1 Fitzhardinge, L. F. (ed.), Sydney’s First Four Years, By Captain Watkin Tench, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979.
2 Australia’s other four foundation books are:
Collins, David. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, from its first settlement in January 1788, to August 1801, (1804)
Hunter, John. An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, (1793)
Phillip, Arthur. The Voyage of Governor Philip to Botany Bay With an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, (1789)
White, John. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, with sixty-five plates of nondescript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions, (1790)
3 Fitzhardinge, L. F. (ed.), Sydney’s First Four Years, By Captain Watkin Tench, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979.
† John Milton, Paradise Lost, XII, 645: ‘Some natural tears they dropp’d…’
† A large cask which held around 500 litres.
† A fictional figure of the eighteenth century, famous for his wildly exaggerated stories.
† Captain James Cook, 1728-79.
†2 ‘With tricorn hat under arm.’
†3 Companies of civilian soldiers.
† Batavian: Dutch.
†2 Territory of the Bantu-speaking people of Southern Africa.
†3 The tiger was possibly a leopard. The cassowary must have come from New Guinea.
†4 Table Mountain.
† Tasmania.
†2 Tench is remembering the opening lines of Joseph Addison’s tragedy Cato: ‘Heavily in clouds brings on the day, / The great, the important day, big with the fate / of Cato and of Rome…’
† ‘“Malbrooke s’en va-t-en guerre”, an old French song, to the same air as “We won’t go home till morning”.’ Sydney’s First Four Years, 97.
† Probably Pinchgut in Sydney Harbour.
† This is the first recorded use of the word ‘dingo’ in English.
†2 These are shields.
†3 The word ‘kangaroo’ was introduced to the Sydney area by members of the First Fleet. Sydney Aborigines knew the Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) as patagorang. It seems likely that they assumed that the word ‘kangaroo’ denoted something like ‘large animal’ to the Europeans, and used it in this context, hoping the strangers would understand.
† The Hawaiian Islands.
†2 Hawaii.
†3 ‘Here lies L. Receveur the Minorite, priest, physician, who died on 17 February 1788 while circumnavigating the globe under the leadership of La Perouse.’
† The Blue Mountains.
† The mouth of the Hawkesbury was not yet discovered.
†2 Tench was encountering of course the distinctive and diverse heathland flora of the Sydney Sandstone. The shrub with white flowers is probably tea-tree or melaleuca.
†3 The former was probably a lilly pilly Syzygium, and the latter possibly a geebung Persoonia.
†4 In Tasmania.
†5 The South American emu is a rhea.
†6 The foot was three rather than two-toed.
†7 The testicles are placed in front of the penis in all marsupials.
†8 Snapper.
†9 Diamond python, Morelia spilotes.
† Kentia palm.
† William Shakespeare, Henry V, iv, i, 40: ‘Trail’st thou the puissant pike?’
†2 Source unidentified.
* ‘The Swedish prisoners, taken at the battle of Pultowa, were transported by the Czar Peter to the most remote parts of Siberia with a view to civilise the natives of the country and teach them the arts the Swedes possessed. In this hopeless situation all traces of discipline and subordination between the different ranks were quickly obliterated. The soldiers, who were husbandmen and artificers, found out their superiority, and assumed it; the officers became their servants.’ Voltaire.
† Sydney Cove.
* These appointments were confirmed by the admiralty.
*2 A vegetable creeper found growing on the rocks which yields, on infusion in hot water, a sweet astringent taste whence it derives its name. To its virtues the healthy state of the soldiery and convicts may be greatly attributed. It was drank universally.
* No solution of this difficulty had been given when I left the country in December 1791. I can, therefore, only propose queries for the ingenuity of others to exercise itself upon: is it a disease indigenous to the country? Did the French ships under Monsieur La Perouse introduce it? Let it be remembered that they had now been departed more than a year and we had never heard of its existence on board of them. Had it travelled across the continent from its western shore, where Dampier and other European voyagers had formerly landed? Was it introduced by Mr Cook? Did we give it birth here? No person among us had been afflicted with the disorder since we had quitted the Cape of Good Hope, seventeen months before. It is true that our surgeons had brought out variolous matter in bottles, but to infer that it was produced from this cause were a supposition so wild as to be unworthy of consideration.
*2 Very different had been his conduct on a former occasion of a similar kind. Soon after he was brought among us he was seized with a diarrhoea, for which he could by no persuasion be induced to swallow any of our prescriptions. After many ineffectual trials to deceive or overcome him, it was at length determined to let him pursue his own course and to watch if he should apply for relief to any of the productions of the country. He was in consequence observed to dig fern-root and to chew it. Whether the disorder had passed its crisis, or whether the fern-root effected a cure, I know not; but it is certain that he became speedily well.
*3 The regard was reciprocal. His Excellency had been ill but a short time before, when Arabanoo had testified the utmost solicitude for his ease and recovery. It is probable that he acquired, on this occasion, just notions of the benefit to be derived from medical assistance. A doctor is, among them, a person of consequence. It is certain that he latterly estimated our professional gentlemen very highly.
† Written in 1706 by the Irish playwright George Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer was the first play staged in the colony.
†2 The Blue Mountains.
†3 John Milton, Paradise Lost, II, 917: ‘Into this wild abyss the wary fiend / Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while / Pondering his voyage…’
* A squirrel-trap is a cavity of considerable depth, formed by art, in the body of a tree. When the Indians in their hunting parties set fire to the surrounding country (which is a very common custom) the squirrels, opossums, and other animals who live in trees, flee for refuge into these holes, whence they are easily dislodged and taken. The natives always pitch on a part of a tree for this purpose which has been perforated by a worm, which indicates that the wood is in an unsound state and will readily yield to their efforts. If the rudeness and imperfection of the tools with which they work be considered, it must be confessed to be an operation of great toil and difficulty.
*2 One of the convicts, a Negro, had twice eloped with an intention of establishing himself in the society of the natives, with a wish to adopt their customs and to live with them, but he was always repulsed by them, and compelled to return to us from hunger and wretchedness.
†4 Baneelon we know of course as Bennelong, who gave his name to the point where the Sydney Opera House now stands, the site of his house in the settlement.
†5 Tench is thinking of Oliver Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village: ‘Shouldered his crutch, and showed how fields were won.’
*3 It is observable that this custom prevails as a pledge of friendship and kindness all over Asia, and has also been mentioned by Captain Cook to exist among the natives in the South Sea Islands.
* See the ration of the 27th of March, a few pages back.
*2 When the age of this provision is recollected, its inadequacy will more strikingly appear. The pork and rice were brought with us from England. The pork had been salted between three and four years, and every grain of rice was a moving body from the inhabitants lodged within it. We soon left off boiling the pork as it had become so old and dry that it shrunk one half in its dimensions when so dressed. Our usual method of cooking it was to cut off the daily morsel and toast it on a fork before the fire, catching the drops which fell on a slice of bread, or in a saucer of rice. Our flour was the remnant of what was brought from the Cape by the Sirius, and was good. Instead of baking it, the soldiers and convicts used to boil it up with greens.
† Batavia: modern Jakarta.
†2 Virgil, Aeneid, XII, 59: ‘Our frail state depends utterly on you.’
†3 Shakespeare, Othello, III, iii, 351.
*3 Its preservation in some cases was found impracticable. Three or four instances of persons who perished from want have been related to me. One only, however, fell within my own observation. I was passing the provision store when a man with a wild haggard countenance who had just received his daily pittance to carry home came out. His faltering gait and eager devouring eye led me to watch him, and he had not proceeded ten steps before he fell. I ordered him to be carried to the hospital where, when he arrived, he was found dead. On opening the body, the cause of death was pronounced to be inanition.
† The madness of King George III.
* These words bring to my mind an anecdote which, though rather out of place, I shall offer no apology for introducing. Among other inquiries, we were anxious to learn whether Monsieur La Perouse, with the two ships under his command bound on a voyage of discovery, had arrived in France. We heard with concern that no accounts of them had been received since they had left Botany Bay in March 1788. I remember, when they were at that place, one day conversing with Monsieur La Perouse about the best method of treating savage people. ‘Sir,’ said he, ‘I have sometimes been compelled to commit hostilities upon them, but never without suffering the most poignant regret; for, independent of my own feelings on the occasion, His Majesty’s (Louis XVI) last words to me, de sa propre bouche [from his own mouth] when I took leave of him at Versailles, were: ‘It is my express injunction that you always treat the Indian nations with kindness and humanity. Gratify their wishes and never, but in a case of the last necessity, when self-defence requires it, shed human blood.’ Are these the sentiments of a tyrant, of a sanguinary and perfidious man?
*2 Accident only prevented her from making it in eighteen days less, for she was then in sight of the harbour’s mouth, when an unpropitious gale of wind blew her off. Otherwise she would have reached us one day sooner than the Lady Juliana. It is a curious circumstance that these two ships had sailed together from the River Thames, one bound to Port Jackson and the other bound to Jamaica. The Justinian carried her cargo to the last mentioned place, landed it and loaded afresh with sugars, which she returned with and delivered in London. She was then hired as a transport, reladen, and sailed for New South Wales. Let it be remembered that no material accident had happened to either vessel. But what will not zeal and diligence accomplish!
†2 Mt Prudhoe, Razorback Range.
† Sailors were in the habit of calling the salt meat they ate on long voyages ‘junks’, but the word was also used synonymously with ‘chunks’.
†2 A dirk was a kind of dagger.
* Such preparation is equal to what cocking a gun, and directing it at its object, would be with us. To launch the spear, or to touch the trigger, only remains.
*2 His Excellency described the shock to me as similar to a violent blow, with such energy was the weapon thrown.
*3 They have never since been heard of. Before they went away they tried in vain to procure firearms. If they were not swallowed by the sea, probably they were cut off by the natives on some part of the coast where their necessities obliged them to land.
† The Aborigines of the Sydney area were slight of stature, possibly the result of living in such a nutrient-poor environment.
†2 Imeerawanyee was doing battle with a grass tree (Xanthorrhoea).
* It had long been our wish to establish a commerce of this sort. It is a painful consideration that every previous addition to the cabinet of the virtuosi from this country had wrung a tear from the plundered Indian.
*2 Look at the account of the governor being wounded, when his detestation of this man burst forth.
*3 The S is a letter which they cannot pronounce, having no sound in their language similar to it. When bidden to pronounce sun, they always say tun; salt, talt, and so of all words wherein it occurs.
† A snow was a small brig-like sailing vessel.
* The best crop of barley ever produced in New South Wales was sown by a private individual, in February 1790, and reaped in the following October.
†2 A rod is five metres long.
*2 As all the trees on our cleared ground were cut down, and not grubbed up, the roots and stumps remain, on which account a tenth part of surface in every acre must be deducted. This is slovenly husbandry; but in a country where immediate subsistence is wanted it is perhaps necessary. None of these stumps, when I left Port Jackson, showed any symptoms of decay, though some of the trees had been cut down four years. To the different qualities of the wood of Norfolk Island and New South Wales, perhaps the difference of soil may in some measure be traced. That of Norfolk Island is light and porous: it rots and turns into mould in two years. Besides its hardness that of Port Jackson abounds with red corrosive gum, which contributes its share of mischief.
†3 Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, 34.
*3 In the close of the year 1788, when this settlement was established, the thermometer has been known to stand at 50° a little before sunrise, and between one and two o’clock in the afternoon at above 100°.
† Bennelong Point, the site of the Sydney Opera House.
* This good-tempered lively lad was become a great favourite with us, and almost constantly lived at the governor’s house. He had clothes made up for him and, to amuse his mind, he was taught to wait at table. One day a lady, Mrs McArthur, wife of an officer of the garrison, dined there, as did Nanbaree. This latter, anxious that his countryman should appear to advantage in his new office, gave him many instructions, strictly charging him, among other things, to take away the lady’s plate whenever she should cross her knife and fork, and to give her a clean one. This Imeerawanyee executed, not only to Mrs McArthur, but to several of the other guests. At last Nanbaree crossed his knife and fork with great gravity, casting a glance at the other, who looked for a moment with cool indifference at what he had done, and then turned his head another way. Stung at this supercilious treatment, he called in rage to know why he was not attended to as well as the rest of the company. But Imeerawanyee only laughed; nor could all the anger and reproaches of the other prevail upon him to do that for one of his countrymen which he cheerfully continued to perform to every other person.
†2 Omai was a Tahitian who travelled to London with James Cook, played chess well, and met Dr Johnson.
* From the aversion uniformly shown by all the natives to this unhappy man, he had long been suspected by us of having in his excursions shot and injured them. To gain information on this head from him, the moment of contrition was seized. On being questioned with great seriousness, he, however, declared that he had never fired but once on a native, and then had not killed but severely wounded him, and this in his own defence. Notwithstanding this death-bed confession, most people doubted the truth of the relation, from his general character and other circumstances.
*2 He had, it seems, visited the governor about noon, after having gained information from Nanbaree of our march, and for what purpose it was undertaken. This he did not scruple to tell to the governor, proclaiming at the same time a resolution of going to Botany Bay, which His Excellency endeavoured to dissuade him from by every argument he could devise: a blanket, a hatchet, a jacket, or aught else he would ask for, was offered to him in vain, if he would not go. At last it was determined to try to eat him down, by setting before him his favourite food, of which it was hoped he would feed so voraciously as to render him incapable of executing his intention. A large dish of fish was accordingly set before him. But after devouring a light horseman [snapper] and at least five pounds of beef and bread, even until the sight of food became disgusting to him, he set out on his journey with such lightness and gaiety as plainly showed him to be a stranger to the horrors of indigestion.
*3 I had often read of this contrivance to facilitate the passage of a morass. But I confess that in my confusion I had entirely forgotten it, and probably should have continued to do so until too late to be of use.
*4 The words which are quoted may be found in Mr Cook’s first voyage, and form part of his description of Botany Bay. It has often fallen to my lot to traverse these fabled plains; and many a bitter execration have I heard poured on those travellers, who could so faithlessly relate what they saw.
* They did not arrive in England until April 1792.
*2 I am of opinion that such protection is always extended to children who may be left destitute.
† ‘Love of one’s homeland.’
*3 It was my fate to fall in again with part of this little band of adventurers. In March 1792, when I arrived in the Gorgon at the Cape of Good Hope, six of these people, including the woman and one child, were put on board of us to be carried to England. Four had died, and one had jumped overboard at Batavia. The particulars of their voyage were briefly as follows. They coasted the shore of New Holland, putting occasionally into different harbours which they found in going along. One of these harbours, in the latitude of 30° south, they described to be of superior excellence and capacity. Here they hauled their bark ashore, paid her seams with tallow, and repaired her. But it was with difficulty they could keep off the attacks of the Indians. These people continued to harass them so much that they quitted the mainland and retreated to a small island in the harbour, where they completed their design. Between the latitude of 26° and 27°, they were driven by a current thirty leagues from the shore, among some islands, where they found plenty of large turtles. Soon after they closed again with the continent, when the boat got entangled in the surf and was driven on shore, and they had all well nigh perished. They passed through the straits of Endeavour and, beyond the gulf of Carpentaria, found a large freshwater river, which they entered, and filled from it their empty casks.
Until they reached the gulf of Carpentaria, they saw no natives or canoes differing from those about Port Jackson. But now they were chased by large canoes, fitted with sails and fighting stages, and capable of holding thirty men each. They escaped by dint of rowing to windward. On the 5th of June 1791 they reached Timor, and pretended that they had belonged to a ship which, on her passage from Port Jackson to India, had foundered; and that they only had escaped. The Dutch received them with kindness and treated them with hospitality. But their behaviour giving rise to suspicion, they were watched; and one of them at last, in a moment of intoxication, betrayed the secret. They were immediately secured and committed to prison. Soon after Captain Edwards of the Pandora, who had been wrecked near Endeavour straits, arrived at Timor, and they were delivered up to him, by which means they became passengers in the Gorgon.
I confess that I never looked at these people without pity and astonishment. They had miscarried in a heroic struggle for liberty after having combated every hardship and conquered every difficulty.
The woman, and one of the men, had gone out to Port Jackson in the ship which had transported me thither. They had both of them been always distinguished for good behaviour. And I could not but reflect with admiration at the strange combination of circumstances which had again brought us together, to baffle human foresight and confound human speculation. [The woman in the story Tench tells was Mary Bryant who was defended in court by James Boswell, and finally pardoned in 1793.]
* Look at the map for the situation of this place.
*2 Our method, on these expeditions, was to steer by compass, noting the different courses as we proceeded; and, counting the number of paces, of which two thousand two hundred, on good ground, were allowed to be a mile. At night when we halted, all these courses were separately cast up, and worked by a traverse table, in the manner a ship’s reckoning is kept, so that by observing this precaution we always knew exactly where we were, and how far from home: an unspeakable advantage in a new country, where one hill, and one tree, is so like another that fatal wanderings would ensue without it. This arduous task was always allotted to Mr Dawes who, from habit and superior skill, performed it almost without a stop, or an interruption of conversation: to any other man, on such terms, it would have been impracticable.
† Sugar-gliders, and ringtail and brushtail possums.
*3 Their general favourite term of reproach is gonin-patta, which signifies, ‘an eater of human excrement.’ Our language would admit a very concise and familiar translation. They have, besides this, innumerable others which they often salute their enemies with.
†2 Another reminiscence of Milton, Paradise Lost, X, 475.
†3 Tooth evulsion is part of some Aboriginal initiation ceremonies, whose secret nature may have made Colbee and Boldaree reluctant to discuss the practice. It is also interesting to note that Governor Phillip was missing a foretooth. Did this predispose the Aborigines to accept him?
*4 How easily people, unused to speak the same language, mistake each other, everyone knows. We had lived almost three years at Port Jackson (for more than half of which period natives had resided with us) before we knew that the word bèeal, signified ‘no’, and not ‘good’, in which latter sense we had always used it without suspecting that we were wrong; and even without being corrected by those with whom we talked daily. The cause of our error was this. The epithet weeree, signifying ‘bad’ we knew; and as the use of this word and its opposite afford the most simple form of denoting consent or disapprobation to uninstructed Indians, in order to find out their word for ‘good’, when Arabanoo was first brought among us, we used jokingly to say that any thing which he liked was weeree, in order to provoke him to tell us that it was good. When we said weeree, he answered beeal, which we translated and adopted for ‘good’; whereas he meant no more than simply to deny our inference, and say, ‘no—it is not bad.’ After this, it cannot be thought extraordinary that the little vocabulary inserted in Mr Cook’s account of this part of the world should appear defective—even were we not to take in the great probability of the dialects at Endeavour River and Van Diemen’s Land differing from that spoken at Port Jackson. And it remains to be proved that the animal called here Patagaram is not there called Kangaroo.
†4 A doctor to the Greeks in the Trojan war.
*5 All the trees of New South Wales, may, I apprehend, be termed evergreen. For after such weather as this journal records, I did not observe either that the leaves had dropped off, or that they had assumed that sickly autumnal tint which marks English trees in corresponding circumstances.
† George Barrington was a celebrated pickpocket who became chief constable of Parramatta in 1796.
†2 Jervis Bay.
* Just before I left the country, word was brought by a ship which had put into Port Jervis that a large freshwater brook was found there.
†3 Probably Wine Glass Bay on the Freycinet Peninsula which Captain Wetherhead mistook for an island.
* Dod, who is mentioned in my former journal of this place, had died some months ago. And Mr Clarke, who was put in his room, is one of the superintendents sent out by government, on a salary of forty pounds per annum. He was bred to husbandry, under his father at Lewes in Sussex; and is, I conceive, competent to his office of principal conductor of the agriculture of Rose Hill.
*2 I have received a letter from Port Jackson dated in April 1792, which states that the crop of wheat turned out fifteen bushels, and the maize rather more than forty bushels.
*3 See the state of this farm in my former Rose Hill journal of November 1790, thirteen months before.
*4 A very considerable addition to this number has been made since I quitted the settlement, by fresh troops and convicts sent thither from England.
† Blue Mountains.
†2 Kurrajong Heights.
* Look at the Map.
†3 Tench was proven right in his summations.
*2 In my former narrative I have particularly noticed the sudden disappearance of the cattle which we had brought with us into the country. Not a trace of them has ever since been observed. Their fate is a riddle, so difficult of solution that I shall not attempt it. Surely had they strayed inland, in some of our numerous excursions, marks of them must have been found. It is equally impossible to believe that either the convicts or natives killed and ate them, without some sign of detection ensuing.
†4 Native sarsparilla, Smilax slyciphylla.
†5 Cabbage tree palm, Livistona australis.
†6 An apt description of the Sydney heath flora.
*3 Look at the journal which describes the expedition in search of the river, said to exist to the southward of Rose Hill. At the time we felt that extraordinary degree of cold, we were not more than six miles south-west of Rose Hill, and about nineteen miles from the sea coast. When I mentioned this circumstance to Colonel Gordon, at the Cape of Good Hope, he wondered at it; and owned that, in his excursions into the interior parts of Africa, he had never experienced anything to match it: he attributed its production to large beds of nitre, which he said must exist in the neighbourhood.
†7 Flying foxes, Pteropus.
†8 Parrakeets.
†9 ‘Summer or light clothing.’
*4 To this cause, I ascribe the great number of births which happened, considering the age and other circumstances, of many of the mothers. Women who certainly would never have bred in any other climate here produced as fine children as ever were born.
*5 Kangaroo was a name unknown to them for any animal, until we introduced it. When I showed Colbee the cows brought out in the Gorgon, he asked me if they were kangaroos.
†10 Swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor.
*6 I once found in the woods the greatest part of a kangaroo, just killed by the dogs, which afforded to three of us a most welcome repast. Marks of its turns and struggles on the ground were very visible. This happened in the evening, and the dogs probably had seen us approach and had run away. At daylight next morning they saluted us with most dreadful howling for the loss of their prey.
†11 Emus.
†12 Eastern whipbird, Posphodes olivaceus.
†13 Snapper, Crysophrys guttulatus.
*7 I mentioned this, among other circumstances, to Colonel Gordon when I was at the Cape, and he told me that it indicated poverty and inadequacy of living. He instanced to me the Hottentots and Caffres. The former fare poorly, and have small hands and feet. The Caffres, their neighbours, live plenteously and have very large ones. This remark cannot be applied to civilised nations, where so many factitious causes operate.
†14 ‘Venus of the beautiful buttocks’.
*8 It is to be observed that neither of these ceremonies is universal, but nearly so. Why there should exist exemptions I cannot resolve. The manner of executing them is as follows. The finger is taken off by means of a ligature (generally a sinew of a kangaroo) tied so tight as to stop the circulation of the blood, which induces mortification and the part drops off. I remember to have seen Colbee’s child, when about a month old, on whom this operation had just been performed by her mother. The little wretch seemed in pain, and her hand was greatly swelled. But this was deemed too trifling a consideration to deserve regard in a case of so much importance.
The tooth intended to be taken out is loosened by the gum being scarified on both sides with a sharp shell. The end of a stick is then applied to the tooth, which is struck gently several times with a stone, until it becomes easily moveable, when the coup de grace is given by a smart stroke. Notwithstanding these precautions, I have seen a considerable degree of swelling and inflammation follow the extraction. Imeerawanyee, I remember, suffered severely. But he boasted the firmness and hardihood with which he had endured it. It is seldom performed on those who are under sixteen years old.
*9 ‘It is remarkable,’ says Cicero, ‘that there is no nation, whether barbarous or civilised, that does not believe in the existence of spirits.’
*10 As they often eat to satiety, even to produce sickness, may not this be the effect of an overloaded stomach: the nightmare?
†15 ‘The longest and most difficult thing for people to learn is how to reason.’
*11 This may serve to account for the contradictions of many of their accounts to us.
*12 Their native hardiness of constitution is great. I saw a woman on the day she was brought to bed, carry her newborn infant from Botany Bay to Port Jackson, a distance of six miles, and afterwards light a fire and dress fish.
†16 Source unidentified.
*13 They broil indiscriminately all substances which they eat. Though they boil water in small quantities in oyster shells for particular purposes, they never conceived it possible until shown by us, to dress meat by this method, having no vessel capable of containing a fish or a bird which would stand fire. Two of them once stole twelve pounds of rice and carried it off. They knew how we cooked it, and by way of putting it in practice they spread the rice on the ground before a fire, and as it grew hot continued to throw water on it. Their ingenuity was however very ill rewarded, for the rice became so mingled with the dirt and sand on which it was laid, that even they could not eat it, and the whole was spoiled.
†17 Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, plate 16.
*14 Mrs Johnson, wife of the chaplain of the settlement, was so pleased with this name that she christened her little girl, born in Port Jackson, Milba Maria Johnson.
† A fisherman’s phrase for ‘harassed’ or ‘disturbed’.
* Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society.