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Page numbers in italics indicate images and associated captions.
Adams, Harvey, 75
Adams, Jim, 380, 388, 391, 400
African American Rangers, 398
Aguilar, Tomas, 253
Alamo (San Antonio), 12, 24, 41, 70, 75, 127–28
Alcaraz, Ramón, 99–100
Alderete, A., Mrs., 260
Alford, George F., 170
Allee, Alfred Y., 358, 363, 364–65, 366–69, 371–72
Alley, Abraham, 14
Allred, James, 317
Allsens, Adam, 116
Almonte, Juan M., 134
Andrews, Hollie Marie, 391
anti-Communist sentiment, 306, 327, 332–33, 362
Apache Indians, 31, 152, 224–27, 258
Arapaho Indians, 66
Arista, Mariano, 91
Armstrong, John B., 220
Aten, Ira, 229–31
Atkinson, John, 208–9
Austin, A. L., 250–51
Austin, Charles, 251
Austin, Moses, 11
Austin, Nellie Francis, 251
Austin, Stephen F., 8, 9, 11–12, 15–19, 126, 137–38, 406
Aycock, Johnnie, 399–400
Bailey, Joseph W., 240
Banks, E. J. “Jay,” 320, 322–24, 328–33, 333–34, 335–36
barbed wire, 227–31
Barela, Chico, 208–9
Barker, Andy, 262
Barker, D. S., 270
Barker, Kate “Ma,” 314
Barry, Donald, 349
Barry, James “Buck,” 108–9, 145, 149, 176–78
Barton, Thomas, 285
Bates, W. B., 238
Battle of Antelope Hills, 146–47, 149, 164
Battle of Buena Vista, 110, 114
Battle of Dove Creek, 173–76, 178
Battle of Goliad, 24, 70, 120, 159
Battle of Huamantla, 86, 97–99
Battle of Little Bighorn, 66
Battle of Monterrey, 109–10
Battle of New Orleans, 74
Battle of Palo Alto, 91–94, 106, 191–92, 198
Battle of Pea Ridge, 173
Battle of Pease River, 168–73
Battle of Plum Creek, 46–48
Battle of Salado Creek, 70–71
Battle of San Jacinto, 24, 56–57, 82
Battle of Shiloh, 222
Battle of Walker’s Creek, 61–63, 65–66
Baugh, Sammy, 2
Baylor, George Wythe, 215, 222–23, 224–26, 229
Baylor, R. E. B., 222
Bazán, Jesús, 253
Beeler, Brent Albert, 399
Bell, Peter H., 74–75
Benton, Thomas Hart, 278–79
Bess, Brandon, 404
Bewley, Anthony, 127
Big Bend region, x, 258–61, 262, 266–67, 270, 272, 274, 364
Billie Sol: King of Texas Wheeler-Dealers (Estes), 355
Billy the Kid, 95
Black, W. H., 296
black bean lottery, 80–81, 87–88, 117
Blair, Thomas, 207
Bobo, Jason, 403
Boles, John, 312
Boomtown (Benton), 278–79
bootlegging, 279, 285–86, 313, 315
Border Security Operations Center (Austin), 404
Borger, A. P. “Ace,” 278
Borger, Texas (“Booger Town”), x, 278–91
Bosque Bonito (Keil), 273
Bostwick, Caleb, 17
Bowles, Billy (Duwali), 24–28, 413n28
Bowman, Sarah (“the Great Western”), 143
Brady, Tom, 395
Brazos Reserve Indians, 146–48, 149
bribery and corruption, 279–80, 286–87, 288, 313, 316
Brite Ranch raid, 261–62
Britton, Forbes, 159
Brooks, John, 249
Brown, John (abolitionist), 156
Brown, John (farmer), 164
Brown, John Duff, 105
Brown, John Henry, 46–47, 49, 136
Brown, Johnny Mack, 312
Brown v. Board of Education, 326, 334
Browning, Josephus, 168
Brownsville, Texas, xi, 150, 153–56, 157, 192, 235, 251–52
Buffalo Hump (Comanche chief), 44
buffalo hunting, 29–30, 31, 164, 224
buffalo soldiers, 217–19
Burkett, Joe, 285
Burleson, Edward, Sr., 55
Burnam, Jesse, 13
Burnet, David, 127
Burnett, Pumpry, 17
Burns, Walter Noble, 251
Burr, Aaron, 124
Burzynski, Brian, 401
Bush, George W., 390
Byrd, D. H., 370
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 14
Caddo Indians, 13–14, 146, 148
Caddy, Douglas, 353
Cadena, Antonio, 212
Caldwell, Mathew “Old Paint,” 41, 43, 47, 70–71
Callahan, James H., 126, 130–37, 143
Callahan, William, 135
Callicott, Bill, 190, 193, 194
Campaign on the Rio Grande, or, Triumphs in Mexico, The (play), 99
Caperton, John, 58
Captain Bill McDonald, Texas Ranger (Paine), 242–43
Carbajal, José María de Jesús, 143–44, 153
Carranza, Venustiano, 249, 254, 261
Carrizo Springs prison takeover, 360, 365
Carter, Cliff, 352
Carter, Drew, 402
Cassidy, Butch, 95
Castro (Lipan Apache chief), 50
Catsel, Gabriel, 153
cattle ranching and cattle theft
and border/frontier violence, 140, 153, 160, 187, 190, 192, 194
and fence cutting, 227–31
and fictional depictions of Rangers, 200, 319
and mission of Rangers, 216, 295
and racial violence in South Texas, 253, 260, 267
and raids into Mexican territory, 75, 77
and San Elizario Salt War, 206
Cavinagh, Charles, 18
Cazneau, Jane, 124
Chamberlain, Samuel, 103, 104, 112, 114, 151–52
Champion, Peter, 156
Chandler, A. B. “Happy,” 328
Chapman, Helen, 150
Chavez, Cesar, 361
Chevallie, Michael, 152
Cheyenne Indians, 66
Chicano movement, 372
civil rights, 5, 321–36, 358, 359–74. See also school integration
Civil War, 127, 141, 170, 173, 178–79, 184–85, 190, 216
Clark, D. W., 329–30
Clay, Henry, 83
Clemens, Jeremiah, 113–14
Cofer, John, 346
Cole, Allen, 262
Colquitt, Oscar, 249
Colt, Samuel, 52, 53–54, 63, 66, 95–96
Comanche Feats of Horsemanship (Catlin), 20
Comanche Indians
and Battle of Pease River, 168–73
and Battle of Plum Creek, 46–48
and Baylor brothers, 222
and border/frontier violence, 124, 129, 164–65, 166–68, 186, 258, 261
and Brown County, Texas, 228
and Council House fight, 42–45, 49–51
and Cynthia Parker, 162, 169–71
early conflicts with Rangers, 32–34, 314
and evolution of Rangers, 366, 399
and frontier life, 28–32, 37–40
and Hays’s Rangers, 57–59, 61–63, 65–66, 88, 111
and horse culture, 20, 29–31, 33, 46
and racism of Anglo Texans, 69
Ranger expeditions against, 145–48
removal by U.S. Army, 224–25
scouting of Ford and Neighbors Trail, 143
Combe, Frederick, 241
Conner, Henry, 28
Conrad, C. M., 123
Conway, W. F. “Hound Dog,” 378–79
Cope, W. D., 298
Córdova, Vicente, 27
corruption and bribery, 279–80, 286–87, 288, 313, 316
Cortina, Juan Nepomuceno, 140, 141, 153–57, 158, 159–61, 187
Cortina War, 154, 161, 188, 191, 192
cotton farming, 12, 28, 126, 230, 322, 343, 345, 347, 352, 355
Council House Fight, 41–43
Creager, R. B., 252–53, 257–58
Creek Indians, 54
Crowder, Bob, 322, 323–24, 325–26, 328, 330–31, 335–36
Culp, Robert, 348
Cunningham, K. F., 256
Custer, George Armstrong, 66
Dana, Edmund L., 99
Dana, Napoleon, 104
Davis, “Alligator,” 23
Davis, Joe, 4
Davis, L. Clifford, 321, 328, 330
Davis, Linda, 273
Davis, Richard Harding, 2
de la Garza, Rodolfo, 361
de la Rosa, Luis, 251
Degraftenreid, Jack, 287–88
Delaware Indians, 13
Desdemona, Texas (“Hogtown”), 284
Díaz, Porfirio, 249
Dillinger, John, 314
Dixon, Billy, 31
Dobie, J. Frank, 199, 318, 335
Dodd, Johnie, 383
Domenech, Emmanuel, 118–19, 151
Doubleday, Abner, 151
Douglas, C. L., 199, 272–73, 307
Dragoo, Ben, 168–69
dress code of Rangers, 396
Duane, Buck, 199
Duncan, Jack, 220
Duncan, W. K., 262
Dunn, John “Red,” 185, 186, 187
Durham, George, 187–88, 190, 192–93, 198, 199–200
Duwali (Billy Bowles), 24–28, 413n28
Dyrenforth, R. G., 196–97
Eagle Pass, Texas, x, 131, 195, 256
Edwards, Frank S., 113
Eisenhower, Dwight, 330
“El Paso Troubles in Texas” (report), 212
Elliott, Glenn, 348
Ellis, Charles, 207
Enchanted Rock, xi, 58–59, 131
Estes, Billie Sol, 339–40, 342, 343–45, 346–47, 350–53, 354, 355–56
Eulen, Eugene, 261
Eve, Joseph, 73
extortion, 263, 288, 316–17. See also bribery and corruption
Fagan, Charles, 385
Farnham, Thomas J., 31–32
Feazell, Lucas, 386–87, 388–91
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
and conflicts with NAACP, 334
and Estes case, 340, 344, 346, 347, 353
and labor conflicts, 361
and Lucas investigations, 390
and racial violence in South Texas, 260
and Super Bowl jersey theft, 395
Feit, John, 401
fence-cutting, 227–31
Fenn, John R., 15
Ferguson, I. D., 174–75, 176–77, 178, 266, 270
Ferguson, James (“Pa”), 254, 313
Ferguson, Miriam (“Ma”), 280, 313–14
Fields, Richard, 25
film and television depictions of Rangers, 2, 4, 201, 311–12, 318–19, 348–49, 355
Fitzsimmons, Bob “Ruby Robert,” 237
Floyd, Pretty Boy, 314
Fly, W. S., 313
Foley, Tucker, 44
Ford, John C., 211–12
Ford, John Salmon “Rip,” 102
background, 141–43
and border/frontier violence, 136, 187
and Cortina War, 153–54, 159–61
and efforts to expand Texas, 143–45
and fugitive slaves, 129
on Hays, 111
and Indian conflicts, 14, 146–50, 164, 225
Mexican War service, 116, 117–18, 119
and Nueces Strip violence, 152
Fort Belknap, 167
Fort Brown (Fort Texas), 143, 150, 238–39, 241, 242–43
Fort Parker, 169–70
Fort Phantom Hill, 174
Fort Quitman, 224–25
Fort Texas (Fort Brown), 143, 150, 238–39, 241, 242–43
Forto, Emilio, 257
Fossett, Henry, 174–75, 176, 177–78
Fox, J. Monroe, 253, 259–61, 262, 264, 267, 269–70, 272–73, 284
Frazer, John, 17
Frazer, Sam, 212
Frontier Battalion, 185, 187, 205, 217, 226, 227, 232
Frontier Organization, 173
Frontier Regiment, 173
Fugitive Slave Act, 128
funding for Rangers, 145–46, 232, 249, 314, 373
Funston, Frederick “Fighting Fred,” 259
Gage, Calvin, 164
Gage, Matilda, 164
Galveston, Texas (city, island, bay), xi, 12, 15, 41, 64, 82, 126–27, 315, 348, 405
García, Juan N., 208–9
Garrison, Homer, Jr., 407
on Allee, 359
and conflicts with NAACP, 334
on evolution of Rangers, 317
and labor conflicts, 369, 370–71
and Rusk State Hospital takeover, 325
Garza, Irene, 401
Gates, John Warne, 227
Gentlemen in the White Hats, The (Douglas), 199–200, 272–73, 307
German population of Texas, 59, 255–56, 266
Geronimo (Apache chief), 224
Gibson, Hoot, 312
Giddings, Luther, 105, 107, 112–13, 114
Gil, Juan Cristóbal (John Christopher Columbus Hill), 82
Gillentine, N. M., 173–74, 176, 178
Gillett, James B., 3, 205, 218, 221, 222–23, 224, 431n223
Gilman, Hoby, 348
Glanton, John Joel, 151–52
Gonzáles, Eutímio, 264
Gonzaullas, Manuel T. “Lone Wolf,” xiv, 291, 302, 306, 348, 349
Goodwin, O. C., 287
Graham, Don, 318
Grandee, Joe, 200
Grant, Ulysses S., 93, 101, 111, 192
Graves, Anthony, 402
Gray, Jessalyn, 332–33
Gray, Mabry “Mustang,” 56–57, 81, 113–15
Great Depression, 291, 295, 312, 314
Green, Peter, 237
Groce, Jared, 12
Guadalupe Victoria (Mexican president), 23
Guffey, Josie, 400
Gutiérrez, José Ángel, 360, 363, 365, 372
Hamer, Frank
arrest of Corpus Christi sheriff, 286–87
background, 280–82
and Borger corruption investigation, 289–90, 291
and evolution of Rangers, 396
overview of Ranger career, 282–84
and racial mob violence, 294, 295, 299, 300–302, 304–5, 306–8
Schroeder on, 277
Hamer, Harrison, 281–82
Hanson, W. M., 266–67, 269, 297
Hardesty, Robert, 353
Hardin, John Wesley, 214, 219–21, 228
Harley, James A., 264, 266–67, 269–70, 283
Harrell, Garrett, 50
Hatch, Edward, 210–12
Hatfield, Basil, 73
Hayes, Rutherford B., 208
Haynee, Elisor, 38
Hays, John Coffee “Jack,” 52
background, 54–56
and Colt revolvers, 54, 63, 64, 65–66
and conflicts with Mexican Army, 71, 72
and Cortina War, 157–58
and evolution of Rangers, 396
and fugitive slaves, 130
and Indian conflicts, 57–59, 61–63, 65–66, 146
Mexican War service, 100, 108, 110–11, 115–16, 117–18, 120, 127, 142–43
and Nueces Strip violence, 152
and Perry, 40
and public image of Rangers, 59–61
and raids into Mexican territory, 74, 76, 78
scouting of Ford and Neighbors Trail, 143
and Somervell expedition into Mexico, 74
Tays compared with, 213
Haywood, Felix, 128
Heintzelman, Samuel Peter, 99, 158–59, 160
Henderson, James Pinckney, 104
Henderson, Jim, 384
Hendricks, Sterling, 76
Henry, Patrick, 131
Henry, W. S., 91–92
Henry, William R. “Big,” 131
Herwig, Richard Emerald “Two-Gun Dick,” 276, 279–80, 286–87
Heywood, Alba, 250
Hibbins, John, 34
Hibbins, Sarah, 33–34
Hickok, Wild Bill, 219
Hill, John Christopher Columbus (Juan Cristóbal Gil), 81
Hill, Robert T., 258
Hispanic Rangers, 398
Hobby, William P., 265, 266–70, 296–98
Hodges, Jim, 291
Hogg, James, 237
Holden, Clint, 262
Holmes, John, 288–89
Holmes, Velma, 289
Hook, Thomas, 255–56
Hoover, J. Edgar, 334, 344, 346, 347
horses and horsemanship
Comanche horsemanship skills, 20, 29–31, 33, 46
horse theft, 14, 30, 39, 45, 49, 51, 57, 126, 136, 155, 186, 212, 230
and Ranger battle tactics, 60–61, 62, 64–66, 96–97, 97–98, 107–8
House, Edward M., 242–43
Householder, Sam, 253–54
Houston, Sam
and border conflicts, 56
conflict with Texas Navy, 64
and Indian conflicts, 28, 62, 145, 167
and Indian land claims, 26
and raids into Mexican territory, 73
and Texas Revolution, 24
Houston Police Department, 395, 405
Howard, Charles, 204–11
Hudspeth, C. B., 254
Huebner, Carolyn Sue, 381, 387
Hughes Café, 323
Hulen, John A., 236
Huston, Felix, 47
Idar, Jovita, 255
I’m Frank Hamer (Jenkins and Frost), 308
Indian Depredations in Texas (Wilbarger), 19, 51, 167
Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 27, 28
Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas (Brown), 136
integration struggles, 321–36
Ireland, John, 229
Iron Jacket (Comanche chief), 147
Jachimczyk, Joseph A., 346
Jackson, Joaquin, 317, 360, 364–65, 368, 372–73
Jackson, John M. “Humpy,” 217
Jacobs, Patricia Ann, 405
James, Jesse, 95
Jaramillo, Rudy, 401
Jenkins, John Holland, 21–22, 40, 46, 47, 51, 72
Jennings, Napoleon Augustus, 196–99, 200–201
Jester, Beauford, 363
Johnson, Denise, 399
Johnson, Lyndon, 200, 344–47, 350–56
Johnson, Middleton T., 167
Johnson, Richard, 254
Joint Commission of the United States and Mexico, 136
Jones, Sam, 291
Jordan, Barbara, 138
Jordan, Powhatan, 157
Justine, Glenn, 273
Karankawa Indians, 8, 10–12, 14–16, 18–19, 21, 49, 106, 405–6
Keil, Robert, 258, 261–62, 263–64, 269, 273
Kells, DeWitt Clinton, 192–93
Kelly, William, 242
Kendall, George Wilkins, 107
Kenedy, Mifflin, 161, 190, 192, 193
Kenly, John R., 117–18
Kennedy, John F., 344, 346–47, 383
Kennedy, Robert, 346
Kentucky State Police, 328
Kerber, Charles, 204–5, 206, 208, 210–11, 212
Kickapoo Indians, 175–79
Killough family, 27
Kilpatrick, J. J., 274
King, Larry L., 200
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 327, 362
King, Richard, 189, 193, 194, 196
King, Wilburn, 229
Kingston, William, 17
Kinney, John, 210
Kinser, John Douglas, 351
Kiowa Indians, 166, 173, 185, 224
Kleberg, Caesar, 251
Knights of the Golden Circle, 129, 157
Krueger, Ed, 367–68
Krueger, Esther, 367–68
Ku Klux Klan, 4, 283–84, 294, 296, 299, 305, 331, 363
La Causa, 362
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 26–27, 49, 127
Landman, James, 164
Lane, Joseph, 97, 98, 105, 111
Lang, Willis, 167
Langberg, Emilio, 134
Lanham, Samuel W. T., 240
Las Norias Raid, 251
Law and Order League, 250–51
Lawrence, Dave, 38
LBJ, Accessory to Murder (proposed television program), 354–55
Leal, Antonio “Tony,” 398
Legend, Sam (fictional character), 3
Liberating Army of Northern Mexico, 144
Lieck, Charles, 397
Linn, John J., 56–57
Linnville, Texas, xi, 45, 46, 49, 51
Linville, Aron, 17
Lipan Apaches, 38–39, 50, 57, 119, 124
Little, Sam J., 287
Llano Estacado, 145
Lockhart, Matilda, 42–43
Lone Star Ranger, The (Grey), 199, 200
Lone Star Steel Company, 363, 382
Lonesome Dove (McMurtry), 3
Longoria, Antonio, 253
López, Pablo, 255
Los Diablos Tejanos (the Texas Devils), 101
Loyalty Rangers, 266
Lucas, Henry Lee, 376
background of murder cases, 377–79
confession to existing murder cases, 379–81, 381–83
exposed as fraud, 388–90
investigating claims of, 383–88
and misconduct of Rangers, 391–93
removed from death row, 390–91
lynchings, 157, 237, 248, 292, 294–97, 299, 304–6, 331
Lynn, Isaac, 166
Maceo, Rosario, 315
Maceo, Salvatore, 315
MacMurray, Fred, 318–19
Madero, Francisco, 249
Maher, Peter, 237
Malsch, Brownson, 348
“manifest destiny” ideology, 22, 26–27, 83–84, 123
Mansfield, Texas, xi
school integration battle, 321, 326–36
Marcy, William, 134–35
marksmanship of Rangers, 60–61
Marshall, Henry, 338, 340–42, 345–47, 350, 352–55
Marshall, Thurgood, 334
Maryland State Police, 386
Masterson, Bat, 95
Masterson, Jane, 164
Masterson, Katherine, 164
Matthews, Frank W., 297
Mattox, Jim, 389
McAdoo, J. D., 175
McCampbell, Howell, 262
McCarty, Tim, 218
McCaskey, William S., 239
McCasland, J. B. “Screw,” 304
McClesky, John, 285
McCrosky, John, 17
McCulloch, Ben, 36
background, 40–41
burial place, 138
Civil War service, 173
and duels, 41–42
and frontier militias, 55
and Indian conflicts, 44, 46–47, 50
Mexican War service, 100, 106–7, 110, 119
and raids into Mexican territory, 78
and Somervell expedition into Mexico, 74
McCulloch, Henry, 41
McCulloch, Parker, 389
McCutchan, Joseph D., 80–82
McDermott, Dylan, 200–201
McDonald, Bill, 234, 235–38, 239–41, 242–44, 294, 396
McDowell, J. S., 132, 133, 136
McGhee, Henry, 218
McKenzie, Sam, 285
McKnight, Felix, 319
McMahan, Billy, 188
McMeans, Gee, 282
McMurtry, Larry, 3
McNelly, Leander, 182, 183–201, 251, 396
McSherry, John, 34
Mead, C. E., 269
melon strike, 360–63, 365–68, 369–71, 372–73
Men and Power (proposed television program), 355
Menefee, John S., 46
Mexican Army, 91–92, 103–4, 123
Mexican Revolution, 25, 249, 348
Mexican War, 4, 83, 86, 87–101, 103–20, 125, 142–43, 150, 166, 191, 256, 318
Mier y Terán, Manuel de, 23–24, 79, 82
militias
and Battle of Dove Creek, 174–78
and border conflicts, 187
and Indian conflicts, 16–17, 22, 27, 28, 44
and origins of Rangers, 1
and protection of settlers, 55
and public image of Rangers, 60
and raids into Mexican territory, 74
Miller, Charles, 218
Miller, Sid, 402–3
Miller, W. J., 155
Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, 370
modernization of Rangers, 317, 319
Montgomery, Cora, 124
Moody, Dan, 280, 287–90, 300–302, 304–6
Morales, Manuel, 264
Moreno, Alejandro “Alex,” 368, 372
Mormon War, 74
Morrell, Z. N. “Wildcat,” 71
Morrison, William, 249–50
Mortimer, C. E., 207
Muguara (Comanche chief), 42–43
Murrah, Pendleton, 173
Mussey, Clint, 401
Mustang Gray: A Romance (Clemens), 113–14
Myer, Albert J., 125
Myers, George W., 97–98
Najera, Juan, 108
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 296–98, 321, 323, 326–27, 329–34, 369, 398
National Farm Workers Association, 361
National Guard/Guardsmen, 290–91, 296, 302, 305, 322, 328
Native Americans, 4, 9–19, 21–34. See also specific tribe names
Neale, William, 160
Neff, Pat, 298
Neighbors, Robert, 125, 143, 149–50
Neill, James, 22
Neill, Sam, 261
Nelson, Baby Face, 314
Nelson, Joyce Fae, 323
Nelson, Willie, 356
Neville Ranch massacre, 268–69, 271–72
Newman, Max, 262
Nieman, Robert, 348
Nieves, Román, 264
night riders, 216–17, 229. See also Ku Klux Klan
Nine Mile Point, 45
Nixon, Richard, 200
Norris, Chuck, 2
Nueces Strip, x, 56–57, 83, 106, 113, 157
Nye, Randall, 362
Oakie, Jack, 318
Ochs, Phil, 344–45
Oliphant, Boone, 262
Oliver, William B., III, 369
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 129, 150, 152
“Orange Socks” murder case, 379, 383, 384, 389, 390
Order of the Lone Star of the West, 144
origins of Rangers, 1, 11, 17, 22
Oswandel, J. Jacob, 96, 98, 110
Oury, William, 90
Ownbey, Joe, 290
Padilla, Gilbert, 366
Page, John B., 93
Paine, Albert Bigelow, 242–43
Paramore, Green, 219
Paredes, Américo, 3
Parker, Cynthia Ann (Nautdah), 162, 169–70, 171–72
Parker, Prairie Flower, 162, 170, 172
Parker, Quanah, 172
Parks, Rosa, 327
Parr, George, 364–65
Patrick, Dan, 395
Patterson, Jerry, 273
Paxton, Ken, 403
peace conferences, 41–43
“Peckerwood Hill” cemetery (Huntsville), 390–91
Penateka Comanches, 42
Penobscot Indians, 152
Peoples, Clint, 339–42, 345–47, 349–55, 363
Perry, Cicero Rufus “Rufe,” 38–40, 49, 65, 72
Phelps, James, 82
Phelps, Orlando, 82
Pickle, Dave J., 298
Piedras Negras, Mexico, x
raid, 133–37
Pierce, Frank, 251
Pinkerton detectives, 220, 229
pirates and privateers, 12, 15, 64, 145, 315
Plains Indians, 29
Plan of San Diego, 250–51
Point Isabel, Texas, xi, 89, 90–91, 94
Polk, James K., 82, 83–84, 95, 96
Ponton, Joel, 44
Pool, Joe, 333
Pool, John, 265
Poothman, Mildred, 280
Porvenir, Texas, x
massacre, 258, 263–70, 271–74, 284, 318
Posten, Steve, 332
Potter, Joseph, 192
Powell, Frieda “Becky,” 377, 378, 379
Powers, Stephen, 155
Prince, Bob, 376, 380–81, 383, 385–88, 391
privateers and pirates, 12, 15, 64, 145, 315
prizefighting, 237
prostitution, 279, 285, 286, 313
public image of Rangers, 1–4, 242–43, 244, 317–18, 335, 341, 347–48, 370
public integrity cases, 403
Pueblo Indians, 227
qualifications for Ranger applicants, 400
Quiet Power: The Making of a Lawman (screenplay), 354
Quitman, John A., 144–45
of Anglo Texans, 69–70
and border violence, 156–57, 246
and conflicts with NAACP, 333–34
and evolution of Rangers, 396, 398
and fictional depictions of Rangers, 3, 311, 312
and Indian conflicts, 14–15, 22
and labor conflicts, 363, 365, 372
and lynchings in Texas, 294–99, 331
and Mansfield school integration battle, 321–22, 326–36
and McDonald’s background, 236–37
and Mexican filibusters, 127
racial violence in South Texas, 249
and Rusk State Hospital takeover, 324–26, 336
and San Elizario Salt War, 204–8
and scope of Ranger behaviors, 5
and Sherman mob violence, 299–306, 307
and Texarkana school integration, 331–33
and U.S. Army units, 217–19, 235–44
and Walker, 88
Webb on, 318
Rackensackers, 111–12
“Railroad Killer” (Reséndiz), 402
rainmaking, 196–97
Randlett, James, 194
Ranger Reconnaissance Team, 404
Raza Unida Party, 372
Reagan, John H., 28
Reconstruction, 216, 219, 237, 295
Red River War, 224–27
Reed, Cody, 403
Reese, John Earl, 323–24
Republic of the Rio Grande, 81
Republic of the Sierra Madre, 131, 157
Republic of Texas, 24, 26, 56–57, 69–70, 127, 152
Reséndiz, Ángel Maturino (“Railroad Killer”), 402
Reynolds, N. O., 218
Rhodes, Thaddeus, 160
Rich, Kate, 378
Richards, Ann, 398
Riddells, Bennett, 130
Riding for Texas (House), 243
Rigler, Lewis, 349
Riley, Ben, 325–26
Ringgold Hotel, 365–66
Rio Grande, 77, 131–32, 159, 194, 201
Ripley, Roswell, 105
Robbins, James, 316
Roberts, Fred, 283
Robertson, Peter, 168
Robinson, Jessie, 17
Rogers, Hiram, 173
Rogers, John, 249
Rogers, Roy, 2
Rohrer, Conrad, 33–34
Roosevelt, Elliott, 316
Roosevelt, Theodore, 22, 241–42
Ross, Lawrence Sullivan “Sul,” 168–69, 170–72, 231
Ross, Perry Dean, 322–24
Ross, Reuben, 41
Rubí, Marqués de, 11
Runnels, Hardin, 145–46, 149, 157, 159
Rusk, Texas, xi
Ryan, Phil, 378
Sadler, William, 28
Salinas, Juan Flores, 194, 195
salt. See San Elizario Salt War
San Antonio, Texas, xi, 70, 313
Sand Creek Massacre, 66
Sanders, Harold “Barefoot,” 346–47
Sanders, Katy, 164
Sandoval, Jesus “Casoose,” 190–91, 193
San Elizario, Texas, x
San Elizario Salt War, 204–13, 221, 223
Sansom, John W., 136
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 24, 41, 70, 80–82, 97–98, 116–18
Santa Gertrudis Ranch, 189
Scherschel, Joe, 333
school integration, 326–28
Schroeder, Eric G., 277
Schroeder, “Sister” Clemmie, 381–82, 383
Scott, Winfield, 116
Scrutchfield, Lowry, 177
segregation, 5, 238, 294, 324–26, 334. See also racism and racial animosity; school integration
Selma-to-Montgomery civil rights march, 362
Seminole Indians, 62, 124, 129, 132, 133, 135
serial killer cases, 377–93
Shears, Robert, 153–54
Sherman, Ezra, 165
Sherman, Texas, 299–304, 305–6, 307
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 161, 183
Shillady, John R., 297–98
Shivers, Allan, 327, 329, 331, 333, 336
Simpson, Joe, 322–23
Sims, Gladys, 281–82
Sims, Samuel, 17
Sioux Indians, 66
Sitter, Joe, 260–61
Skull Creek, 16–17
Slade, Sherman, 207
slaves and slavery
and abolitionist sentiment, 122, 136
and border conflicts, 187
fugitive slaves, 4–5, 34–35, 126, 128–32, 135, 137, 142, 144, 149
and Galveston Island, 126–27, 315
and German colonists, 60
and Kickapoos, 178
and McDonald, 236
Mexican prohibition of slavery, 23–24
and outcome of Civil War, 216
and Polk, 83
slave uprisings, 156
and Texas cotton economy, 12, 60, 126–27
and westward expansion, 123
Slocum Massacre, 296
slogans of Rangers, 293–94, 308, 336
Smith, Clayton, 380
Smith, Deaf, 75
Smith, Ephraim Kirby, 91–92
Smith, Ezekiel, 48
Smith, Garland, 335
Smith, Henry, 295
Smith, John, 17
Smith, Joseph, 74
Smith, Kate, 316
Smith, L. B. “Sonny,” 191, 198
Smith, Persifor, 123, 124, 131, 134–35
Smith, Robert, 28
Smith, S. Compton, 114
Smithwick, Noah, 21, 32–34, 42, 167
smuggling, 282. See also bootlegging
Solms-Braunfels, Carl, 58–59
Somervell, Alexander, 73–78, 81
Southwest Army of Operations, 75–76
Sowell, A. J., 126, 130, 132, 164
Spanish colonialism, 11, 29, 30, 147
Spanish land grants, 152
speakeasies, 315. See also bootlegging; Prohibition
Special Rangers, 267, 281, 316, 364
Special State Troops of Texas, 183–84
stage robbers, 224–25
Staggs Prairie, 165
Standing Deer (Pueblo chief), 227
Stanfield, W. W. O., 163
Steadman, Cheryl, 398
Sterling, W. W., 189, 243, 252, 280, 282, 304, 313
Stevenson, Adlai, 344
Stewart, R. A., 92
Stillman, Charles, 160
Stinnett, Claiborne, 34
St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway, 256
Stoudenmire, Dallas, 223
strikes and strike-breaking role of Rangers, 306–7, 360–63, 365–68, 369–71, 372–73
Strong, W. R., 176
Sturm, J. J., 148
Sul Ross State University, 273
Super Bowl LI, 395
Sweitzer, Alonzo, 41
Tackitt, Jim, 166
Tales of the Texas Rangers (television program), 4, 348–49
Tankersley, Richard F., 175
Taylor, Zachary
and Bowman’s background, 143
Mexican War service, 88–93, 100, 104, 106–9, 110, 112–13, 114–15, 117, 119
and origins of Brownsville, 150
Tays, John B., 203, 206–9, 212, 213
Tejanos
and border conflicts, 56, 152, 153–56, 158, 189
and racial violence in South Texas, 248, 251–53, 255, 257, 259, 260, 265, 268, 270
and racism of Anglo Texans, 69
and San Elizario Salt War, 203, 204–6, 210
10th Cavalry, 217
Texan Ranger; or, The Maid of Matamoras, a Tale of the Mexican War, The (Ingraham), 119
Texarkana, Texas, xi, 331–33, 335
Texas Civil Rights Advisory Committee, 335
Texas Congress, 41, 56, 64, 142
Texas Council of Churches, 367
Texas Declaration of Independence, 41
Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS)
and conflicts with NAACP, 334
and Garrison, 407
and Gonzaullas, 348
jurisdiction over Rangers, 317, 319, 397
and labor conflicts, 373
and Lucas murder case, 382, 391–92
and racial tensions in East Texas, 323
Texas Ethics Commission, 403
Texas Freedmen’s Bureau, 216
Texas Highway Patrol, 340, 400
Texas Hill Country, 28
Texas House of Representatives, 41, 73
Texas Legislature, 185, 229, 295, 334
Texas Live Stock Association, 229
Texas Mounted Rangers, 89
Texas Mounted Volunteers, 113
Texas Navy, 63–64
Texas Ranger, A (Jennings), 197–99
Texas Ranger Dispatch, 307, 336
Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum (Waco), 4, 184, 204, 231, 244, 294, 307–8, 336
Texas Ranger Heritage Center (Fredericksburg), 4
Texas Rangers (magazine), 3
Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense, The (Webb), 317–18
Texas Senate, 26, 73, 145, 315
Texas State Cemetery (Austin), 137–38
Texas State Library (Austin), 392
Texas State Troops (Frontier Regiment), 173
Texians, 14, 15, 16–19, 113, 119, 144
Thomas, William D., 160
Thoreau, Henry David, 83
Till, Emmett, 327
To Love a Texas Ranger (Broday), 3
To Tell the Truth (television game show), 349
Tobin, William, 157–60
Toole, Ottis Elwood, 381
Towers, John T., 99
Trackdown (television program), 348
Trahern, George Washington, 90
train robberies, 251–52
training of Rangers, 60–61, 317, 397, 400
transcontinental railroads, 277
Trans-Pecos region, 203
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 111, 150
Tumlinson, John Jackson, 17–18, 32–34, 44, 46–47
Turner, Nat, 156
Tynes, N. J., 341
Underground Railroad, 128
Underwood, Diana Lynn, 393
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, 371
U.S. Army
and Colt firearms, 95
and frontier/border violence, 124–26, 129, 131, 134
and Indian conflicts, 17, 145, 172, 224
and Mexican War, 88, 90–92, 94–95, 97–99, 104–5, 110–17
and Nueces Strip violence, 151
and racial conflict, 217–19, 235–44, 249–50, 254, 258, 268, 274
and San Elizario Salt War, 208, 210–11
and Taylor’s background, 88
U.S. Cavalry, 193
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 369
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 342, 344, 351
U.S. Department of Justice, 334, 353, 379–80
U.S. Department of State, 266
U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, 327, 402
U.S. Geological Survey, 258
U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce, 343
U.S. Marshals Service, 350
U.S. Mounted Rifles, 97
U.S. Senate, 340
Valls, John A., 250
Vaughan, Jefferson Eagle, 272
Victoria, Texas, xi, 45, 51, 57
Victorio (Apache chief), 224–25, 226
Vidor, King, 318
vigilantism, 127, 148–50, 189, 222, 250–51, 297, 315, 328
Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 254–55, 261
Wade, James F., 212
Walker, Samuel Hamilton
background, 62
escape from Mexican army, 87–88
and evolution of Rangers, 396
Mexican War service, 86, 89–100
and Perry, 40
and raids into Mexican territory, 74, 78
stream named for, 66
Walker, Stanley, 318
Wallace, Malcolm “Mac,” 350–54, 355
Wallace, William “Big Foot,” 68
burial place, 138
and fence cutting, 227–28
Mexican War service, 120
as prisoner of Mexican army, 80–81
and racism of Anglo Texans, 69
and raids into Mexican territory, 75, 79
War of 1812, 88
Warnock, Roland, 253
Warren, Ben, 230
Washington County Volunteer Militia, 187
Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, 73
Watts, H. O., 45
Wayne, John, 2
Weaver, Frank, 316
Weaver, Leon, 316
Webb, Walter Prescott, 3, 243, 281, 307, 311, 317–19
Welch, Mickey, 261
Wells, Jim, Jr., 240–41, 247–48
West Texas State School, 401
Whig Party, 83
White, John Dudley, 260
White, John H., 279
White Citizens Councils, 331–32, 333
Whitehead kidnapping, 399–400
Wilbarger, J. W., 19, 51, 61, 167
Wilcox, Cadmus, 108
Wild Cat (Coacoochee), 124, 129, 132, 133
Wild Horse Desert, 189
Wilkins, William D., 97, 98–99
Williams, Bragg, 296
Williamson, Deborah Sue, 385
Williamson, J. F., 332
Williamson, Robert (“Three-Legged Willie”), 23
Willis, Newton P., 288
Wilson, Bill, 398
Wilson, James C., 289
Wilson, Thomas, 193
Wilson, William S., 80–81
Wolters, Jacob, 290–91
Woods, Henry G., 72
Woodul, Walter, 297
Worth, William J., 108
Wright, Will, 287
XIT Ranch, 228
Yarborough, Ralph, 366
Yegua Creek, 38
Yuma War, 123