Introduction
1. John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (New York, 1976) pp. 76–77.
2. See for example, Victor Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (New York, 1989); Adrian Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War 100 BC–AD 200 (Oxford, 1996); Philip Sabin, ‘The Face of Roman Battle’, Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000) pp. 1–17; and my own work, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic (London, 2002).
3. Jeremiah McCall, The Sword of Rome: A Biography of Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Barnsley, 2012) p. 110.
4. Robin Lane Fox, The Making of Alexander (Oxford, 2004) p. 31.
Chapter 1
1. Barry Strauss, The Trojan War (New York, 2006) xvii-xix, pp. 186–7.
2. For a recent reappraisal of Homer’s relation to his subject, see Strauss, The Trojan War, esp. pp. 5–11. See also Hans van Wees, Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities (London, 2004) pp. 249–52.
3. Van Wees, Greek Warfare pp. 249–50. This argument was set out in detail decades ago by Moses Finley, The World of Odysseus (London, 1954). Finley, however, dated Homer to the tenth century. Succeeding scholarship has tended to move that date forward, as does van Wees.
4. Wolfgang Petersen, ‘From Ruins to Reality’, on Troy, Warner Brothers, 2004.
5. Peter Green, ‘Heroic Hype, New Style: Hollywood Pitted against Homer’, Arion 12 (2004) p. 177.
6. See Robin Archer, ‘Chariotry to Cavalry: Developments in the Early First Millennium’, in Garret G. Freeman and Matthew Trundle, eds. New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare (Leiden, 2010) pp. 57–80. Archer summarizes the debate well and makes a compelling case for the importance of composite bows used in conjunction with chariots. See also Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton, 1993) pp. 174–7; van Wees, Greek Warfare pp. 158–60.
7. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age pp. 174–7.
8. The Warrior Krater is housed at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. The easiest way to get a look is to use a search engine on the Internet, but one could also see Drews, The End of the Bronze Age pp. 161–3 for a photo and discussion.
9. Van Wees, Greek Warfare pp. 154–65.
10. Karl G. Heider, Grand Valley Dani: Peaceful Warriors (New York, 1979) pp. 94–6 and Robert Gardner and Karl G. Heider, Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age (London, 1968) pp. 139, 141. Cited by Hans van Wees, ‘The Homeric Way of War: The Iliad and the Hoplite Phalanx (I)’, Greece and Rome 41 (1994) p. 8. See also the photos of Dani Warfare in van Wees, Greek Warfare plates XIV – XVII.
11. Van Wees, ‘The Homeric Way of War (I)’ p. 8.
12. Homer, Iliad 2.363–8 (Fagles trans).
13. Kurt Raaflaub, ‘Homeric Warriors and Battles: Trying to Resolve Old Problems’, The Classical World 4 (2008) pp. 476–81; Anthony Snodgrass, ‘The ‘Hoplite Reform Revisited’, Dialogues D’histoire ancienne 19 (1993) p. 48.
14. Homer, Iliad 2.427–32 (Fagles trans). Noted by Kurt Raaflaub ‘Homeric Warriors and Battles’ p. 480.
15. See van Wees, Greek Warfare pp. 166–174; Raaflaub, ‘Homeric Warriors and Battles’ pp. 478–9.
16. Homer Iliad 4. 422–429, 446–4564 (Fagles trans). Cited by Martin Winkler, ‘Leaves of Homeric Storytelling: Wolfgang Petersen’s Troy and Franco Rossi’s Odissea’, in E. Cavallini ed., Omero Mediatico. Aspetti della ricezione omeric nella civilta contemporanea (Bologna, 2007) (web: http://www.mythimedia.org/doc/Leaves%20of%20Homeric%20Storytelling.pdf)
17. VD Hanson, The Western Way of War pp. 171–84.
18. 1 Samuel 17.8–11.
19. Stephen P. Oakley, ‘Single Combat in the Roman Republic,’ Classical Quarterly 35 (1985) p. 393.
20. Jon E. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity (New Haven, 2006) pp. 22–3.
Chapter 2
1. Murray, Rebecca, ‘Writer-Director Zack Snyder Discusses ‘300’,’ About.com Hollywood Movies, Web. 01 Sept. 2013 <http://movies.about.com/od/300/a/300zs022707.htm>
2. Hanson, The Western Way of War especially pp. 55–88.
3. Hanson, The Western Way of War pp. 76–83.
4. Anthony Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour and Weapons: from the End of the Bronze Age to 600 BC (Edinburgh 1964) pp. 20–31.
5. On the mechanics of Greek hoplite combat see Hanson, Western Way of War especially pp. 135–85; van Wees, Greek Warfare pp. 172–195 (though he differentiates the mentality and fighting style of the hoplite in the Archaic period and up through the Persian Wars from the classical Hoplite. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts pp. 41–57.
6. Plutarch, Moralia, 241.16.
7. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts pp. 139–57.
8. Tyrtaios in M.L. Wes, trans. Greek Lyric Poetry: The Poems and Fragments of the Greek Iambic, Elegiac, and Melic Poets (Excluding Pindar and Bacchylides) down to 450 BC (Oxford 1993) p. 24.
9. Paul Cartledge, The Spartans: The World of the Warrior Heroes of Ancient Greece (New York, 2004) pp. 82–3.
10. Paul Cartledge, The Spartans p. 72.
11. John Marincola, Greek Historians (Cambridge, 2001) pp. 19–21, 24.
12. P.J. Stylianou ‘Ephorus’ in Nigel Wilson ed. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece (New York) pp. 262–3.
13. Michael Lipka, Xenophon’s Spartan Constitution: Introduction, Text, Commentary (Berlin, 2002) pp. 3–4.
14. Noted scholar of Greek history N.G.L. Hammond worked through the sources and used his own extensive knowledge of Greek topography to provide the account paraphrased here. See Hammond, ‘Sparta at Thermopylae’, Historia: Zeitschraft für Alte Geschachte 45 (1996) pp. 14–20. (JStor URL http:/www.jstor.org/stable/4436404). Hammond in turn is based on the accounts of Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus.
15. Herodotus 7.176 (Macaulay trans).
16. Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans 8 (Dakyns trans).
17. Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans 15 (Dakyns trans).
18. Paul Cartledge Thermopylae: The Battle that Changed the World (New York, 2006) pp. 78–9.
19. Xenophon Constitution of the Spartans 13.2–4 (Bowersock trans).
20. Cartledge, The Spartans pp. 72–3.
21. Plutarch Moralia 241D (Babbit trans).
22. Cartledge, The Spartans p. 93.
23. Cartledge, The Spartans pp. 70, 73.
24. Francois Ollier, Le mirage spartiate: étude sur l’idéalisation de Sparte dans l’antiquité grecque de l’origine jusqu’aux cyniques (Paris, 1933).
25. Xenophon Constitution of the Spartans 2.1–5 (Bowersock trans).
26. Xenophon Constitution of the Spartans 2.1–11 (Bowersock trans).
27. Xenophon Constitution of the Spartans 3.1–5 (Bowersock trans).
28. See Cartledge, The Spartans pp. 69–70 for a summary.
29. Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 6 (Perrin trans).
30. Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans 3.
31. Cartledge, Thermopylae pp. 81–3.
32. Herodotus 7.213 (Rawlinson trans).
33. Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 15.
34. Tyrtaios (Edmonds trans).
35. Herodotus 7.61–88.
36. Herodotus 7.61 (Macaulay trans.).
37. Philip de Souza, The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC (New York, 2003) p. 35.
38. Plutarch, Moralia 225D.
39. Diodorus Siculus 11.7 (Oldfather trans).
40. Homer Iliad 5.158–85 (Fagles trans).
41. Herodotus 7.211–12.
42. John Keegan, The Face of Battle 146–153; McCall, Cavalry of the Roman Republic pp. 66–7.
43. Herodotus 7.84.
44. Herodotus 7. 209–12; Diodorus Siculus 9.7–8.
45. Diodorus Siculus 9.7.4 (Oldfather trans).
46. Herodotus 7.83.1–3 (Godley trans).
47. Herodotus 7.211.1–3 (Godley trans).
48. Diodorus Siculus 11.8.1–3 (Oldfather trans).
49. Herodotus 7.218–21.
50. Herodotus 7.228.2.
Chapter 3
1. Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (London, 1973).
2. Oliver Stone and Robin Lane Fox, Alexander (DVD Commentary) 2005, Warner Brothers.
3. Rob S. Rice, Simon Anglim, Phyllis Jestice, Scott Rusch, and John Serrati, Fighting Techniques of Ancient World (New York, 2003) p. 31.
4. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 72. See also Paul Cartledge, Alexander the Great (Oxford 2004) pp. 164–6, and Philip Freeman, Alexander the Great (New York 2011) pp. 10–14.
5. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 76–7.
6. Rice et al., Fighting techniques of the Ancient World p. 33.
7. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 76.
8. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 76.
9. Rice et al., Fighting techniques of the Ancient World p. 36.
10. Rice et al., Fighting techniques of the Ancient World p. 36; Cartledge, Alexander the Great pp. 163–4; Freemen, Alexander the Great pp. 12–13.
11. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 76–8.
12. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 78.
13. Freeman, Alexander the Great p. 13.
14. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 73–4.
15. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 74–5.
16. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 75–78.
17. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 79.
18. Cartledge, Alexander the Great pp. 47, 87, 88.
19. Cartledge, Alexander the Great p. 89; Freeman, Alexander the Great p. 72.
20. J.R. Hamilton, ‘Introduction’ in Aubrey De Selincourt, Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander (London 1971) pp. 19–21.
21. Fox, Alexander the Great p. 50.
22. Modern accounts of Issus: Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 164–74; Cartledge, Alexander the Great pp. 144–46; Freeman, Alexander the Great pp. 107–42.
23. For these details, see the timeline in Cartledge, Alexander the Great pp. 15–18.
24. Modern accounts of Alexander’s strategy at Gaugamela: Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 230–41; Cartledge, Alexander the Great pp. 151–52, 179–82; Freeman, Alexander the Great pp. 176–80.
25. Diodorus Siculus 17.57.1–4 ; Arrian, Anabasis 3.11.
26. Oliver Stone and Robin Lane Fox, Alexander (DVD Commentary).
27. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 229–36.
28. Arrian, Anabasis 3.8–9.
29. Arrian, Anabasis 3.12. For modern accounts of the battle plan: Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 233–5; Cartledge, Alexander pp. 178–82; Freemen, Alexander the Great pp. 176–8.
30. Oliver Stone and Robin Lane Fox, Alexander (DVD Audio Commentary).
31. See for example, the plate in Nicholas V. Sekunda, ‘The Persians’ in John Hackett ed., Warfare in the Ancient World (New York 1989) pp. 83, 87.
32. Oliver Stone and Robin Lane Fox, Alexander (DVD Audio Commentary).
33. On the numbers, see Paul Cartledge, After Thermopylae: The Oath of Plataea and the End of the Graeco-Persian Wars (Oxford, 2013) pp. 91–3.
34. Arrian, Anabasis 3.9–10.
35. Cartledge, Alexander the Great p. 185.
36. Arrian 6.26 (De Selincourt trans).
37. Points noted by Stone and Fox in Oliver Stone and Robin Lane Fox, Alexander (DVD Audio Commentary).
38. Polybius 18.30.
39. Diodorus 17.58.2–5 (Oldfather trans).
40. Waldemar Heckel, Carol Willekes, Graham Wrightson, ‘Scythed Chariots at Gaugamela: A Case Study’, in Elizabeth Carney and Daniel Ogden, eds. Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives (Oxford, 2010) pp. 103–112.
41. Polybius 18.30.9–11.
42. Polybius makes this point 18.30.
43. Fox, Alexander the Great pp. 240–2.
Chapter 4
1. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War p. 209; M.C. Bishop and J.C.N. Coulston, Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome 2nd Edition (Oxford, 2006) p. 91.
2. Polybius 6.23.
3. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 209–212.
4. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 92.
5. Polybius 6.23.13.
6. Polybius 6.23.14.
7. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 50–2.
8. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 78.
9. Graham Webster, The Roman Imperial Army, Third Edition (Totowa, NJ, 1985) pp. 128–129; Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 54–6.
10. Livy 8.8 (Roberts trans).
11. See Philip Sabin, ‘The Roman Face of Battle’, Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000) p. 7.
12. Jon Solomon, ‘In the Wake of ‘Cleopatra’: The Ancient World in the Cinema since 1963,’ The Classical Journal 91 (1996) p. 113.
13. Solomon, The Ancient World in the Cinema, Revised and Expanded Edition (New Haven, 2001) p. 49.
14. Polybius 6.19.2.
15. Lawrence Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire (Norman OK, 1984) pp. 32,33 51–5.
16. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army pp. 33–4, 51–55, 61–7.
17. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army pp. 61–7.
18. M.J.V. Bell, ‘Tactical Reform in the Roman Republican Army’, Historia: Zeitschrift fúr Alte Geschichte 14 (1965) pp. 404–22; Webster, The Roman Imperial Army pp. 15–24, Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army pp. 61–7.
19. McCall, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic esp. pp. 100–37.
20. For readers interested in delving into the historical sources for the Spartacus Revolt, see Brent Shaw, Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 2001).
21. Duncan L. Cooper, ‘Who Killed Spartacus? Production, Censorship, and Reconstruction of Stanley Kubrick’s Epic Film’, in Martin M. Winkler, ed., Spartacus: Film and History (Oxford, 2007) esp. pp. 26–34.
22. Caption to figure 9 in Winkler ed., Spartacus: Film and History.
23. Cooper, ‘Who Killed Spartacus?’ p. 28.
24. Sabin, ‘The Roman Face of Battle’ p. 7.
25. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 137–9.
26. ‘Training + Tactics = Roman Battle Success’, from the Spartacus souvenir program, reproduced in Winkler ed., Spartacus: Film and History pp. 124–7.
27. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 91.
28. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 101–102. Wikimedia commons has an excellent photograph of an Imperial Gallic helmet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helmet_typ_Weissenau_01.jpg.
29. Allen M. Ward, ‘Spartacus: History and Histrionics’, in Winkler ed. Spartacus: Film and History p. 95.
30. Appian, Civil Wars 1.120. Plutarch, Life of Crassus 11.
31. Appian, Civil Wars 1.116–117.
32. Plutarch, Life of Crassus 11.6–7.
33. Vegetius De Re Militari 1.12.
34. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army pp. 181–4.
35. Caesar, Gallic Wars 5.44. (Edwards trans, slightly modernized by the author.)
36. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 91.
37. Caesar, Gallic Wars 1.24–5, 52.
38. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War pp. 197–201.
39. Caesar, Gallic Wars 1.28.
40. Caesar, Gallic Wars 1.52, 6.8, 7.52; Caesar, Civil Wars 3.46, 3.92.
41. Caesar, Gallic Wars 1.52.
42. Peter Connolly, ‘The Roman Army in the Age of Polybius’, in Hackett, Ancient Warfare pp. 162–3; JFC Fuller, Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant (New Brunswick NJ, 1965) pp. 90–1.
43. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War p. 208.
44. According to Plutarch, Life of Caesar 66.
45. Plutarch, Life of Antonius 22.2; Suetonius, Life of Augustus 91.1. Appian, Civil Wars 4.108.1. Velleius Paterculus 2.70.1 argues Octavian soldiered on and commanded despite his illness.
46. Velleius Paterculus 2.70; Plutarch, Life of Antonius 22; Suetonius, Life of Augustus 91. Appian, Civil Wars 4.105–131. See also Lawrence Keppie ‘The Roman Army of the Later Republic’, pp. 188–90.
Chapter 5
1. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 95; Chris Thomas, ‘Claudius and the Roman Army Reforms’, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 53 (2004) pp. 424–452, esp. 443ff.
2. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 95; Webster, The Roman Imperial Army p. 122.
3. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army pp. 122–5.
4. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 110–11.
5. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 111, 113.
6. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army pp. 125–6; Yann le Bohec, The Imperial Roman Army (Raphael Bate, trans.) (London, 1994) pp. 122; Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 100–104.
7. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 13–16.
8. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 18–20.
9. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 137, 197–8.
10. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 137, 28.
11. Allen Ward, ‘Gladiator in Historical Perspective’, in Martin Winkler ed., Gladiator: Film and History (Malden MA, 2004) especially pp. 30–32.
12. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 44–5.
13. Tacitus, Germania p. 6.
14. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 46–8.
15. Ward, ‘Gladiator in Historical Perspective’, p. 32.
16. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War pp. 147–48 talks about the air of camaraderie that could exist between general and soldiers.
17. Tacitus Histories 3.23.
18. Keppie, ‘The Roman Army of the Later Republic’, in Hackett ed., Ancient Warfare p. 179.
19. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 176–8.
20. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 177–80.
21. McCall, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic pp. 20–23, 55–61; I.G. Spence, The Cavalry of Classical Greece pp. 108.
22. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 182, 205.
23. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment pp. 51–2; Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War pp. 198–9
24. Bishop and Coulston, Roman Military Equipment p. 52; Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War p. 198.
25. For references, see Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War pp. 202–4.
26. Vegetius 1.12: Not to Cut, but to Thrust with the Sword (Clarke Trans.)
27. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 192–218.
28. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War pp. 208, 22.
29. Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War p. 197.
31. On soldiers as an important source of Mithras worshippers, see Manfred Clauss, Mithras: The Roman God and His Mysteries Richard Gordon, trans. (London, 2001) pp. 33–36.
32. See above, Chapter 4, note 33.
33. Dio Cassius 49.29.2–4 (Cary trans); Cited by Charles Knapp, ‘Testudo’, The Classical Weekly 22 (1928) p. 57.
34. Dio Cassius 49.30.1–4 (Cary trans); Cited by Knapp, ‘Testudo’ p. 57.
35. Liv 31.39.13–14; 34.39.2–6 are cited by Alexander Zhmodikov, ‘Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle’, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 49 (2000) pp. 67–78; Goldsworthy, Roman Army at War p. 234 provides Plutarch, Life of Antonius p. 45.
36. See above, Chapter 4, note 33.
37. Miles Russell, ‘The Roman Ninth Legion’s mysterious loss’, BBC News Magazine http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12752497 (accessed November 30, 2013).
38. Livy 23.24.6–13 (Roberts trans).
39. Velleius Paterculus 2.119.
1. Steve Mason, Life of Josephus: Translation and Commentary (Leiden, 2001) p. x.
2. Noted by Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts pp. 242–6.
3. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts p. 242.
4. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts pp. 243-252.
5. Josephus, Jewish War 3.7.9; Paul B. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare (Bloomington IN, 1999) pp. 310–11.
6. Josephus, Jewish War 3.7.19–8–24.
7. Josephus, Jewish War books 5 and 6 provide a highly detailed account of the siege; see also Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare pp. 314–22.
8. Josephus, Jewish War 6.4.5–6.
9. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare pp. 313–321.
10. Josephus, Jewish War 4.7.2 (Whiston trans).
11. Josephus, Jewish War 7.8.1.
12. Josephus Jewish War 7.8.
13. Josephus Jewish War 7.8.5–6 (Whiston trans).
14. The easiest way to look at large segments of the column is to visit http://cheiron.mcmaster.ca/~trajan/index.html. The site contains a great number of photographs and diagrams that reconstruct the whole of the column for those interested.
15. Noted by Josephus, Jewish War 7.8.5.
16. Kenneth Atkinson, ‘Noble Deaths’ in Zuleika Rodgers ed., Making History: Josephus and Historical Method (Leiden, 2007) pp. 351–3.
17. Atkinson, ‘Noble Deaths’, pp. 353–4.
18. Atkinson ‘Noble Deaths’, p. 355.
19. Josephus, Jewish War 3.19 (Whiston trans).
20. Josephus, Jewish War 7.8.5–6 (Whiston trans).
21. Josephus, Jewish War 7.9.1–2, 10.1 (Whiston trans).
22. Josephus, Jewish War 3.7.31 (Whiston trans).
23. Josephus, Jewish War 3.7.34 (Whiston trans).
24. Josephus, Jewish War 3.9.2–3 (Whiston trans).
25. Josephus, Jewish War 3.10.5 (Whiston trans).
26. Josephus, Jewish War 6.9.1–2.
27. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare pp. 323–6.
1. Ardant du Picq, Battle Studies: Ancient and Modern Battle, Chapter 5: Morale in Ancient Battle. Web: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/7294/7294-h/7294-h.htm.
2. From the Elegiac Poems of Tyrtaios 1.2.1 in Elegy and Iambus, Volume I J. M. Edmonds, Ed. Perseus Digital Library. Web: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0479%3Avolume%3D1%3Atext%3D2%3Asection%3D2. Word choices slightly modernized by the author.
3. Homer, Iliad 5.64–88 (Fagles trans).
4. See Christine F Salazar, The Treatment of War Wounds in Graeco Roman Antiquity (Leiden, 1999).
5. Hanson, Western Way of War p. 154.
6. Keegan, Face of Battle pp. 297–298.
