Index

All index entries shown here correspond to the page numbers within the printed edition only. Within this digital format these page numbers allow for cross referencing only.

Illustrations are indicated by page numbers in bold.

Abhay (son of Tripurari Maharaj), 23, 24, 26, 28

Abhinavabhārtī, 41

Abhinayadarpaa, 40, 41, 111, 113, 114, 126

Achhan Maharaj (Kathak), 101, 104, 105–6, 107, 118, 122, 124, 126

Ādi parva, 36, 48

Ahirs, 24

Ā’īn-i Akbarī, 47, 73, 80–81, 82, 83, 86, 132

Akbar, Emperor, 4, 43, 44, 46, 57, 71, 86, 132, 135

Allen, Maude, 111

Anglicism, 12, 13–14, 93, 109, 117, 127

Anti-Nautch Movement, 94–8, 110, 115, 118

Anuśāsana parva, 36, 48

Argu (Kathak), 100, 101

Ashok and Tripurari Maharaj Shiksha Paramparik Kathak Natya Sanskritik Kendra (Ram Nagar), 22, 23

Ashok Tripathi, 22–7, 28, 29

Aurangzeb, Emperor, 46, 51, 52, 57, 70, 92

authenticity, 17, 127

Awadh, 8, 20, 51, 66–70, 93, 102–3, 133–4; see also Lucknow

Babur, Emperor, 44

Baker, Josephine, 111

Ballets Russes, 111

Banī, 66, 67, 72, 73, 80, 82, 83, 86

Benares/Varanasi, 8, 23, 70, 104

gharānā, 19, 20–21, 30, 31, 66–7, 76–7, 78, 79, 87–8, 97, 100, 102, 103

Bengal, 78

Beni Prasad (Kathak), 67, 102

Bhagats/Bhagatiya, 47, 67, 80, 83–4, 86, 132

Bhagvati Prasad, 25, 26, 28

Bhairav (Kathak), 101, 102, 104

Bhands, 46, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 76, 82, 83, 84, 86, 132, 134

bharatanāyam, 15, 40, 97, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119

Bharatiya Kala Kendra (Delhi), 122, 123, 124, 125, 126

Bhate, Rohini, 122, 126

Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan, 15, 110, 114

Bhats, 65, 76, 79, 81–2

Bhopal, 8, 51, 65, 103, 108

Bihar Kathaks, 21–2, 30, 86–7

Bindadin (Kathak, great-uncle of Birju Maharaj), 4, 21, 30, 32, 69, 79, 85, 86, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 118, 134

birādarī, 30–33, 73, 87, 88, 89, 97–8, 99, 100, 105, 108, 128, 131, 133

Birju Maharaj, 4, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26–7, 28, 30, 31, 32, 100, 101, 103, 125, 126, 134

Brahmo Samaj, 94

Bhaddeśī, 41

British census reports and studies, 70, 72, 73, 75–9, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 99, 100, 104, 133

caste, 15, 17, 18, 70, 76–88, 100, 127, 128, 132, 133

Chakradhar Singh, Raja, 105, 106, 107

Chatterjee, Manjushree, 105, 122

Chennai schools, 119

Chhandam School (San Francisco), 4

Churu district, 22, 104

colonial travel writings, 60–66, 70–72, 73, 75–6, 81, 82, 89, 92, 93, 97

colonialism, 6, 8, 9–13, 117, 131, 135

Company Style art, 58–9, 71, 82

Cornwallis, Lord, 12

costume/clothing for performances, 62, 71–2, 113, 114

dupaā/gauze scarf, 26, 64, 71

ghūgha/veils, 26, 43, 54, 62, 63, 64, 67, 71, 92, 93, 120, 131, 133

ghugrū/ankle bells, 1, 26, 42, 60, 62, 64, 72, 132

jewellery, 62, 71, 72, 97

jhūmar, 72

pyjamas, 62, 71, 72

skirts, 54, 62, 64, 67, 71, 72, 92, 93, 97

vests/bodices, 62, 71, 72, 97

courtesans, 5, 9, 14, 15, 71, 88, 90, 91–8, 105, 120, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134

in Indo-Persian texts, 47, 64

see also awā’ifs

cross-dressing male performers, 64–5, 70, 83, 86, 89, 97, 121, 131, 132

dancing girls, see nautch/dancing girls; women performers

Das, Chitresh, 4

Dayal (Kathak), 100, 101

Dayaluji, 9

Delhi, see New Delhi

Delhi School for Hindustani Music and Dance, 122, 124, 134

Denishawn Company, 113

devadāsīs, 91, 94, 95, 114

Dharis, 81, 84, 91, 103, 132

Dholis, 80, 82–3, 84, 86, 132

Doms/Dom Mirasis, 76, 77, 81, 84

Durga Lal, 3, 105

Durga Prasad (Kathak), 67, 69, 101, 102, 103, 104, 133–4

European art, 59, 71

gender, 8, 15, 18–19, 56, 60–61, 64, 71, 72, 73, 88, 94, 108–9, 110, 121, 131, 134–5

gharānās, 17, 18–20, 30–32, 99, 128, 129

and Hindus, 20, 30, 68

and Muslims, 20, 30, 68

see also under Benares/Varanasi; Jaipur; Lucknow

Ghunca-yi Rāg, 66, 67

Ghunyat al-Munya, 45–6, 48–9

Guījankhānā, 70, 82, 104, 134

gurūs/hereditary teachers, 17, 18–19, 32, 105, 118, 122, 123, 128, 129

Guashta-yi Lakhnau, 68–9, 72

Hamid Ali Khan, Nawab, 105–6

Handiya, 100, 102

Hanuman Prasad Misra, 31

Harinand Misra, 24, 28

Hastings, Warren, 12

hereditary teachers, see gurūs

Hindus and Hinduism

and gharānās, 20, 30, 68

and historiography, 10–11, 13, 14, 127, 128

and history of kathak, 4, 5, 8, 15, 35–9, 40–44, 45, 47–9, 68, 87–8, 97, 109–10, 114, 115, 117, 127, 128, 131

Hiralal (Kathak), 100, 101

historiography, 6–8, 9–15, 65, 127–9

and Anglicism, 12, 13–14, 109, 127

and British census reports and studies, 75

and colonial travel writings, 60–66

and colonialism, 6, 8, 9–13

and iconography, 52

and Indo-Persian texts, 44–7, 48–9

and nationalism, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13–15, 35, 45, 109–10, 127, 128, 135

and Orientalism, 9–14, 15, 35, 45, 48, 110, 114, 127, 131, 135

and postcolonialism, 6, 7, 9

and Sanskrit texts, 35, 36–9, 40–44, 45, 47–9

and women performers, 90–91, 96–8, 128–9

history of kathak, 6–8, 9–10, 15, 131–6

and caste, 15, 70

and colonial travel writings, 60–66, 70–72

and colonialism, 6, 8, 9, 131, 135

dominant narrative, 4–5, 6, 65, 127–9

and etymology, 37–9

and gender, 8, 15, 89–91, 96–8, 110, 128–9, 131, 132–3, 134–5

and Hindus/Hinduism, 4, 5, 8, 15, 35–9, 40–44, 45, 47–9, 68, 87–8, 97, 109–10, 114, 115, 117, 127, 128, 131

and iconography/imagery, 52–9, 71, 72

and Indo-Persian texts, 44–7, 48–9

Ghunyat al-Munya, 45–6, 48–9

Lahjāt-e-sikandar Shāhi, 46

Muraqqa‘-yi Dehlī, 46–7, 64, 65

Pārījātak, 46

Tohfat al-Hind, 46

and texts on and from the Jaipur court

Guījankhānā, 70

and texts on and from nineteenth-century Lucknow, 66–70, 73, 89–90

Banī, 66, 67, 72, 73

Ghunca-yi Rāg, 66, 67

Guashta-yi Lakhnau, 68–9, 72

Maūdan al-Mūsīqī, 66–7, 69, 72, 73, 133

Sarmāyayi Iśrat, 66, 67, 68–9, 68–9, 72, 89, 133

aut al-Mubārak, 66, 67, 72, 73

and Muslims/Islam, 4–5, 8, 15, 39, 44–7, 48–9, 57–8, 66–70, 97, 110, 127, 131

and nationalism, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 35, 45, 99, 127, 128, 135

cultural revival, 108–15, 127, 131, 134

and postcolonialism, 6, 7, 9

and Rajputs, 57–8

and Sanskrit texts, 35–9, 40–44, 45, 47–9, 72, 131

Abhinavabhārtī, 41

Abhinayadarpaa, 40, 41

Ādi parva, 36, 48

Anuśāsana parva, 36, 48

Bhaddeśī, 41

Kathāsaritsāgara, 39, 48

Mahābhārata, 36–9, 48

Nartananirāya, 40, 42–4, 46, 47, 48, 49, 64

Nāyaśāstra, 35, 40–41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 135

Ntyaratnāvali, 41, 42

Sagītacanda, 44

Sagītaratnākara, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 131

Sangītasamayasāra, 41, 42

Viūdharmottara Purāa, 41

iconography/images of dance/kathak, 52–9, 53–6, 58–9, 71, 72, 89, 92, 97

Company Style, 58–9, 71, 82

European, 59, 71

Mughal, 52, 57–8, 59

Rajput, 57–8, 71

Ishwari, 100, 101, 102

Iyer, E. Krishna, 114

Jai Kishan Maharaj, 32, 101

Jaipur, 8

gharānā, 19, 20–21, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 99, 104–5, 107–8, 115, 128, 134

Janaki Prasad, 20

Janaki Prasad gharānā, 20

Jahangir, Emperor, 44, 57

Jatan (Kathak), 66, 102

Jones, William, 10–11, 14, 45

Joshi, Dayamanti, 120, 121, 122

Joshi, Nirmala, 122–3, 124, 125, 134

Joshi, P.C., 122–3

Kalakshetra (Chennai), 119

Kalashram School (New Delhi), 4

Kalawants, 66, 80–81

Kalika-Bindadin Paramparik Kathak Natvari Lok Nritya Kala Kendra (Raghav Pandit), 22, 23, 24, 27

Kalka Prasad (Kathak, grandfather of Birju Maharaj), 30, 32, 69, 100, 101, 102, 104, 118

Kalyankapur, Mohan Rao, 126

Kathak Kendra (New Delhi), 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 105, 124, 125, 126

Kathaks, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18, 72–3, 117, 131

birādarī, 30–33, 73, 87, 88, 89, 97–8, 99, 100, 105, 108, 128, 131, 133

in British census reports and studies, 70, 72, 75–9, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 92, 99, 100, 104, 133

caste and vara, 15, 17, 18, 70, 76–88, 100, 127, 128, 132, 133

in colonial travel writings, 60, 70–71, 73, 75–6, 81, 82

connections to Kathavacaks, 22–30, 86, 87

etymology, 37–9

gharānās, 18–22, 30–32, 99, 105–8, 115, 128, 129, see also under Benares/Varanasi; Jaipur; Lucknow

and other hereditary performing groups, 79–88, 132

women, 89–91, 92, 96–8, 99, 104, 105, 132–3, 134–5

in Indo-Persian texts, 46, 48, 73, 80–81, 82, 83, 86, 132

as teachers in modern schools, 119–21, 122

in texts on and from the Jaipur court, 70, 82, 104, 134

in texts on and from nineteenth-century Lucknow, 66–70, 72, 73, 80–81, 82, 83, 86, 99, 100, 102, 103, 133

see also Benares/Varanasi, gharānā; Jaipur, gharānā; Lucknow, gharānā

kathakali, 37, 111, 114, 119

Kathakas/Kathakars/storytellers, 4, 5, 7, 15, 18, 70, 129, 131

in Indo-Persian texts, 46, 49

in Sanskrit texts, 35–9, 42, 44, 49, 72

Kathāsaritsāgara, 39, 48

Kathavacaks, 22–30, 31–2, 86, 87, 89

in Sanskrit texts, 36

women, 89

kathāvacan, 22–30, 31–2, 127

compared to kathak, 25, 26–30

etymology, 37

Kaushal (son of Tripurari Maharaj), 23, 28

Khargu (Kathak), 100, 101

Kolkata, 8, 89, 118, 134

Krishan Mohan Misra, 22

kuchipui, 111

Kuldeep Misra, 24, 26

Kurtaniya, 83, 86

La Meri (Russell Meriweather Hughes), 108–9, 113, 115

Lachhu Maharaj (Kathak), 101, 104, 105–6, 118, 122, 126

Lahjāt-e-sikandar Shāhi, 46

Lakhia, Kumudini, 105, 122, 125–6

Lallooji (Kathak), 67

Lucknow, 4, 5, 8, 23, 70, 122

as capital of Awadh, 51, 66, 66–70, 85, 86, 88, 91, 100, 102–3, 115, 133–4, 135

gharānā, 19, 20–22, 30–31, 32, 67, 69, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 97, 99–104, 107–8, 115, 124, 129, 133–4, 135

Madam Menaka, see Sokhey, Leila

Maūdan al-Mūsīqī, 66–7, 69, 72, 73, 80–81, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 133

Mahābhārata, 36–9, 48

Mahadevi (mother of Birju Maharaj), 23, 28, 31

manipurī, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 120

Mansingh (Kathak), 67, 101, 102, 104

Mata Hari, 111

Menaka Indian Ballet, 118, 120, 121, 125

Mill, James, 14

Mirasis, 30, 65, 77, 80–81, 84–5, 86, 91, 92, 133

Misras, 73, 128, 134

Mohenjo Daro, 35

Mughals/Mughal courts, 15, 39, 40, 43, 44–7, 51, 69, 71, 127, 131

art, 52, 57–8, 59

Mumbai, 8, 117, 119, 122, 134

Mumtaz Ali, 93

Munna Shukla, 22, 31, 32, 101

Muraqqa‘-yi Dehlī, 46–7, 64, 65, 82, 83, 92, 93

music

elements of

lahrā, 2, 25

naghma, 1

tāls, 2, 46, 119, 134

tihā’ī, 25, 26, 133

genres

dadra, 92

dhrupad, 92, 105

ghazal, 2, 3, 9, 92

Hindustani classical music, 2, 10–11, 15, 110

khyāl, 15, 47, 70, 92, 105

kurtana, 86

paran, 15

tappa, 92

humrī, 2, 3, 9, 21, 70, 92, 120, 133

tempos

drut lay/fast, 2, 3, 4

drut tintāl, 92

madhya lay/medium, 2, 3, 4

vilambit lay/slow, 2, 4

see also musical instruments

musical instruments

dhol, 80, 82

dholak, 71

harmonium, 2, 25, 26, 29

manjīra, 61

naqqāra, 26

pakhāvaj, 2, 71, 72, 105

sāragī, 1, 2, 9, 21, 30, 31, 61, 65, 66, 70, 71, 78, 80, 81, 88, 91, 97, 98, 120

sarod, 70

sitar, 61, 70

study of, 21

tablā, 1, 2, 3, 9, 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 61, 65, 70, 71, 80, 81, 88, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99, 102, 105, 106

Muslims and Islam

and art, 57–8

and gharānās, 20, 30, 68

hereditary performing groups, 80–81, 83

and historiography, 11, 13, 14, 127

and history of kathak, 4–5, 8, 15, 39, 44–7, 48–9, 57–8, 66–70, 97, 110, 127, 131

Nagar, Urmila, 22, 24, 105, 122

Nanda Lal Misra, 24, 26, 28

Naqqal, 47, 66, 67, 80, 82

Narayan, Shovana, 21–2, 99

Nartananirāya, 40, 42–4, 46, 47, 48, 49, 64

Natas, 42, 48, 49

nationalism, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13–15, 35, 45, 96, 99, 127, 128, 135

and cultural revival, 108–15, 117, 123, 127, 131, 134

Nats, 46, 80, 86, 91

nāvarī, 24, 27

Nāyaśāstra, 35, 40–41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 111, 114, 126, 135

nautankī, 27, 31, 64, 65

nautch/dancing girls, 9, 15, 53–6, 58–9, 60–65, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83–4, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91–4, 114

and the Anti-Nautch Movement, 94–8, 110, 115, 118

New Delhi, 8, 23, 100, 122, 133, 134, 135

schools, 4, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 105, 117, 122–6

North-West Provinces, 77, 78

Nritya Bharati (Pune), 126

Nritya Neketan (Mumbai), 122

Nrityalayam, 119–21, 123

Ntyaratnāvali, 41, 42

oissi, 97, 111, 114

Oriental Dance, 111–14, 117, 120, 121

Orientalism, 9–14, 15, 35, 45, 48, 93, 110, 114, 117, 127, 131, 135

Oudh, 77, 78

Paluskar, Vishnu Digambar, 15, 110, 114

Pande, Daya Shankar, 24

Panjab, 77, 78, 83, 84

Pārījātak, 46

Parkashji, 69

Pavlova, Anna, 111, 113, 118

performance(s), 7, 8, 24–7, 62–4

elements and/or genres of

āmad, 2, 123, 133

bhramarī, 42, 45, 64

bhāv-batana, 67, 88

bols, 67, 72, 86, 132

cakkar, 3, 64, 119

cakrabhramarī, 42, 45

cāl, 3, 43, 47, 64, 119

gat bhāv, 3, 36

gat nikās, 3, 43, 46, 47, 64, 67, 71, 120, 133

gatis, 43, 47

gats, 26, 67, 82, 92, 115, 119, 123, 134

gharghara, 42, 43

ghūgha ki gat, 43, 67, 69

gintī, 67, 72

jakkaī, 43, 49, 64, 71

janaśīn ki gat, 67, 68, 133

kathā, 25

kavitā, 3, 25, 42, 49, 131, 134

Krishna gat, 67, 72

laī, 26

mardāni ki gat, 67, 72

mudrās, 40–41, 49, 113

palā, 1, 43

paran, 3, 67, 72, 120, 123

parī gat, 67

parmilū, 67, 72, 120

perai, 42, 43

salāmi, 2, 54, 97, 133

tarānā, 1

tatkār, 26

tharaghine, 43

tharakia, 43

hāh, 2, 64, 120, 133

tora, 67, 72, 115

ukā, 3, 26, 67, 72, 115, 119, 120, 123, 133, 135

vandanā, 2, 97, 125

styles and/or types of, 70

abhinaya, 2, 26, 27, 40, 64, 71, 120

kaharvā, 93

lās, 46

lasya, 46

modern choreography, 121–6

mujrā, 97, 120

nritt, 67

solo ‘traditional’, 1–4

tānd, 46

tāava, 46

tempos

drut lay/fast, 2, 3, 4, 72, 133

madhya lay/medium, 2, 3, 4

vilambit lay/slow, 2, 4

postcolonialism, 6, 7, 9, 117

Prakash (Kathak), 67, 69, 100, 101, 102, 103

Prasaddoo (Kathak), 67, 102

Prashaddu (Kathak), 66, 102

Pune, 126

Rae Bareli, 22, 23

Raghav Pandit, 22–4, 27, 29, 31

Ragini Devi (Esther Luella Sherman), 113, 114

Raigarh, 8, 105, 106–7, 108, 115

Rajasthan Kathaks, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31, 41, 69–70, 77, 78, 82–3, 86, 99, 104–5, 108, 134; see also Jaipur, gharānā

Rajendra Gangani, 1, 19, 22, 80, 87, 105, 107

Rajput painting, 57–8, 71

Ram, Sumitra Charat, 122

Ram Gopal, 105, 125

Rām Līlā, 25, 27, 31, 79, 87, 127, 131

Ram Mohan Misra, 22

Ram Nagar, 22–4

Ram Sahai (Kathak), 67, 102

Ram Sevak, 23, 26–7, 28, 29

Ramdutt Misra, 118, 119

Ramnarayan Misra, 119

Rampur, 8, 51, 104, 105–6, 108

Rao, Maya, 99, 105, 122, 123–4, 125, 126

Ras Dharis, 66, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 132

Rās Līlā, 64–5, 72, 83, 86, 114, 125, 127, 131, 132, 135

Roy, Leila, see Sokhey, Leila

Rukmini Devi, 114, 118, 119

Sahai, Sharda, 31

Sangeet Natak Akademi, 122–3, 124

Sagītacanda, 44

Sagītaratnākara, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 131

Sangītasamayasāra, 41, 42

Sarmāyayi Iśrat, 66, 67, 68–9, 68–9, 72, 82, 89, 99, 100, 120, 133

Satish Shukla, 101

aut al-Mubārak, 66, 67, 72, 73

Sen, Bandana, 122

Shah Jahan, Emperor, 40, 44, 57

Shambhu Maharaj, 19, 22, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 122, 123, 125, 126, 134

Shankar, Uday, 111, 113, 117, 120, 121, 125

Sharma, Sharmila, 1

Sharma, Uma, 105, 122

Shawn, Ted, 111

Shitala Prasad, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31

Singha, Rina, 99, 122, 126

Sitara Devi, 20, 113, 122

Sitaram Prasad, 118

Smith, Vincent, 14

Sohal Lal, 125

Sokhey, Leila, 113, 115, 118–21, 123, 125, 134

St. Denis, Ruth, 111, 112

Stafford, William, 11

Sukhdev Maharaj, 20

Sultanpur District, 22, 23

Sunder Lal Shukla, 31

Sundar Prasad, 19, 105, 122

Svar, Satish, 26, 28

Tagore, Rabindranath, 110, 111, 114

awā’ifs, 91–8, 104, 111, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 127, 133, 134; see also courtesans

teaching/training, 4, 119–26, 128

institutions, 117

Ashok and Tripurari Maharaj Shiksha Paramparik Kathak Natya Sanskritik Kendra (Ram Nagar), 22, 23

Bharatiya Kala Kendra (Delhi), 122, 123, 124, 125, 126

Chhandam School (San Francisco), 4

Delhi School for Hindustani Music and Dance, 122, 124, 134

Kalakshetra (Chennai), 119

Kalashram School (New Delhi), 4

Kalika-Bindadin Paramparik Kathak Natvari Lok Nritya Kala Kendra (Raghav Pandit), 22, 23, 24, 27

Kathak Kendra (New Delhi), 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 105, 124, 125, 126

Nritya Bharati (Pune), 126

Nritya Neketan (Mumbai), 122

see also gurūs/hereditary teachers

Thakur Prasad (Kathak), 69, 101, 102, 104

Tohfat al-Hind, 11, 46

Tripurari Maharaj, 22–7, 28, 29

Tularam (Kathak), 100, 101

vara, 79

Varanasi, see Benares/Varanasi

Vatsyayan, Kapila, 122, 126

Vidyarthi, Govind, 122–3, 124

Vidyarthi, Reba, 122, 124–5, 124, 126

Viūdharmottara Purāa, 41

Viswanath Misra, 31

Wajid ‘Ali Shah, Nawab, 5, 19, 21, 30, 51, 66–70, 100, 102–3, 108, 125, 132, 133–4

Banī, 66, 67, 72, 73, 80, 82, 83, 86, 103, 133

aut al-Mubārak, 66, 67, 72, 73, 103, 133

Willard, Augustus, 11

women performers, 7, 9, 15, 17, 21, 23, 71–2, 73, 89–91, 99, 105, 110, 113, 131, 134

and the Anti-Nautch Movement, 94–8, 110, 115, 118

in British census reports and studies, 77, 89, 90, 92, 133

in colonial travel writings, 60–65, 71–2, 89, 92, 93, 97

courtesans, 5, 9, 14, 15, 47, 64, 71, 88, 90, 91–8, 105, 120, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134

devadāsīs, 91, 94, 95, 114

in iconography/imagery, 53–9, 53–6, 58–9, 71, 89, 92, 97

in Indo-Persian texts, 46, 47

and modern revival/evolution of kathak, 117–26, 128–9, 134–5

nautch/dancing girls, 9, 15, 53–6, 58–9, 60–65, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83–4, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91–8, 114, 133

in Sanskrit texts, 43, 48

awā’ifs, 91–8, 104, 111, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 127, 133, 134

in texts on and from nineteenth-century Lucknow, 67, 68, 69, 89, 92, 93, 96