Abbott, Tony 58
Abdülhamid II, Sultan 207
Abdülmecid, Caliph 209
Abse, Leo 124
Acheson, Dean 15, 17, 106, 370
Acquino, Benigno ‘Ninoy’ 39
Acquino, Corazón 39
Adamec, Ladislav 238
Adenauer, Konrad 73, 129, 130–2, 133, 146, 400 (n. 103)
Afghanistan 11, 13, 141, 192n, 308–11, 335–6, 348, 433 (n. 165)
Affordable Care Act see Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act, US
Africa 37, 41–2, 187, 292, 308, 373–4 (n. 15), 377–8 (n. 55), 409 (n. 91); see also under individual nation name
African National Congress (ANC) 53–4, 143, 144, 184–9, 409
African-Americans 32, 37, 74, 105, 377 (n. 46)
Ahern, Bertie 125
Al Jazeera 244–5, 417 (n. 128)
al-Assad, Hafez 246
al-Qaeda 327, 332, 335, 336, 417 (n. 126)
Albania 218, 221–2, 237, 238–9, 240, 254, 298, 414
Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrey 406 (n. 54)
Alexander II, Tsar 173n
Algeria 152–3, 154, 155–6, 157
Aliev, Heidar 422 (n. 65)
Aliev, Ilham 422 (n. 65)
Alonso, Sonia 161n
Amery, Leo 83
Amin, Hafizullah 309
Anderson, Martin 105
Anderson, Sir John (Viscount Waverley) 87
Andropov, Yuriy 47, 167, 168, 309
Angola 308, 409 (n. 91)
appeasement, Chamberlain’s policy of 84, 312–19, 321, 427–8 (n. 45), 429 (n. 92)
Arab revolutions, twenty-first century 240, 243–9, 417–18 (n. 126–37)
Argentina x, 39–40, 97, 117–18
Ashdown, Paddy 98
Asia 16, 38–9, 109, 218, 222–31, 275; see also under individual nation name
Asquith, Herbert 111, 112, 113, 124–5, 146
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) 198, 207–10, 412 (n. 35)
Attlee, Clement 5, 6, 72n, 84, 85, 86–9, 89n, 91, 92–3, 94, 94n, 111, 114–16, 118, 121, 124–5, 146, 343, 389–90 (n. 71; n 90), 393–5 (n. 48; n. 57), 429 (n. 94)
Auchinleck, Lord 31, 375 (n. 32)
Aung San Suu Kyi 39, 53, 54, 189–90
Australia x, 21, 57–9, 64, 69, 382–3 (n. 108–14)
authoritarian leadership see leadership
authoritarianism/authoritarian regimes vii, viii, x, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 27n, 39, 40, 250–93; improved chances of making change happen within system of x, 6; hybrid regimes (regimes that fall between democratic and authoritarian systems) 1, 3, 82, 182, 231, 360n, 413 (n. 58); transition to democracy from 1, 3–4, 4n, 46, 59, 60, 61, 141–6, 158–64, 165, 165n, 196, 197, 198, 248, 288–9, 355, 357; political culture and 3–4, 44, 45, 46–8, 191; authoritarian modernizers 3–4, 46, 59, 60, 61, 146, 158–64, 424–5 (n. 2); contrast with totalitarian regimes 8, 253, 254, 257; collective leadership in 8, 254, see also oligarchies; Machiavelli’s maxims for prince operating within 10; height of leader in 27n; leaders professing to be above party in 59; different styles of leadership within 61; Russia takes authoritarian direction after degeneration of Yeltsin’s leadership 61, 191n, see also Russia; cult of personality and see cult of personality; redefining leadership in 146; revolutionary leaders and 148, 149, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 207, 208, 212, 217, 219, 222, 225n, 231, 238, 240, 241, 245, 248, 290; ideas require institutional bearers in 177; ‘right-wing autocracies’ and change from within 253; managing leadership successions in 269, 269n, 270; consultative authoritarianism in China 270; persuasion as tool of 290–1, 290n; provides order and stability myth 291–2; foreign policy illusions under 294, 303–41; political parties in 358–9n; leadership under 359–62; see also under individual leader and nation name
Azerbaijan 422 (n. 65)
Bachelet, Michelle 40
Bahrain 245
Baldwin, Stanley 12, 68n, 82, 83, 84, 85, 313, 314, 317, 354, 428 (n. 50)
Ban Ki-moon 20
Barber, Sir Michael 351, 354, 434 (n. 3)
Basque nationalism 160, 161, 163, 404 (n. 36; n. 40)
Basque National Party, Spain 161, 404 (n. 40)
Bassett, Reginald ix, 393–4 (n. 48)
Bates, Edward 346–7
Batista, Fulgencio 231, 233, 234
Beaufort, Duke of 113
Beaverbrook, Lord 88, 89, 89n, 354
Beazley, Kim 69
Behr, Rafael 384 (n. 6)
Belarus 3–4
Beloff, Max 429 (n. 104)
Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine 244, 245
Beria, Lavrenti 300
Berlin blockade, 1948–9 133
Berlin Wall 132–3, 135, 137, 238
Berlinguer, Enrico 158–9
Berlusconi, Silvio 43
Best, Geoffrey 89n
Bevan, Aneurin 91, 93, 114, 116, 124, 389 (n. 89)
Bevin, Ernest 17, 72n, 87, 91–2, 93, 94n, 114, 115
Bevins, Reginald 96, 390 (n. 102)
Bhutto, Benazir 39
Bhutto, Zulfikar 39
big man/boss principle 40–1, 360–1, 373 (n. 12), 377 (n. 51)
bin Laden, Osama 328
Bingham, Lord Chief Justice 431 (n. 139)
Bittner, Amanda 385 (n. 8)
Blair, Tony 2, 5, 7–8, 9–10, 17, 22, 62, 67, 69, 70–2, 72n, 93, 96, 98–100, 111, 122, 125–7, 295, 311–12, 311–12n, 326–41, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354–5, 356, 368 (n. 3; n. 12), 369 (n. 16), 371 (n. 42), 391 (n. 111), 395 (n. 62), 397 (n. 85), 398 (n. 87; n. 91; n. 92), 399 (n. 93), 431 (n. 137; n. 142), 432–3 (n. 149; n. 152; n. 153), 434 (n. 3), 436 (n. 28)
Blanco, Admiral Carerro 158
Blix, Hans 337
Blondel, Jean 391 (n. 1), 406 (n. 50)
Bo Xilai 270
Bogdanor, Vernon 125
Bogomolov, Oleg 310, 427 (n. 40)
Bolsheviks 35, 169, 205, 206, 211–18, 225, 255, 256, 272, 273, 280, 298, 412–13 (n. 46), 413 (n. 58), 416 (n. 116)
Bonaparte, Napoleon 27n, 30, 35, 36, 79, 350, 351
Bonar Law, Arthur 82
Boswell, James 31, 375 (n. 32)
Bouazizi, Mohamed 244
Bowen, Jeremy: The Arab Uprisings 244, 417 (n. 126; n. 131)
Boyle, Sir Edward 325
Bracken, Brendan 88
Braithwaite, Sir Rodric 117n, 332–3, 364
Branch, Taylor 276n
Brandt, Willy 129, 132–6, 134n, 135n, 400 (n. 111; n. 113)
Bratislava 193
Brazilian Workers’ Party 40
Brett, Judith 382–3 (n. 108; n. 112)
Brezhnev, Leonid 47, 134, 169, 259, 260, 261, 267, 305, 308, 309, 310, 420 (n. 23)
Brittan, Leon (Lord) 437 (n. 39)
Brown, Gordon 5, 7–8, 17, 59n, 68, 71, 72n, 99, 126, 351, 353, 368–9 (n. 14; n. 16), 371 (n. 42), 398 (n. 92), 399 (n. 93)
Brundtland, Gro Harlem 38
Brzezinski, Zbigniew 145, 306, 331, 432 (n. 149)
Burlatsky, Fedor 421–2 (n. 48)
Burnham, Gilbert 326–7
Burns, James MacGregor 102, 371 (n. 49)
Bush, George H. W. 56–7, 79, 110, 138, 139, 359n, 401–2 (n. 120)
Bush, George W. 11, 65–6, 67, 71, 312n, 327, 328, 330, 334, 338, 339, 341, 348, 349, 375 (n. 35), 381–2 (n. 102)
Butler, Lord (Robin) 333–4
Butler, R. A. (Rab) 87, 90, 90n, 94–5, 325, 389 (n. 80), 390 (n. 102), 427–8 (n. 45)
Byrnes, James F. 16
Callaghan, James 68–9, 69n, 70, 70n, 72n, 396–7 (n. 79)
Cameron, David 2, 13, 22, 93, 99, 355, 390 (n. 92; n. 94)
Cameron, Simon 347
Campbell–Bannerman, Henry 111–12
Canada x, 2, 38, 67, 368 (n. 6)
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 142–3, 401–2 (n. 129)
Carrington, Lord 119
Caro, Robert A. 54, 108, 109, 392–3 (n. 27), 393 (n. 32)
Carrillo, Santiago 158, 159, 163
Carter, Jimmy 50, 79, 145, 241–2, 305, 306, 330–1, 426–7, (n. 37)
Cartledge, Sir Bryan 117n, 364
Castro, Fidel 6, 231–6, 275–7, 305, 308, 422 (n. 56)
Castro, Raúl 231, 232, 233, 234–5, 275, 276
Catherine II of Russia, Empress 38
Catholic Church x, 31–2, 43, 48, 131, 132, 191, 200, 201, 252, 279, 281, 289, 385 (n. 12), 392 (n. 6)
Ceauşescu, Nicolae 231, 239, 240, 271, 274, 292
Chagin, P. 272, 421 (n. 45)
Challe, General Maurice 322–3, 322n
Chamberlain, Neville 12, 17, 82, 83, 84, 85–6, 87, 100, 295, 312–19, 328, 340, 341, 427 (n. 44), 428 (n. 90), 429 (n. 92)
Chandler, Zachariah 347
Channon, Sir Henry (‘Chips’) 316, 316n
Charles I of England, King 31, 49
Charles II of England, King 31
Chase, Governor Salmon P. 346, 347
Chávez, Hugo 276
Cheney, Dick 55, 327–8, 338, 341, 381–2 (n. 102), 432 (n. 147)
Chernenko, Konstantin 141, 166, 167, 168, 401 (n. 128)
Chernyaev, Anatoliy 310, 364, 406 (n. 54), 408 (n. 70)
Chiang Ching-kuo 142, 144–5, 178
Chiang Kai-shek 142, 144, 178, 207, 222, 223, 224
Chilcott Inquiry 332
China 222; Mao Zedong and see Mao Zedong; Korean War and 16, 301–3; Deng Xiaoping and see Deng Xiaoping; Taiwan and 144–5, 305, 306–7; civil war 145, 178, 222, 223, 224, 301–2; rapprochement with US beginning 1972 145, 305; economy 177, 180–2, 262–3, 267, 269, 306, 307, 361; Long March 178; Politburo 178, 180, 262, 263, 266, 270, 302; civil war/revolution 178, 207, 223, 224, 226, 261, 301–2; ‘Great Leap Forward’ 179, 262–4, 265, 274, 292, 304, 307, 420–1 (n. 28); Cultural Revolution 179, 180, 229, 264–5, 266, 267, 274, 292, 304, 307; ‘Gang of Four’ 180, 266; Tiananmen Square protests, 1989 182, 268, 269, 409 (n. 90); revolution, 1911–12 198, 199, 200, 201–7, 240, 411 (n. 9); Qing dynasty 201, 202, 207; provincial assemblies 201–2; Sun Yat-sen and 198, 202, 203, 205–7, 240; Japan and 202, 204, 205, 206, 222, 223; draft constitution, 1912 203; elections, 1912–13 203–4; Versailles Peace Conference and 204–5; May Fourth movement 205, 207; Peking University 205, 205n; Soviet Union and 206, 223, 261–2, 304, 305; Second World War and 222–3; Communists’ capture of power in 222–4; foundation of People’s Republic of China 224; Vietnam and 226, 227, 306, 310; Cambodia and 229; North Korea and 230, 252, 278, 301–2; collective rule in 254–5, 261, 307–8; personal rule versus oligarchy in 261–70; leadership successions in 269–70; American recognition of People’s Republic of China 302, 305; autocrats and oligarchs in foreign policy 303–4, 305–11; Sino-Soviet split 304, 305; Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 306, 310; Tibet/Dalai Lama and 306; advocate of doctrine of non-interference 307–8; Iraq invasion and 307–8; cyber intrusions 307n; wealth as a source of authority in 358n; ‘nomenklatura capitalism’ 408 (n. 87)
Chinese Communist Party 178, 206, 222, 223, 230, 264, 269
Chinese Nationalist Party 178, 206, 207, 222
Cho Man Sik 230
Christian Democratic Union, Germany 64, 130, 131, 134, 138, 285, 400 (n. 103)
Chun, Prince 202
Churchill, Clementine 87–8, 89n
Churchill, Winston 4–5, 50, 51–2, 76, 83, 84–92, 89n, 90n, 94, 95, 103, 112, 113–14, 115, 122, 150–1, 150–1n, 185, 299, 314, 315, 318, 318n, 319, 320, 325, 328, 380 (n. 89), 388 (n. 62), 390 (n. 98), 425 (n. 14), 428 (n. 50), 429 (n. 92), 429 (n. 105), 431 (n. 138)
civil disobedience 195
civil rights 5, 20, 31, 54, 74, 76–7, 104–5, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 344, 345, 346
Civil Rights Acts 1964/1965, US 108
Cixi of China, Empress Dowager 201
Clark, David 397 (n. 85)
Clinton, Bill 23, 66, 74, 80–1, 125, 190, 276n, 348, 388 (n. 58)
coalition government 22, 56, 67, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 111, 114, 115, 130, 134, 138–9, 144, 151, 211, 213, 217, 280, 285, 287, 315, 334n, 345, 390 (n. 92), 428–9 (n. 92)
cognitive dissonance 381 (n. 93)
Cold War 57, 79, 80, 81, 96, 110, 166, 167, 175, 183, 191, 229, 253, 271, 275, 301, 310, 321, 332, 394 (n. 53), 409 (n. 91), 426–7 (n. 37)
Collier, Paul 42, 292, 377–8 (n. 55)
Colton, Timothy J. 47
Colville, Sir John (Jock) 86, 87–9, 318n
Cominform 271
Comintern 178, 219, 225, 415 (n. 90)
Communism vii, 16, 21, 44, 45–6; revolutions in Europe 210–22; revolutions in Asia 222–31; Cuba 231–6, 275–7; demise of Communism in Europe – not revolutions 238–40, 416 (n. 115; n. 116, n. 117); the leader under 271–9; see also under individual nation name
Communist Party of the Soviet Union 45, 47, 80, 165, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 190, 216–18, 255, 256, 257, 272, 273, 361–2, 401 (n. 128), 413 (n. 58); 418–19 (n. 5), 421–2 (n. 48), 438 (n. 57)
Congress, US 10–11, 11n, 12, 13–17, 33, 64, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80–1, 102, 103–5, 106–7, 109–10, 140, 147, 344, 346, 347, 357n, 375–6 (n. 38), 387 (n. 40);
Conservative Party, UK 2, 5–6, 17, 59n, 67, 68, 68n, 69, 70–1, 72, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97–8, 111, 113, 115, 116–22, 123, 126, 312, 315, 316, 320, 323n, 326n, 330, 339, 343, 349, 352–3, 355, 369 (n. 19), 390 (n. 91), 396 (n. 58)
Constitution, US 10–11, 13, 15, 32–5, 37, 38, 56, 73, 185, 346, 370 (n. 30)
Cook, Robin 126, 329–30, 339, 398 (n. 92), 431 (n. 142)
Coolidge, Calvin 75
Cornford, James 397 (n. 85)
Corwin, Edward 103
Cosgrove, Patrick 427–8 (n. 45)
Cowper-Coles, Sir Sherard 433 (n. 165)
Crabb, Annabel 383 (n. 114)
Cradock, Sir Percy 15, 96, 117n
Cranbourne, Lord 428 (n. 54)
Cripps, Sir Stafford 91, 93, 114
Crossman, Richard ix
Crowcroft, Robert 87
Cuba 6, 231–6, 249, 258, 275–7, 275n, 276n, 305, 308, 409 (n. 91), 426 (n. 24) 409 (n. 91); Cuban missile crisis 305, 426 (n. 24)
cult of personality/leadership 148, 178–9, 180, 229, 231, 235, 251, 257, 269, 271–4, 277–89, 291, 292–3, 297, 304, 360–1, 421 (n. 45)
culture/cultural context 25, 40–2, 378 (n. 58)
Cunningham, Sir Charles 396 (n. 77)
Czechoslovakia 3, 44–6, 84, 137, 192–3, 194–5, 237–8, 296, 297, 308, 313, 317–18, 404 (n. 31), 416 (n. 112)
Dahl, Robert A. 375 (n. 33; n. 35)
Dalai Lama 306
Dalton, Hugh 91, 93, 114, 315, 428–9 (n. 92)
Dawson, Geoffrey 315
Dayan, General Moshe 323
de Gaulle, General Charles 59, 66, 73, 76, 132, 149–58, 150–1n, 193, 226, 322n, 403–4 (n. 18; n. 26; n. 29), 435 (n. 8)
de Klerk, F. W. 142, 143–4, 183, 187, 188, 409 (n. 91)
de Tocqueville, Alexis 34, 35, 37, 201
Deakin, Arthur 92
Deakin, Sir William (Bill) 219, 413 (n. 64)
Dean, Sir Patrick 323
democracy: myth of ‘strong’ leader in vii, ix, x, 1, 2, 3; transition from authoritarian rule to 3–4, 4n, 46, 59, 60, 61, 141–6, 158–64, 165, 165n, 196, 197, 198, 248, 288–9, see also under individual leader and nation name; domination of one leader in 6–7, 9–10, 18; individual and collective leadership in 9–14; ‘democracy on the installment plan’ 31, 375 (n. 31); choosing leaders in democracies 21–4; the evolution of democracy and of democratic leadership 36–53; institutions and 53–61; myths, powers, styles 62–100; election outcomes in 62, 63–72, 362; have democratic leaders become more dominant over time? 63, 72–100; types of leaders in see leadership; leadership under 359–62
democratic leadership see leadership
Democratic Party, US 11, 57, 65, 66, 81, 104, 105, 106, 107, 387 (n. 36)
democratization 36–40, 158–77, 183–93; Third Wave 165n; Fourth Wave 165n
Deng Xiaoping 27n, 149, 177–83, 189, 193, 263, 264, 265–70, 305, 306, 361
Desnitsky, S. E. 374 (n. 23)
despotism 30, 152, 289–90, 418 (n. 5)
destalinization 45, 257–8, 273, 304
Dewar, Donald 398 (n. 86)
Diamond, Jared 40–1, 374 (n. 15), 377 (n. 50)
Diaz, Porfirio 198–9
dictators see under individual dictator name
Dikötter, Frank 420 (n. 28)
Dimitrov, Georgi 219
Dion, Stéphane 2
Disraeli, Benjamin 64
Djilas, Milovan 219–20, 271–2, 413 (n. 64)
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 17, 67–8
Douglas, Lew 92
Duan Qirui 205
Dubček, Alexander 45, 379 (n. 65)
Duff Cooper, Alfred 315, 316–17, 318, 429 (n. 94)
Duiker, William J. 414 (n. 83)
Duncan Smith, Iain 312
Dunn, John 195, 239, 377 (n. 47), 410 (n. 3)
Dworkin, Ronald 35, 376 (n. 40)
East Germany (German Democratic Republic) 133–4, 134n, 137–9, 193, 235, 239, 356
Eden, Sir Anthony 76, 83, 85, 87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 122, 295, 311, 312, 313, 314–15, 319–26, 326n, 340–1, 429 (n. 104; n. 109)
Edward VIII of England, King 83, 313
Edwards, George C. 435 (n. 8)
Egypt 235, 244, 245, 246–9, 311, 311n, 312, 319–26, 426–7 (n. 37)
Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 15, 15n, 73, 76–7, 107, 109, 321–2, 324, 326, 344, 387 (n. 35), 403 (n. 26), 407 (n. 60)
elections: leaders and outcomes of 2, 5, 9, 17, 22–3, 62, 63–72, 97, 100, 129, 385 (n. 8; n. 12); British general election, 1945 5, 114–15, 150; British general election, 1964 17, 67–8; British general election, 1987 17; British general election, 1992 17; British general election, 2010 17, 68; Germany, 1930 18; US presidential, 2004 37, 376–7 (n. 46), 385 (n. 14); US presidential, 2008 37, 65–6, 376–7 (n. 46); US presidential, 2012 37; US presidential, 1980, material self-interest and 52–3; removal of leaders outside 57–9, 130; British general election, 1997 62, 67, 69, 70–2; British general election, 2001 62, 67, 71; British general election, 2005 62, 67, 71, 72n; French presidential, 1965 66; French presidential, 1969 66; British general election, 1970 68; British general election, 1979 68–9; British general elections, 1974 68, 120; British general election, January 1910 113; Germany, 2013 130; German unification and 138–9; South Africa, 1994 144, 187–8; Taiwan 145, 146; French constitution and 154–5; Spain, 1977 160, 162; nationalist parties in Spanish 160–1; Spain, 1979 163; end of Soviet Union and 170n, 171, 172, 174, 190; Yeltsin elected President of Russia, 1991 175; Solidarity and 191–2; Mexican presidential, 1910/1911 98–9; Mexican presidential, 1924 200–1; China, 1912–13 203–4; Turkey, 1950 210; Russia, 1917 211–12, 215; Yugoslavia, 1945 220–1; US presidential, 1940 232; Bulgaria, 1991 238; Albania, 1991 239; US presidential, 1976 242; Egypt, 2012 246–7, 249; Mexico, 2012 269n; Italy, 1924 280; Germany, 1928 283; Germany, 1932 284; Germany, 1933 284–5; Germany, 1936 287; authoritarian regimes and façade of 290–1, 360n; US presidential, 1956 322; US presidential, 2000 329, 348, 375 (n. 35); British general election, 1935 314; British general election, 1959 323n; US mid-term elections, 2010 345; family fortunes and connections in US 359n
Elgie, Robert 383–4 (n. 116; n. 117; n. 118)
Elizabeth I of England, Queen 27n, 38
Ellison, Ralph Waldo 110
emotions, importance of in politics 22–3, 50, 52, 53, 61, 80, 81, 128, 137, 154, 184, 235, 293, 388 (n. 58), 391 (n. 111)
England: evolution of power in 31–2; republican leaders in 34; monarchy in 38; Thatcher and public opinion in 120; poll tax in 122; centralization of political power in 130n; see also UK (United Kingdom)
Enlightenment 25–30, 32n, 35, 40, 290, 371–2 (n. 2)
ETA 163
Euro 7, 126, 128, 138, 139, 398 (n. 88)
European Economic Community (EEC) 132, 152, 157, 162
European Union (EU) 118, 120, 132, 162
Evans, Richard J. 419 (n. 7)
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) 70
Facta, Luigi 280
Falklands War, 1982 97, 117–18, 121
fascism 103, 133, 134, 135, 220, 250, 252, 252n 272, 279–89, 299, 318, 360; see also under individual leader and nation name
Feldman, Stanley 378 (n. 60)
Fernández, Christina 39–40
Finer, S. E. 30, 34, 375 (n. 29)
First World War, 1914–18 20, 37, 38, 52, 82, 131, 204, 208, 211, 218, 225, 226, 279, 283, 297, 298, 313
Fisher, Louis 11, 11n, 12–13, 370 (n. 20)
Fitzpatrick, Sheila 413 (n. 58)
Foreign Office, British 15, 82–3, 91–2, 118, 315, 317, 322, 323, 331, 334n, 339, 350, 394 (n. 53), 427 (n. 45), 428 (n. 54), 429–30 (n. 112)
foreign policy see leadership and under individual leader name
forms of government, leaders and 60–1
France: Enlightenment thinkers in 25; Bonaparte comes to power in 30; Revolution 32, 35–6, 195, 236, 376 (n. 42); Declaration of Human Rights 35; monarchical rule 35; National Assembly 36, 154; universal male suffrage 37; political parties, sub-cultures and 43; Fourth Republic 43, 152, 156, 157; Fifth Republic 43, 60, 154–5, 156; semi-presidential system 60, 82, 152, 154–5, 156, 403 (n. 14); de Gaulle and see de Gaulle, Charles; impact of personality on election outcomes in 66, 385 (n. 17); presidential election, 1965 66; presidential election, 1969 66; relations with Germany 132, 139, 152, 157; Second World War and 149–51, 296, 297, 298, 317; Algerian problem 152–3, 154, 155–6, 157; constitution 152, 154–5, 156, 403 (n. 14), 403 (n. 18); electoral process 154–5; NATO and 157; relations with Soviet Union 157; social unrest, 1968 157; Deng Xiaoping in 177–8, 179; Ho Chi Minh in 225; war in Indochina 226, 403 (n. 26), 414 (n. 75); Pol Pot in 229; Suez crisis and 311, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
Francis, Pope xii
Franco, General Francisco 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 249, 288, 289, 298, 404 (n. 30)
Frederick II (the Great), of Prussia, King 286
Freedom of Information Act, UK 7, 125, 368 (n. 12), 394 (n. 53), 397 (n. 85)
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) 153
Furman, Dmitriy 173–4n
Gaddafi, Muammar 244, 245, 292
Gaitskell, Hugh 72n, 93, 320, 371 (n. 42), 389 (n. 89)
Galtieri, Leopold 97
Gandhi, Mahatma 20, 38–9, 53, 189
Gardiner, A. G. 84
Gardner, David 245
Garner, John Nance 55
Garton Ash, Timothy 238, 400–1, 416 (n.116)
Gentile, Giovanni 250
George VI of England, King 83, 85, 388 (n. 62)
Germany: Second World War/Third Reich and 12, 84, 89n, 102–3, 130, 133, 134, 149–51, 152, 185, 204, 213, 218, 220, 271, 279, 282, 296–8, 299–300, 301, 313, 314, 425 (n. 14); rise of Hitler and 18, 20, 131, 250, 251, 252, 279, 283–90, 293, 353n, 360–1, 419 (n. 6; n. 7), 435 (n. 7); women leaders in 22, 38, 129; chancellorship 54, 82, 129, 130, 139; political parties in 64, see also under individual party name; social insurance in 112, 131; unification of 118, 128, 134, 135, 136, 137–9, 239, 356, 382 (n. 104), 401 (n. 120); re-defining leadership/establishment of post-war democracy in 128–39, 399–400 (n. 102), see also under individual leader name; importance of party identity in elections 129; Constitution, 1948 129–30; Weimar Republic 130, 131, 284, 399 (n. 102); electoral system 130; federal character of German government 130, 130n; general election, 2013 130; ‘economic miracle’ in 131; post-war foreign policy 132, 152, 157; NATO and 132; EEC/EU and 132, 138; Cold War and 132–9, 400 (n. 111; n. 112); West and East Germany, relations between 133–9, 134n, 137–9, 239, see also East Germany (GDR) and West Germany; Soviet Union, relations with 132, 133, 134, 135, 136–9, 185, 213, 214, 218, 297, 298, 299, 300, 400 (n. 111; n. 113); First World War and 204, 208, 213, 214; aides Lenin 213, 214; totalitarian leadership within 250, 251, 252; Hitler’s foreign policy illusions 296–8; Chamberlain, appeasement and 312–20
Gillard, Julia 57, 58, 382 (n. 109), 383 (n. 112; n. 114)
Gilmour, Sir Ian 118, 119, 395 (n. 58; n. 65)
Gingrich, Newt 81
Gladstone, William 64
Goebbels, Joseph 136–7, 285, 286
Goldsmith, Lord 334–5
González, Felipe 158, 161, 163, 164, 276n, 277, 350n, 404 (n. 30), 407 (n. 69), 422 (n. 56)
Goodwin, Doris Kearns 346, 347, 435–6 (n. 17)
Gorbachev, Mikhail: as transformational leader 8, 46, 164–77, 182, 183, 192n, 193, 200, 361; differentiation of support for 48; relations with US 56–7, 79, 338, 345, 349, 382 (n. 104); Thatcher and 96, 116, 117n, 119, 394 (n. 53), 401 (n. 120); Brandt and 135, 400 (n. 113); Kohl and 136–8, 139, 239; evolution of social democratic views 167–77, 406 (n. 53), 407 (n. 69), 415 (n. 110); foreign policy 167, 170, 175–6, 237, 301, 309–10, 409 (n. 91); power of persuasion 171–7, 361, 407 (n. 61); seen as ‘weak’ leader by some 175; Yeltsin and 190; power of appointment 406 (n. 54); coup, 1991 and 408 (n. 70), 438 (n. 57)
Gore, Al 329, 348, 375 (n. 35)
government and leadership, evolution of 25–40
Graubard, Stephen 107
‘Great Man’ or ‘Great Woman’ conception of history 18, 23–4, 53, 286, 297, 342
‘Great Society’ 5, 107, 359n; see also Johnson, Lyndon B.
Greece 26, 208, 300, 370 (n. 40)
Gromyko, Andrey 260, 309, 406 (n. 54)
Guillaume, Günter 134n
Guinier, Lani 74
Guinness, Lady Honor 316
Gulf War, 1991 327
Halifax, Lord 85, 87, 90n, 315, 317
Hammarskjöld, Dag 324
‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power 141n
Harding, Warren 75
Haslam, Alexander 51
Heath, Edward 6, 68, 120–1, 352
Hedlund, Stefan 190–1
Henderson, Sir Nevile 317
Hennessy, Peter 15n
hereditary principle 11, 30, 31, 38, 39, 113, 123, 125, 221, 245–6, 278, 374 (n. 16), 422 (n. 65)
Heseltine, Michael 119, 437 (n. 39)
hierarchy, social and political 28–9, 30, 49–50, 51, 254, 373–4 (n. 15)
Hindenburg, Field Marshal von 284, 286
Hitler, Adolf vii, 4, 12, 18, 20, 84, 131, 133, 136–7, 185, 218, 250, 251, 252, 272, 279, 282, 283–9, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296–9, 300, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318–19, 318n, 320, 321, 328, 352, 353n, 359, 361, 419 (n. 6; n. 7), 435 (n. 7)
Ho Chi Minh 6, 224–8, 414 (n. 75; n. 83)
Hoare, Sir Samuel 317
Hobsbawm, Eric 198
Hollis, Patricia 396 (n. 6)
Holmes, Stephen 46–7
Honecker, Erich 235
Hoon, Geoff 339
Hoover, Herbert 75
Hoover, J. Edgar 106–7
Hourani, Albert 412 (n. 35)
House of Commons, UK 13, 56, 68, 71, 83, 85, 97, 99, 113, 123, 127, 314, 316, 318n, 320, 328–9, 369 (n. 19), 390 (n. 94), 395 (n. 60; n. 62), 397 (n. 79), 427 (n. 44), 428 (n. 50)
House of Lords, UK 2, 7, 11n, 85, 112–13, 115, 122–3, 125, 368 (n. 12), 396–7 (n. 79), 398 (n. 87), 432 (n. 152)
House of Representatives, US 11n, 73, 105, 108, 203
Howard, John 69, 382 (n. 108), 386 (n. 26)
Howe, Sir Geoffrey 97, 117n, 118, 119, 352, 437 (n. 39)
Hu Jintao 270
Hu Yaobang 268
Hughes, Andrew 383 (n. 112)
human rights 7, 35, 125, 188, 241–2, 306, 307, 368 (n. 12);
Human Rights Act, UK 7, 125, 368 (n. 12)
Hume, David 28, 290, 373 (n. 12)
Hungary 3, 135n, 137, 167, 193, 237, 252, 258, 273, 274, 277, 324, 350, 350n
hunter-gatherer societies 26, 27, 40, 372 (n. 8), 374 (n. 15)
Hurd, Douglas 118
Husák, Gustáv 238
Hussein, Saddam 71, 244, 291, 327, 327n, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336–7, 338, 340, 340n, 359, 432 (n. 152)
Hutchins, Steve 383 (n. 114)
hybrid regimes (competitive authoritarianism) 1, 3, 82, 182, 231, 360n, 413 (n. 58); see also under individual nation name
India 19–20, 38, 39, 53, 83, 84, 96, 189, 235, 304, 307n
Indian National Congress 53
I·nönü, I·smet 210
institutions/institutional power, leadership and 4, 19, 25, 34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53–6, 60, 61, 88, 129–30, 142, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170n, 175, 177, 179, 181, 191n, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 208, 217, 218, 221, 246, 250, 254, 256, 258, 262, 263, 275, 281, 289, 339, 345, 351, 358
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexico 269n
International Women’s Day 211, 412 (n. 44)
internet, effect upon politics of 12, 65, 244, 246, 290n
Iran 80, 240, 241–3, 246, 327, 327n, 337, 335
Iraq: war, 2003–8, 11, 13, 71, 125, 126, 128, 141, 307–8, 311, 311–12n, 312, 326–41, 340n, 348, 349, 356, 431 (n. 138; n. 142), 432–3 (n. 152; n. 153), 433 (n. 164); Gulf War, 1991 and 244, 327–8; Baath Party 291, 337; war with Iran 1980–8 327, 327n
Ireland 32, 82; see also Northern Ireland
Irvine, Lord (Derry) 125, 364, 368 (n. 12), 369 (n. 14), 398 (n. 86; n. 87)
Islamists 242–3, 246, 248, 291, 327, 335–6, 417–18 (n. 133)
Israel 38, 82, 307n, 311, 320, 322–3, 324, 335, 417–18 (n. 133), 426–7 (n. 37)
Italy 18, 20, 43, 158–9, 220, 221, 250, 279–82, 288, 289, 291, 298–9, 293, 317, 318, 319, 378–9 (n. 63)
Ivan the Terrible 173–4n
James II of England, King 31–2
Japan 103, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 222, 223, 226, 230, 299, 367 (n. 1), 370 (n. 30)
Jaruzelski, Wojciech 192n
Jenkins, Roy 89n, 123, 313, 396–7 (n. 75; n. 77, n 79)
Jenkins, Simon 431 (n. 138)
Jenner, Senator William 16
Jensen, Erik 383 (n. 112)
Jews, Second World War and 135, 251, 282, 285, 287, 298, 429 (n. 105); see also Israel
Johnson, Chalmers 410 (n. 4)
Johnson, Lyndon B. 5, 11, 54–5, 56, 78, 78n, 101–2, 106–10, 147, 227, 344, 359n, 365n, 393 (n. 32)
Johnson, Samuel 31
Jordan 245
Joseph, Sir Keith 5
Juan Carlos of Spain, King 158, 163–4, 405 (n. 41)
Judiciary 8, 56, 73–4, 111, 113, 185, 248, 255, 347, 398 (n. 87); see also Supreme Court, US
Kádár, János 273, 274, 277, 421–2 (n. 48)
Kaganovich, Lazar 257
Karvonen, Lauri 64, 384 (n. 4)
Katznelson, Ira 105
Kay, John 376 (n. 38)
Keating, Paul 69, 386 (n. 26)
Keightley, General Sir Charles 325, 335
Kellerman, Barbara 380 (n. 78)
Kennedy, Anthony 111
Kennedy, John F. 54, 55, 65, 73, 78, 79, 106, 108, 147, 227, 305, 385 (n. 12), 392 (n. 6), 403 (n. 26)
Kennedy, Joseph 103, 318n, 359n, 391–2 (n. 6)
Kennedy, Robert 55
Keohane, Nannerl 348, 436 (n. 26)
Kerensky, Aleksandr 212–13, 216
Kerry, John 13, 37, 330, 377 (n. 46), 432 (n. 147)
Kershaw, Ian 283–4, 287, 298, 353n, 419 (n. 7), 423 (n. 97)
KGB 47, 167n, 169, 176, 217, 259, 260, 309, 310
Khmer Rouge 228–9
Khomini, Ayatolla Ruhollah 241, 243
Khosrokhavar, Farhad 417 (n. 128)
Khrushchev, Nikita 45, 73, 169, 180, 222, 235, 257–9, 260, 261, 262, 263, 267, 272, 273, 303–5, 308, 324, 387 (n. 35), 421 (n. 45), 426 (n. 24), 430 (n. 122)
Kim Dae Jung 190
Kim Il Sung 228, 230–1, 254, 271, 278–9, 301, 303, 359
Kim Jong Un 278–9
King, Anthony 63, 65, 120, 385 (n. 12)
King, Charles 416 (n. 117)
Kinnock, Neil 17, 70, 72, 356–7, 398 (n. 87)
Kirchner, Néstor 40
Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone 429 (. 112)
Kirkpatrick, Jean J. 253, 419 (n. 10)
Kirov, Sergey 272
Kissinger, Henry 305
Klein, Joe 81
Knight, Alan 411 (n. 11; n. 12)
Kollontai, Alexandra 214
Korea 14, 190, 230–1, 278, 301–3; see also North Korea and South Korea
Korean War, 1950–3 14, 16, 76, 278, 301–3, 425 (n. 17)
Kornilov, General Lavr 215
Kosygin, Aleksey 260, 309, 310, 311, 379 (n. 65)
Krastev, Ivan 46–7
Kuomintang (KMT), China 145, 146, 178, 203–4, 205, 206, 207, 223, 224
Kyle, Keith 319, 322n, 325, 429 (n. 104)
Labor Party, Australia 47–8, 69, 382 (n. 108), 383 (n. 113)
Labour Party, UK 2, 5, 6, 7, 17, 59n, 62, 64, 68, 70, 70n, 71–2, 72n, 85, 86–9, 89n, 91, 93, 98, 99, 111, 113, 114–16, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 252n, 311n, 312, 315, 316, 320, 330, 339, 343, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356–7, 367–8 (n. 3), 368 (n. 12), 371 (n. 42), 386 (n. 33), 389–90 (n. 90), 394–5 (n. 57), 396 (n. 74), 397 (n. 82), 398 (n. 87), 399 (n. 94), 428–9 (n. 92), 434 (n. 179)
Lansky, Meyer 231
Lansley, Andrew 94, 390 (n. 94)
Lao-tzu 344
Laski, Harold 114–15, 114n, 393–4 (n. 48)
Lavrov, Sergey 13
Lawson, Nigel (Lord) 119, 121–2, 364, 395 (n. 60), 396 (n. 71), 437 (n. 39)
leadership:
authoritarian vii, viii, x, 7, 9, 10, 24, 27n, 39, 40, 250–93; hybrid regimes and 1, 3, 82, 182, 231, 360n, 413 (n. 58); transition to democracy and 1, 3–4, 4n, 46, 59, 60, 61, 141–6, 158–64, 165, 165n, 196, 197, 198, 248, 288–9, 355, 357; political culture and 3–4, 44, 45, 46–8, 191; authoritarian modernizers 3–4, 46, 59, 60, 61, 146, 158–64, 424–5 (n. 2); contrast with totalitarian leadership 8, 253, 254, 257; collective leadership and 8, 254, see also oligarchies; Machiavelli’s maxims for 10; height of leader 27n; leaders professing to be above party and 59; styles of leadership 9–17, 61; Russia takes authoritarian direction after degeneration of Yeltsin’s leadership 61, 191n, see also Russia; cult of personality and see cult of personality; redefining leadership in 146; revolutionary leaders as 148, 149, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 207, 208, 212, 217, 219, 222, 225n, 231, 238, 240, 241, 245, 248, 290; leadership successions in 269, 269n, 270; consultative authoritarianism in China 270; persuasion as tool of 290–1, 290n; provides order and stability myth 291–2; foreign policy illusions under 294, 303–41; ‘Napoleonic’ rule in Britain 348–53; political parties in 358–9n; leadership under 359–62; see also under individual leader and nation name
autocratic x, 19, 36, 58, 228, 246, 248, 259, 271–2, 288–91, 292, 294, 303–11, 314, 355, 360, 379 (n. 73)
charismatic 2, 4–5, 18, 20, 22, 23, 55, 129, 164, 172, 190, 193, 235, 246, 277, 289, 371 (n. 42), 384 (n. 6)
collective vii, 2–3, 5, 8, 9–14, 18, 29, 63, 93, 101, 104, 113, 118, 170, 183, 188, 228, 254–6, 258, 259, 261, 267, 270, 287, 304–5, 307, 308, 334, 340, 341, 342–3, 353, 360, 362, 395 (n. 60)
collegial vii, 15, 18, 120, 133–4, 164, 171, 263, 345–6, 361
context 25–61
cult of personality and 148, 178–9, 180, 229, 231, 235, 251, 257, 269, 271–4, 277–89, 291, 292–3, 297, 304, 360–1, 421 (n. 45)
democratic: myth of ‘strong’ leader and vii, ix, x, 1, 2, 3; transition from authoritarian rule to 3–4, 4n, 46, 59, 60, 61, 141–6, 158–64, 165, 165n, 196, 197, 198, 248, 288–9, see also under individual leader and nation name; domination of one leader 6–7, 9–10, 18; individual and collective leadership and 9–14; ‘democracy on the installment plan’ 31, 375 (n. 31); choosing leaders in democracies 21–4; the evolution of democracy and of democratic leadership 36–53; institutions and 53–61; myths, powers, styles 62–100; election outcomes and, role in 62, 63–71, 362; leaders’ influence on electoral outcomes in Britain 67–72; dominance over time 63, 72–100; the constraints on the American presidency 73–6; presidential powers and leadership style – the American case 76–82; prime ministerial powers and leadership styles – the British case 82–100; types of leaders in see leadership; leadership under democracy 359–62
domestic policy and 11n, 82, 87, 89, 91, 102, 103–4, 116, 118, 129, 140, 276n, 294, 319, 351, 436 (n. 26)
dominating 75–6, 78, 86, 89–90, 120, 146–7, 220, 270, 304, 311
economic policy and 7, 8, 71, 90, 90n, 93, 94, 95, 119, 122, 154, 180, 188, 201, 217, 256, 262, 269, 351, 369 (n. 16), 406 (n. 54)
effective 353–4
electoral outcomes and 2, 5, 9, 62, 63–72, 97, 100, 129, 385 (n. 8; n. 12)
followers and 4, 20–1, 26, 30, 50, 51, 53, 78n, 91, 188, 285, 293, 316, 331, 354, 362
foreign policy 10–17, 22, 57, 72–3, 294–341, 347–8, 428–9 (n. 92)
goals 146, 354, 406 (n. 50)
height and 26–7, 26–7n, 151, 184
hereditary principle 11, 30, 31, 38, 39, 113, 123, 125, 221, 245–6, 278, 374 (n. 16), 422 (n. 65)
heroic 50, 51, 92, 187, 188, 273, 288, 293
historical context of 25–40
individual 9–14, 148, 197, 201, 271, 293, 294, 303, 357, 360, 362
inspirational 4, 19–21, 86, 91, 106, 133, 144, 189–93
oligarchic 3, 8, 254–70, 293, 294, 303–11, 355, 360, 402 (n. 130)
power and 17–21
redefining: definition of 5–6, 101; transformational leadership and 5, 6, 102, 127, 139, 141, 142, 144, 183, 342–3; seek to move centre ground in their direction 5, 126, 349; Attlee government as 6, 114–16, 394–5 (n. 57); Johnson as 54, 101–2, 106–10, 344; Thatcher as 97, 116–22, 396–7 (n. 58–65); American presidents as 101–11, 139; Roosevelt as 101–6, 344, 391 (n. 2); Reagan and 110–11; British 111–28; the pre-First World War Liberal government 111–14; the post-Second World War Labour government 114–16; significantly innovative British governments 122–6; Alex Salmond and the possible break-up of Britain 127–9; in post-war Germany 128–39; Konrad Adenauer 130–2; Willy Brandt 132–6; Helmut Kohl 136–40; in perspective 139–46; as transitional leaders who pave the way for transformation 141–6; Fernando Henrique Cardoso 142–3; F. W. de Klerk 143–5, 183; Taiwan 145–7; redefining the scope of political activity 141–6, 342–3
revolutionary vii, viii; definition of 6, 148–9, 194–6; differences between transformational leaders and 148–9, 194; failure of in democracies 194–5; definition of revolution and 195–6; characteristics and consequences of revolution 196–7; leaderless revolutions and 198–201, 240–9; Mexican revolution 198–201; Chinese revolution 1911–12 201–7, 240; Turkish revolution 207–10; Communist revolutions in Europe 210–22; Russian revolutions of 1917 (February and October) 210–18, 249; Communist revolutions in South-Eastern Europe 218–22; Communist revolutions in Asia 222–31; Chinese Communists’ capture of power 222–4; Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese Communists’ ascent to power 224–8; Pol Pot and Cambodia 228–9; Kim Il Sung’s accession to power in North Korea 230–1; Cuban revolution 231–6; the demise of Communism in Europe – not revolutions 236–40; Iranian revolution 241–3; Arab revolutions of the twenty–first century 243–9; importance of leaders in some revolutions 249; justification for violent revolution 249
strength and agility and 26, 28
styles 25, 61, 76–100, 120–1, 354
totalitarian vii, x, 8, 24, 129, 130, 152, 222, 231, 418–19 (n. 5; n. 7; n. 9); political culture and 46, 47; concept 250–3; impervious-to-change idea 253–4; Stalin’s dictatorship and Soviet oligarchies 254–61; personal rule versus oligarchy in China 261–71; the leader under Communism 271–9; the leader under fascism 279–90; myths of dictatorial regimes 289–93; foreign policy illusions of 295–303, 418–19 (n. 5–9)
toxic 50
transformational 14, 24, 148–93, 345–6; redefining leadership and 5, 6, 102, 127, 139, 141, 142, 144, 183, 342–3; definition of 6, 102, 148, 342, 435 (n. 7); rarity of 6, 189; Gorbachev as 46, 164–77, 405 (n. 42), 406 (n. 54); difficulty for American presidents to become 139, 344–6, 403 (n. 18); redefining leaders precede 141; distinguished from revolutionary leadership 148–9; de Gaulle as 149–58, 403–4 (n. 26); Adolfo Suárez as 158–64, 404 (n. 30; n. 34), 405 (n. 41); power of persuasion and 171–7; Deng Xiaoping as 177–83; Mandela as 183–9; and inspirational leaders 189–93; criteria for 189
weak–strong dichotomy 1, 2, 23–4, 120
wealth/superiority of fortune and 23, 28–9, 49–50, 358–9, 358–9n, 373-4 (n. 15)
what kind of leadership is desirable? 342–62
Lee Kuan Yew 306
Lee, Jennie 124, 397 (n. 82; n. 83)
Lemonnier, Pierre 373 (n. 12)
Lenin, Vladimir 6, 47, 80, 171, 180, 197, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 225n, 251, 255, 257, 272, 304, 350, 351, 352, 411 (n. 8), 412–13 (n. 46)
Levada, Yuriy 47, 379 (n. 71), 420 (n. 23)
Lewinsky, Monica 81
Li Peng 268–9
Liberal Democrats, UK 71, 94, 98, 312
Liberal Party, Australia 58, 64, 69, 382 (n. 108)
Liberal Party, Canada 2
Liberal Party, UK 84, 111–14, 124, 186, 312
Lincoln, Abraham 108, 149, 345–7, 359n, 435–6 (n. 17)
Linz, Juan J. 11n, 164, 345, 356, 392 (n. 24), 405 (n. 41), 437 (n. 51)
Lipman-Blumen, Jean 50
Lithuania 166n, 176, 260, 299, 407 (n. 61)
Lloyd George, David 17, 82–3, 84, 86, 100, 112–14
Lloyd, Selwyn 95, 320, 323, 390 (n. 98; n. 102)
Locke, John 374–5 (n. 24; n. 28)
Lon Nol, General 228
Lukashenka, Alexander 3–4
Luther King, Martin 4, 20, 106, 107
Luthuli, Chief Albert 186
Lysenko, Trofim 258–9
MacArthur, General Douglas 16
Machiavelli, Niccolò 10, 173, 350, 369 (n. 16), 407 (n. 66)
Mackintosh, John: The British Cabinet ix
Macleod, Iain 122, 427 (n. 44)
Macmillan, Harold 5, 73, 76, 83, 94–6, 111, 121, 122–3, 323n, 324, 325, 335, 390 (n. 98; n. 102), 396 (n. 74), 429 (n. 92)
Madero, Francisco 198, 199, 200
Mair, Lucy 373–4 (n. 15), 402 (n. 56)
Major, John 2, 69, 70, 71, 98, 333, 349, 369 (n. 19)
Malenkov, Georgiy 430 (n. 122)
Manchuria 230
Mandela, Nelson 21, 41–2, 53, 97, 144, 149, 183–9, 193, 394 (n. 56), 402 (n. 132)
Mandelson, Peter 70, 72n, 369 (n. 16)
Mango, Andrew 210
Manningham-Buller, Baroness 332, 432 (n. 153)