Page numbers followed by t indicate a table
abuse-deterrent opioids, 172–174
AC1 enzyme, 246
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, 305
acetaminophen, 94, 162, 164t, 226, 249–250, 251
acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) supplement, 244
action potentials (of nerves), 27–28, 48, 113
assessment difficulties, 258–259
Center for Health Studies study, 259–260
Chinese research, 260
Cochrane Collaboration review, 263
cool laser acupuncture, 259
fMRI/PET scan studies, 262
German trials, 260
systematic review data, 256
true believers vs. skeptics, 258
Western neuroscience research, 260–262
in babies, 197
limited massage benefits for, 263
marijuana efficacy for, 215
opioids for surgical patients, 137
protective value of, 246
transition to chronic pain, 16, 31–35, 192
women vs. men, 62
ADAPT trial, 293
aerobic exercise. See exercise
Affordable Care Act (ACA/“Obamacare”), 302–303
ALCAR (acetyl-l-carnitine) supplement, 244
Alexander technique, 266
Aloisi, Anna Maria, 73
Ambien, 162
American Academy of Family Physicians, 210
American Academy of Pain Management, 131, 181
American Academy of Pain Medicine, 137, 176, 178, 184–185
American Association of Medical Colleges, 8
American Chronic Pain Association, 95
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 207
American College of Physicians, 207, 263
American College of Sports Medicine, 295
American Medical Association, 204, 207, 270
American Pain Foundation, 133
American Pain Society, 89, 116, 184, 185, 263, 295
American Pharmacists Association, 157
American Public Health Association, 210
American Society of Addiction Medicine, 140, 207
Ameritox, drug test lab, 178
amitriptyline (Elavil), 103, 104, 249
Anand, K.J.S., 83
anesthesia
morphine comparison, 75
postoperative use, 82
Annan, Kofi, 130
Anslinger, Harry J., 204
anticonvulsant medication, 29, 103
antidepressant medication
for neuropathic pain, 104
for relief of pain, 249
Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986), 205
anti-inflammatory drugs, 42–43. See also nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Armstrong, Ken, 154
arthritis, 11, 16. See also osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis
neck pain exacerbation, 1
e-diaries/ecological momentary assessment, 42
McGill Pain Questionnaire, 40–41
numerical scales, 41
observation of patient, 40, 43
pain tracking programs, 42
ratio scale/visual analog scale, 41
Standardized Evaluation of Pain, 42
Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (Germany), 295
ASUs (avocado-soybean unsaponifiables), 278
Atkinson, J. H., 209
Australia
back pain-bed rest study, 285
back pain-physical activity study, 287–288, 291
chronic pain, healthcare costs, 11
Cochrane Collaboration pooled research, 104
experimental pain tests, 123
marijuana/fMRI study, 221
peppermint study, 277
spinal manipulation study, 270–271
undertreatment of children in pain, 82, 88–89
autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis, 189, 197, 213–216, 275
pemphigus vulgaris, 5, 148–149
autonomic nervous system, 114–115
parasympathetic division, 25
Aventyl (nortriptyline), 249
axial back pain, treatment, 42–43
back pain, 11. See also low back pain
Alexander technique, 266
brain gray matter and, 36
catastrophizing score, 106–107
chronic, 36–38, 56, 170, 264, 288–289
Consumer Reports survey, 285
massage therapy for, 264
opioids for, 151
radicular back pain, 42
transdermal buprenorphine for, 170
tricyclic antidepressants for, 104
BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), 33
Beck, Aaron, 109
Belfer, Inna, 62
benzodiazepines, 129, 151, 162, 163t, 168, 184. See also Ativan; Valium; Xanax
Berens, Michael J., 154
Bernstein, Carolyn, 286
Beyer, Judith E., 82
Binkley, Karen, 6
biofeedback, 21, 113–115, 201, 256
biofield therapies. See energy healing
Biro, David, 5
Boston Children’s Hospital, 22
boswellia (frankincense), 278
Botox (botulinum toxin) injections, 236
bradykinin, 32
brain. See also nervous system
chronic pain’s influence on, 4
depression/neuroimaging studies, 102
regions related to chronic pain, 38–39
women vs. men, pain sensations, 67
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 33
Brazil, facial pain studies, 62
Brenner, Gary, 25
Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston), 107
Brooks, David, 131
buprenorphine, 162, 163t, 169–171
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana and Firearms, 225
burning man/feet syndrome (erythromelalgia), 47, 49–51
burning pain, 47
Bursztajn, Harold J., 63
calcium channel gene mutation, 56
Canada
McGill University pain center funding, 11–12
pain and gender findings, 68–70
physician pain education limitations, 7, 8
undertreatment of children in pain, 88
cancer pain, 16, 22, 156, 209, 213, 215, 243, 2553
cannabis. See marijuana
Cannabis sativa. See marijuana
capsaicin, 252
Capsicum frutescens, 278
Carbajal, Ricardo, 88
carbamazepine (sodium-channel blocker), 51
carisoprodol (Soma), 249
Carr, Daniel, 76, 166–167, 304
“catastrophizing” response to chronic pain, 38, 92, 105–107, 111, 284
celecoxib (Celebrex), 276
Center for Health Studies (Seattle), 259–260
Center for Medical Cannabis Research (UC San Diego), 209
Center for Neurosensory Disorders (University of North Carolina), 72
Center for Practical Bioethics (Kansas City), 136, 175
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 134
naloxone, community-based program, 166
opioid deaths report, 129
opioid patient testing recommendation, 177
on potential drug abuse, 128–129
Centers for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), 134
Cervero, Fernando, 74
cervical dystonia, 2–3, 19, 283
Chapman, Richard, 161
Chatzky, Andrew, 306
chemotherapy drugs, 243
chemotherapy pain, 5, 16, 242–244
absence of, in IOM survey, 17
circumcision procedure, 84
Clifford Woolf’s research, 17, 22, 42, 46
“faces” scale for assessment, 41
Little Jeffrey Lawson case, 79–81
opioids, safe use, 85
preemies study, 88
Premature Infant Pain Profile, 86
self-controlled analgesia, 85
undertreatment of, 81–84, 87–88
women’s sensitivity to, 63
Chinese medicine, 95, 116, 203, 265. See also acupuncture; tai chi
chiropractic (spinal manipulation), 240, 255, 269–273
Christie, Chris, 130
chronic pain. See also “flavors” of pain
acupuncture and, 258
acute pain transition to, 16, 31–35
brain tissue losses from, 37–38
“catastrophizing” response, 38, 92, 105–107, 111, 284
Cindy Steinberg example, 15–16
classification difficulties, 10–11
coping (non-drug) techniques, 108–124
genetic susceptibility to, 46, 52–54
Jeffrey Mogil on, 46
from pemphigus vulgaris, 5
suicide and, 125
women’s susceptibility to, 62
Cisplatin (chemotherapy drug), 243
Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis (CRC), 210
Coates, Thomas, 209
coca leaf, 210
Cochrane Collaboration reviews, 86
acupuncture, 263
antidepressants, 104
exercise and fibromyalgia, 295
injection therapy, 235
low back pain, 285
placebo medication, 97
prolotherapy, 237
TMS, 234
codeine
-cough syrup, 162
CSA Schedule inclusion, 162
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 106, 109–111
Cohen, Mark, 177
Cohen, Steven P., 235–236, 238
Cole, James M., 208
Common Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMPLEX), 304
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 255–281. See also acupuncture
Chinese medicine, 95, 116, 203, 265
diet, vitamins, herbals, 273–278
magnets/pulsed electromagnetic fields, 278–281
massage, 94, 256, 263–266, 283
spinal manipulation, 240, 255, 269–273
complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 6, 62
Consortium to Study Opioid Risks and Trends (CONSORT) study, 151–152
controlled substances, federal schedules, 163t
Controlled Substances Act (1970), 161, 162, 204, 208
Controlled Substances by CSA Schedule, 162
coping (non-drug) techniques, 108–124
biofeedback, 21, 113–115, 201, 256
cognitive behavioral therapy, 106, 109–111
meditation, 96, 115–119, 255, 283
cordotomies, 238
cortisone (steroid) shots, 3, 234–236
Cowan, Penney, 95
Craig, Kenneth, 44
craniosacral therapy, 267
CRI Lifetree Clinical Research, 137
CRPS. See complex regional pain syndrome
Current Medication Misuse Measure (COMM), 146
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), 249
Cymbalta (duloxetine), 43, 104, 249
cytokines
astrocytes comparison, 191
drugs/potential blocking of, 236
“good” vs. “bad,” 34–35, 191–192
healing promoted by, 23
mechanisms of action, 34–35, 235
Swedish massage reduction of, 265
Davidson, Richard, 117
decompression surgical technique, 242
deep brain stimulation (DBS), 232
de Jong, Zuzana, 292
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. See tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
deoxycoformycin (Pentostatin), 245
depression. See also antidepressant medication
catastrophizing comparison, 38
catastrophizing response, 38, 92, 105–107, 111, 284
drug treatment, 103
European data, 100
Oxford/Harvard mood studies, 101–102
pharmacologic treatment, 103–105
somatization theory, 101
devices: implantable pumps, 252–253
devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), 278
diabetic neuropathy pain, 45
Diatchenko, Luda, 57
diet, vitamins, herbals, 273–278
diethylstilbestrol-induced cancer, 296–297
disc nucleoplasty surgery, 242
distraction (for diverting attention), 111–114
Doblin, Rick, 207
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, 4
drug abuse. See also withdrawal from drugs
genetics of, 144
global war on drugs, 130
pain patients vs. street abusers, 127–137
pain reliever overdoses (2008), 129
training for recognition of, 43
using drugs for treatment of, 166–171
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 134, 135–136, 156–157, 205, 207, 210
Drug Misuse Index (DMI), 146
drug treatment using drugs, 166–171
duloxetine (Cymbalta), 43, 104, 249
dysfunctional pain, 22–24, 122
economics
NIH research funding limitations, 12–14
ectonucleotidase enzyme type, 245
e-diaries/ecological momentary assessment, 42
Edwards, Rob, 107
Effexor (venlafaxine), 103, 249
Elavil (amitriptyline), 103, 104, 249
electrical stimulation, 230–232
electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), 233
Endep (amitriptyline), 249
energy healing (“biofield therapies”), 265–270
Alexander technique, 266
craniosacral therapy, 267
Feldenkrais method, 267
Healing Touch, 267
Therapeutic Touch, 269
ergonomics consultants, 3
Ernst, Edzard, 258, 266, 267, 272
erythromelalgia (“burning man/feet syndrome”), 47, 49–51
estrogen. See hormone replacement therapy
“estrogen is bad” theory, 72
evening primrose, 278
Exalgo (by Covidien), 173
exercise, 1–2, 16, 94, 108, 283–298
massage therapy comparison, 264
NSAIDs with, 270
overdoing, 247
spinal manipulation comparison, 270, 271
swimming (inspirational example), 296–298
facial pain, 40, 44, 201. See also trigeminal neuralgia
brain tissue losses in, 37
studies, 62
familial hemiplegic migraine, 57
Fanatrex (gabapentin), 248
FAST trial, 293
Federal Narcotics Bureau, 204
Federation of State Medical Boards (US), 136, 176, 185
Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy (Burns), 109–110
Feldenkrais method, 267
fentanyl
mechanism of action, 74
prescriptions data, 133
fibromyalgia, 38
brain tissue losses in, 37
estrogen cycle pain variability, 74
fMRI/catastrophizing study, 107
marijuana study, 216
in women, 62
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, 295
Finland, facial pain studies, 62
Fischl, Bruce, 117
“flavors” of pain, 22–24. See also inflammatory pain; neuropathic pain
dysfunctional pain, 22, 23–24, 122
Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine), 249
fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Foley, Kathleen, 14
Frank, Barney, 225
Frith, Chris, 123
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 39–41. See also real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
acupuncture studies, 262
Australia marijuana study, 221
brain activity pattern detection, 35–36
catastrophizing study, 107
developmental importance of, 35
distraction results measurement, 112
drug action in the brain research, 39
empathy study, 122
meaning and pain experiment, 92–93
meditation measurements, 119
placebo vs. pain reliever study, 97–98
Stanford University research, 35–36
functional pain syndromes, 20
Funk, Janet, 277
gabapentin (Neurontin), 43, 103, 248–249, 294
Gabarone (gabapentin), 248
Gaffney, Joanne, 268
gain-of-function genetic mutation, 49–51
GAIT study (knee osteoarthritis), 276–277
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
derangement of, 34
drugs for boosting and side effects, 254
influence on pain, 28
mechanisms of action, 253
mice/neuropathic pain trial, 24, 253–254
gamma linoleic acid (GLA), 278
Gard, Tim, 119
Garner, Carol, 168
GCH1 gene research, 57
gender and pain, 61–78. See also men; women
brain scan findings, 67
female headache susceptibility, 63
IOM (2001) report, 64
lab experiments and findings, 64–67
pain summation differences, 66–67
pain thresholds, tolerances, 66
“secondary messenger” differences, 71
undertreatment of women’s pain, 68–70
university studies, 63
women vs. men comparisons, 62–63
genetics of drug addiction, 144
“burning man/feet syndrome,” 47, 49–51
calcium channel gene mutation, 56
chronic pain susceptibility, 46, 52–54
Danish/Finnish heritability studies, 53
DNA mutations, 56
gain-of-function mutation, 49–51
GCH1 gene research, 57
gene mutation (defined), 47
genome-wide association studies, 55
knee/hip problems links, 53
knockout/knockdown mice studies, 55
loss-of-function mutation, 48–49
low back pain heritability, 52
Mc1R gene, 77
microarray study approach, 55
migraine susceptibility, 53, 56–57
opioid-receptor controlling gene research, 58
pain insensitivity example, 48–49
PAP gene research, 58
SCN9A gene mutation, 47–49, 51, 54
women and kappa opioids, 77
Woolf on, 46
genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 55
Germany, facial pain studies, 62
Gettman, Jon, 210
ginger (Zingiber officinale), 277
glial cells (immune cells)
good side/dark side of, 191
research of Watkins and Maier, 190–194
role in pain transmission, 34–35, 189–196
Global Commission on Drug Policy, 130, 210
global war on drugs, 130
Goldenberg, Don, 294
Gollub, Randy, 98
Gralise (gabapentin), 248
Grant, Igor, 209
Greenspan, Joel, 67
Group Health Research Institute (Seattle), 137–138, 264, 290
Gust, Steven, 206
GW Pharmaceuticals, 209
Haldeman, Scott, 272
Harpagophytum procumbens (devil’s claw), 278
Hartigan, Carol, 285
headaches. See migraine headaches
Healing Touch, 267
heat pain thresholds study, 52–53
herniated disks, 2
Hickey, Paul R., 83
Hoffman, Diane, 136
Holder, Eric, 208
Holick, Michael, 275
Horizant (gabapentin), 248
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
“estrogen is bad” theory, 72
TMD referrals and, 73
“estrogen is bad” theory, 72
testosterone, role in pain, 72
TMD, HRT and menopausal women, 72–73
transsexual experiences, 73
Hruby, Victor, 247
Hughes, Sarah, 171
“The Human Pincushion” (absence of pain example), 49
Human Rights Watch, 139
Hurwitz, Eric L., 291
hydrocodone, 133
in combinations, 162, 163t, 183
hydromorphone, prescription data, 133
Ibudilast (AV-411 and MN-166) asthma medication, 194
ibuprofen, 1
imaging of pain (in the brain). See functional magnetic resonance imaging; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; positron emission tomography (PET) scan; real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
mechanisms of increasing pain, 189–199
microglial cells, 20, 24, 196–197
P2X4 receptor, 196
pemphigus vulgaris (example), 5, 148–149
TLR-4 receptors, 34, 155, 191–192, 194–196
IMS Health, drug market research firm, 133
inflammatory pain
chronic inflammatory pain, 75
description, 23
dysfunctional pain comparison, 23
mechanisms of, 32, 107, 238, 241
neuropathic pain comparison, 24
opioids/young patient caution, 85
Institute of Medicine (IOM)
chronic low back pain report, 286–287
costs of chronic pain report, 8, 10–11, 14
estimates of chronic pain in US, 17
gender and pain report, 64
hospice pain report, 158
marijuana review, 216
vitamin D intake recommendations, 274
Institute on Global Drug Policy, 225
Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee (IPRCC), 13, 302–303
interleukin 1 (IL-1 cytokine), 34, 191–192
interleukin 1B (IL-1B; cytokine), 32
interleukin-6 (IL-6 cytokine), 107, 191–192
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 8, 20, 91, 293
International Narcotics Control Board, 139
investigational new drug (IND) approval process, 205
IPRCC. See Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
brain tissue losses in, 37
as dysfunctional pain example, 23
estrogen cycle pain variability, 74
gender pain studies, 67
placebo vs. no treatment study, 97
Israel, fibromyalgia studies, 62
Jain, Shamini, 266
Jamison, Robert, 102, 121, 147, 176, 184
Jeffrey Lawson Award for Advocacy in Children’s Pain Relief, 89
Johnson, Keosha, 167
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 305
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 177
Journal of the American Medical Association, 129, 151, 269
Katz, Michael, 185
Katz, Nathaniel, 180
Keefe, Francis, 93
Kennedy, Edward, 207
Kerlikowske, Gil, 133
knee injections, 237
knockout/knockdown mice studies, 55
Landis, Story, 303
Lazarus Project (naloxone program), 165–166
Leavitt, Stew, 308
Levine, Jon, 71
lidocaine (sodium-channel blocker), 51–52
Lifetree Clinical Research (Utah), 172
Living With Chronic Pain (Schneider), 285
Loeser, John, 9, 230–232, 252, 302
loss-of-function genetic mutation, 48–49
low back pain
acupuncture treatment, 258, 259, 263
Alexander technique, 266
bed rest contraindication, 285
brain function and, 38
catastrophizing score, 106
chronic, 106, 229–230, 235, 259
exercise for, 284–285, 286–291
Finnish study, 288
health-related causes, 286
herbal remedies for, 278
heritability of, 52
magnet therapy for, 279
PNS/PNFS treatment, 231
tai chi success, 295
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. See also functional magnetic resonance imaging; real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
author’s experience with, 2
brain tissue loss measurement, 36–37
marijuana/brain studies, 221
meditation measurements, 117–118
magnets/pulsed electromagnetic fields, 278–281
MAPs marijuana advocacy group, 207
marijuana, 201–227. See also endocannabinoids; tetrahydrocannabinol
absence of deaths from, 202–203
AIDS/HIV patient study, 206
anandamide comparison, 26
anxiety/depression risks, 220
case studies of success, 201–202
cognitive problems and, 220–222
CSA schedule inclusion, 162, 163t
dependence and addiction, 217–218
efficacy for acute pain, 215
global legalization discussions, 224
government objections to studies, 201–210
historical use examples, 203–204
legal battles/solution, 224–227
respiratory problems and, 222–223
schizophrenia/other psychoses risks, 219–220
vaporizer inhalation, 202
Marijuana Tax Act, 204
Martin, Joseph, 7
Massachusetts Pain Initiative, 182
massage, 3, 94, 256, 263–266, 283
Mayday Fund, 138
Mc1R (melanocortin-1 receptor) gene, 77
McGill Pain Questionnaire, 40
MDMA, 210
medical marijuana. See marijuana
medical school, lack of pain education at, 7–8, 7–9, 68, 149, 303–306
medication contracts and tests, for opioid withdrawal, 175–179
meditation, 96, 115–119, 255, 283
Meier, Diane, 138
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York), 14, 158–159
men
pain comparisons with women, 62–63
pain thresholds, tolerances, 66
response to female researchers, 65
vs. women for CRPS, 62
vs. women for headaches, 63
vs. women for IBS, 63
methadone
benefits, 169
complexity of, 172
dosing recommendations, 154, 169, 184
drug abuse study, 157
duration of action, adverse effects, 152–153
prescription data, 133
mexiletine (sodium-channel blocker), 51
MGH Acupuncture Sensation Scale, 257
Michna, Edward, 184
microarray (gene chip method) study approach, 55
The Migraine Brain (Bernstein), 286
Botox injection treatment, 236
cannabis treatment, 201–202, 204, 209, 216
depression in women and, 102
exercise and, 286
pre-/postpuberty data, 71
suicide risk factor and, 125–127
TMS treatment, 234
in women, 62–63, 67, 73–74, 102
Mills, Paul J., 266
milnacipran (Savella), 249
“catastrophizing,” 38, 92, 105–107, 111, 284
Engel/biopsychosocial model, 93–94
negative/positive emotions, influences, 93
opioids vs., 128
Oxford University fMRI experiment, 92–93
patient resistance to ideas, 94–95
somatization theory, 101
mindfulness-based stress reduction, 116–119
Miron, Jeffrey A., 226
Mogil, Jeffrey, 45, 52–53, 55–56, 77
monoclonal antibody technology, 246–247
morphine
brain processing of, 75
in combinations, 174
fMRI mapping of action of, 39
gender difference studies, 75–76
glial cell interaction, 34
self-administration by children, 85
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 138
multiple sclerosis, 189, 197, 213–216, 275
musculoskeletal pain, 62, 231, 274, 280, 293
Musto, David, 132
My Stroke of Insight (Taylor), 91
naloxone (opioid blocker), 39, 86
CDC, community-based program, 166
in combinations, 174
in distraction study, 113
forms of, 165
Lazarus Project program, 165–166
Massachusetts program, 166
placebo effect blocked by, 98
Napadow, Vitaly, 259
Narcan (naloxone), 165–166. See also naloxone
Narcotics Anonymous, 126
National Association of [state] Attorneys General, 136, 210
National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities, 185
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 255–256, 267–268
National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), 206
National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC), 134, 151
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 303
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 203, 205–206, 209, 218
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
endorphin theory acknowledgment, 262
languaging of gender and pain studies, 64
limits of pain research funding, 12–14
need for institute on pain at, 302–303
Pain Consortium, 13
RePORT research feature, 13
National Institutes of Medicine, 210
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 156
Native Americans, pain rating scale choice, 94
Nav1.7 channels (voltage-gated sodium channels), 27, 48, 52
neck pain
emotional response to, 94
epidural steroid injections for, 235
exercise and, 286
MRI scans for, 2
from spasmodic torticollis, 5–6
spinal manipulation for, 270–272
Western medicine focus on, 229
in women, 68
worsening at night, 19
neonatal abstinence syndrome, 129
nerve blocks, 236
nerve growth factor (NGF), 32
nerve transplantation, 253–254
nervous system
action potentials (of nerves), 27–28, 48, 113
acute pain to chronic pain transition, 31–35
autonomic nervous system, 25, 118
male/female, secondary messenger differences, 71
pain transmission role, 24–31, 34
peripheral nervous system, 25, 114–115
Netherlands, fibromyalgia studies, 62
Neuman, Herbert, 184
neural plasticity, 31
neuromatrix theory of pain (Melzack), 21
Neurontin (gabapentin), 43, 103, 248–249, 294
neuropathic pain. See also complex regional pain syndrome
IL-10
treatment, 193
inflammatory comparison, 24
mechanism of, 33
mice/neuropathic pain trial, 24, 253
nociceptive comparison, 24
subtype classification, 22
in women, 62
neuropeptide Y, 33
neurotransmitters, 27. See also gamma-aminobutyric acid
New England Journal of Medicine, 138, 235, 247
Nigeria, facial pain studies, 62
Nixon, Richard, 130
NMDA receptors, 32
nociceptive pain
in combination, in cancer, 22
neuropathic comparison, 24
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
marijuana comparison, 203
with tanezumab: side-effects, 247
Norpramin (desipramine), 103, 249
North American Spine Society, 263
Nubain (nalbuphine hydrochloride), 75, 77
Nucynta ER (by Janssen), 174
numerical scales (for pain assessment), 41
Oaklander, Anne Louise, 68
Ogden, David, 208
olanzapine (Zyprexa), 103–104, 249
Opana ER (by Endo), 174
“Operation Pill Nation” (DEA; 2011), 135
opioid abstinence syndrome, 167
opioid conundrum, 127
opioid drugs, 3. See also opioid drugs, withdrawal from; individual opioids
abuse-deterrent opioids, 172–174
acupuncture comparison, 261
addiction/dependence risks, 127, 139–150
death risk from, 151
difficulties getting, ix
effectiveness, long term, 158–162
falling risks in older people, 155
gender and effectiveness, 74–78
hormonal changes from, 154–155
immune system suppression from, 149, 155
increased pain from, 155
limited effects in depression, 102
mechanisms of action, 169
overdose and death risks, 150–154, 165
pain patients vs. street abusers, 127–137
Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, 128
risk reduction efforts, 166–167
undertreatment of pain and, 137–139
in children, 85
drugs for treatment of, 152–153, 165, 168–171
limited doctor education for, 149
medication contracts and tests, 175–179
opioid rotation strategy, 171–172
pain control and, 167
prescription monitoring programs, 179–182
risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, 182–184
symptoms, 147–148, 150, 167–168
opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), 155
opioid-receptor controlling gene research, 58
Opioids911-Safety (educational group), 185
Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, 259, 295
osteoarthritis, 22, 38, 46, 53, 62, 105, 151, 237, 276–277
The Other Brain (Fields), 198
over-the-counter pain relievers
NSAIDs, 129–130, 203, 247, 249–251
extended-release, 172, 182–183
Florida problems with, 135
prescription data, 133
OxyContin, 126, 127, 132–135, 154, 173–174
P2X4 receptor, 196
Paclitaxel (chemotherapy drug), 243
pain. See also “flavors” of pain
nervous system transmission of, 24–31
phantom limb pain, 30–31, 37, 238
Pain Action Alliance to Implement a National Strategy (PAAINS), 303
Pain Catastrophizing Scale, 106
The Pain Chronicles (Thernstrom), 21
Pain Consortium (NIH), 13, 303
pain education of doctors. See medical school, lack of pain education at
Pain Genes Database, 56
Pain Medicine journal, 165–166
pain relievers. See also complementary and alternative medicine; Western medicine
drugs originally for other purposes, 248–249
pain tracking programs, 42
Palliative Medicine journal, 139
Pamelor (nortriptyline), 103, 249
PAP gene research, 58
parasympathetic nervous system, 25
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 5
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 233
pelvic inflammatory disease, 67
pemphigus vulgaris, 5
Pentostatin (deoxycoformycin), 245
peppermint, 277
Percocet, 131, 142, 148, 162, 183, 250
Pereira, John, 275
peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS), 231
Pertofrane (desipramine), 249
Pettinati, Pamela, 267
phantom limb pain, 30–31, 37, 238
phenotypes, of pain, 22
phenotypes of pain, 22
physical therapy, 3, 15, 94, 240, 270–271, 283
Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing (PROP), 128, 141, 160, 185–187
Pizzo, Philip, 14
“placebo by proxy” effect, 96
placebos (medication/placebo effect), 95–100
body part effectiveness variability, 99
buprenorphine vs., 170
in circumcision, 94
in distraction study, 113
endocannabinoid system role, 99–100
IBS study, 97
improvement rate data, 96
influences on pain, 97
Kaptchuk on, 100
naloxone blocking of effects, 98
Pliner, Lisa M., 135
PMPs. See prescription drug monitoring programs
Portenoy, Russell, 105–106, 144, 171
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
acupuncture study, 262
Practical Pain Management journal, 159
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), 86
prescription drug monitoring programs (PMPs), 179–182
prescription drugs. See also opioid drugs; Western medicine
data on purchase, 156
Florida “pill mills,” 135
government classification schedule, 162
take-back days/disposal of, 156–157
urine testing for medications, 178
Price, Donald, 41
Prkachin, Kenneth, 43–44, 121, 123
Program in Pain Research, Education & Policy (Tufts University), 304
pro-inflammatory cytokines, 23, 35, 192
ProPublica, investigative news organization, 133
prostaglandin E2 (cytokine), 32
prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme, 245–246
protein kinase C-epsilon (PKC-epsilon), 247
proteosome inhibitors, 243
Prozac (fluoxetine), 104
puberty, pain, gender, and, 71–72
Public Health Service (US), 205, 209
pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, 278–281
Purdue Pharma, 173
Quill, Timothy, 138
radicular back pain (sciatica), 42–43
radio-frequency ablation, 239
Rainville, James, 284
Reagan, Ronald, 205
real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI), 114
reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 6
Reichbach, Gustin L., 227
Reiki (“palm healing”), 267–268
Relieving Pain in America (IOM), 286–287
Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) System, 174
Rheumatic Arthritis Patients in Training (RAPIT) program, 292
rheumatoid arthritis, 32, 109, 237, 273, 275, 291–292, 295
Robin, Lisa, 304
Rosa, Emily, 269
Rubenfeld Synergy (somatic therapy), 268–269
Salix alba, 278
Sauber, Richard, 137
Savella (milnacipran), 249
SCAMP trial (for pain with depression), 104–105
Scarry, Elaine, 21
Schechter, Neil, 79
Schedule I, II, III, IV, V drugs (CSA Schedule), 162
schedule V drugs, 162. See also codeine-cough syrup; Lyrica
Scherr, Greg, 37
Schneider, Jennifer, 285
Scientific American Mind, 190
SCN9A gene mutation, 47–49, 51, 54
Screener and Opioid Assessment for Pain Patients (SOAPP), 146–147
SDI Vector One National database (prescription, patient tracking service), 129
searing/burning nerve pain, 2–3
Sebelius, Kathleen, 303
“secondary messengers,” 71
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 103, 104, 249
sensitization (of nerve cells), 31–34, 155
Serhan, Charles, 244
serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 103, 249
shingles pain, 4
short-term pain. See acute (short-term) pain
Shultz, George P., 130
Singer, Tania, 123
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (UN), 130, 206, 207
sleep medications, 162. See also Ambien
SNRIs. See serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
sodium-channel blocking drugs, 51–52. See also carbamazepine; lidocaine; mexiletine
message transmission role of, 48
SCN9A gene mutation and, 48, 49, 51
soldiers, wound management, 92
Soma (carisoprodol), 249
somatic nervous system, 25
somatization theory, 101
spinal cord stimulation (SCS), 231, 232
spinal fusion surgery, 240–242
spinal manipulation, 240, 255, 269–273
The Spine Journal, 291
spondylolisthesis, 2
Sprenger, Christian, 113
SSRIs. See selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Stadol (butorphanol tartrate), 75, 77
Standardized Evaluation of Pain (StEP), 42
Stanford Systems Neuroscience and Pain Lab, 114
Starrels, Joanna, 176
Staud, Roland, 49
steroid injections, 3, 234–236
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 134
sucrose, for children’s pain management, 86–87
suicide
chronic pain risk factor, 4, 47
opioid dependence and, 147–150
surface electromyography (sEMG), 113
Sweden
facial pain studies, 62
fibromyalgia studies, 62
gender and pain study, 70
swimming (inspirational example), 296–298
sympathetic nervous system, 25, 118
Tarlov cysts, 68
Taylor, Jill Bolte, 91
temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD)
biofeedback treatment, 113
CBT for, 110
estrogen cycle pain variability, 74
pre-/postpuberty data, 71
in women, 62
women, HRT and, 73
testosterone, role in pain, 72
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
absence of lethal dose, 203
biology of marijuana and, 211–213
concentration-benefit connection, 215
pharmaceuticals made from, 209
vapor inhalation effectiveness, 223
Therapeutic Touch, 269
Thernstrom, Melanie, 21
TLR-4 receptors (toll-like receptor number 4), 34, 155, 191–192, 194–196
TMD. See temporomandibular joint disorder
TNF (tumor necrosis factor), 34
TNF-a, 32
Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC), 130
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 203
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 233–234
transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), 231
transmission of pain (by nervous system), 24–31
Traub, Richard, 72
Trazodone, 168
Trick or Treatment (Singh and Ernst), 266
tricyclic antidepressants, 103–104, 249
trigeminal neuralgia, 37, 73, 201
trigger-point injections, 236–237
TRPA1 pain receptor, 26
TRPV1 pain receptor, 26
TRPV2 pain receptor, 26
Tufts University Medical Center Carr, Daniel, 76
Turkey, facial pain studies, 62
turmeric, 277
twins studies, chronic pain susceptibility, 52–54
undertreatment of pain
United Kingdom (UK)
acupuncture recommendation, 263
cannabis use studies, 220
fibromyalgia studies, 62
meditation study, 118
neuropathic pain study, 62
United States (US). See also individual US agencies
Australia, healthcare costs comparison, 11
Controlled Substances Act, 161, 162
economics of pain, 11
facial pain studies, 62
fibromyalgia studies, 62
government’s war on drugs, 130
marijuana use data, 224
medical misconduct court case, 135
methadone death data, 153
physician pain education limitations, 7–8
United States Medical Licensing Examination, 304
UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 130, 206, 207
urine drug tests, 146, 177–179
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 133–134, 303
US Department of Justice, 208
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
IPRCC participation, 303
methadone warning issuance, 154
naloxone approval, 166
opioids approved by, 134
REMS program idea, 176, 182–184
Utah Department of Health, 185
Vanatrip (amitriptyline), 249
Velcade (proteosome inhibitor), 243
venlafaxine (Effexor), 104, 249
Veteran’s Health Administration, 176, 303
vinca alkaloids (chemotherapy drug), 243
visual analog scale (VAS), for pain assessment, 41
vitamin B12 injections, 278
Volker, Paul, 130
Volkow, Nora, 206
voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1.7 channels), 27, 48
Von Korff, Michael, 137–138, 146, 160
Voth, Eric, 225
Wang, Tongtong, 217
Watkins, Linda, 34, 190–191, 193–194
Webster, Lynn, 137–138, 144, 145, 172
AC1, 246
Botox injections, 236
chemotherapy pain, 5, 16, 242–244
devices: implantable pumps, 252–253
electrical stimulation, 230–232
knee injections, 237
monoclonal antibody technology, 246–247
nerve blocks, 236
protein kinase C-epsilon, 247
transcranial magnetic stimulation, 233–234
trigger-point injections, 236–237
withdrawal from drugs. See also opioid drugs, withdrawal from
abstinence syndrome, 152
neonatal abstinence syndrome, 129
Wolfe, Joanne, 89
women
chronic pain susceptibility, 62
headache susceptibility, 63
pain comparisons with men, 62–63
pain thresholds, tolerances, 66
red hair/kappa opioids effectiveness, 77
sensitivity to children’s pain, 63
Tarlov cysts, 68
undertreatment of pain in, 68–70
Woolf, Clifford, 17, 22, 42, 46
World Health Organization (WHO), 139
Xanax, 162
yoga, 116–117, 256, 265, 289–290, 295
Zero Balancing technique, 268
Zhou, Min, 246
Zohydro (pain reliever), 132
Zolot, Joseph P., 135