³⁶ On this topic, including origins to the Virgilian career, see Joseph Farrell, ‘Greek Lives and Roman Careers in the Classical Vita Tradition’, in Cheney and de Armas (eds), European Literary Careers, 24–46.

³⁷ The discussion of Dante is drawn from Cheney, ‘“Novells” which does not discuss Shakespeare. Dante quotations come from De vulgari eloquentia: Dante’s Book of Exile, trans. and ed. Marianne Shapiro (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska, Press, 1990).