African Americans, 48, 109, 240, 243–45; deregulation and, 230; and discrimination in trucking industry, 48, 201–6, 203, 205; farm policy and, 13, 18, 19, 20, 69; “sharecropper” analogy and, 104, 105–6. See also race
agribusiness: agricultural exemption and, 58, 132–34; beef economy and, 135–36, 140–41, 160, 161–62, 237; dairy economy and, 163, 164, 170–71, 175, 176–77, 178–80, 183–85, 237; defined, 5, 9, 113; and deregulation, 131, 225–26, 227; during wartime, 8, 68, 70; and economic liberalism, 5, 9–10, 70; “farm problem” and, 113–14, 234; free-market economy and, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 58, 100, 102, 111, 131, 223–24, 231, 237; and labor, 70; and mass marketing, 119; and independent truckers, 2, 9, 11, 14, 44, 98, 99–100; and postwar consumerism, 2, 111–12, 271n16; and “sharecropper” analogy, 99; and truck technologies, 5, 7, 8, 9, 44, 70, 98, 163; and USDA, 9, 16, 101, 113–15, 126. See also frozen food industry
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 6; and farm policy, 15–16, 40, 58, 126; and the “milk problem,” 29, 61
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938), 93
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 17; production controls and price supports under, 13, 32, 40, 61, 62–63; urban-industrial reformers within, 18–19, 20, 31. See also Agricultural Marketing Act (1937); milk marketing orders
agricultural exemption: and agribusiness, 58, 132–34; and American Trucking Associations, 132; antistatism and, 58, 225; and deregulation, 94, 98, 128–29, 130–31, 223, 226, 228; and farm lobbyists, 56; frozen food industry and, 129–32; ICC and, 57, 58, 93, 94–95, 96–98, 102–3, 128–30, 147, 182; interpretation of, 57–58, 94–95, 96; and livestock hauling, 147–48; and railroads, 58, 59, 132; and independent trucking, 58, 69–70, 93, 95, 223, 225, 226; and Teamsters, 95, 96, 132; and tripleasing, 96–97, 98; USDA and, 69–70, 93–98, 128–32. See also Interstate Commerce Commission; Motor Carrier Act (1935)
Agricultural Marketing Act (1937), 30, 63. See also milk marketing orders
Agricultural Marketing Service, 94, 113, 114, 135, 166
Agricultural Research and Marketing Act (1946). See RMA
Agriculture, U.S. Department of. See USDA
Aiken, George, 87
Alford, Fred F., 121
Allin, Bushrod, 114
Allstates Transcontinental Van Lines, 204
Amalgamated Meatcutters Union, 157, 158, 159
American East Texas Motor Freight Lines, Inc. v. Frozen Food Express, 130, 131
American Farm Bureau Federation. See Farm Bureau
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 21, 22, 167
American Highway Freight Association, 52
American Stockyards Association, 66, 149
Americans for Democratic Action, 8, 88
American Trucking Associations, Inc. (ATA), 262n15; agricultural exemption and, 132; farm interests and, 57; Motor Carrier Act and, 229–30; and opposition to deregulation, 52–53, 54, 131, 133, 225, 226, 227; and opposition to NAFTA, 236; in “trucking war” against Canada, 235
AMPI. See Associated Milk Producers, Inc. (AMPI)
Anderson, Andrew D., 154
Anderson, Clinton, 80, 81, 84, 85
Andresen, August H., 81
antistatism: agricultural exemption and, 225; in beef economy, 64–65, 68, 151; and free-market ideology, 4, 11, 112, 214, 237; deregulation and, 228–29; and independent trucking, 68, 188, 194, 213–16; and low-price economy, 5, 11–12, 58. See also neopopulism
antitrust: beef industry and, 10, 21, 37–42, 65, 67, 71, 73, 82, 135–36, 137; economic theorists and, 161, 278n37; and IBP investigations, 160–61; and “milk trust” investigations, 33, 170; in New Deal era, 4, 6, 17, 21, 22–24, 18, 111, 161; and National Farmers Organization, 151, 184–85; and NRA trucking codes, 52–53, 56–57. See also Federal Trade Commission (FTC); Justice, U.S. Department of; Packers and Stockyards Administration; monopoly power; monopsony power
A & P (Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company), 31, 52, 170
Armour Co., 36, 38, 40, 156, 158, 160, 259n32. See also Big Four meatpackers
Armour, Philip, 35
Arnold, Eddy, 190
Asleep at the Wheel, 195
“asphalt cowboys,” 10, 99; as antiunion, 8, 134, 162; Canadian, 235; as cattle truckers, 145–48, 151, 159. See also bull haulers; independent truckers
Associated Dairymen, Inc., 176
Associated Milk Producers, Inc. (AMPI), 176–77, 185
Atkins, Chet, 190
BAE (Bureau of Agricultural Economics), 90, 113, 114, 271n19
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 19
Baker, A. Z., 149
Bakersfield (CA): and “Bakersfield Sound,” 192–93; as part of Feedlot Belt, 141, 142, 275n7
Ballstadt, C. R., 146
Bartels, Larry M., 254n4
Beauchamp, Lamar, 209
Beck, Dave, 54, 55, 56, 103, 105
beef industry: antistatism in, 64–65, 68, 151; in agribusiness era, 135–36, 140–41, 160, 161–62, 237; and antitrust, 10, 21, 37–42, 65, 67, 71, 73, 82, 135–36, 137; and boxed beef, 157–60, 161, 162, 224; and boycotts, 35, 39, 82, 153; and “cinderblock” packers, 137, 139, 140, 144, 153; in consumer-driven economy, 10, 139, 155–56, 161–62; and decentralization of beefpackers, 138, 153–55; and dressed beef, 34–37, 80, 120, 136, 137, 159, 259n32; and economic liberalism, 34, 79–80, 82, 136, 152; industrial feedlots and, 140–44, 148, 151, 155, 161–62; and organized labor, 135, 137, 155, 156, 158, 159, 162; price controls in, 70, 76, 81, 152, 153; and railroads, 6, 8, 34–38, 42, 63, 122, 136, 137, 154, 155; and refrigerated trucking, 136–38; rise of monopoly power in, 34–37, 155–58, 159, 160–62; and unregulated trucking in cattle marketing, 63–64, 67–68; USDA and, 40–41, 65–66, 72, 81, 147, 149–50, 154–56. See also Beef Trust; Big Four meatpackers; feedlots, industrial; IBP
Beef Trust, 6, 10, 67, 157; consumer opposition to, 37–39, 81–82; decline of, 138–39; and federal price controls, 41–42, 71–72; monopoly power of, 59, 63, 68, 73, 139–40, 148, 151, 152; rise of, 34–37. See also Big Four meatpackers; beef industry
Benson, Ezra Taft, 70, 89, 97, 98, 185; anti–New Dealism and, 9, 10, 100, 111–13, 171; and the “beef problem,” 135, 152; and the dairy industry, 164, 166, 167, 172, 173; deregulatory politics and, 113–15, 118, 119, 126, 127–28, 131, 132–33. See also USDA
Berry, Chuck, 109
Big Five meatpackers, 36–38, 259n32. See also Big Four meatpackers
Big Four meatpackers, 10, 36, 42, 140, 160, 161, 259n32; antitrust action against, 39–40, 71, 82; independent meatpackers’ challenge to, 73, 136–39; monopoly power of, 8, 14, 34, 38, 59, 63, 66, 72, 73; and price controls, 80, 151; railroad distribution system of, 66, 136, 152, 155. See also beef industry; Beef Trust; monopoly power; monopsony power
Birds Eye, 119, 121, 122, 126, 131, 132. See also frozen food industry; General Foods Corporation; warehousing
Black, Albert G., 67
Black, John D., 61, 62, 67, 87, 171, 177
blacks. See African Americans; race
Blickenstaff, R. E. “Blick,” 50
Borden, 25, 29, 31, 32–33, 168, 180
Bowles, Chester A., 72
Bowling, Charles B., 94
Bowman Dairy Company, 170
boxed beef, 157–60, 161, 162, 224. See also beef industry
boycotts: consumer, 35, 39, 82, 153; secondary, 55, 107, 207, 209–10
Bradley, Owen, 190
Brannan, Charles F., 98, 112, 113, 114, 115; and agricultural exemption, 69–70, 95, 129; and the Brannan Plan, 7, 8, 9, 69, 79, 83–88, 89, 90, 115, 184, 229. See also USDA
Brannan Plan. See Brannan, Charles F.
Brookover, Earl C., 140–43, 144, 148–49, 154, 275n7
Brookover, Earl, Jr., 160
Brooks, Neil, 97
Bruce, C. O., Jr., 193
Buis, Linda, 197
bulk tank milk system, 49, 164, 170–74, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184. See also dairy industry
bull haulers, 145–47, 148, 151, 162. See also independent truckers
Bunch, Bob, 233
Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE). See BAE
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 82, 104, 167, 239
Bush, George W., administration of, 234, 236
Butz, Earl, 114, 135, 152, 218
Canada, 235, 236. See also NAFTA
Canadian Grand Trunk Railroad, 36
Cargill, 152
cartelization: New Deal economic reform and, 21–23, 52; in trucking industry, 44, 51–54, 56–57, 63
Carter, Jimmy: and 1970s deregulation movement, 11, 186; economic policies of, 2, 233, 236; and trucking deregulation, 11, 131, 223, 224–25, 226–27, 229
Cash, Johnny, 220
Casper, Robert, 150
cattle trucking. See bull haulers; livestock trucking
CB radio. See Citizens’ Band radio.
central place theory. See von Thünen, Johann Heinrich
Charles, Ray, 109
Chase, Andrew, 35
Chicago: beef industry, 35, 36–37, 63, 65–66, 120, 137, 144–45, 148, 149, 155–56, 160; dairy industry, 26, 27, 28–32, 62, 76, 77, 78, 163–64, 170, 173
Chicago School economic theorists, 161, 214, 278n37
Christman, A. H., 29
Citizens’ Band radio, 200, 214, 217, 221
Civil Rights Act (1964), 197, 202, 203
Cline, Patsy, 190
Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill), 162, 234
Cochrane, Harwood, 209
Coe, David Allan, 220
Colorado: beef industry in, 10, 140, 141, 143, 144, 153, 154, 275n6, 277n24; dairy industry in, 176
Commons, John R., 18
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 21, 22, 137, 167
Consolidated Badger Cooperative, 172, 174, 175, 176
Consolidated Freightways, 54, 189, 210
Consumer Federation of America, 227
Consumer Federation of California, 153
consumerism, postwar: 2, 91, 100, 111–12, 115, 122, 123, 125, 158, 163, 167, 271n16. See also agribusiness; suburbia
Consumers’ Guide, 17
convenience foods, 26, 125–26, 127. See also frozen food industry; supermarkets
Convoy, 12, 188, 220–21, 222–23
Corcoran, Thomas G. “the Cork,” 22, 23
Corn Belt, 64, 139, 140, 142, 148
Coughlin, Father Charles, 22–23
Council of Independent Truckers, 217
country music, 12; African Americans and, 109; radio programming and, 190–91, 194; and rise of “outlaw country,” 220; trucking culture in, 11, 110, 189, 194–95, 199; trucking songs as subgenre of, 192–94; white working-class narratives of, 9, 108–9, 188, 190, 191–92, 270n12. See also trucking culture; trucking songs
Cunningham, R. E., 149
Curless, Dick, 193
dairy cooperatives, 29, 82, 164, 170, 173–77, 182–84, 178, 179–80, 185. See also dairy industry
dairy farmers: decline of, 177–78, 184; inner-ring v. outer-ring, 26–30, 27 (map), 31, 33, 63, 71, 170–71, 174, 176; milk monopoly of innerring, 29–30, 62, 74, 82, 163, 173, 177; and Office of Price Administration, 75–79; and postwar political economy of milk, 163, 174–77; and refrigerated rail transportation, 24–25, 26; and surplus problem, 26–27, 28, 30. See also bulk tank milk system; dairy cooperatives; dairy industry; milk industry, fluid; milk marketing orders
Dairy Farmers Union, 181
dairy industry: and agribusiness, 163, 164, 171, 175, 178–80, 183–85, 237; and bulk tank milk system, 49, 164, 170–74, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184; during World War II, 73–74, 75–76, 78–79; economic liberalism in, 163–64; and “free market” milk economy, 10–11; government intervention in, 28, 30, 32; monopoly power in, 10–11, 33, 62, 63, 73, 78–79, 82, 162, 163, 173, 177, 184; OPA and, 73–76, 183–84; and organized labor, 30–31, 33, 74, 76–78, 82–83, 163, 164–65, 167, 168–69, 170, 178, 180–82, 183; politicization of, 25, 26; and railroads, 6, 24–25, 26–27, 27, 30, 61–62, 63; and supermarkets, 162, 163, 164, 167–70, 172, 184; USDA and, 13, 29–34, 73, 74–75, 76, 163–64, 166, 167, 171–72, 173, 185. See also dairy farmers; milk industry, fluid; milk marketing orders; “milk problem,” the; the Milk Trust; USDA
Dakota City (IA), 156, 157, 159
Dakota City (NE), 154, 154, 155
Dalby, Arno, 50
Davis, Chester C., 13
“deadheading,” 96. See also trip-leasing
Democratic Party, 107, 254n4; and deregulatory capitalism, 12, 162, 186, 225, 226–28, 232; and farm policy, 16, 19–20, 22, 69, 85, 86, 89, 97, 98; southern Democrats in, 70, 88; and support for OPA price controls, 80, 81
deregulation, trucking: agricultural exemption clause and, 94, 98, 128–29, 130–31, 223, 226, 228; as benefit to producers and consumers, 2, 11, 130, 229; competition under, 234–35, 229–30; and deregulatory politics, 51, 131–32, 188–89, 289n53; and farm lobbyists, 228–29; and free-market ideology, 235; and frozen food industry, 131–33; 1970s push for, 11, 223, 225; independent trucker support for, 11–12, 187–88, 190, 194, 225–26; post–New Deal Democrats and, 11–12, 131, 223, 224–28, 229; and rural trucking, 42, 51. See also Motor Carrier Act (1980); transportation policy
deregulatory capitalism, 3, 4, 11, 12, 162, 186, 224–31, 232, 233–34, 237
Determinations case, 95. See also agricultural exemption; transportation policy
Dewey, Ralph, 98
Dewey, Richard, 219
Dewey, Thomas, 85
Dobbs, Farrell, 54, 55, 56. See also Teamsters Union
Dodge City (KS), 155
Doggy Daddy, 217
Dollar, Johnny, 195
Dopey Diesel, 217
Douglas, Paul H., 21
dressed beef, 34–37, 80, 120, 136, 137, 159, 259n32. See also beef industry
Dudley, Dave, 191, 193, 195, 199
Dust Bowl, 142
Eastman, Joseph B., 53, 57–58, 59
economic liberalism, 253n3, 254n4; and agribusiness, 5, 9–10, 70; beef industry and, 34, 79–80, 82, 136, 152; dairy industry and, 163–64; free-market economy and, 234; neopopulist movement and, 188, 207; New Deal-era, 2, 3, 6, 14, 22–24, 68, 69, 79, 184, 225, 227, 254n6; rural trucking and, 10, 12, 42, 50, 58, 59, 100, 134, 237; USDA and, 69–70, 79–80, 83–88, 98, 100
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 98, 100, 111, 112, 113, 133, 135
Ellis, J. R., 233
Emergency Price Control Act (1942), 74. See also Office of Price Administration
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 197, 202, 206
Equal Pay Act (1963), 196–97. See also women
extension agents, 20, 101, 171, 173–74, 175, 176, 183
Ezekiel, Mordecai, 40
Fabrini, Joe. See They Drive by Night
Farm Bureau, 150, 151; lobbying power of, 19, 72, 80, 97, 181, 183, 255n10; trucking deregulation and, 225, 228–89; and U.S. farm policy, 20, 84, 87, 88, 132
Farm Bureau Cooperative Association, 129
farm policy, 255n10; Agricultural Adjustment Act and, 15–16, 40, 58, 126; congressional farm bloc and, 7, 15, 16, 44, 56, 72, 75, 79, 80–81, 87, 88, 113; consumer opposition to, 6–10, 13–20, 29–30, 42, 61, 63, 67, 69–70, 79, 83–91, 93, 111–15, 152, 167, 174, 184–85, 229, 234; of U.S. compared to Sweden’s, 18, 86; and electoral politics, 16, 69–70, 83–91, 113, 150, 185; Farm Bureau and, 20, 84, 87, 88, 132; and food processors, 6, 8, 14, 42, 70, 85, 100, 111; New Deal, 6, 7, 15–16, 19, 21, 22, 23–24, 32–33, 34, 42, 51, 68, 69, 71, 83–85, 98, 100, 111, 163, 234, 271n19; technological change and, 7, 9, 10, 16, 20, 71, 83, 89–92, 101, 114–15, 119, 126–28, 167, 177. See also Farm Bureau; National Farmers Organization, National Farmers Union; New Deal; surplus problem; USDA
“farm problem,” the. See farm policy
Farm Security Administration, 58, 69, 84, 85
Farmer, Richard N., 225
Farmers Holiday Association, 28, 150, 185
Farmers Union. See National Farmers Union
Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956), 115–16. See also interstate highway system
Federal-Aid Road Act (1921), 45
Federal Extension Service, 20, 173–74. See also extension agents; Farm Bureau; Smith-Lever Act
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 218
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 278n42; and the New Deal, 23; Beef Trust investigation by, 36, 38, 42
Feedlot Belt, 140, 141, 153, 154. See also feedlots, industrial
feedlots, industrial, 136, 161–62, 275n6, 275n7; independent trucking and, 139, 144–48, 151; and meatpackers, 154–56; and role in beef monopoly, 139–51; USDA and, 149–50. See also beef industry; Feedlot Belt; independent truckers
Fields, C. H., 228
Filene, Edward A., 21
Findlay, Spencer, 178
Fitzsimmons, Frank, 213
food processors: 71, 72, 92; agricultural exemption and, 132; and consumers, 17, 31; and farm policy, 6, 8, 14, 42, 70, 85, 100, 111; and frozen food industry, 118–20, 126–27, 128, 130; and independent truckers, 9, 44, 90, 98; USDA and, 9, 115. See also agribusiness; frozen food industry; USDA
Forbes, 155
Ford, Gerald, administration of, 2, 224, 233, 278n37
Ford, Henry, 45, 119, 140, 143
Ford Motor Company, 23, 46, 53, 118–19
Fortune magazine, 32, 119, 153
Frank, Jerome, 17; and the Beef Trust, 21, 40–41; and farm policy reform, 6–7, 13, 18, 42, 83; and milk marketing orders, 30, 31. See also USDA
Fraternal Association of Steel Haulers (FASH), 212, 217, 230
Freas, Howard G., 132
“Freedom to Farm Act” (1996), 7
Freeman, Orville B., 185
Friedan, Betty, 197
Friedman, Milton, 11, 214, 224
Frigidaire, 124
frozen food industry, 100, 117; and agribusiness, 126, 237; and agricultural exemption, 129–32; and decentralized production, 122–123; and deregulation, 131–33; and distribution, 119–122, 124–25; and food processors, 118–20, 126–27, 128, 130; and food surplus, 127–28; monopoly power in, 127; and the political economy of food, 126–30; and supermarkets, 118–19, 120, 121, 125, 126–27; and refrigerated trucking, 123–25; and warehousing, 120, 121–23. See also agribusiness
Fruehauf, Roy, 46
Fruit Growers Express Co., 123, 124
Funkhouser, M. P., 216
Garden City (KS): IBP plant at, 154, 156, 160, 161; as part of Feedlot Belt, 141, 142, 143
General Foods Corporation, 119, 121, 128
General Maximum Price Regulation, 71–72. See also Office of Price Administration (OPA)
General Motors (GM), 21, 23, 46, 219
“Georgia overdrive,” 192
Great Depression, 99, 192, 221; farm policy and, 13, 14–16, 21, 85, 86, 115, 126; meatpacker monopoly power and, 39, 71, 151; and the “milk problem,” 73, 74–75, 183. See also Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933); New Deal
Greenspan, Alan, 224
“gypsy” truckers. See independent truckers
Haggard, Merle, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200, 220
Hammond Co., 259n32
Hammond, George, 35
Hardiman, Percy S., 177
Harwood hearings, 94–95. See also agricultural exemption
Harwood, Norman E., 94
Hayes, Leo, 194
Hillpoint Cooperative Creamery Association, 174–75
Hill, Samuel E., 50
Hill, Tommy, 192
Hill, William, 189, 217, 223, 230
Hiss, Alger, 18
Hoffa, James R. (Jimmy): black truckers and, 105–6; and corruption charges, 107, 208; dairy industry and, 168, 169; and 1935 Motor Carrier Act, 54; National Master Freight Agreement and, 207–8; organizing power of, 55–56. See also Teamsters Union
Hoffman, Julius, 138
Holman, Currier J., 154, 156, 158, 160
Home Transfer and Storage v. United States, 130. See also agricultural exemption; deregulation, truck; frozen food industry
Horton, Johnny, 199
Howe, Frederic C., 17, 18, 21, 33, 40
Hunt, J. B., 50
Hurley, Charles F., 41
Hygrade Food Products, 137
IBP, 40, 136, 139, 153–57, 154, 158, 159, 160–61, 162
IBT. See Teamsters Union
ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission
Ickes, Harold, 23
Ideal Truck Lines, 50
“I’m a Truck Driving Man,” 109
independent truckers: and “cowboy” analogy, 99, 145–46, 159, 190, 194, 207, 220, 221; deregulation and, 11–12, 187–88, 190, 194, 225–26, 230; economic status of, 50–51, 93, 104, 179–80, 202, 208–9, 216, 219, 230–31, 234; and food processors, 9, 44, 90, 98; geographical pattern of, 48, 50, 60; and growth of industrial feedlots, 139, 143–48, 151; impact of agricultural exemption on, 43, 56–58, 62, 65, 69, 92–98, 102–3, 133–34, 147–48, 182, 212, 223; masculinity of, 43–44, 99, 104, 107–8, 110, 146, 159, 189–90, 194–96, 199–201, 213, 221, 222; neopopulism and, 187–88, 194–95, 207, 214–16, 233; number of, 133, 210–11, 224, 239–40; in popular culture, 43, 93, 108–10, 145, 178, 188, 190–95, 197, 199, 200, 220–23, 231; and race relations, 48, 105–6, 201–6, 230; and relations with Teamsters Union, 1, 3, 7, 51, 96, 103–5, 106, 159, 164, 178, 180, 181–82, 185, 187, 206, 207–10, 212–13, 215, 216, 219, 221, 231; rural backgrounds of, 9, 47–50, 99, 101–11, 189–90, 210, 215, 230, 240; “sharecropper” analogy and, 9, 99, 104–6, 111, 179, 189; women as, 196–99. See also shutdowns, independent trucker; Teamsters Union; transportation policy; trucking; trucking culture
Independent Truckers Association, 1, 223, 224. See also Parkhurst, Mike
Independent Truckers Unity Committee, 234
inflation: food distribution and, 115, 131; meat industry and, 152–53; Office of Price Administration and, 8, 70, 71, 74–75, 80–82; and trucking deregulation, 226, 227, 228–29
International Association of Milk Dealers, 77
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America (IBT). See Teamsters Union
International Harvester, 46, 146
Interstate Commerce Act, 97
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 77, 187, 192, 239, 240; agricultural exemption clause and, 57, 58, 93, 94–95, 96–98, 102–3, 128–30, 147, 182; and deregulation, 224–26, 228; frozen food industry and, 131–32; and independent trucking, 8, 92, 133, 159, 189, 190, 210, 213, 214, 218; and milk marketing, 61–62; and 1935 Motor Carrier Act, 47, 53–54, 56, 104; and race issues, 203–4, 206; strengthening of, 15, 23. See also Motor Carrier Act (1935)
interstate highway system: and the beef industry, 144, 151, 155; and long-haul trucking expansion, 8, 9, 115–16; and rise of truckstops, 201. See also Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)
Iowa Beef Packers (IBP). See IBP
“I’ve Been Everywhere,” 195
Jackson, Gardner, 19
J. B. Hunt Co., 230. See also Hunt, J. B.
Jennings, Waylon, 220
Jewell, Jesse, 99
Johnson, Lyndon B. (LBJ), 185, 197, 278n37
Jones, B. H., 228
Jones, Frederick McKinley, 123, 124
Justice, U.S. Department of, 23, 151, 185, 206. See also antitrust; monopoly power
Kahn, Alfred E., 227
Kansas: beef industry in, 153, 154, 154, 155, 158, 161, 236; and deregulated capitalism, 237; independent trucking in, 48, 102, 103, 210; as part of Feedlot Belt, 10, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147; unregulated trucking firms in, 210, 247. See also What’s the Matter with Kansas?
Kansas City stockyards, 143
Kansas Corporation Commission. See KCC
Kansas Motor Carriers Association, 147
Kansas Transporter, 198
KCC, 147
Keeshin Southwest Motor Company, 52
Kennedy, Edward M. (Ted), 12, 131, 186, 224, 225, 226–28, 229
Kennedy, Robert F., 107, 169, 227
Kenworth trucks, 46, 146, 159, 187
Kern County Land Company, 275n7
Kissinger, Henry, 152
“knights of the road,” 9, 108, 110–11
Kolko, Gabriel, 214
Kortasz, Mike “Big Sissy,” 217, 220
Kristofferson, Kris, 188, 221, 222
labor, organized: beef industry and, 135, 137, 155, 156, 158, 162; dairy industry and, 30–31, 33, 76–78, 165, 180–82, 183; and deregulation, 227, 233–34, 237; and farm policy, 6, 7, 8, 18, 20, 70, 84, 85, 88, 180–81; independent truckers and, 2, 10, 45, 51, 96, 100, 103–4, 164, 206, 207–8, 213, 215, 219; Landrum-Griffin Act and, 107, 207, 209–10; in low-price, low-wage economy, 5; 1935 Motor Carrier Act and, 54–55; secondary boycotts by, 55, 107, 207, 209–10; Taft-Hartley Act and, 106, 107, 182; Wagner Act and, 21; strikes by, 21, 32–33, 80, 82, 106, 156, 159, 169, 212–13, 233. See also Teamsters Union
Ladies’ Anti-Beef Trust Association, 37
LaFollette, Robert “Fighting Bob,” 182, 184, 186
Lake to Lake dairy cooperative, 175, 176
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), 107, 207, 209–10. See also labor, organized; Teamsters Union
Lawrence, Archie, 178
Leavens, Donald, 94
Leiserson, William, 21
Levittown, 91
Lewis, John L., 181
“Little Pink Mack,” 197
livestock trucking, 65–68, 99, 145, 146–48. See also bull haulers
lobbyists: for American Trucking Associations, 54; for dairy industry, 74; for farm interests, 20, 56–57, 72, 81, 228, 255n10
long-haul truckers. See independent trucking
Love, Earl W., 97
low-price, low-wage economy, 5, 231, 236. See also deregulatory capitalism
MacDonald, Thomas H., 45
Mackey, Ray, 228
Maddox, Rose, 192
Malone, Bill C., 193
Mayer, Oscar, 67
McClellan Committee, 106–7, 227
McClellan, John L. See McClellan Committee
McNary-Haugen Bill, 15
Means, Gardiner, 22
Meat Inspection Act, 37
meatpackers. See beef industry; Big Four meatpackers
Merrill Transport Company, 50, 209, 210
Mexico, 235–36. See also NAFTA
Mid-West Truckers Association, 217
milk industry, fluid: and consumer demands, 24–25, 26, 31, 32–33; and home delivery, 164–70, 168; and independent milk haulers, 10–11, 32, 61, 63, 163–64, 178, 181–82, 183–84; and milk pricing, 25, 31–34, 74–77, 163, 170; monopoly power of, 32, 73, 78–79, 83–83; and supermarkets, 170; wartime constraints on, 75–78. See also bulk tank milk system; dairy farmers; dairy industry; milk marketing orders; “milk problem,” the; Milk Trust; Office of Price Administration (OPA); USDA
milk marketing orders: and agribusiness, 170–71, 175, 176–77; assessment of, 61–63; government pricing via, 28–30; and impact on consumers, 31–33, 74–75; and impact on small dairy farmers, 163–64, 177–78; as inflationary policies, 73–75, 78; and organized labor, 30–31. See also Agricultural Marketing Act (1937); dairy farmers; dairy industry; USDA
“milk problem,” the, 28–29, 34; bulk tank milk system and, 170–71, 173; Great Depression and, 73, 74–75, 183; milk marketing orders and, 32, 33, 61, 73–74; paper milk carton and, 166–67. See also Agricultural Marketing Act (1937); dairy farmers, dairy industry; milk industry, fluid, milk marketing orders
Milk Trust, 6, 14, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 42, 170
Miller, Edward, 159
Miller, Hank, 189
Miller, James, III, 224
Miller, Roger, 190
Miller, William I., 181
Milwaukee Cooperative Milk Producers, 29, 174
Milwaukee Journal, 169
Minority Trucking-Transportation Development Corporation (MTTDC), 203, 204, 206
Modern Milk Hauler, 178, 197–98
Mojonnier Brothers, 171
Monfort Beef Co., 144, 154, 158, 159, 160
monopoly power, 24, 278n37; in agribusiness era, 162, 185; of Beef Trust, 34–35, 36–39, 40–42, 59, 63, 68, 71, 73, 81, 135–37, 138, 139–40, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160–62; in frozen food industry, 127; in dairy industry, 10–11, 33, 62, 63, 73, 78–79, 82, 162, 163, 173, 177, 184; New Deal policy and, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32–33, 42, 68, 71, 163; of railroads, 57, 59, 131; trucking industry and, 8, 44, 54, 95–96, 137, 139, 187, 214, 224. See also antitrust; Beef Trust; Milk Trust, monopsony power
monopsony power: in beef economy, 37, 65–68, 148, 161; unregulated trucking as tool to circumvent, 63, 65, 66, 67–68. See also Beef Trust; monopoly power
Montgomery, Carl “Peanut,” 191–92
Morris, Nelson, 35
Mortimer, Charles G., 128
Motor Carrier Act (1935), 236; agricultural exemption clause of, 56, 57–58, 62, 69, 93–94, 94–95, 97–98, 104, 128–29, 132–34, 182, 223, 225, 228; congressional hearings on, 57; efforts to amend, 131–32; “free rider effect” of, 54–55; and Teamsters, 51, 54–55, 56, 58. See also agricultural exemption; Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Motor Carrier Act (1980), 131, 224, 229–30, 235. See also deregulation, trucking
Mumford, Richard, 233
Nabisco, 118
Nader, Ralph, 11, 214, 224, 227
National Association of Consumers, 88
National Association of Long-Distance Owner-Operators, 212
National Association of Manufacturers, 106, 225, 227
National Beef, 153, 154–55, 154, 160
National Cattlemen’s Association, 64, 150, 228
National Cooperative Milk Producers Association, 56
National Council of Farm Cooperatives, 112, 113
National Dairy Products, 25, 29, 31, 33, 82
National Fair Labor Standards Act, 58
National Farmers Organization (NFO), 150–51, 184–85
National Farmers Union, 8, 20, 84, 88, 97, 150, 181
National Federation of Independent Businesses, 227
National Grange, 56, 57, 87, 97, 181
National Independent Truckers Unity Committee, 212, 234
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 21, 30, 40
National Labor Relations Act, 58
National Labor Relations Board, 180, 181–82
National Master Freight Agreement, 208, 209. See also Teamsters Union
National Planning Association, 83, 89–90
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 21, 22, 52–53, 54, 56–57, 67
National War Labor Board, 74, 76–77, 78, 95
Nebraska: industrial feedlots in, 140, 142, 275n6; meatpacking in, 154, 154, 155, 277n24; rural trucking in, 48; unregulated trucking in, 210, 247. See also beef industry; Omaha
neopopulism, 85–86; and deregulation, 130; and economic liberalism, 188, 207; and growth of antistatist free-market ideology, 4; and 1970s trucker protests, 11–12, 207, 213, 215–20, 233; and rural trucking culture, 188–95, 206–7. See also antistatism; Populists
New Deal: and economic liberalism, 2, 14, 22–24, 42, 68–69, 79, 184, 225, 254n6; and farm and food policy struggles, 13–14, 17–18, 19–21, 22, 23–24, 34, 181; farm policy of, 6, 7, 14, 15–16, 19, 20–24, 28, 30, 32–33, 34, 42, 51, 68, 69, 71, 83–85, 98, 100, 111, 163, 234, 271n19. See also Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933); New Deal coalition; New Deal order
New Deal coalition: 6, 16, 20, 22, 85–86, 89, 107
New Deal order: 3, 12, 13, 14, 21–24, 58, 227, 237, 254n6
New Right politics, 215, 253n3
New York Central Railroad, 36
New York Times, 89, 184, 191, 223, 234
Newsweek, 190
NFO. See National Farmers Organization (NFO)
Nixon, Richard, 203, 215, 254n4, 288n40; antitrust policy under, 278n37; economic policies of, 152–53, 216–19, 233; and trucking deregulation, 2, 3, 224
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). See NAFTA
Office of Defense Transportation (ODT), 74, 77–78
Office of Price Administration (OPA), 112, 152; dairy industry and, 73–76, 183–84; defeat of, 79–81, 82, 88–89; beef industry and, 8, 70–73, 78, 89, 153
Office of Price Stabilization (OPS), 88–89
Ogallala aquifer, 141 (fig.), 142–43
Oklahoma: independent trucking in, 210; industrial cattle feeding in, 140, 142, 275n6
Omaha (NE), 36, 63, 66, 137, 151, 217
On the Waterfront, 107
OPA. See Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Oscar Mayer, 156
Overdrive magazine, 197, 198, 201, 208, 233; antiunion sentiments in, 213, 214, 216;as “Voice of the American Trucker,” 1, 146, 193; and trucking politics, 187, 189–90, 218, 219. See also Parkhurst, Mike
Overnite Transportation, 209–10
owner-operated trucking. See independent truckers
Pacific Intermountain Express, 54
Packers and Stockyards Act (1921), 38–39, 41
Packers and Stockyards Administration, 38–39, 139
palletization, 120–21. See also warehousing
Parkhurst, Mike: and antiunionism, 1–2, 3, 5, 185, 213, 231; and deregulation push, 187–88, 194, 218, 224, 225–26, 228; and neopopulism, 185–86, 188, 215; and trucker shutdowns, 11–12, 187–88, 217, 223, 227, 234. See also Independent Truckers Association; Overdrive magazine
Paycheck, Johnny, 220
Pennsylvania Railroad, 36
Picago, John S., 77
Pierce, Don, 192
Pierce, Walter, 57
Pilgrim, Lawrence, 99
Pioneer Hi-Bred, 17
plastics industry, 91, 119, 156–57
pneumatic balloon tires, 46, 59–60
Populists: agrarian movement and, 186, 207, 216; and government economic interventionism, 3–4, 10, 14–15, 22, 57, 217; Kansas Corporation Commission and, 147. See also neopopulism
Porter, Paul, 80
Posner, Richard, 278n37
“post-Fordism,” 4–5, 11, 130, 151, 161–62, 233, 235, 237, 254n5
Power Wagon, 196
Price Control Extension Act (1946), 80. See also Office of Price Administration (OPA)
price controls. See Office of Price Administration (OPA)
price fixing: in beef industry, 41–42, 135, 161, 170; in dairy industry, 31–32
Prince, Frederick A., 40
Progressive-era reform, 15, 24, 133, 162, 181, 185–86, 207
protests. See shutdowns, independent trucker; strikes
Public Law 957, 97–98. See also trip-leasing
Pure Food and Drug Act, 37
Pure Milk Association, 29, 174
Quick Frozen Foods, 119
race, 91, 253n3, 288n40; census data on truckers and, 240, 245; and discrimination in trucking industry, 48, 201–6; in political culture, 288n40; truck driver income by, 203; truck ownership by, 205. See also African Americans
railroads, 12, 116, 117, 130, 249; and agricultural exemption, 58, 59, 132; antitrust actions against, 18; competition between trucks and, 8, 44, 46–47, 51, 53, 59, 65, 102, 115–18, 123–25, 128, 131; and dairy industry, 6, 24–25, 26–27, 27, 30, 61–62, 63; in farm and food economy, 2, 24, 44, 57, 58, 136; and farmers, 15, 44, 57, 59, 93–94; decreasing dominance of, 7, 66; and meatpacking industry, 6, 8, 34–38, 42, 63, 65, 122, 136, 137, 154, 155; monopoly power of, 57, 59, 131; and refrigerated railcars, 24–25, 34–36, 38, 42, 123–25
Reagan, Ronald: antitrust policies of, 161, 278n37; free-market revolution and, 2, 3, 233–34; and rural Americans, 236
reefers: in trucks, 123–25, 136, 137, 153, 209; in railcars, 124–25. See also refrigerated trucks
Refrigerated Transport Company, 209
refrigerated trucks, 5, 209; and beef distribution, 10, 36, 136–37, 139, 155, 157, 159; in dairy industry, 34; in frozen food industry, 119–20, 122, 123, 124, 125, 133. See also reefers
Republican Party: and anti–New Deal farm policy, 112, 113; and deregulation, 225, 233, 237; and the farm vote, 111; in 1946 “beefsteak” congressional elections, 81; opposition to Brannan Plan by, 69, 87, 88; and support for Taft-Hartley Act, 106
Research and Marketing Act (1946). See RMA
Reuther, Walter, 106
Reynolds, Burt, 221
Richmond, Frederick, 161
Riemer, Otto, 189–90, 200, 214–15
Rodgers, Jimmie, 195
Rogers, John L., 77
Roosevelt, Franklin D. See New Deal; New Deal coalition; New Deal order
Russell, Charles Edward, 37
Schlafly, Phyllis, 236
Seabrook, Charles F., 119
Schechter Poultry v. United States, 22
Schoessling, Ray, 213
Schultz, Theodore W., 87
secondary boycotts, 55, 107, 207, 209–10. See also labor, organized
Share Croppers’ Union, 19
Sherman Antitrust Act, 185
shutdowns, independent trucker: government regulations and, 1, 11–12, 223, 224; neopopulist politics of, 188, 207, 216–20; and deregulation, 224, 225, 226, 230, 234–35
Simpson, Joe Cecil “Red,” 192–93, 194, 195
Singler, Walter M., 28–29, 150
“Six Days on the Road,” 9, 188, 191–92, 193, 194, 199
Sköld, Per Edvin, 19
Smokey and the Bandit, 12, 220–21, 289n48
Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 19
Spencer Foods, 153, 154, 155, 160
Staley, Oren Lee, 150, 184, 185
Sterling beefpacker, 154
Stern, Jane, 220
Stevenson, Adlai, 18
strikes: Amalgamated Meatcutters Union, 159; Fraternal Association of Steelhaulers (FASH), 212–13; meatpacker, 80, 156; National Farmers Organization, 184–85; PATCO, 233; Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 19; steelworker, 106; Teamster, 32–33, 82, 169, 212–13; United Auto Workers, 21; Wisconsin Cooperative Milk Pool, 28–29, 30, 61, 62, 74, 171, 176, 177, 183, 185. See also shutdowns, independent trucker; labor, organized; Teamsters Union
subsidies: consumer, 87; farm, 7, 8, 229; food, 76
suburbia: beef economy and, 158, 162; dairy economy and, 162, 163, 167; and long-haul trucking growth, 125; and postwar consumerism, 2, 9, 91, 100, 111–12, 115, 122, 123, 125, 127, 158, 163, 167; and postwar food economy, 4, 118, 122; and rise of agribusiness, 271n16. See also frozen food industry; supermarkets; warehousing
supermarkets: agribusiness and, 114; beef industry and, 136, 139, 153, 157–60, 275n7; dairy industry and, 162, 163, 164, 167–70, 172, 184; and economic conservatism, 5, 100, 111–12, 237; food distribution and, 9, 10, 32, 121, 123; and frozen food industry, 118–19, 120, 121, 125, 126–27; independent truckers and 9, 209, 223, 224; low-price economy and, 236; postwar consumerism and, 2; and rise of long-haul trucking, 90, 100, 111, 115, 122, 125. See also frozen food industry; suburbia; warehousing
surplus problem: and agribusiness, 115; and Brannan Plan, 87–88; and dairy farmers, 26–27, 28, 30; and frozen food industry, 127–28; and National Planning Association, 89–90; and New Deal farm policy, 15–16, 20, 28, 30, 79, 83, 84
Sweden’s New Agricultural Price Policy, 86, 87
Swift Co., 36, 41, 135, 138, 156, 158, 160, 259n32
Swift, Gustavus, 35–36, 41, 157
tachograph, 110
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 106, 107, 182. See also labor, organized; Teamsters Union
Taft, William Howard, 38
Tak, Monti, 197
Taylor, Carl C., 17
Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), 213
Teamsters Union: and beef industry, 158, 159; and dairy industry, 30–31, 33, 74, 76, 77–78, 82–83, 163, 164, 167, 168–69, 170, 178, 180, 181–82, 183; decreased power of, 107, 170, 178, 212, 230; and deregulation, 131, 132, 225–26, 227, 230, 236; discrimination in, 105–6, 196, 202–3, 204; independent truckers’ relations with, 1, 3, 7, 51, 96, 103–5, 159, 164, 178, 180, 181–82, 185, 187, 206, 207–10, 212–13, 215, 216, 219, 221, 231; and Motor Carrier Act, 51, 54–55, 56, 58; and National Master Freight Agreement, 208; and opposition to NAFTA, 236; power of, 8, 51, 55–56, 95–96, 103; and regulated trucking, 1, 9, 132; scandals involving, 106–7; strikes by, 32–33, 82, 169, 212–13. See also labor, organized
Texas: feedlot system in, 140, 141, 275n6; meatpacking in, 154, 154; farmworkers in, 236
Thermo King, 123–24. See also refrigerated trucks
They Drive by Night, 8, 43, 47, 51, 93, 108, 221
Thieves’ Highway, 93
Thompson, Robert, 233
Thomsen, F. L., 90
T.I.M.E. Freight, Inc., 50, 203
Tobin, Daniel, 7–8, 54, 55, 77–78, 103, 105, 133. See also Teamsters Union
Tolley, Howard R., 17
Transportation Act (1958), 132
transportation policy, 42, 45, 62–63, 93–98, 115–16, 128–34, 182–83; and deregulation, 11–12, 94, 98, 130–31, 224–31, 235; and regulation, 51–58, 132–33, 207, 214. See also agricultural exemption; American East Texas Motor Freight Lines v. Frozen Food Express; Determinations case; Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956); Home Transfer and Storage v. United States; Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC); Motor Carrier Act (1935); Motor Carrier Act (1980); trip-leasing
Trelogan, Harry C., 114
Trimble, “Big John,” 219
trip-leasing, 96–98. See also agricultural exemption
“Truck Driver’s Blues,” 109
“Truck Driver’s Night Run Blues,” 109–10
trucker statistics: 243–44, 245, 246, 247
Truckers Unity Council, 217, 218, 223
trucking: and competition with railroads, 44, 46–47, 51, 53, 65, 102, 115–18, 123–24, 128, 131; and dairy industry, 62–63, 163–64, 167–80; and decentralization of industry, 115, 122–23, 125, 137–38, 154–55, 165–66; and expansion of nonunionized sector, 208–10, 211, 229–30; and frozen food industry, 117, 120–25; and fuel prices, 47, 188, 216–18, 223–24; and livestock industry, 65–68, 118, 139, 140, 144–48; and meatpacking industry, 123, 136–39, 155, 157–60, 209, 218; operating statistics, 248, 249; and refrigerated trucks, 119–20, 123–25, 131, 136–39, 157, 159, 209. See also deregulation, truck; independent truckers; railroads; Teamsters Union; transportation policy; unregulated trucking
Trucking Commission, 95
trucking culture: antiestablishment sentiments in, 207; gender hierarchy in, 198–99; manhood and masculinity defined by, 108, 189, 190, 199–200; in popular culture, 1, 220–22; racial hierarchy in, 105; radio programming in, 67, 190–91, 193–94, 219; sexuality in, 110, 198–99, 221. See also country music; trucking songs; truckstops
trucking songs, 108, 109–10, 190, 191–93, 194–95, 199. See also country music; trucking culture
truckstops, 11, 109, 187, 200, 201, 221, 237. See also trucking culture
Truman, Harry: and Brannan appointment to USDA, 69, 79, 85; and farm policy, 80, 81, 84–85, 87–88, 89, 114; and organized labor, 106, 107
Tugwell, Rexford, 17, 18, 40, 84
TV dinners, 9, 100, 120, 126. See also convenience foods; frozen food industry
Tyson Foods, 162
Union Purchasing and Distributing Company, 40. See also Big Four meatpackers
unions. See labor, organized; Teamsters Union
Union Stock Yard (Chicago), 36, 40, 65–66, 151
unregulated trucking, 247; agribusiness and, 14, 58, 98, 133–34, 237; Census Bureau special reports on, 212, 239; expansion of, 92–93; in farm economy, 59, 69–70; and farm lobbyists, 56, 57. See also deregulation; independent truckers; trucking
U.S. Civil Rights Commission, 206
USDA, 58, 59, 77, 116, 255n10; and agribusiness, 9, 16, 101, 113–15, 126; and agricultural exemption, 69–70, 93–98, 102–3, 128–32, 133; anti–New Dealism in, 9, 17, 100, 111–13; antitrust powers of, 38, 41–42, 135; in the beef economy, 40–41, 65–66, 72, 81, 147, 149–50, 154–56; and the Beef Trust, 38–42, 71, 138–39; Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE), 90, 113, 114, 271n19; Bureau of Public Roads, 45; and the dairy economy, 13, 29–34, 73, 74–75, 76, 163–64, 166–67, 171–72, 185; deregulation agenda of, 8, 44, 68, 100, 128, 132, 133–34, 231, 226, 237; and farm policy, 6–7, 17, 69, 83–88, 89; and the frozen food industry, 126, 127–28; Packers and Stockyards Division, 71, 73, 149; reorganization of, 114; Resettlement Administration, 58, 69, 84, 85; Transportation Rates division, 94; urban-industrial reformers within, 17–19, 58, 83–84; War Food Administration, 75, 76. See also milk marketing orders; farm policy; New Deal
Usery, William J., Jr., 218
U.S. News & World Report, 208
Vandivier, Robert, 99
Vetters, Bob, 233
von Thünen, Johann Heinrich, 25–26, 28, 33–34, 61, 62, 171
Wagner Act (1935), 21. See also labor, organized; Teamsters Union
Wallace, George, 215, 254n4, 288n40
Wallace, Henry, 17
Wallace, Henry A., 42, 47, 59; beef economy and, 21, 39, 40–41, 65–68, 71; milk marketing orders and, 29; New Deal farm policy, 6–7, 14, 15–16, 17–18; trucking regulatory policies and, 44, 56–57; 83–84, 93–94. See also USDA
Wal-Mart, 4–5, 10, 122, 148, 162, 237
Walton, Sam, 5, 136. See also Wal-Mart
warehousing, 129, 148, 168; agribusiness and, 100; food distribution and, 92, 158; frozen food industry and, 120, 121–23; and integration with refrigerated trucking, 125; postwar revolution in, 120–21, 272n29. See also frozen food industry; supermarkets
Western Conference of Teamsters, 56
What’s the Matter with Kansas? 3, 183, 237
White trucks, 46
Whitten, Jamie L., 88
“wildcat” truckers. See independent truckers
Will, Frederic, 190
Williams, Hank, Sr. 195
Williams, Oscar, 223
Wilson, Woodrow, 38
Wisconsin, 26, 27, 168, 17; dairy cooperatives in, 174, 175–77, 179, 180; dairy industry in, 162, 164, 166, 169, 178, 179–80, 182, 183–84, 186. See also bulk tank milk system; dairy cooperatives; Wisconsin Cooperative Milk Pool
Wisconsin Cooperative Milk Pool, 28, 74, 150, 177, 185. See also strikes
Wisconsin Dairies Cooperative, 175, 179
Wisconsin Milk Haulers Association (WMHA), 179, 180, 182–83, 185
women: as consumers, 126, 152–53; and organized labor, 106, 196; as truckers, 196–99, 196 (table), 202; in trucking culture, 187, 192, 221; unpaid labor by, 178
Women’s Auxiliary of the United Auto Workers, 39
World War I, 15, 36, 37–38, 45, 70, 71
World War II, 34, 51, 69, 86, 93, 99, 100, 115; and antimonopoly politics, 23, 42, 135; dairy industry and, 73–74, 75–76, 78–79; and the “farm problem,” 70–72, 79, 101; and political challenge to agribusiness, 8, 68, 70; and postwar consumer economy, 12, 116, 120, 123, 126–27; price control efforts during, 75, 137, 152, 183; Teamsters during, 95–96, 103, 197. See also National War Labor Board; Office of Price Administration (OPA); Office of Defense Transportation (ODT); Trucking Commission
Wyckoff, Daryl, 210