Abolition of Man, The (C. S. Lewis), 19
Ackerman, Nathan, 39
Africa
fishing damaged by aquaculture, 154
pig offal marketed to, 124
traditional aquaculture, 155
Agrarian Way, 312–313
agriculture
aquaculture vs., 154
“clean” farming practices, 185
dependence on genetic diversity, 167
economic models, 195
industrialization of, 44–48
land suitable for grazing vs. crops, 305
native cropping systems, 81–83
percentage of land used for animal feed, 78, 81–82
water resources used by, 50, 186–187, 303–304
see also corn farming; monoculture practices; soybean farming
Agriculture Committee of the European Parliament, 271
agro-industrial complex, defined, xviii
air pollution
by animal waste, 11–12, 67, 74, 85–86, 316–317
Clean Air Act, 72–73, 228–229, 317, 324–325
community health concerns, 71, 75–76, 90, 200, 211–214
by dairy cows, 138
EU legislation, 323
feed contaminated by, 70
“pay the polluters” schemes, 200–201, 221–231
Safe Harbor Agreements, 216
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution, 323
see also specific pollutants
Air Quality Initiative, EQIP, 224
Aker ASA, 155
Alabama
broiler production, xvi
litter redistribution program, 224–225
veggie libel laws, 320
Albemarle-Pamlico Sound, 120, 121
Alden, Glen, 311
Alternative Housing for Gestating Sows, 14
ammonia emissions
from dairy cows, 138
health risks, 212
lack of regulations, 316
from waste lagoons, 74, 86, 111, 117, 120, 230–231, 242–243
Andrews, Brother David, 222
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 283
animal cruelty
agribusiness practices as, xiv–xv, 6–11, 13–14
attitudes against, 315, 319, 329, 336, 344
cloning as, 263–269
conservative positions on, 16, 17–19, 22–28, 341
vs. economic calculations, 22, 24–25
exemption from prohibitions on, xvii
genetic engineering as, 29–31, 36–37, 56, 275–276, 283
impact on human society, xviii, 4, 20–21, 25–28
“in vitro” chicken vs., 252–253
newly developed practices, 342
penalties for, 336–337
prevailing ideologies, 29–42
public ignorance of, 30–32, 344, 351
religious prohibitions against, 3–4, 15, 17–18, 20
strategies for healing, 337, 356
Animal Damage Control program (USDA), 80
animal feeding operations (AFOs), defined, xiii
animal husbandry
vs. animal/meat science, 10, 26, 48–51
Animal Welfare Institute standards, 309–310
defined, 47–48
vs. industrial agriculture, 8, 10–14, 28, 44–48
livestock breeding skills, 171
loss/lack of skills, 9, 23, 163
meat quality role, 204
protection for routine practices, 318
speech to swine producers on, 12–14
sustainable features of, 11–12
terminology used for, 12–14, 22, 48–50, 73
university programs, 5
upholding standards, 28, 322, 350, 368–369
Animal Liberation (P. Singer), 5, 340–341
Animal Machines (R. Harrison), 5
animal parts, as feed, xiv, 8–9, 98, 118, 271, 320, 361
animal products, defined, 164–165
animal protection movement, 338–339, 342
animal rights movement
conservative positions, 16–18, 23, 24, 27
history of, 5
liberal positions, 16, 23, 27, 341
limitations of, 340–341
universal declaration of rights, 368
animals, domestic
animal products, 164–165
exempted from animal definition, 22
genetic diversity, 164–175, 182–193
man’s dependence on, 164
mechanistic mindset about, 30–38
restoring compact with, 368
statistics on number of, xiii
see also specific types of animals
animals, wild
habitat loss and, 182–183
herbivores, 174
myth that industrial food benefits, 78–80
in nature films, 57–58
predators, 80, 182–183, 188–189
in zoos, 57
Animal Welfare Act, 30, 283, 317–318
Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) standards, 309–310
animal welfare movement, 4–5, 341–342, 350–351
animal welfare regulations
anti-cruelty laws, 20–22, 27, 28
enforcement lacking, 22, 315, 317–319
Animex, 123–124
Antarctic Krill Conservation Program, 155
in animal waste, 67, 84, 86, 89, 101–102, 111, 258–261
antibiotic-free meat, 106–107, 204, 257
AWI standards, 310
in backgrounding process, 95–96
bans on/reduced use of, 260, 297, 298, 322–323, 326
for cloned animals, 269–270
economics of use, 100, 106, 258–259
ethical concerns, 259–261
statistics on use of, xv, 256–257
water polluted by, 203
for weight gain, xiv, 5, 212, 255–261, 322–323
antibiotics, organisms resistant to
in cloned animals, 270
in EU, 322–323
GE organisms and, 278
human medical use and, 254–255
in meat, 208
reservoirs of resistance, 257
subtherapeutic doses and, 71, 86, 100, 148, 254–261, 298, 326
in water, 203
see also E. coli O157:47
anti-disparagement laws. See veggie libel laws
antimicrobials, defined, 254
antitrust laws
enforcement lacking, 146, 162–163, 181, 195, 319–320
strengthening/enforcing, 297, 320
aquaculture. See fish farms
Arizona
anticruelty laws, 319
veggie libel laws, 320
arsenic, in poultry litter, 225
artificial insemination, 73, 93, 110, 170, 193
Asia, aquaculture, 150–151, 153, 155–156
assembly-line production
farm vs. factory myth, 73–74
milking, 137–138
slaughtering facilities, 232–239, 288
asthma, association with CAFOs, 71
Atoms for Peace program, 291
Aubert, Claude, 246
Australia, beef packing/processing, 145–146
Bacon, Francis, 55–56
bacteria
from aquaculture operations, 91
in cattle rumens, 94
in fresh milk, 132
irradiation to kill, 287–294
see also antibiotics entries; specific types of bacteria
Baker, C.M.A., 169–170
Baltic Sea, agricultural runoff into, 124
Bangladesh, shrimp ponds, 154
Bankus, Shane, 233
behavioral aberrations
of caged poultry, 11
of feedlot swine, xv, 7, 11, 14, 23, 110
Belton Estate, The (A. Trollope), 134
Benson, Ezra Taft, 369
Bentham, Jeremy, 4–5
Berry, Thomas, 42
Berry, Wendell, 299
biodiversity
adaptation to climate change and, 305
energy transitions dependent on, 303
GE organisms and, 276–277, 281
loss of cattle species, 161–162, 192, 267–268, 370
loss of habitat and, 182–186, 188
loss of poultry species, 161–162, 191, 267–268, 370
loss of swine species, 161–162, 193, 267–268, 370
managed grazing and, 165–166
pest management and, 305–306
see also farms, diversity of
see also ethanol
biological oxygen demand, of hog waste, 211–212
biological synergy systems, 304–305
bioreactors (biopharm animals), 277–278
biotechnology. See genetic engineering
Blackwell, Tim, 12–14
Blair Brothers Ranch, 93–96, 98
Brazil
beef packing/processing, 145–146, 179–180
meat exports, 244
breeding of animals. See genetic selection
breeds, of domestic animals
defined, 167–168
as diversity indicator, 169
economic opportunities, 173–174
genetic erosion, 168–172
human culture and, 175
see also biodiversity; genetic selection
Brown, Lester, 303–304
Buchanan, Scott, 33
Bureau of Land Management, public lands ranching, 187
Bush administration (George W.), 38, 206–209, 316, 317
CAA (Clean Air Act), 72–73, 228–229, 317, 324–325
“CAFO-friendly rural communities,” 75–77
CAFO industry
anti-democratic tactics, 210–220
consolidation, 139–146, 171–172, 176–181, 195
contracts with independent growers, 180
economies of scale, xviii, 8, 12, 24–25, 28, 351–354
as farms vs. industries, xvii, 72–74
geographic concentration, xvi
greenhouse gas emissions, xvii, 64, 79, 201, 240–247
husbandry replaced by industrial practices, 44–51
myths about, 63–86
objectives, xiii
promotion of Western diet, 82–83, 241–242
sustainability of, 11–12, 300–307
terminology used by, 12–14, 22, 73
transparency lacking, 89, 298, 328
vertical integration, 76, 162–163, 194, 319
CAFO industry, advertising by
dairy products, 178–179
deceptive depictions of factory farms, 22, 72, 202
deceptive labeling, 28
pork checkoffs, 217–219
CAFO industry, lobbying by
animal welfare regulations, 181
environmental regulations, xvii, 72–73, 181, 195, 203–204, 216, 223
food safety, 206–209
irradiation expansion, 288
labor codes, 181
Smithfield hog farms, 114, 124
transparency issues, 89
CAFO industry, organized opposition to
Concerned Citizens of Tillery, 219–220
dismantlement efforts, 336–347
in EU, 12
Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water, 220
moratoriums on new facilities, xvii, 122, 219–220, 230
Neuse River Foundation Sampling Team, 366–367
pork checkoff disputes, 218–219
California
anti-disparagement laws, 343
confinement dairy farms, xvi, 137–138
industrial agriculture research, 216–217
irrigation water, 186
meatpacking/processing industry, 139–141, 146
Niman Ranch, 310–312
vegetable contamination, 294
Westland/Hallmark Meat Company, xvi, 337
Campaign for Family Farms (CFF), 218–219
Canada
Enviropig, 275
fertilizer use, 243
cannibalism in animals, 11, 110
captive supply, impact on family farms, 194
carbon dioxide emissions, xvii, 64, 79, 241, 316
see also global climate change
carbon sequestration, 245–246, 305, 355, 369
carp, aquaculture and, 155–156
cattle
age at slaughter, 94
backgrounding, 95
biodiversity loss, 161–163, 192, 370
as bioreactors, 277–278
cloning, 262–272
consolidation of milk/beef producers, 192
Hindu beliefs about, 3–4
hoof and mouth disease, 173
natural diet, 8
as ruminants, 89, 94, 98–102, 135–136, 138, 242
sickened by sprayfield hay, 116
cattle, dairy
air polluted by, 138
biodiversity loss, 161–163, 169, 191, 267–268
BST/BGH, 136
cloning, 262–272
confinement dairies, 90–91
feeding practices, xiv, 90–91, 132, 134–136
genetically engineered, 277–278
life spans, 131
nursing calves, xv
pasture for, 134–135, 137–138, 177
production diseases, 135–136, 138
selective breeding, 133–135
waste production/treatment, 228, 242–243
see also dairy industry
cattle, grass-pastured
animal welfare benefits, 297–298, 368–369
breed selection, 169
cow-calf operations, 89, 93–94, 187–189
dairy cattle, 134–135, 137–138, 177
economics of, 65, 66–67, 106, 143
family farmer role, 77, 194, 204–205, 368–369
greenhouse gas emissions and, 245–247
human health benefits, 97–98
imported beef as, 143
Niman Ranch, 310–312
policies that support, 373
on public lands, 187–189, 345–346
research lacking for, 172
subsidies lacking for, 222
taste of, 107–108
see also grazing
cattle feedlots
animal welfare laws, 298, 314–315, 319, 320–322, 325, 329
cull rates, 74
deceptive depictions of, 72
economics of, 95, 106, 143–144
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 67, 243–244
geographic concentration, xvi
horn removal, xv
“organic,” 106–107
runoff from, 78–80
near slaughtering facilities, 235
water resources used by, 186–187
see also diseases, production; feed mixes; meatpacking/processing industry; slaughtering facilities
cement dust, as feed, 8–9
Center for Food Safety, 271
cheatgrass, 189
Chefs Collaborative, 156–157
Cheney, Dick, 216
Chesapeake Bay, xvi, 64, 157–158, 225
Chez Panisse, 310–311
Chile, salmon farms, 149
China
CAFOs exported to, 241
cloned/GE animals, 284
deforestation, 79
fertilizer production, 243
leather production, 142
Christianity, on treatment of animals, 4, 15, 17–18, 20, 26–27
Clean Air Act (CAA), 72–73, 228–229, 317, 324–325
Clean Water Act (CWA)
2002 revisions, 212
enforcement lacking, 216, 220, 228–231, 315–317, 367
immunity from regulations, 72–73, 199, 228–231
poultry litter transport and, 224–226
strengthening/enforcing, 324–325
climate
CAFO animals not affected by, 211
livestock adaptations to, 170–171, 175
present climate as abnormal, 303
see also global climate change
Clinton administration, 216, 316
cloning, 262–272
as animal cruelty, 263–269, 280
bans on, 271–272
biodiversity concerns, 170, 267–268
consumer distrust of, 252, 263, 271–272
genetic consistency and, 170
hormone/antibiotic use and, 269–270
imported products of, 284
purported benefits of, 262
research, 263–272
testing/labeling of products, 263, 271–272
see also genetic engineering
Colorado
anticruelty laws, 319
grain-fed lamb, 331
veggie libel laws, 320
“common farming exemptions,” to state anticruelty laws, 318
community-acquired infections, 256
community gardens, 367
community-supported agriculture (CSA), 367
competition, cult of, 32, 38–40, 42
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 228, 317
concentrated animal feeding operations. See CAFO entries
Concerned Citizens of Tillery, 219–220
consolidation
of breeding, 171–172
of dairy farms, 176–179
vs. democracy, 210–211
economies of scale, 180–181
vs. family farms, 162–163, 176–181, 195, 202, 211
vs. food security, 203
“Get Big or Get Out” policies, 369
of meatpacking/processing industry, 93, 139–146, 171–172, 194–195, 201
between milk/beef producers, 192
political power increased by, 214
of slaughtering facilities, 145–146, 201
of swine industry, 179–180, 211
consumers
attitudes toward animal cruelty, 30–32, 315, 319, 329, 336, 344, 351
attitudes toward grazing on public lands, 345–346
choosing grass-fed lamb, 335
choosing local food systems, 365
choosing organic foods, 246, 329
disinterest in plight of farm animals, 30–32, 41–42
distrust of cloned animal products, 252, 263, 271–272
distrust of GE foods, 252, 277
distrust of irradiated meat, 287–288, 293–294
ethical responsibilities of, xviii, 3–5, 356
fish preferences, 152–153
interest in food origin, 146, 375
interest in healthy food, 367, 368
voting with forks, 372–373
what you can do, 376
contract growers, poultry farmers as, 194
coral reefs, deforestation and, 151
Corby, Joe, 114–115
corn, for ethanol
economics of, xvi, 97, 106, 142, 184
water resources, 304
corn-based animal diets
for dairy cattle, 134–136
damage to cow’s rumen, 8, 89, 96, 99–102, 355–356
economics of, 94, 97–98, 106, 142, 332–333
impact on humans, 101
for sheep, 332–335
see also grain-based diets
corn farming
diversification of, 298
economics of, 350
environmental damage, 78–79, 102, 107, 184–185, 369
greenhouse gas emissions and, 243–244
mechanization of, 360
statistics, 184
subsidies, 97, 107, 181, 222–223, 299, 326–328
sustainably farmed, 368
water demands, 301
see also monoculture practices
Costco, liability for meat contamination, 144
cows. See cattle entries
crop rotation, sustainable practices, 49
Cryptosporidia, in CAFO waste, 111
CWA. See Clean Water Act
cyanide, from waste lagoons, 111
cyclobutanones, in irradiated meat, 290–291
Dairy Farmers of America, 178
dairy industry
consolidation of, 176–181
demand for fresh milk, 132–133, 177–178
EB-5 investment visas, 227–228
economics of, 133, 136–138, 177
geographic concentration, xvi
hydrogen sulfide emissions, 229–230
increasing milk yields, 133–135
industrial production model, 359–360
milk consumption advice, 346
statistics, xiii, 178, 242, 351
subsidies, 226–227
workers for, 136–137
see also cattle, dairy
dams and reservoirs, as fish barriers, 186
dead zones (eutrophication), 78, 80, 102, 148
Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture, 371–372
deforestation
for feed crops/pasture, 79, 184, 185, 244–245
greenhouse gas emissions and, 244–245
for shrimp ponds, 151
democracy
freedom of food choice, 362–363, 365
vs. outside campaign contributions, 315
role of family farms, 203
den Dulk, Timothy, 226–227
Denmark, antibiotics ban, 260, 298, 323
Deutsch, Morton, 39
Diamond, Jared, 300–301
Diet for a Small Planet (F. M. Lappé), 5, 151, 240, 247, 377–378
dioxins, contaminated feed from, 70
Discourse on Method (R. Descartes), 35
diseases, human
GE organisms and, 278–279
industrial food is safe myth and, 69–71
from industrial foods, 363
irrational food safety concerns, 314–315, 359–361
meat consumption and, 64, 97–98, 101
myth that manure is benign resource, 84–86
research animals, 175
spread by livestock, 162
see also antibiotics, organisms resistant to; food-borne illness; specific pathogens and diseases
diseases, production, 8–11
biodiversity loss and, 161–162, 191
from calf weaning, 94–96
cloning and, 267–268
ethical treatment of, 11
examples, 8–9
of farmed fish, 148–149
grain-based diets and, 8–9, 69, 89, 99–102
industrial food is safe myth and, 69
killing of diseased animals, 6
meat recalls and, 67
at Smithfield hog farms, 111
transferred to humans, 86
see also antibiotics entries; specific pathogens and diseases
dismantlement movement, 336–347
distillery wastes, as feed, xiv, 90–91, 326–327
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), ByProducts Utilization Program, 292
Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy (M. Scully), 16, 27
DuBois, Bill, 227–228
E. coli
cloned animal products and, 270
costs associated with, 64, 107
from dairy cows, 136
lawsuits for damages caused by, 144
meat recalls and, 67
sources of, 69
vegetables contaminated by, 294
virulent forms in CAFOs, xv, 107, 200, 254–261
E. coli O157:47
in animal waste, 101–102, 105, 136, 200, 207
disease statistics, 207
Jack in the Box poisonings, 144–145
meat recalls and, 67
testing for, 207
Eating Animals (J. S. Foer), 345
e-beam facilities, 292–293
EB-5 investment visa program, 227–228
economic development, near CAFOs, 75–77
economies of scale
consolidation and, 180–181
from factory farming, 24–25, 28, 351–354, 360, 363–364
industrial food is cheap myth, xviii, 8
in meatpacking/processing industry, 141–146
shifting in favor of humane farmers, 28, 351–353
efficiency, cult of, 31–32, 35–38, 41–42
efficiency of industrial food
distinguished from productivity, 66
myths about, 66–68
as primary value, 6, 8, 13, 25
Eisenhower administration, 291
embryo transfer, genetic consistency and, 170
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 228–229
Endangered Species Act, 186–187
energy. See biofuels; fossil fuels
energy exchange systems, 303, 306
energy profit ratio, defined, 302–303
Enlightenment philosophy, 32–34, 58
enteric fermentation, methane and, 242
environmental cleanup, 77
environmental damage
from GE animals, 275–277, 280–281
Green Revolution and, 251
healed by managed grazing, 165–166, 174, 298–299, 305, 368–369
vs. industrial food is cheap myth, 63–64
myth that industrial food benefits environment, 78–80
Western diet and, 83
see also air pollution; global climate change; soil degradation; water pollution
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), 223–226, 327–328
environmental regulations
enforcement lacking, 315–317
increasing transparency, 328
lobbying to reduce, xvii, 72–73, 216, 228–231
strengthening/enforcing, 324–325
see also Clean Air Act; Clean Water Act; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Erigena, John Scotus, 58–59
Eshel, Gidon, 246
ethanol
corn grown for, xvi, 97, 106, 142, 184, 304, 332–333
distiller grains as feed, 106, 326–327
water shortages and, 304
ethics
abandonment of rural values, 24
of animal rights movement, 340–341
vs. competition, 39–40
of eating animals, 339
of genetic engineering, 280–281
human stewardship of Earth, 175
husbandry vs. industrial agriculture, 10–14, 28
man as paragon of animals, 58–59
moral standards/moral relativism, 16–28
religious teachings about animals, 3–4, 15, 17–18, 20
responsibilities of eaters, xviii
restoring compact with animals, 368
sanctity of animals, 50
of species-ism, 3–4
of subtherapeutic antibiotic use, 259–261
see also animal cruelty
Ethics of Rhetoric, The (R. M. Weaver), 40
eugenics movement, 36
European Food Safety Authority, 271
European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, 271
European Union (EU)
agricultural subsidies, 65, 124
animal welfare laws, 12, 298, 320–322, 329
antibiotic restrictions, 297–298, 322–323
cloned animal product bans, 271
deforestation for feed crops/pasture, 79
environmental laws, 323–324, 329
growth-promoter bans, 100, 142, 260, 323
eutrophication (dead zones), 78, 80, 102, 148
evolution
antibiotic-resistant bacteria and, 256, 257
defined, 55
man as paragon of animals, 52–59
promotion of alternative characteristics, 54–55
religious teachings and, 56, 58–59
exotic-animal trade, 16
exotic species, 165–166, 185, 189
externalized costs, defined, 12
extinction of plant/animal species
exotic species and, 185
genetic engineering and, 276–277, 281
livestock breeds, 161–164, 167–172
predators, 189
see also biodiversity
factory farming deceptive
depictions of, 22
economies of scale, xviii, 8, 12, 24–25, 28
expansion of, xiv
expectations of, xvii–xviii
Fair Oaks Dairy, 226–227
Farm Animal Welfare Council, 297–298
Farm Bill, federal, 201, 222–224, 299, 349, 367, 373
farm communities
collaboration between unions and, 238
declining tax/property values, 76–77, 203
dependence on farm families, 194, 216–217, 357
destroyed by CAFOs, 64–65, 91, 200, 202–203, 221
economic outsourcing and, 76
farmer’s interest in, 163, 357
free speech vs. CAFOs, 214–220
impact of farm practices on, 46
myth that CAFOs are good for, 75–77
odors, from CAFOs, 11, 72–73, 117–119, 203, 211–214
near Smithfield hog facilities, 115, 117–119, 124
strategies for healing, 358
support for independent dairies, 177–178
farm communities, health degraded by CAFOs
air pollution, 74, 85–86, 90, 117–119, 213–214, 229–230, 316–317
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 71, 256
disregard for, 195
see also workers entries
farms (small or family)
vs. consolidation, 176–181, 195, 319–320
as democratic institution, 203
distinguished from CAFOs, xiii–xiv
diversity of, 48, 189, 193, 298–299, 306–307, 369
economic concerns, 194, 205, 252, 311–312, 349
factory farms depicted as, 22, 72, 202
families as labor, 49
impact on surrounding communities, 194, 216–217, 357
pork checkoff disputes, 217–219
rebuilding infrastructure for, 181
strategies for restoring, 356–357
subsidies lacking for, xvi–xvii, 28, 65, 68, 201, 222–223, 231
farms, demise of, 195, 211, 361
consolidation of food industry and, 162–163, 176–181, 202
diversity lost due to, 50–51
hog farms, 203
husbandry skills lost due to, 12, 349, 370
loss of young farmers, 357
in Poland and Romania, 123–124
statistics, 64–65
farms, sustainable practices
biogas conversion technology, 246
energy exchange systems, 306–307
Niman Ranch, 308–312
resource stewardship, 204–205, 357, 361
rotational grazing, 333–334
waste management, xiii, 49, 67, 212, 222, 231
fast-food chains
beef prices set by, 141–145
contaminated meat, 144–145, 207, 208
public pressure on, 238
vegetable prices set by, 180
fats/fatty acids
in corn-fed vs. grass-fed beef, 65, 97–98, 369
FDA. See U.S. Food and Drug Administration
feather meal, as feed, 98
Federal Meat Inspection Act, 145
feed mixes
AWI standards, 310
for CAFOs, xiv, 8–9, 66–67, 97–99, 170–171, 243–244
contaminated, 70
for dairy cattle, 90–91, 134–136, 137
documentation requirements, 298
fish meal/oil, xiv, 66–67, 80, 91, 151–154
low-methane feeds, 245
PCBs and, 70
see also antibiotics entries; grain-based diets; growth hormones; hay
fertilizers
for corn, 102
environmental damage and, 63–64, 71, 78–79, 183–184, 184–185, 201
for forage crops, xiv, 183–184
greenhouse gas emissions and, 243–244
Green Revolution and, 251
imports/exports, 243
petrochemicals used for, 97, 102, 107, 302
pond-bottom soil as, 155–156
poultry litter as, 225
water polluted by, 78–79, 86, 243
see also waste entries
fish, wild
agricultural runoff and, 64, 79–80
endangered, 186–187
as fish meal, xiv, 66–67, 80, 91, 151–154
growth hormones and, 79–80, 100
impact of aquaculture on, 148, 150–151
overfishing, 153
as seed for farmed populations, 153
water demands vs., 186–187, 188
fish farms (aquaculture), 147–148
Chinese traditional, 155–156
consumer fish preferences, 152–153
deforestation and, 150–151
diseases of, 148–149
escaped fish, 150, 156, 276–277, 281
freshwater depletion, 150, 156
sustainability standards, 156–157
waste from, 84, 91, 148–149, 154–156
fishing communities, 153–155, 203
fish meal and oil
as livestock/poultry feed, xiv, 66–67, 80
floods
animal waste spills and, xv, xvi, 85, 111, 119
global climate change and, 241
riparian area damaged by, 188
Florida
anticruelty laws, 319
cattle industry and drought, 141–142
veggie libel laws, 320
food-borne illness
cloned animal products and, 270
from contaminated meat, 144–145, 200, 206–209
irradiation to prevent, 105, 287–294
see also bacteria; meat recalls; specific types of bacteria
food costs
consolidation and, 181
factory farming to reduce, xviii, 12
industrial food is cheap myth, 63–65
in U.S., 146
Food of London, The (G. Dodd), 134
food safety
vs. anti-disparagement laws, 215
cloning and, 268–272
of GE foods, 274, 278–279, 284–286
industrial food is safe myth, 69–71
slaughtering practices and, 105, 359–361
technological solutions, 251–252
see also food-borne illness
food safety regulations
deregulation efforts, 206–209
EU ban on U.S. beef, 323
meat inspections/tracking, 105, 206–209, 236, 288, 371
transparency, 89
food security
vs. agribusiness domination, xviii, 3–5, 7, 12, 301–302, 352
vs. cheap energy, 302–303
vs. climate change, 303
vs. consolidation, 203
consumer interest in, 367
democracy and, 240
in fishing communities, 153–155
genetic diversity and, 173, 267–268
Green Revolution and, 251
myth that industrial food can feed the world, 81–83, 352, 367
vs. subsidies, 349
vs. water shortages, 303–304
Foremost Farms, 178
forests
carbon sequestration by, 245, 246
deforestation, 79, 151, 184, 185, 244–245
fossil fuels
dependence on, 46–47, 51, 302–303, 358, 360, 368, 371
draft animals vs., 166
in fertilizers, 97, 102, 107, 302
milk prices and, 177
peak oil production, 302–303
four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), 163
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 328
free speech
anti-disparagement laws vs., xvii, 22, 200, 214–216, 343–344
CAFO industry vs., 214–220 “free trade,” 349
Galileo, cult of objectivity and, 32–33
Gandhi, Mahatma, 14
genetic diversity
of animal breeds, 167–172
conservation of, 168–169, 172–175
defined, 166
see also biodiversity
genetic engineering (GE), 273–286
animals as bioreactors, 277–278, 284
animal welfare concerns, 29–30, 56, 279–280, 283, 285
consumer distrust of, 252, 277, 285–286
as cruelty, 29–31, 36–37, 56, 275–276, 283
environmental impact, 275–277, 280–281
Enviropig, 275
of feed grains, xiv
human health/food safety concerns, 278–279
labeling requirements, 283, 285–286
regulatory concerns, 252, 273–274, 275–277, 281–286
of swine, 26, 29–31, 36–37, 56
transgenesis procedures, 273–274
unapproved products in food system, 274, 276, 277–278, 280–281, 285
of workers, 36–37
see also cloning
genetic erosion, agricultural context, 169–172
genetic selection (breeding)
to conform to CAFOs, xiv, 170, 171–172, 195
of dairy cows, 133–135, 161–162, 192
disease susceptibility, 361
as evolution, 56
farmed vs. wild salmon, 150
vs. genetic diversity, 167
local adaptation, 50–51
loss of biodiversity and, 161–163, 370
to reduce methane emissions, 245
university role, 26
Geography of Oysters, A (R. Jacobsen), 158
Georgia, veggie libel laws, 320
“Get Big or Get Out” policies, 369
Giardia, in CAFO waste, 111
global climate change
CAFO influence on, xvii, 64, 79, 240–243, 301, 316, 325
consequences of, 241, 303, 316–317, 369
feed crop/fertilizer factors, 201, 243–244
grass-pastured livestock and, 245–246
krill populations and, 155
land use changes, 244–245
reducing meat consumption and, 246–247
systems adaptable to, 305
transportation impact, 244
glossary, 395–399
goats, 165–166, 175, 242, 274, 277–278
Goldberg, Jonah, 17–18
Goldschmidt, Walter, 216–217
grain-based diets
backgrounding, 95
for dairy cattle, 90–91, 134–136
economics of, 94, 106, 142–144
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 66–67
feed-to-meat conversion rates, 243–244
goals of, xiv
greenhouse gas emissions and, 243–244
promotion of Western diet and, 82–83
rumens damaged by, 8–9, 69, 89, 96, 99–102, 135–136, 257, 355–356
for sheep, 331–333
see also corn-based animal diets
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, 319–320
grain production, for feed crops
economic outsourcing and, 76
environmental damage from, 63–64, 78–80, 183–186
for exported animal feed, 79, 81–83
externalized costs, 66
fertilizers/pesticides for, xiv, 63–64, 183–184
GE crop varieties, xiv
greenhouse gas emissions and, 243–245
land use statistics, 78, 183–186
subsidies for, xvi, 201, 222–223
sustainably farmed, 368
university role, 5
water demands, 301
see also corn farming; monoculture practices, for feed crops; soybean farming
Grandin, Temple, 103–105, 161–162, 191, 251–252
grasslands
loss of biodiversity, 183–186
restoration of, 165–166, 174, 297, 308, 368–369
grazing
benefits of managed, 94, 165–166, 174, 298–299, 305, 368–369
cow-calf operations, 89, 93–94, 187–189
by dairy cattle, 134–135, 137–138, 177
environmental damage, 188–189
greenhouse gas emissions and, 244–245
land use statistics, 183–186, 244–245
selective, weeds from, 189
subsidies for, 345–346
see also cattle, grass-pastured; pasture; swine, sustainably raised
Great Depression, food shortages, 7
greenhouse gas emissions. See global climate change
Gristoff, Bob, 311
growth hormones
animals as bioreactors, 277–278
AWI standards, 310
BST/BGH for dairy cattle, 136
in CAFO feed, 5, 23, 89, 94, 100–101, 203
for cloned animals, 269–270
economics of use, 106
hormone-free meat, 106–107
in milk, 91
water polluted by, 67, 79–80, 89, 100, 203
Gulf of Mexico, dead zones, 78, 102
gypsy moth, introduction of, 281
habitats
biodiversity and, 167, 182–186, 188
grazing land as, 305
strategies for restoring, 356
for wild salmon, 150
HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points), 145
Hadrick, Troy, 95–96
Halweil, Brian, 152–153
Hansen, Les, 192
Harris Ranch Beef, 141
hatcheries, economic outsourcing and, 76
hay (forage crops)
for dairy cattle, 134–135
fertilized with pig waste, 115
managed production, 165
monoculture practices, 183–186
research, 175
health risks/costs, industrial food is safe myth, 69–71
Hematech, 276
Hendrickson, Mary K., 163, 179
herbicides. See pesticides
herpes virus, wild fish epidemics, 149
Higgs, David, 152
Hill, Jonathan, 266
Hindu religion, sacred cows, 3–4
Hoffman, Peter, 157
hogs. See swine entries
Homo sapiens, as paragon of animals, 52–59
hoop barns, deep-bedded, 307
horses, as draft animals, 166
Howard, Sir Albert, 48
human culture
contempt for community, 358
vs. cult of efficiency, 35–38
vs. cult of objectivity, 35
degraded by animal cruelty, xviii, 20, 21, 25–28
historic breeds as result of, 175
role of competition, 38–40
role of domesticated animals, 164
role of food system, 210, 357–358, 359
sustainability of civilizations, 300–301
Humane Slaughter Act, xvi, 318
Hunt, Jim, 116
hurricanes, impact on waste lagoons, 121
Hutcheson, Francis, 38
hybrid vigor (heterosis), 171
Hyde Bailey, Liberty, 49
hydrogen sulfide emissions
health risks, 71, 74, 85, 111, 212, 242, 316
impact on surrounding communities, 117, 229–230
lack of regulations, 316
Idaho
dryland industrial dairies, xvi
veggie libel laws, 320
ideologies
beliefs about farm animals, 30–32
cult of competition, 32, 38–40, 42
cult of efficiency, 31, 32, 35–38, 41, 42
cult of objectivity, 30, 31, 32–35
halting spread of, 42–43
religion of progress, 40–41
see also religion
Illinois Citizens for Clean Air and Water, 220
Indiana, Fair Oaks Dairy, 226–227
industrial economy, basic assumptions of, 301–302
industrial food animal production facilities. See CAFO industry
insecticides. See pesticides
insects, beneficial, 183, 185, 189
integrated pest management (IPM), 183, 305–306
intensive livestock operations, defined, xiii
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, 348–349, 351
Investigational New Animal Drug statute, 283
Iowa
antibiotic use, xv
EB-5 investment visas, 227
egg production, xvi
prairies, 185
swine production, xvi, 90, 180
Iowa Beef Packers (IBP), 140–141, 145
Irish potato famine, 173
irradiation (cold pasteurization), 105, 287–294
consumer distrust of, 287–288, 293–294
cyclobutanones and, 290–291
e-beam facilities, 292–293
health hazards, 289–292
history of, 291–293
product labeling, 293–294
Islamic religion, prohibitions against swine, 4
I-29ers for Quality of Life, 227–228
Jack in the Box, contaminated meat, 144–145, 207, 208
Jaenisch, Rudolf, 265, 267, 269
Jamison, John and Sukey, 333–335
Johnson, Elizabeth, 208
Judaism, on treatment of animals, 4, 26–27
Jungle, The (U. Sinclair), 201, 233, 351, 361
Kansas
anti-disparagement laws, xvii
cattle feedlots, xvi, 92–93, 95–102
slaughtering facilities, 103
water disputes, 304
Keillor, Garrison, 331
Kellogg’s, vegetarian products, 337
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 64–65
Kentucky, meat chicken production, xvi
Kraft Foods, vegetarian products, 337
krill, population decline, 154–155
Krisher, Rebecca, 266
labeling
of cloned products, 263, 271–272
deceptive, 28
of irradiated products, 293–294
Laborers International Union of North America, 237
lactose intolerance, 132
Land O’Lakes, 178
large-offspring syndrome, 266, 280
Leopold, Aldo, 301–302
Lewis, Joe, 305
Linton, Dave, 13–14
liver abscesses, in feedlot cattle, 8, 99
livestock industry. See CAFO industry entries; cattle, poultry, and swine entries; meatpacking/processing industry; slaughtering facilities
locally based food networks
benefits of, 299, 356, 360–365
carrying capacity and needs, 50–51
consumer interest in, 367, 368
dairy products, 177–178
economics of, 364
environmental impact, 83
family farms and, 77
impact of farm practices on, 46
regional distribution networks, xiv
restoring regional food webs, 370
logging, draft animals for, 166
Louisiana, veggie libel laws, 320
Lucky, beef prices set by, 140–146
Luter, Joseph III, 90, 112–114, 123
mad cow disease, 9, 98, 214–215, 276, 279, 320
Mallin, Dr. Michael, 123
manure. See waste entries
Manwell, C., 169–170
Marler, Bill, 144
Martinfound, Pamela, 246
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4
Matson, Floyd, 36
Mauss, Marcel, 38
McCloskey, Michael, 226–227
meat consumption
deaths/illness from contaminated meat, 144–145, 206–209
health risks associated with, 64, 69–70, 81, 97–98, 101, 339–340
impact on beef prices, 142
nutritional advice on, 346
promotion of Western diet, 81–83, 195, 201, 241–242, 337–338
red meat vs. poultry, 246–247
statistics, xiii, 82, 234, 236, 338, 351
sustainability concerns, 83, 97–98, 301
meat inspections, 105, 206–209, 236, 288
meatpacking/processing industry
captive supply, 194
commoditization of, 143–144
consolidation of, 93, 145–146, 171–172, 179–180, 194–195, 201, 319–320
deregulation efforts, 144–145, 200, 206–209, 237
economies of scale, 141–146
exports, 142
farmers paid by, 311–312
four-firm concentration ratio, 163
market prices set by supermarkets, 140–146
pork checkoff funds, 217–219
see also slaughtering facilities
meat recalls, xvi, 67, 72, 200, 337
mechanomorphism, defined, 36
Mench, Joy, 279–280
mental problems, communities near CAFOs, 71, 76
metals (heavy), in CAFO waste, 84–85, 111, 225
methane digesters, 224, 226–227, 245
methane emissions, 138, 241–243, 246, 301, 316
Meyers, B. R., 27
Michigan, methane digester subsidies, 226
Michigan Pork Producers, 218–219
microinjections, for GE research, 279–280
Minnesota, hydrogen sulfide regulations, 230
Mississippi, veggie libel laws, 320
Missouri
anti-disparagement laws, 215–216, 343
land values near CAFOs, 76–77
prairies, 185
Premium Standard Farms, 232–235, 239
monoculture practices, for feed crops
climate change adaptability and, 305
disease susceptibility and, 361, 370
ecological effects, 102, 183–186, 195, 303
exported outside U.S., 81–82
see also biodiversity
Montana
anti-disparagement laws, xvii
dewatering for forage crops, 187
Moore, Dale, 208
MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus), xv, 256
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 26–27
Muir, William, 281
Mumford, Lewis, 33
Murano, Elsa, 208
Murphy-Brown, 73
National Beef Packing, 93, 102–106, 179–180
National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, 208, 247, 320
National Institutes of Health, nutritional advice, 346
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, 325
National Pork Producers, 6–7, 28
National School Lunch Program, xvi, 207, 287, 344, 344–345, 349
native plants and animals, 182–186, 188–189
see also animals, wild
Natural Resources Conservation Service, 223, 328
nature, attitudes toward, 34, 55
nature films, depictions of wild animals, 57–58
Nebraska
cattle feedlots, 80
Omaha Together One Community, 238
water disputes, 304
Neuse River Foundation Sampling Team, 366–367
Nevada, anticruelty laws, 318
New Animal Drug Application statute, 273–274, 278, 282–284
New Jersey
anticruelty laws, 318
Radiation Technology, Inc., 292
New Mexico, Quality Milk Sales, 226
newspaper, as feed, 8–9
New York, waste lagoon collapse, 79
Niman, Bill, 310–312
Niman Ranch Pork, 308–312
Nitrates Directive, 323
nitrogen
in drinking water, 71
from fertilizer runoff, 86, 102, 107, 243, 302
from livestock waste, 64, 67, 111, 116–117, 119
in poultry litter, 225
nitrous oxide emissions, 241, 243–245, 316
No Contest: The Case Against Competition (A. Kohn), 38
North Carolina
egg production, xvi
Lagoon Conversion Program, 231
moratoriums on new hog facilities, 122, 219–220, 230
Smithfield hog farms, 109–124
swine production, xvi, 71, 90, 180, 202–204, 230
water polluted by hog waste, 116–117, 230, 366–367
North Dakota
anti-disparagement laws, xvii
land suitable for grazing, 305
veggie libel laws, 320
Norway, anti-cruelty laws, 322
nutrient cycling, Chinese aquaculture, 155–156
nutrient deficiencies, inbreeding and, 161–162, 191
nutrition
Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture, 371–372
freedom of food choice, 362–363, 365
healthy food as economic force, 371
interest in healthy food, 367, 368
obesity and, 64, 81, 344–345, 363, 371
omega-3 fatty acids, 65, 97–98, 253, 262, 369
strategies for improving, 357–358, 363
USDA advice on, 346
see also meat consumption; vegetarian diets
Obama administration, 179–180, 286
obesity
global statistics, 81
importance of healthy food, 363, 371
National School Lunch Program and, 344–345
objectivity, cult of, 30, 31, 32–35
Occupational Safety and Health Office (OSHA), 234, 238
oceans, dead zones, xvii, 78, 80, 148
see also water pollution
odors, from CAFOs, 11, 72–73, 117–118, 200, 203, 211–214
Ogallala Aquifer, 304
Ohio
prairies, 185
veggie libel laws, 320
Oklahoma
anti-disparagement laws, 343
veggie libel laws, 320
Omaha Together One Community, 238
Order of Things, The (M. Foucault), 58
Oregon, anticruelty laws, 319
organic foods, 205, 247, 327, 337
oxen, as draft animals, 166
ozone, from e-beam facilities, 292–293
Packers and Stockyard Act, 311–312, 319–320
Page, Richard, 155
Palladin, Jean-Louis, 334–335
parks, ranching allotments on, 187
see also grazing
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 70, 148–149, 152
Peacock, Doug, 57
see also antibiotics entries
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 17–18, 252–253, 340
Peru, fishing communities, 154
pesticides
alternatives to, 166, 183, 305–306
animal services vs., 166
environmental damage from, 67, 78–79
for forage crops, xiv, 63–64, 183–184
fuel resources, 302
Green Revolution and, 251
Peterson, Robert, 141
pets
Animal Welfare Act and, 30
efficiency concepts applied to, 37
moral equivalent of farm animals to, 21
Pfiesteria piscicida, 85, 121–122, 203
pharmaceutical industry, 200, 261, 277–279, 284
Pharming Healthcare, Inc., 277–278
phenotypes, of domestic animals, 168
phosphorus
from agricultural runoff, 64, 67, 116–117, 225
environmental damage from, 71
in Enviropig manure, 275
fossil fuels and, 302
from waste lagoons, 111
Piedrahita, Jorge, 265
pigs. See swine entries
Pimentel, David, 83
Poland, CAFOs exported to, 123–124, 241
politics/politicians
collusion with industry/research institutions, 211
contributions from animal-use industries, 28, 114, 181, 203–204
deregulation of meatpacking industry, 206–209, 237
free speech protections vs., 214–220
immunity to animal cruelty, 16–19, 22–28, 30–31, 34, 341
liberal positions on animal cruelty, 16, 23, 27, 341
voting with forks, 372–373
what policy makers can do, 377–378
see also CAFO industry, lobbying by
pollinators, biodiversity loss and, 183
ponds, for waterfowl, 359
pork checkoff funds, 217–219
Pork Production, Research, and Consumer Education Act, 217–219
poultry
avian influenza, 173
biodiversity loss, 161–163, 191, 267–268, 370
cloning, 262–272
efficiency of feed use, 244
free range, 28, 66–67, 77, 298
genetically engineered, 26, 253, 275
“in vitro” chicken, 252–253
pest control role, 166
waste as feed, 8–9
see also meatpacking/processing industry
poultry, factory farms
animal welfare laws, 314–315, 319–322, 325, 329
consolidation of, 179–180
contract growers, 194
deceptive depictions of, 72
economies of scale, 12
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 67
four-firm concentration ratio, 163
geographic concentration, xvi
industrial-scale production, 73–74
litter redistribution programs, 224–226
water resources used by, 186–187
poultry and egg consumption, 82, 236, 338, 346
poultry slaughterhouses
Humane Slaughter Act exemption, xvi
statistics, xv–xvi
worker conditions, 76, 125–130, 235–238
predators
ecologic influence of, 182–183
killing to protect livestock, 80, 188–189
in nature films, 57–58
Premium Standard Farms, 122, 232–235, 239
primals, meat processing, 140
progress, religion of, 40–41
ProLinia, cloning research, 278
property values, in “CAFO-friendly rural communities,” 76–77
Proposition 2, 314–315, 319, 329
public lands, cattle grazing on, 187–189, 345–346
purebreds, devaluation of, 171
Quality Milk Sales, 226
Quality Pork Processers, 70–71
Radiation Technology, Inc., 292
radioactive waste, to irradiate food, 291–293
Reagan administration, 236, 237
regional food councils, 367
religion
evolutionary theory and, 56, 58–59
of progress, 40–41
teachings about animals, 3–4, 15, 17–18, 20, 26–27
restaurants
fish consumption statistics, 156
grass-fed lamb for, 330–335
organic foods served by, 205
sustainably raised pork for, 310–311
Revlar (growth hormone), 100
Robbins, Robyn, 234
Roenigk, Bill, 235
Romania, CAFOs exported to, 123–124, 241
rumens, of cattle
damaged by corn diets, 98–102, 355–356
ruminal acidosis, 135–136, 138
Rumensin (antibiotic), 95–96, 99–102
Russell, James, 102
Safe Harbor Agreements, for CAFOs, 216
Safeway, beef prices set by, 140–146
salmon
diseases of, 149
genetically engineered, 271
habitat loss, 150
overfishing, 150
water demands, 186–187
wild fish in feed mixes, 152
see also fish farms
Salmonella, xv, 69, 111, 200, 207–208, 270
Savage, Julian and Charlotte, 119
Saving the Appearances (O. Barfield), 37
science
cult of objectivity and, 32–35
husbandry replaced by, 44, 48–51
in religion of progress, 40–41
seasonal eating, 367
sheep
Dolly the cloned sheep, 263–264, 265, 268
grain-fed, 331–333
managed browsing, 165–166
parasite resistance, 173
pest control role, 166
as ruminants, 242
sheep’s milk cheese, 174
shellfish, 148, 152–153, 156, 157–158
Shepard, Paul, 56–57
shrimp ponds, 150, 151, 153, 154
see also fish farms
Simplot, Scott (J.R. Simplot Company), 262
Skaggs, Jimmy M., 235
slaughtering facilities
age of cow at slaughter, 94
assembly lines, 73–74, 232–239, 288
consolidation of, 145–146, 179–181, 201
downer cow brutality, xvi, 337
economic outsourcing and, 76
near feedlots, 235
illegal to photograph, xvii, 22, 200, 215–216, 328, 343–344
immigrant workforce, 24, 76, 103, 128–129, 232–239
independent operators, xiv
killing rates, xv–xvi
meat contamination, 67, 145, 206–209
poultry, xv–xvi, xvi, 76, 125–130, 235–237, 235–238
procedures, 102–106
profit margins, 140–146
resistance to brutality of, 237, 238
swine, 90, 109, 113, 124, 179–180, 232–235
water resources used by, 186
worker health risks, xv–xvi, 70–71, 75–76, 90, 181, 232–239
see also meatpacking/processing industry
slaughtering facility regulations
Humane Slaughter Act, xvi, 318
transparency, 298
waste disposal requirements, 122
Slow Food Nation, Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture, 371–372
Smil, Vaclav, 82–83
Smith, James, 157
Smithfield Bioenergy, LLC, 123
Smithfield Foods
beef packing/processing, 145
business practices, 73, 90, 113
cloning research, 278
conditions at, 23–24, 26–28, 110–111
dead holes, 118
disease management practices, 111
environmental innovations, 122–123
genetic engineering program, 26
impact on surrounding communities, 115, 117–119, 124, 203
mergers, 122
outsourcing, 241
in Poland and Romania, 123–124
sales statistics, 90, 110, 113, 122, 180
slaughtering facilities, 90, 109, 113, 122, 124, 179–180
sprayfields, 111, 115–117, 124
subsidies to, 223
violations of Clean Water Act, 112, 120
waste lagoons, 90, 111–112, 117–122, 124, 230–231
waste production, 109–112
Waterkeeper Alliance lawsuit, 204
Socrates, on moral relativism, 21
soil degradation
cattle grazing and, 165, 188, 244
deforestation and, 151
grain production and, 11, 78–79
grass-pastured livestock and, 245–246
nitrous oxide emissions and, 244
strategies for healing, 356
by tractors, 45
soil health
benefits of, 355
closed recycling systems and, 305, 306
grassland restoration and, 369–370
soil science vs. soil husbandry, 48–49
solar energy, 46
somatic cell nuclear transfer, 264–265, 268
South America, aquaculture, 150–151
South Carolina
poultry worker injuries, 76
restrictions on new hog facilities, 122
South Dakota
anti-disparagement laws, 215
cattle ranches, 92–93
EB-5 investment visas, 227–228
veggie libel laws, 320
soybean farming
diversification of, 298
economics of, 350
environmental damage, 78–79, 184–185, 369
greenhouse gas emissions and, 243–244
statistics, 184
subsidies, 222–223, 299, 326–328
sustainably farmed, 368
see also monoculture practices
species-ism, 3–4
Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, xv, 256
“stationary sources,” CAFOs as, 316
Stier, Ken, 91
stocking rates, xiii, xiv, 322
Streptococci, in CAFO waste, 111
subsidies
for animal feed crops, 97, 107, 181, 201, 222–223, 299, 326–328
for CAFOs, xvi–xvii, 25, 28, 195, 201, 221–231
challenged by consumers, 367
EB-5 investment visas, 227–228
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 68
environmental/labor law nonenforcement as, 181
Farm Bill, 201, 222–224, 299, 349, 367, 373
food security and, 349
for GE research, 275–276
industrial food is cheap myth, 65
lacking for small farms, 28, 65, 68, 222–223, 231
for National School Lunch Program, 344–345
“pay the polluters” schemes, 200–201, 221–231
to protect air/water quality, 221–231
public lands ranching as, 187–189, 345–346
reforming, 297, 299, 326–328, 329
state funding, 226–227
USDA role, 346
for waste-processing infrastructure, xvi–xvii, 65, 201, 221–231, 245
Sumaila, U. Rashid, 155
Superfund regulations, CAFO immunity from, 72–73, 317
supermarkets
beef prices set by, 140–146
consolidation of, 144
dairy product choices, 178–179
food choices, 363
organic food sections, 205
vegetable prices set by, 180
sustainability, defined, 300
Swanson, Lori, 74
Sweden, anti-CAFO legislation, 12, 322–323
swine
biodiversity loss, 161–163, 169, 193, 267–268, 370
biological oxygen demand of waste, 211–212
cloning, 262–272
feed-to-meat conversion rates, 211, 244
genetic engineering research, 29–31, 36–37, 56, 275, 276
“lean hogs,” 193
religious prohibitions against, 4
as research animals, 175
swine, sustainably raised
benefits of, 65–67, 194, 359, 373
economics of, 311–312
family farmer role, 204–205
Niman Ranch Pork, 308–312
replaced by feedlot operations, 203
swine feedlots
aberrant behaviors in, xv, 7, 11, 14, 23
animal welfare laws, 298, 314–315, 319–322, 325, 329
assembly-line production, 73–74
bans on, 12
changed attitudes of producers toward, 12–14
community health concerns, 71
consolidation of, 179–180, 211
deceptive depictions of, 72
diseases associated with, 6, 8, 256
economics of, 12, 24–25, 312, 350
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 67
family farms replaced by, 203
geographic concentration, xvi
gestation and birth, 6–7, 9, 23, 28, 110
industrial-scale production, 73
living space, 6–7, 13–14, 25, 110, 202–203
moratoriums on new, 122, 219–220, 230
nursing piglets, xv
pork checkoff funds, 217–219
Rollin’s speech to swine producers, 12–14
near slaughtering facilities, 235
Smithfield Foods, 23–24, 26–28, 90, 109–124
subsidies for, 223
waste production, xvi, 202–204, 211–214, 242–243
water polluted by, 64, 78–80, 116–117, 230, 366–367
water resources used by, 186–187
see also diseases, production; feed mixes; meatpacking/processing industry; slaughtering facilities
swine slaughterhouses
Smithfield hog farms, 90, 109, 113, 124, 179–180
worker conditions, 232–235, 238
Tabor, Eric, 113
tax revenues, in “CAFO-friendly rural communities,” 76–77
Teamsters Union, 237
technology
biogas conversion technology, 246
chemical rinses for carcasses, 288
Green Revolution, 251
husbandry vs. industrial agriculture, 44–51
in religion of progress, 40–41
for waste treatment, 224, 226–227, 245, 307
“test and hold” protocol, 145
Texas
anti-disparagement laws, 215, 343
cattle feedlots, xvi
veggie libel laws, 320
Texas Beef Producers, 214–215
Thailand, shrimp ponds, 150, 154
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution, 323
tilapia, aquaculture, 156, 157
transgenesis procedures, 273–274
transportation
fuel resources, 302
greenhouse gas emissions and, 201, 244
international meat trade, 244
local distribution systems, 364–365
of milk to processors, 177–178
of poultry litter, 224–226
of primals to supermarkets, 140
trenbolone (steroid), 79–80
trophy hunting, 16
see also fish farms
turkeys, 17, 73, 76, 163, 275, 290–291
see also poultry entries
tylosin (antibiotic), 99–102
Tyson Foods, 93, 125–130, 145, 179–180, 223, 241
unions, for CAFO workers, 234–235, 237–239
United Food and Commercial Workers, 237, 238, 239
United Kingdom, antibiotics banned, 322
universities
collusion with animal-use industry, 5, 211
emphasis on financial sector, 352
genetic engineering research, 26
husbandry vs. industrial agriculture, 48–49
immunity to animal cruelty, 34
suppression of research, 216–217
University of Edinburgh, pig park, 7
urea, in CAFO feed, 97
Uruguay, grass-fed beef, 143
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 283
Animal Damage Control program, 80
approval for cloned animal products, 252, 263, 270
approval for irradiated meat, 287, 289
beef grading system, 98, 105, 144
dual mandates, 209
factory line speeds set by, 236
Farm Bill, 201, 222–224, 299, 349, 367, 373
Food Safety and Inspection Service, 144–145
genetic engineering role, 29, 31, 252, 282–283, 285
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, 319–320
meat inspections, 105, 206–209, 236, 288
National School Lunch Program and, 345
Natural Resources Conservation Service, 223, 328
nutritional advice by, 346
pork checkoff dispute, 218–219
restrictions on small producers, 360–361
strengthening, 324–325
sued by meatpacking industry, 207
surplus corn policies, 97
transparency lacking, 328
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), ByProducts Utilization Program, 292
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
discharge permits for CAFOs, 212, 316
enforcement of CWA, 216, 220, 228–231, 315–317, 367
refusal to regulate CAFOs, 216, 220, 228–231, 315–317, 367
strengthening, 324–325
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, public lands ranching management, 187
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approval for cloned animal products, 264, 265, 266, 269–272
approval for GE products, 273–274, 275–278, 282–285
approval for irradiated meat, 291–292
Center for Veterinary Medicine, 282
growth hormone investigation, 100–101
strengthening, 324–325
U.S. Forest Service, public lands ranching management, 187
vaccines
animals as bioreactors, 277–278
flatulence inoculations, 245
pharmaceutical industry and, 200
at Smithfield hog farms, 111
vegetable farming
acreage vs. forage acreage, 185
consolidation of, 180–181
irradiated products, 293–294
water pollution and, 294
vegetarian diets
environmental benefits, 240, 246–247
health benefits, 70, 247, 339–340
limitations of vegetarian movement, 339–340
National School Lunch Program and, 345
of native people, 82–83
trends and goals, 337–338, 342
veggie libel (anti-disparagement) laws
lawsuit against Oprah Winfrey, 214–216, 320
photography prohibitions, xvii, 22, 200, 215–216, 328, 343–344
veterinary medicine
ethical concerns, 4, 9, 12–14, 23–24, 28, 73–74
for surgical procedures, 322
Villalon, Jose, 157
Virginia, Polyface Farm, 355, 359, 365
viruses, in CAFO waste, 84
viscera
in feed mixes, xiv, 8–9, 98, 118, 271, 320, 361
vitamins, in feed mixes, xiv, 5, 97
von Liebig, Justus, 356
Waller, John, 333
wars, for fossil fuels, 102
waste (manure)
from aquaculture operations, 84, 91, 148–149, 154
as biofuel, 122–123
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 67
growth hormones in, 101
impact on wildlife, 79–80
in meat, 200
myth that manure is benign resource, 84–86
from swine feedlots, xvi, 11–12, 109–112, 202–204
toxins in, 111
see also air pollution; water pollution
waste (manure), as fertilizer
for family farms, xiii, 67, 86, 115–117, 212, 368
for pasture, 11
waste (nonmanure) disposal, 113, 122, 301
waste lagoons, 84–85
covers for, 224
dairy farms, 229–230
greenhouse gas emissions, 242–243
hydrogen sulfide emissions, 71, 74, 85, 111, 117, 229–230, 242–243
impact on surrounding communities, 203–204, 211–214, 242
Poky Feeders, 92
Smithfield hog farms, 90, 110–112, 117–122, 230–231
spills or leaks, xv, 67, 79, 85, 221, 275
worker health risks, 112
waste sprayfields
problems associated with, xv, 84–85, 124, 258–261, 366
self-certifying system, 316
at Smithfield hog farms, 111, 115–117, 124
waste treatment
biogas conversion technology, 246
Chinese traditional aquaculture, 155–156
economics of, 123
fuel resources, 302
greenhouse gas emissions and, 201
by hogs, 166
methane digesters, 224, 226–227, 245
methods used by CAFOs, xv, 67, 84–85
research programs, 230–231
by small farmers, 194
at Smithfield hog farms, 110–112, 123
subsidies for, xvi–xvii, 65, 201, 221–231, 245
waste composting, 307
water resources used by, 186
waste treatment regulations
EQIP program, 223–226, 327–328
increasing transparency, 328
lack of, xv
lobbying to reduce, xvii, 72–73, 114, 181, 195, 228–231
Smithfield violations, 114
strengthening/enforcing, 324–325
Waterkeeper Alliance, 199, 204–205
water pollution
by fertilizers, 78–79, 86, 243
by nuclear waste, 292–293
shellfish as filters, 157–158
water pollution, by animal waste, xv, 11
antibiotics and, 67, 71, 84, 86, 89, 212, 258–261
community health concerns, 71, 90, 211–212
efficiency of industrial food myth and, 67
environmental damage, 79
Enviropig and, 275
greenhouse gas emissions and, xvii
growth hormones and, 67, 79–80, 89, 100
human disease and, 69
vs. industrial food is cheap myth, 63–64
lobbying to reduce oversight, xvii, 203–204
myth that industrial food benefits environment, 78–80
myth that manure is benign resource, 84–86
“pay the polluters” schemes, 200–201, 221–231
from poultry litter, 225
from shrimp ponds, 154
from Smithfield hog farms, 111–114, 116–117, 119–122, 124
strategies for healing, 355–356
from swine feedlots, xvi, 202–204
vegetables contaminated by, 294
as violations of commons, 199
water sampling and testing, 366–367
see also Clean Water Act
water resources
allocation of, 355–356
aquaculture demands and, 150, 156
forage crops and, 184
global climate change and, 241
Green Revolution and, 251
impact on cattle operations, 141–142
impact on native fish, 186–187, 188
industrial agriculture and, 50, 186–187, 301, 303–304
soil health and, 305
Waters, Alice, 310–311
Waters, Mary, 208
Wealth of Nations, The (A. Smith), 38
weight gain (animals)
antibiotics to promote, xiv, 5, 212, 255–261, 322–323
CAFO diets to promote, xiv, 5, 94, 96, 143
Welt, Martin, 292
Westland/Hallmark Meat Company, xvi, 337
whaling, animal welfare concerns, 16
wheat, as forage, 185
whirling disease, wild fish epidemics, 149
White, Jonathan, 131
Whittle, Dan, 116
Whole Foods Market, 143, 146, 337
Willis, Paul, 308–312
Winslow Taylor, Frederick, 37
workers, health risks, 70–71
air pollution and, 11–12, 212–213, 316–317
assembly-line speeds, 104–105, 288
MRSA infections, 256
poultry disassembly lines, 125–130
swine slaughterhouses, 232–239
workers, in CAFOs/slaughterhouses
farm families as employees, 49
genetic engineering of, 36–37
husbandry skills lacking, 9, 12, 23, 24
labor-law violations, 181
labor recruiters, 235
lawsuits by, 237
local, 146
migratory/immigrant, 23, 24, 76, 103, 128–129, 203, 232–239
poultry disassembly lines, 125–130, 232–235, 239
training programs, 127–128, 322
turnover, 233
unionization of, 234–235, 237–239
wages, 65, 75–76, 140, 203, 235, 237, 350
working conditions, xv–xvi, 65, 76, 201, 203, 232–239, 350
World Wildlife Fund, aquaculture standards, 156–157