table!” Exclamation points are unusual in church records. Brown was obviously proud of his record. Thomas Duston’s affairs are detailed in “Story of Hannah Duston,” pp. 16–24. The brick house in Haverhill is a restoration.
52. “Story of Hannah Duston,” quoting the confession, pp. 13–14.
1. Mrs. Josiah Carpenter, Gravestone Inscriptions … in the State of New Hampshire (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1913), p. 23. Mrs. Whitney was the widow of the Rev. David Stearns of Lunenburg, Massachusetts, and the Rev. Aaron Whitney of Petersham. Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U. Press, 1933–1975), X, 260; XII, 63; XIII, 645–646; XIV, 90–92, 377–378, for accounts of husbands and sons.
2. Caroline Cole Hollingsworth, “Embroidery in the Society’s Collection,” Old Time New England, LVI (1966), 69; Glee Krueger, New England Samplers to 1840 (Sturbridge, Mass.: Old Sturbridge Village, 1978), figures 12 and 18; Ethel Stanwood Bolton and Eva Johnston Coe, American Samplers (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Colonial Dames of America, 1921), pp. 244, 316. Bolton and Coe date this verse from 1708 in America, but do not indicate where it was first used. Sometimes the “nation” is England, sometimes New England.