Readers can visit www.blindspots-ethics.com/references for clickable links to all online materials cited in the notes.
Chapter 1
The Gap between Intended and Actual Ethical Behavior
1. This comparative overestimation could be caused by overestimating one’s own ethicality or underestimating that of others. The following article provides convincing evidence that the effect is caused by overestimating one’s own ethicality: N. Epley and D. Dunning (2000), “Feeling ‘Holier Than Thou’: Are Self-Serving Assessments Produced by Errors in Self- or Social Prediction?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79:861–75.
2. B. Steverman and D. Bogoslaw (2008, October 18), “The Financial Crisis Blame Game,” BusinessWeek, retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/oct2008/pi20081017_950382.htm.
3. F. Dobbin and A. Kalev (2007), “The Architecture of Inclusion: Evidence from Corporate Diversity Programs,” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 30 (2): 279–301.
4. http://www.aspencbe.org/documents/ExecutiveSummaryMBAStudentAttitudes Report2008.pdf.
5. C. D. Batson, J. L. Kobrynowicz, H. Dinnerstein, C. Kampf, and A. D. Wilson (1997), “In a Very Different Voice: Unmasking Moral Hypocrisy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72:1335–48.
6. P. Valdesolo and D. DeSteno (2007), “Moral Hypocrisy: Social Groups and the Flexibility of Virtue,” Psychological Science 18:689–90.
7. Pew Center poll (1995), “People, the Press and Their Leaders,” retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/press/other/view.html.
8. Adapted from F. Gino and L. Pierce (2009), “The Abundance Effect: Unethical Behavior in the Presence of Wealth,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 109:142–55; M. Schweitzer, L. OrdÓñez, and B. Douma (2004), “Goal Setting as a Motivator of Unethical Behavior,” Academy of Management Journal 47:422–32; N. Mazar and D. Ariely (2006), “Dishonesty in Everyday Life and Its Policy Implications,” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 25:117–26.
9. Gino and Pierce 2009.
10. M. H. Bazerman and D. Chugh (2006), “Bounded Awareness: Focusing Failures in Negotiation,” in Negotiation Theory and Research, ed. L. L. Thompson (New York: Psychology Press), 7–26.
11. P. Singer (2009), The Life You Can Save: Acting Now to End World Poverty (New York: Random House).
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13. J. M. Burger (2009), “Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?” American Psychologist 64:1–11.
14. BBC World Service (2010, March 17), “‘Game of Death’ French TV Show Sparks Controversy, retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2010/03/100318 _game_of_death_et_sl.shtml.
15. P. Werhane, L. Hartman, B. Parmar, and Dennis Moberg (book in progress), Social Construction, Mental Models, and the Problem of Obedience.
16. See D. Vaughn (1996), The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), for an excellent overall analysis of this disaster.
17. Roger M. Boisjoly (2006, May 15), “Telecon Meeting (Ethical Decisions—Morton Thiokol and the Challenger Disaster),” Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Research, National Academy of Engineering, retrieved from http://www.onlineethics.org/Topics/profpractice/ppessays/thiokolshuttle/shuttle_telecon.aspx.
18. Boisjoly 2006.
19. Boisjoly 2006.
20. Boisjoly 2006.
21. Irving Janis (1972), Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin).
22. There are certainly situations in which moral rules lead to good decisions. Here we simply focus on the potential downside of moral rules.
23. M. H. Bazerman, J. Baron, and K. Shonk (2001), You Can’t Enlarge the Pie: Six Barriers to Effective Government (New York: Basic Books).
24. M. Janofsky (2004, March 19), “Scalia Refusing to Take Himself Off Cheney Case,” New York Times, A1.
25. M. R. Banaji (2004), “The Opposite of a Great Truth Is Also True: Homage of Koan #7,” in Perspectivism in Social Psychology: The Yin and Yang of Scientific Progress, ed. J. T. Jost and M. R. Banaji (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 127–40.
26. A. S. Grove (2002), Swimming Across: A Memoir (New York: Grand Central).
27. A. L. McGill (1989), “Context Effects in Judgments of Causation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57:189–200.
28. J. Greene (2011), The Moral Brain and How to Use It (New York: Penguin).
Chapter 2
Why Traditional Approaches to Ethics Won’t Save You
1. Adapted from P. Foot (1978), “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect,” in Virtues and Vices (Oxford: Basil Blackwell); J. J. Thomson (2011), “Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem,” The Monist 59:204–17; Greene 2011.
2. I. Kant (1964), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (New York: Harper Torchbooks); Greene 2011.
3. Greene 2011; F. A. Cushman (2008), “Crime and Punishment: Distinguishing the Roles of Causal and Intentional Analyses in Moral Judgment,” Cognition 108 (2): 353–80.
4. Adapted from Foot 1978; Thomson 2011; Greene 2011.
5. Greene 2011.
6. M. C. Nussbaum (1997), Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press); M. C. Nussbaum (2007), “Liberty of Conscience: The Attack on Equal Respect,” Journal of Human Development 8:337–58; M. Moody-Adams (1997), Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
7. R. A. Posner (1997), “Against Ethical Criticism,” Philosophy and Literature 21 (1): 1–27.
8. E. Schwitzgebel (2009a), “Do Ethicists Steal More Books?” Philosophical Psychology 22:711–25.
9. E. Schwitzgebel and J. Rust (forthcoming), “Do Ethicists and Political Philosophers Vote More Often Than Other Professors?” Review of Philosophy and Psychology; E. Schwitzgebel and J. Rust (forthcoming), “The Moral Behavior of Ethicists: Peer Opinion,” Mind.
10. E. Schwitzgebel (2009b, August 8), “Are Ethicists Ethical?” The Philosopher’s Zone, audio interview, retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/philosopherszone/stories/ 2009/2645717.htm.
11. Schwitzgebel 2009a.
12. J. R. Rest (1986), Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (New York: Praeger).
13. A. E. Tenbrunsel and D. M. Messick (2004), “Ethical Fading: The Role of Self Deception in Unethical Behavior,” Social Justice Research 17:223–36.
14. A. Speer (1970), Inside the Third Reich, trans. R. Winston and C. Winston (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
15. J. Haidt, S. Koller, and M. Dias (1993), “Affect, Culture, and Morality, or, Is It Wrong to Eat Your Dog?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:613–28.
16. J. Haidt (2001), “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108:814–34.
17. Haidt 2001.
18. J. Greene and J. Haidt (2002), “How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (12):517–23.
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20. Appiah 2007.
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23. D. Chugh (2004), “Why Milliseconds Matter: Societal and Managerial Implications of Implicit Social Cognition,” Social Justice Research 17:203–22.
24. N. Mead, R. F. Baumeister, F. Gino, M. Schweitzer, and D. Ariely (2009), “Too Tired to Tell the Truth: Self-Control Resource Depletion and Dishonesty,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45:594–97.
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26. D. T. Miller and R. K. Ratner (1998), “The Disparity between the Actual and Assumed Power of Self-Interest,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:53–62.
When We Act against Our Own Ethical Values
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2. Cohen, St. Clair, and Malone 2009.
3. Cohen, St. Clair, and Malone 2009.
4. Cohen, St. Clair, and Malone 2009.
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6. Cohen, St. Clair, and Malone 2009.
7. Cohen, St. Clair, and Malone 2009.
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Chapter 4
Why You Aren’t as Ethical as You Think You Are
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2. A. E. Tenbrunsel, K. A. Diekmann, K. A. Wade-Benzoni, and M. H. Bazerman (2011), “Why We Aren’t as Ethical as We Think We Are: A Temporal Explanation,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. B. M. Staw and A. Brief, forthcoming.
3. J. A. Woodzicka and M. LaFrance (2001), “Real versus Imagined Gender Harassment,” Journal of Social Issues 57 (1): 15–30.
4. T. M. Osberg and J. S. Shrauger (1986), “Self-Prediction: Exploring the Parameters of Accuracy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:1044–57; K. A. Diekmann, A. E. Tenbrunsel, and A. D. Galinsky (2003), “From Self-Prediction to Self-Defeat: Behavioral Forecasting, Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, and the Effect of Competitive Expectations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85:672–83.
5. M. H. Bazerman, A. E. Tenbrunsel, and K. Wade-Benzoni (1998), “Negotiating with Yourself and Losing: Making Decisions with Competing Internal Preferences,” Academy of Management Review 23 (2): 225–41.
6. K. L. Milkman, T. Rogers, and M. H. Bazerman (2009), “Highbrow Films Gather Dust: Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Online DVD Rentals,” Management Science 55:1047–59.
7. Epley and Dunning 2000.
8. Diekmann, Tenbrunsel, and Galinsky 2003.
9. Tenbrunsel and Messick 2004.
10. Rest 1986.
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13. Tenbrunsel et al. 2011.
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17. M. J. Osofsky, A. Bandura, and P. G. Zimbardo (2005), “The Role of Moral Disengagement in the Execution Process,” Law and Human Behavior 29 (4): 371–93.
Chapter 5
When We Ignore Unethical Behavior
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3. The Reader, 2008, written by David Hare.
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13. Tenbrunsel and Messick 2004; Gino and Bazerman 2009.
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Chapter 6
Placing False Hope in the “Ethical Organization”
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Chapter 7
Why We Fail to Fix Our Corrupted Institutions
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Chapter 8
Narrowing the Gap: Interventions for Improving Ethical Behavior
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