Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abolitionism, ref-1
Act of Union (1707), ref-1
Adams, Abigail, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n98
Adams, John autobiography, ref-1
commonwealth theory of the empire, ref-1
on Deane, ref-1n84
declines to be commissioner to France, ref-1
Defence of the Constitutions of the United States,ref-1
as difficult to identify with, ref-1
on William Franklin, ref-1, ref-2n87
on Franklin and Voltaire meeting, ref-1
on Franklin as curious character, ref-1
Franklin as older than, ref-1
on Franklin at Second Continental Congress, ref-1
on Franklin on loyalists, ref-1
and Franklin’s ability to influence Britishgovernment, ref-1n84, ref-2n87
Franklin’s patriotism questioned by, ref-1, ref-2
on Franklin’s Revolutionary fervor, ref-1, ref-2n5
on Franklin’s theory of colds, ref-1
on Frenchwomen and Franklin, ref-1
on gentlemen and commoners, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n51, ref-4n69
on Anne-Catherine Helvétius, ref-1
on Hutchinson, ref-1
and Izard on Franklin, ref-1n81
as jealous of Franklin and Washington, ref-1
and Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, ref-1, ref-2
missions to France of, ref-1
in negotiations with Howe, ref-1
and Pennsylvania constitution, ref-1, ref-2
protégé delivering Treaty of Paris to Congress, ref-1
as wearing his heart on his sleeve, ref-1
in West’s Treaty of Paris, ref-1
Adams, Samuel, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Addison, Joseph, ref-1
“Advice to a Young Tradesman, Written by an Old One” (Franklin), ref-1
Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Alexander, James, ref-1
Allen, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n25
American colonies. See North American colonies American Magazine, The,ref-1
American Philosophical Society, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
American Revolution
British peace offerings in 1776 rebuffed, ref-1
Declaration of Independence, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
early military difficulties, ref-1
education of leaders of, ref-1
Franklin as oldest of leaders, ref-1
Franklin on commission investigating military needs, ref-1
Franklin’s mission to France of 1776–1785, ref-1
Franklin’s participation not to be taken for granted, ref-1
Lexington and Concord, ref-1
Long Island, ref-1
as personal affair for Franklin, ref-1
Saratoga, ref-1
Treaty of Paris, ref-1
Virginians in leadership of, ref-1
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, ref-1
aphorisms, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n61
“Apology for Printers” (Franklin), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Appleby, Joyce, ref-1n105
Articles of Confederation, ref-1
artisans
Franklin as spokesman for, ref-1
Franklin’s example inspiring later, ref-1
Franklin’s father as artisan, ref-1
in Franklin’s will, ref-1
as Freemasons, ref-1
newspapers read by, ref-1
in Philadelphia in 1780s, ref-1
printers as, ref-1
social status of, ref-1
Atlantic Monthly,ref-1
Autobiography (Franklin) in construction of Franklin’s image, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
criticism of, ref-1
difficulty of interpreting, ref-1
first section written, ref-1
fourth section written, ref-1
on Franklin as youngest son, ref-1
on Franklin entering public service, ref-1
on Franklin’s ambition to become a writer, ref-1
on Franklin’s arrival in Philadelphia, ref-1
on Franklin’s emergence from poverty, ref-1
on Franklin’s London sojourn of 1724–1726, ref-1
Franklin suspends work on, ref-1
Mellon influenced by, ref-1
on moral perfection, ref-1
and myth of American nationhood, ref-1, ref-2
“Plan for Self-Examination” in, ref-1
posthumous editions of, ref-1
schools teaching moral lessons from, ref-1
second section written, ref-1
speckled ax anecdote in, ref-1
studies of, ref-1n30
third section written, ref-1
unity of, ref-1n82
on vegetarian diet, ref-1
Bache, Benjamin Franklin (grandson), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Bache, Richard (son-in-law) William Franklin aided by, ref-1
Franklin’s advice on making his way in the world, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n110
at Franklin’s deathbed, ref-1
Franklin’s postal duties assumed by, ref-1
on Richard Henry Lee, ref-1
marriage to Sally Franklin, ref-1
Bache, Sally (daughter). See Franklin, Sarah (Sally)
Bailyn, Bernard, ref-1n90, ref-2n93
Ball, John, ref-1
Bancroft, Edward, ref-1
Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques, ref-1
Barclay, David, ref-1
battery, electrical, ref-1
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, ref-1, ref-2
Becker, Carl, ref-1
Bedford, John Russell, Duke of, ref-1
Benezet, Alexander, ref-1
Bill of Rights (1689), ref-1
Blackstone, William, ref-1n46
Blumin, Stuart, ref-1n51
Board of Trade, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n80
Boston, ref-1
Coercive Acts closing port, ref-1
Franklin leaves, ref-1
Franklin’s birthplace, ref-1
in Franklin’s will, ref-1
newspapers in, ref-1
Boston Massacre, ref-1
Boston Tea Party, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Braddock, Edward, ref-1, ref-2
Bradford, Andrew, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Bradford, William, ref-1, ref-2
Brillon de Jouy, Anne-Louise de Harancourt, ref-1, ref-2
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, ref-1, ref-2
Britain. See Great Britain Brown, Mather, ref-1
Buffon, Comte de, ref-1, ref-2
Burke, Edmund, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Burnet, William, ref-1
“Businessman, The” (Poe), ref-1
Bustill, Samuel, ref-1
Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n87
Caffiéri, Jean-Jacques, ref-1, ref-2
Canada, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Carroll, Charles, ref-1, ref-2
Carter, John, ref-1
Chamberlain, Mason, ref-1, ref-2
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Chaumont, Jacques Donatien Le Ray, Comte de, ref-1, ref-2
Chirac, Jacques, ref-1n64
Chirac, Mme Jacques, ref-1n64
Christian VII (Denmark), ref-1
Clare, Lord, ref-1
Clark, Abraham, ref-1
Club of Honest Whigs, ref-1, ref-2
Cobbett, William, ref-1
Cochin, Charles-Nicholas, ref-1
Coercive Acts (1774), ref-1, ref-2
Colden, Cadwallader, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Collinson, Peter
Franklin meets in London, ref-1
and Franklin on direct taxation of the colonies, ref-1
and Franklin on English life, ref-1
and Franklin’s Albany Union proposal, ref-1, ref-2
and Franklin’s deputy postmaster general position, ref-1
and Franklin’s electrical experiments, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
and Franklin’s meeting with Lord Bute, ref-1
and Franklin’s overreaching himself, ref-1
colonies. See North American colonies
commoners, gentlemen and, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n51
Common Sense (Paine), ref-1
commonwealth theory of the empire, ref-1
condescension, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Condorcet, Marquis de, ref-1, ref-2
Confederation Congress, Franklin’s struggle with, ref-1, ref-2n51, ref-3n57
Connecticut compromise, ref-1
conservation of charge, law of, ref-1
Constitutional Convention, ref-1
Connecticut compromise, ref-1
Virginia plan, ref-1
Constitutionalists, ref-1
Constitutions of the Free-Masons,ref-1
Continental Congresses
Franklin contrasts Parliament with, ref-1
Franklin’s enemies taking control of, ref-1
Conway, Stephen, ref-1n21
Cook, James, ref-1
Cool Thoughts on the Present Situation of Our Public Affairs (Franklin), ref-1
Cooper, Grey, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Cooper, Joseph, ref-1
Cooper, Samuel, ref-1
Copley, John Singleton, ref-1
Craven Street Gazette (parody newspaper), ref-1
Crockett, Davy, ref-1
Currey, Cecil B., ref-1n10, ref-2n76
Cushing, Thomas, ref-1
Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Darwin, Erasmus, ref-1
David, Jacques-Louis, ref-1, ref-2
Deane, Silas
and Franklin’s blue velvet coat, ref-1
on French attitude toward Franklin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n84
in mission to France, ref-1
Declaration of Independence, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Declaration of Rights (1688), ref-1
Declaratory Act (1766), ref-1, ref-2
Decow, Isaac, ref-1
Defence of the Constitutions of the United States (Adams), ref-1
Defoe, Daniel, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
democracy
eighteenth-century view of, ref-1
Federalists on, ref-1
Franklin as democrat, ref-1, ref-2
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), ref-1
Dennie, Joseph, ref-1, ref-2n92
Devonshire, Duke of, ref-1
Dickinson, John, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Diderot, Denis, ref-1
Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (Franklin), ref-1
Dull, Jonathan R., ref-1n107
Duplessis, Joseph-Siffred, ref-1, ref-2
“Edict of the King of Prussia, An” (Franklin), ref-1
education, Franklin’s proposals for, ref-1
electricity, Franklin’s experiments with, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Ellsworth, Oliver, ref-1
Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America (Franklin), ref-1, ref-2
Federalists, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
Feke, Robert, ref-1, ref-2,ref-3n117
Felton, Silas, ref-1
Fielding, Henry, ref-1
Fiering, Norman, ref-1n7
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, ref-1
Ford, Paul Leicester, ref-1n11
Fothergill, John, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Founders
Franklin as folksy Founder, ref-1
Franklin as not most American of, ref-1
Franklin as oldest of, ref-1
Franklin’s contributions compared with
others’, ref-1
marriages of, ref-1
writing by, ref-1
See also Adams, John; Franklin, Benjamin; Hamilton, Alexander; Jay, John; Jefferson, Thomas; Madison, James; Washington, George
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, ref-1
France
John Adams’s missions to, ref-1
alliance with United States negotiated, ref-1
American distrust of, ref-1
Franklin as symbolic American for, ref-1
Franklin considers settling in, ref-1
Franklin’s fellow commissioners, ref-1
Franklin’s mission of, 1776–1785, ref-1
images of Franklin in, ref-1, ref-2n53
Jefferson as American minister to, ref-1
Pennsylvania constitution influencing, ref-1
problems facing Franklin’s mission to, ref-1
reaction to Franklin’s death in, ref-1, ref-2
Royal Academy of Sciences, ref-1, ref-2n21
See also Louis XVI; Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de
Franklin, Abiah Folger (mother), ref-1
Franklin, Benjamin
—and American Revolution
on Boston Massacre, ref-1
and Boston Tea Party, ref-1
breaks with son William over, ref-1
on commission investigating military needs, ref-1
Declaration of Independence, ref-1, ref-2
dedication to American cause questioned, ref-1, ref-2n10
on loyalists, ref-1
Revolutionary fervor of, ref-1, ref-2n5
Revolution as personal affair for, ref-1
in Second Continental Congress, ref-1, ref-2
—and British imperial relations
Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
ambivalence about, in late 1760s, ref-1
confrontation with Hillsborough, ref-1
considers settling in England, ref-1
on conspiracies on both sides of Atlantic, ref-1
on cultural inferiority of New World, ref-1
dedication to British Empire, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
on direct taxation of colonies, ref-1
on English arrogance regarding colonies, ref-1
and French and Indian War, ref-1
and George III, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Hillsborough changes attitude toward, ref-1
hopes for position in British government, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
in Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n93
last efforts to save empire, ref-1
as London agent of Massachusetts, ref-1
mission to Great Britain of, 1764–ref-1, ref-2
on new colonies in the West, ref-1, ref-2
new conception of empire of, ref-1
on parliamentary representation for the colonies, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
at Privy Council hearing of 1774, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
as royalist, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
and Stamp Act, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
on Sugar Act, ref-1
vision of New World’s future, ref-1
Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme, ref-1
—as businessman
in London, 1724–1726, ref-1
opens own printing business, ref-1
partnership in other print shops, ref-1
Pennsylvania Gazette,ref-1
as printer of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1
property of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n108
retires from active business, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
wealth of, ref-1
—early life in Boston, ref-1
apprenticed to candle and soap maker, ref-1
apprenticed to his brother, ref-1
birth of, ref-1
birthplace of, ref-1
conflicts with his brother, ref-1
leaves Boston, ref-1
—educational projects of
American Philosophical Society, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
and Franklin’s own education, ref-1n1
Library Company, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Society for Political Enquiries, ref-1
—education of
elementary, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n1
honorary degrees, ref-1, ref-2
languages learned, ref-1, ref-2
reading, ref-1
—family life of
engagement to Deborah Read, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
grandson Benjamin Franklin Bache, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
marriage to Deborah Read, ref-1
son Francis (Franky) Franklin, ref-1, ref-2n94
See also Franklin, Deborah Read (wife); Franklin, Sara (Sally) (daughter); Franklin, Temple (grandson); Franklin, William (son
—as Founder
as folksy Founder, ref-1
Franklin as famous before Revolution, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin’s contributions compared with
others’, ref-1
as not most American of Founders, ref-1
as oldest of Founders, ref-1
—images of
and American character, ref-1, ref-2
Autobiography in construction of image, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
capitalism associated with, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n92
celebrated as champion of work, ref-1
creation of modern image of image, ref-1, ref-2
criticisms of, ref-1
difficulty of knowing, ref-1
historic eighteenth-century Franklin, ref-1
human side of, ref-1
and myth of American nationhood, ref-1
reputation in Europe, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
as self-made man, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
—last years of
and Confederation Congress, ref-1, ref-2n51, ref-3n57
at Constitutional Convention, ref-1
reaction to death of, ref-1
will of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n70
—mission to France of 1776–1785, ref-1
Adams questioning patriotism of, ref-1, ref-2
and Adams’s missions to France, ref-1
in Americanization of Franklin, ref-1
British and, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
British peace offerings rebuffed by, ref-1
Congress debates recalling from France, ref-1
considers settling in France, ref-1
diplomatic achievements in France, ref-1
dress while in France, ref-1, ref-2n56
fellow commissioners on, ref-1
French alliance negotiated by, ref-1
on French aristocrats and commerce, ref-1
French images of, ref-1, ref-2n53
as minister plenipotentiary, ref-1, ref-2
in peace negotiations with Britain, ref-1, ref-2
problems facing mission, ref-1
residence in France, ref-1, ref-2
as symbolic American for the French, ref-1
in West’s Treaty of Paris, ref-1
—opinions and views of
on appearance and reality, ref-1
on aristocracy, ref-1
behaviorist approach to morality, ref-1n7
on converts’ zealousness, ref-1
on Holland, ref-1
life and chess compared by, ref-1, ref-2
pessimistic view of human nature, ref-1n40
on public service as important as science, ref-1, ref-2
on public service without pay, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
religious views, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
on slavery, ref-1
on Wilkes, ref-1
—in Pennsylvania government
as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
enmity with Thomas Penn, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
on making Pennsylvania crown colony, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7, ref-8, ref-9, ref-10, ref-11nn80–81
as member of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2
in Militia Association, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
mission to Great Britain of 1757–1762, ref-1
and Paxton Boys uprising, ref-1
and Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
as president of Pennsylvania, ref-1
—personal characteristics of
calculated restraint of, ref-1
as clubbable, ref-1
curiosity of, ref-1
human nature understood by, ref-1
physical ailments in old age, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
physical appearance at age thirty, ref-1
physical appearance at Constitutional Convention, ref-1
as social being, ref-1
temperance of, ref-1
—in Philadelphia
arrival, ref-1
in city government, ref-1
civic activities of, ref-1
homes of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
returns from Britain in 1726, ref-1
returns from Britain in 1762, ref-1
returns from Britain in 1775, ref-1
returns from France in 1785, ref-1
works for Keimer, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
—portraits of
Jean-Jacques Caffiéri, ref-1, ref-2
Mason Chamberlain, ref-1, ref-2
Charles-Nicholas Cochin, ref-1
Joseph-Siffred Duplessis, ref-1, ref-2
Robert Feke, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n117
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, ref-1
French school, ref-1
Jean-Baptiste Greuze, ref-1, ref-2
Jean-Antoine Houdon, ref-1, ref-2
J. F. de L’Hospital, ref-1, ref-2
François Martinet, ref-1
medallion in Sèvres ware, ref-1
Charles Willson Peale, ref-1, ref-2
—as postmaster
of Continental Congress government, ref-1, ref-2
as deputy postmaster of American colonies, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
of Philadelphia, ref-1
—relations with women other than Deborah
Adams on Frenchwomen and, ref-1
Anne-Louise de Harancourt Brillon de Jouy, ref-1, ref-2
in London in, 1724–1726, ref-1
proposal to Anne-Catherine Helvétius, ref-1
—as scientist and inventor
electrical experiments of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
in French Royal Academy of Sciences, ref-1, ref-2n21
inventions of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
kite experiment, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n13
—social status of
becomes gentleman, ref-1
on becoming gentleman, ref-1
coat of arms of, ref-1
as of the middling sort, ref-1, ref-2
origins of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
patronage in rise of, ref-1
stops wearing wig, ref-1n7
and United Party for Virtue plan, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
—works of
“Advice to a Young Tradesman, Written by an Old One,” ref-1
“Apology for Printers,” ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
complexity and subtlety of, ref-1
Cool Thoughts on the Present Situation of Our Public Affairs,ref-1
Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,ref-1
“An Edict of the King of Prussia,” ref-1
Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America,ref-1, ref-2
French translations of, ref-1
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, Etc.,ref-1
Plain Truth: Or, Serious Considerations on the Present State of the City of Philadelphia and Province of Pennsylvania,ref-1
Polly Baker hoax, ref-1
A Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the British Plantations in America,ref-1
Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania,ref-1, ref-2
pseudonyms of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7n14
“Rules and Maxims for Promoting Matrimonial Happiness,” ref-1
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One,” ref-1
Silence Dogood essays, ref-1
“Sketch of the Services of B. Franklin to the United States,” ref-1
See also Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanack; Way to Wealth, The
Franklin, Deborah Read (wife)
children of, ref-1
engagement to Franklin, ref-1
Franklin lodges with father of, ref-1
on Franklin’s arrival in Philadelphia, ref-1
Franklin seeming to have forgotten, ref-1
and Franklin’s London sojourn of 1724–1726, ref-1, ref-2
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of 1757–1762, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of 1764–1775, ref-1, ref-2
and Franklin’s postal inspection tours, ref-1
marriage to Franklin, ref-1
marriage to John Rogers, ref-1
and new house on Market Street, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
portrait of, ref-1
relatives in England, ref-1
and Stamp Act violence, ref-1
Franklin, Francis (Franky) (son), ref-1, ref-2n94
Franklin, James (brother), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Franklin, Josiah (father), ref-1
Franklin, Sarah (Sally) (daughter)
birth of, ref-1
at Franklin’s deathbed, ref-1, ref-2
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of 1757–1762, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
marriage of, ref-1
son of, ref-1
Polly Stevenson contrasted with, ref-1
Franklin, Temple (grandson)
Abigail Adams on, ref-1n98
edition of Franklin’s works of, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin attempts to arrange marriage for, ref-1
Franklin attempts to secure position for, ref-1, ref-2
with Franklin in Philadelphia, ref-1
and Franklin’s break with his son, ref-1
at Franklin’s deathbed, ref-1
with Franklin’s mission to France, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Franklin’s papers left to, ref-1
on Franklin’s reputation, ref-1
as illegitimate, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n2
in West’s Treaty of Paris, ref-1
Franklin, William (son)
arrest and imprisonment of, ref-1, ref-2
Autobiography addressed to, ref-1
on British mission with Franklin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2
education of, ref-1
Franklin breaks with over Revolution, ref-1
Franklin indulging, ref-1
and Franklin on Wilkes, ref-1
and Franklin’s meeting with Christian VII, ref-1
Franklin takes into his house, ref-1
illegitimate son of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n2
on landed empire in West, ref-1
legal training of, ref-1
portrait of, ref-1
as royal governor of New Jersey, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n87
as royalist, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
and Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme, ref-1
Franklin, William Temple (grandson). SeeFranklin, Temple
Franklin Society, ref-1
Frederick II (Prussia), ref-1
Freemasonry, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n86
French, John, ref-1
French and Indian (Seven Years) War, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
French Royal Academy of Sciences, ref-1, ref-2n21
Gaines, Hugh, ref-1
Galloway, Joseph
and Franklin on his hazardous situation, ref-1
and Franklin on Wilkesite riots, ref-1
as Franklin’s ally in Pennsylvania, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
and Franklin’s papers, ref-1
and Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1
as loyalist, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Garrick, David, ref-1
General Magazine, The,ref-1
General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of New York, ref-1
gentlemen
and commoners, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n51
Franklin becomes gentleman, ref-1
Franklin on becoming gentleman, ref-1
Franklin’s resentment of, ref-1
as Freemasons, ref-1
George III, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
Gérard, Marguerite, ref-1
Gerry, Elbridge, ref-1
Goldsmith, Oliver, ref-1
Grace, Robert, ref-1
Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of, ref-1
Grand Ohio (Walpole) Company, ref-1
Great Britain
Bute, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n87
commonwealth theory of empire, ref-1
conspiracies seen on both sides of Atlantic, ref-1
constitution of, ref-1
English arrogance regarding colonies, ref-1
Franklin hopes for position in government, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Franklin’s ambivalence about England’s relation to America, ref-1
Franklin’s dedication to empire, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Franklin’s last efforts to save empire, ref-1
Franklin’s mission of 1757–1762, ref-1
Franklin’s mission of 1764–1775, ref-1
and Franklin’s mission to France, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Franklin’s new conception of empire, ref-1
and Franklin’s vision of future of New World, ref-1
George III, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
Grafton, ref-1
Grenville, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n21
Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1
peace negotiations with, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Pitt, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
reasons for American rebellion, ref-1
Rockingham, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
royal governors, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Royal Society, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
after Seven Years War, ref-1
Treaty of Paris, ref-1
Wilkes, ref-1
See also Parliament
Greene, Nathanael, ref-1
Grenville, George, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n21
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, ref-1, ref-2
Haines, T. L., ref-1
Halifax, Earl of, ref-1, ref-2n21
Hall, David
Franklin in partnership with, ref-1
and Franklin on Stamp Act, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
moves into Market Street shop, ref-1
and Stamp Act riots, ref-1
Hamilton, Alexander
difficulty in identifying with, ref-1
on fame, ref-1
Franklin as older than, ref-1
marriage of, ref-1
on opening Constitutional Convention sessions with prayer, ref-1
patronage in rise of, ref-1
Hamilton, Andrew, ref-1
Harper, James, ref-1
Harrington, James, ref-1
Harry, David, ref-1
Hartley, David, ref-1
Hawke, David Freeman, ref-1n13
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, ref-1
Hazard, Ebenezer, ref-1
Helvétius, Anne-Catherine, ref-1
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, ref-1, ref-2
Hewson, William, ref-1n64
Hillsborough, Lord
changes attitude toward Franklin, ref-1
on Franklin as London agent of Massachusetts, ref-1
resignation of, ref-1
and Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme, ref-1
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, ref-1, ref-2
Howard, Martin, Jr., ref-1, ref-2
Howe, Richard, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Howe, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Howells, William Dean, ref-1, ref-2
Hughes, John, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Hume, David, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Humphreys, David, ref-1, ref-2
Hunter, William, ref-1
Hutchinson, Thomas
and Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2
on commoners, ref-1
to exile in England, ref-1
Franklin compared with, ref-1
letters affair, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n93
on Otis, ref-1
and Parliamentary representation for colonies, ref-1
and Stamp Act, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Indian influence thesis, ref-1, ref-2n31
Isaacson, Walter, ref-1n13
Israel Potter (Melville), ref-1
Izard, Ralph, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5n81
Jackson, Richard, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
James, Abel, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Jarratt, Devereux, ref-1
Jay, John
and Deane, ref-1
on Franklin and New Jersey Assembly, ref-1n10
and Franklin on congressional bills, ref-1
on Franklin on loyalists, ref-1
and Franklin’s concern about his influence, ref-1n37
Franklin’s patriotism questioned by, ref-1
payment for service abroad, ref-1
in peace negotiations with Britain, ref-1
in West’s Treaty of Paris, ref-1
Jefferson, Thomas
as American minister to France, ref-1
autobiography of, ref-1
British conspiracies seen by, ref-1
as celebrated abroad, ref-1
commonwealth theory of the empire, ref-1
criticism of, ref-1
declines to be commissioner to France, ref-1
difficulty identifying with, ref-1
on Franklin, ref-1
on Franklin and Confederation Congress, ref-1n57
Franklin as older than, ref-1
on Franklin’s reputation in Europe, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
marriage of, ref-1
and peace negotiations with Britain, ref-1
Jerome, Chauncey, ref-1
Johnson, Samuel (clergyman), ref-1, ref-2n1
Johnson, Dr. Samuel (lexicographer)
on colonists, ref-1
as court pensioner to Franklin, ref-1
on Franklin as mischief maker, ref-1
“mechanic” as defined by, ref-1
Strahan as printer for, ref-1
Johnson, William Samuel, ref-1
Kames, Henry Home, Lord, ref-1
Kant, Immanuel, ref-1
Keats, John, ref-1
Keimer, Samuel, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Keith, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Kennedy, Archibald, ref-1, ref-2
King, Rufus, ref-1
kite experiment, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n13
labor
Franklin celebrated as champion of, ref-1
Franklin on, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Franklin on slavery and, ref-1
gentlemen and commoners distinguished by, ref-1
by the middling sort, ref-1
in myth of American nationhood, ref-1
Lafayette, Marquis de, ref-1
Langford, Paul, ref-1n61
La Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de, ref-1, ref-2
Laurens, Henry, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Laurens, John, ref-1
Lawrence, D. H., ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Lawrence, Thomas, ref-1
Leather Apron, ref-1
Lee, Arthur
on Franklin as London agent for Massachusetts, ref-1
on Franklin on peace commission, ref-1
in mission to France, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
payment for services abroad, ref-1
Lee, Richard Henry, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), ref-1, ref-2
L’Hospital, J. F. de, ref-1, ref-2
Library Company, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
lightning, ref-1
lightning rod, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Lining, John, ref-1
Livingston, Robert R., ref-1, ref-2
Livingston, William, ref-1
Locke, John, ref-1
Lodge, Henry Cabot, ref-1
London
Franklin’s home in, ref-1, ref-2,ref-3n64
Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of 1757–1762, ref-1
Franklin’s visit of 1724–1726, ref-1
Wilkesite riots in, ref-1
London Chronicle (newspaper), ref-1
Long Island, battle of, ref-1
Loudoun, Lord, ref-1
Louis XV, ref-1
Louis XVI
compensation for ministers abroad, ref-1
Franklin’s appearance when received by, ref-1
Franklin’s image put on chamber pot by, ref-1, ref-2n53
and French support of Americans, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
gift for Franklin, ref-1
Lovell, James, ref-1
Lyon, Matthew, ref-1
McKean, Thomas, ref-1
Maclay, William, ref-1
Madison, James
difficulty in identifying with, ref-1
and doubts about Franklin’s patriotism, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Franklin as older than, ref-1
Mandeville, Bernard, ref-1
Manning, William, ref-1
Marie-Antoinette, ref-1
Martinet, François, ref-1
Massachusetts
and Albany Plan of Union, ref-1
British sending troops to, ref-1, ref-2
Coercive Acts and, ref-1
Constitution of 1780, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin as London agent of, ref-1
Gage made military governor of, ref-1
Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1, ref-2n93
Lexington and Concord, ref-1
Stamp Act riot in, ref-1
See also Boston
Mather, Cotton, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
maxims, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n61
Mecom, Jane, ref-1
Mellon, Thomas, ref-1
Melville, Herman, ref-1
Meredith, Hugh, ref-1
Middlekauff, Robert, ref-1n81
middling sort, the, ref-1
in Europe, ref-1
Franklin as middling hero to, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin proposes association for, ref-1
Franklin’s middling status, ref-1, ref-2
Library Company organized for, ref-1
in Masonic organizations, ref-1n86
newspapers read by, ref-1
Sons of Liberty from, ref-1
See also artisans
Militia Association, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Miller, Perry, ref-1
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, ref-1, ref-2
Misanthrope (Molière), ref-1
Molasses Act (1733), ref-1
Monroe, James, ref-1
Montaigne, Michel de, ref-1, ref-2n61
Morgan, Edmund S., ref-1n81
Morris, Robert, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, ref-1
Munford, Robert, ref-1
New England Courant (newspaper), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
New Jersey Assembly, ref-1n10
newspapers
in Boston, ref-1
incendiary writing in, ref-1
London Chronicle,ref-1
New England Courant,ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
North Briton,ref-1
Pennsylvania Gazette,ref-1, ref-2
and Stamp Act, ref-1
New World. See North American colonies
Norris, Isaac, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n80
North, Frederick, Earl of Guilford, ref-1
North American colonies
Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2
American exceptionalism, ref-1
conspiracies seen on both sides, ref-1
English arrogance regarding, ref-1
France mistrusted in, ref-1
Franklin on cultural inferiority of, ref-1
Franklin on new colonies in West, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin’s ambivalence about England’s relation to, ref-1
Franklin’s vision of future of, ref-1
French and Indian War, ref-1
Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1
legal status of, ref-1, ref-2n46
Parliamentary representation for, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
royal governors, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
royal prerogative as suspect in, ref-1
Stamp Act, ref-1
Townshend duties, ref-1
Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme, ref-1
Wilkes supported in, ref-1
See also American Revolution; Connecticut; Continental Congresses; Founders; Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Virginia
North American Review,ref-1
North Briton (newspaper), ref-1
Oath of the Horatii, The (David), ref-1, ref-2
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, Etc. (Franklin), ref-1
Odell, Jonathan, ref-1n77
Oeuvres de M. Franklin,ref-1
Oliver, Andrew, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Otto, Louis, ref-1
paper, Franklin as dealer in, ref-1
paper money, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Parker, James, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Parliament
in British constitution, ref-1
Chatham’s reconciliation plan rejected by House of Lords, ref-1
eighteenth-century attitude toward, ref-1
Franklin contrasts Continental Congress with, ref-1
Franklin seeing as source of tyranny, ref-1
Franklin’s House of Commons testimony on Stamp Act, ref-1
North American rebels brought to England to be hanged by, ref-1
representation for the colonies, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Strahan urges Franklin to run for, ref-1
Wilkes as member of House of Commons, ref-1
Pat Lyon at the Forge (Neagle), ref-1, ref-2
patronage, ref-1
Paxton Boys uprising, ref-1
Peale, Charles Willson, ref-1, ref-2
Pearson, Isaac, ref-1
Pendleton, Edmund, ref-1
Penn, John, ref-1
Penn, Thomas
on colonial assemblies, ref-1
donates electrical apparatus to Library Company, ref-1
enmity with Franklin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
on Franklin and British ruling aristocracy, ref-1
Franklin’s London negotiations with, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
and Franklin’s Militia Association, ref-1
refusing to pay taxes on his land, ref-1
Penn, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Pennsylvania
abolitionism in, ref-1
and Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
divided leadership in 1775, ref-1
factionalism in, ref-1
Franklin and constitution of 1776, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Franklin as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
William Franklin as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin as member of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin as president of, ref-1
Franklin as printer of Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1
Franklin attempts to make crown colony of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7, ref-8, ref-9, ref-10, ref-11nn80–81
Franklin’s mission to Great Britain, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3nn80–81
and French and Indian War, ref-1
French associating Quakers with, ref-1
Germans immigrants in, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n30
Paxton Boys uprising, ref-1
political parties emerging in, ref-1
as proprietary colony, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3nn80–81
and Stamp Act, ref-1
Virginia overtaken by, ref-1
See also Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), ref-1, ref-2
Pennsylvania (Franklin) stove, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Peters, Richard, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Philadelphia
Constitutional Convention in, ref-1
Continental Congresses in, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin as postmaster of, ref-1
William Franklin as postmaster of, ref-1
Franklin in city government, ref-1
Franklin owning rental property in, ref-1
Franklin returns from France in 1785, ref-1
Franklin returns from London in 1726, ref-1
Franklin returns from London in 1762, ref-1
Franklin returns from London in 1775, ref-1
Franklin’s arrival in, ref-1
Franklin’s homes in, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
in Franklin’s will, ref-1
Howe takes in 1777, ref-1
as largest city in America, ref-1
London contrasted with, ref-1, ref-2
population in 1720s, ref-1
printers’ strike of 1786, ref-1
Quaker aristocracy of, ref-1
reaction to Franklin’s death in, ref-1
servants in, ref-1
Philadelphia Hospital, ref-1
philosophes,ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
Pierce, William, ref-1
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Plain Truth: Or, Serious Considerations on the Present State of the City of Philadelphia and Province of Pennsylvania (Franklin), ref-1
Poe, Edgar Allan, ref-1
Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin)
criticisms of, ref-1
“Father Abraham’s Speech,” ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n60
final edition of, ref-1
on keeping secrets, ref-1, ref-2
Mellon influenced by, ref-1
people living their lives by, ref-1
as Poor Richard Improved,ref-1
posthumous editions of, ref-1
profitability of, ref-1
on sin, ref-1
Pownall, Thomas, ref-1, ref-2n90
Priestley, Joseph, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Pringle, Sir John, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
printers, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
professionals, gentry status of, ref-1
Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the British Plantations in America, A (Franklin), ref-1
Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania (Franklin), ref-1, ref-2
proverbs, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n61
Putnam, Rufus, ref-1
Quakers
abolitionism of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n66
becoming minority in Pennsylvania, ref-1
Franklin dressing as Quaker, ref-1, ref-2
in French view of Pennsylvania, ref-1
officials serving without pay, ref-1
party in Pennsylvania Assembly, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Penn family opposed by, ref-1
as Pennsylvania elite, ref-1
Ramsay, Allan, ref-1
Randolph, Edmund, ref-1
Raynal, Abbé Guillaume, ref-1
Read, Deborah. See Franklin, Deborah Read
Read, John, ref-1
Republican party, ref-1, ref-2
Republicans (Pennsylvania), ref-1
Revolution See American Revolution
Rhode Island
and Albany Plan of Union, ref-1
attempt to transform into crown colony, ref-1
as corporate colony, ref-1
Rittenhouse, David, ref-1
Robertson, William, ref-1
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquess of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Rogers, John, ref-1
royal governors, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Royal Society, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
“Rules and Maxims for Promoting Matrimonial Happiness” (Franklin), ref-1
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One” (Franklin), ref-1
Rush, Benjamin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n70
Rutledge, Edward, ref-1, ref-2
Saint-Aubin, Augustin de, ref-1
Sandwich, John Montagu, Earl of, ref-1, ref-2
Saratoga, battle of, ref-1
Sargent, John, ref-1
Seven Years (French and Indian) War, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Shipley, Jonathan, ref-1, ref-2
Shirley, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n45
“Sketch of the Services of B. Franklin to the United States” (Franklin), ref-1
slavery
Franklin as slave owner, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin on, ref-1
in Virginia, ref-1
smallpox inoculation, ref-1
Smith, William, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4n25, ref-5n77
Smith, William, Sr., ref-1
Society for Political Enquiries, ref-1
Society for Promoting the Abolitionism of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, ref-1
Society of the Cincinnati, ref-1, ref-2n46
Sons of Liberty, ref-1
Spectator (Addison and Steele), ref-1
Spencer, Archibald, ref-1
Stamp Act (1765), ref-1
Franklin’s House of Commons testimony on, ref-1
Franklin’s response to, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Franklin’s satirical article on, ref-1
as presuming colonies part of British community, ref-1n21
repeal of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
riots in response to, ref-1
Stevenson, Margaret, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Stevenson, Mary (Polly)
and Franklin becoming Frenchman, ref-1
Sally Franklin compared with, ref-1
Franklin lodges with, ref-1, ref-2n64
and Franklin on monarchy, ref-1
at Franklin’s deathbed, ref-1
Deborah Franklin sending her compliments to, ref-1
Strahan, William
on Franklin and Stamp Act repeal, ref-1
on Deborah Franklin coming to London, ref-1
Franklin meets in London, ref-1
and Franklin on becoming Londoner, ref-1
and Franklin on cultural inferiority of colonies, ref-1
and Franklin on doubts about his patriotism, ref-1
Franklin-Shirley letters published by, ref-1, ref-2n45
and William Franklin’s imprisonment, ref-1
and Franklin’s return to America in 1762, ref-1
Franklin’s unsent letter declaring enmity for, ref-1, ref-2n13
on Hillsborough confrontation, ref-1
and Hutchinson letters affair, ref-1n90
rise from obscure origins of, ref-1
urges Franklin to run for Parliament, ref-1
Stuber, Henry, ref-1
Sugar Act (1764), ref-1
taxation
Franklin on internal versus external, ref-1, ref-2
Parliament’s role in, ref-1
Pennsylvania proprietors refusing to pay taxes, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Sugar Act, ref-1
Townshend duties, ref-1, ref-2
See alsoStamp Act
Tea Act (1773), ref-1
Thomas, Robert, ref-1
Thomson, Charles, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6n51
Timothy, Peter, ref-1
Tocqueville, Alexis de, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Todd, Anthony, ref-1
Townshend, Charles, ref-1
Townshend duties, ref-1, ref-2
Treaty of Paris (1783), ref-1
Treaty of Paris (West), ref-1
Tucker, Tom, ref-1n13
Turner, Frederick Jackson, ref-1
Twain, Mark, ref-1
United Party for Virtue, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Vaughan, Benjamin, ref-1, ref-2
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de
Adams and, ref-1
as chief supporter of aiding Americans, ref-1
and financial aid for Americans, ref-1, ref-2
on Franklin and commerce, ref-1
Franklin as getting along with, ref-1
and Franklin’s negotiations with British, ref-1, ref-2
Lee and, ref-1
and separate Anglo-American peace, ref-1
Veyne, Paul, ref-1n66
Virginia
and Albany Plan of Union, ref-1, ref-2
Franklin’s recall from France supported by, ref-1
northern states surpassing, ref-1
and Stamp Act, ref-1
Voltaire, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Waller, Benjamin, ref-1
Walpole, Richard, ref-1
Walpole, Thomas, ref-1
Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company, ref-1
Warren, Mercy Otis, ref-1n84
Washington, George
Adams’s jealousy of, ref-1
annual income of, ref-1
Bache attacking, ref-1
as commander in chief during Revolution, ref-1
difficulty of identifying with, ref-1
education of, ref-1
eulogies for, ref-1
Franklin as older than, ref-1
on Franklin as president of Pennsylvania, ref-1
William Franklin held in solitary confinement by, ref-1
in French and Indian War, ref-1
marriage of, ref-1
as president of Constitutional Convention, ref-1
public service of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
on Quaker petition on slavery, ref-1n66
writing by, ref-1
Way to Wealth, The (Franklin), ref-1
editions of, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n11, ref-4n60
social mobility and, ref-1
translation into French, ref-1
Weber, Max, ref-1
Wedderburn, Alexander, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Wedgwood, Josiah, ref-1, ref-2
Weems, Parson Mason, ref-1, ref-2
West, Benjamin, ref-1
Whately, Thomas, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3n90
Whately, William, ref-1, ref-2
whiggism, ref-1
Whitefield, George, ref-1
Whitmarsh, Thomas, ref-1
Wilkes, John, ref-1
Wills, Garry, ref-1
Wilson, Benjamin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Wilson, James, ref-1
work. See labor
Young, Arthur, ref-1