The publishers thank the following for permission to reproduce the images in this book and for use of reference material for illustrations. All reasonable efforts have been made to contact copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. We apologize for any unintentional omissions and will be pleased to incorporate any corrections in future reprints.
Hideki Abe 137t
Alamy Stock Photo / F1online digitale Bildagentur GmbH 1, 26, /Andrey Nekrasov 2, 50, /WaterFrame 7b, 97t, 115t, 116b, 123t, /Nature Picture Library 18, 75, /Mark Conlin 24r, 192, 201, /David Fleetham 26l, /Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH 39bl, /Visual&Written SL 41l, /imageBROKER 54, /Papilio 65t, /Pete Niesen 104, /Michael Greenfelder 125l, /Arco Images GmbH 127r, /Jane Gould 135t, /Wildestanimal 152, /Juergen Freund 161b, /Minden Pictures 171, /RGB Ventures/SuperStock 177, /National Geographic Creative 188, JTB MEDIA CREATION, Inc. 191, /Ed Brown Wildlife 198t, /Michael Patrick O'Neill 206t, /Reinhard Dirscherl 213
Ardea / © Valerie & Ron Taylor 141, /© Auscape 142t, /© Gabriel Barathieu/Biosphoto 158
Azote / Mattias Ormestad 197
Gregory J. Barord 86
California Department of Fish and Wildlife 120t
Kay Cooper 194
Dreamstime.com / © Serban Enache 193t
Alessandro Falleni 98t
Danté Fenolio 65c
Eliot Ferguson 108
FLPA / Photo Researchers 3, 7t, 217, /Fred Bavendam /Minden Pictures 42, 70, 76, 129r, /Reinhard Dirscherl 58, /Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures 85t, 113c, /Colin Marshall 92b, /Richard Herrmann/Minden Pictures 100
Roger Furze 60r
Getty Images / Hal Beral 6, /Brian J. Skerry 9, 78t, /Dave Fleetham 14b, 124, /MarkMacEwen/naturepl.com 15, /Andrey Nekrasov 16l, Carrie Vonderhaar /Ocean Futures Society 17b, 20, /Henrik Sorense 22tl, /Louise Murray/robertharding 22bl, 138, /Wild Horizons/UIG 26, 37br, 40, 154, /Franco Banfi 27, 190, /Digital Camera Magazine 30t, /Jeff Rotman 36, /Marevision 37bl, / _548901005677 38, /Andy Reisinger/ Hedgehog House/Minden Pictures 41r, /Ingo Arndt/Minden Pictures 60l, /Colin Keates 62r, /Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Michael Ready 77b, /Jennifer Hayes 78b, /Daniela Dirscherl 79, /Kike Calvo 113r, /Rodger Klein 114, /Jean Lecomte 119t, 122r, /David Fleetham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 121t, /De Agostini Picture Library 129l, /Andrey Nekrasov 135b, /Image Created by James van den Broek 142b, /Reinhard Dirscherl 155r, 175, 182b, /Georgie Holland 169t, /Bob Chamberlin 193bl, /Luis Javier Sandoval 196, /Nature, underwater and art photos. www.Narchuk.com 199, /Science VU 200
Stephen J. Hamedl 89t
Richard Hamilton 59
Roger Hanlon 14t, 16r, 25t, 25cl, 94, 107b, 109, 144, 157, 161t, 162, 163tl & b, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169b, 172, 181, 182t, 185, 186, 205, 210t
JMG / Image Quest Marine 202
iStock / demarfa 8, /Miya0105 51t, /4kodiak 190b
Tom Kleindinst, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 195
T. Kubodera, National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan 82
Minette Layne 39br
Nathan Litjens 31
Tomas Lundälv 130r
MBARI / © 2005 MBARI 65b, /© 2001 MBARI 66l, /© 2009 MBARI 90, /© 2002 MBARI 115b, 122l, / ©2012 MBARI 133r /© 2004 MBARI 137b
Ryo Minemizo Photography 68b
© Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano 62l
NOAA / Marine Flora and Fauna of the Eastern United States. Mollusca: Cephalopoda 37t / NOAA Fisheries 49, /Image courtesy of the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs 113l, /NOAA OKEANOS Explorer Program, 2013 Northeast U. S. Canyons Expedition 125r, 148t
Nature Picture Library / Georgette Douwma 10, /David Shale 21cr, 21br, 22cl, 25c, 66r, 68t, 126r, 131r, 132, 147, 151, /Nature Production 23, 116t, 118r, /David Fleetham 25cr, 85b, 126l, /Alex Mustard 31b, 34, 163tr, 206b, /Peter Scoones 46, /Doug Perrine 103, /Sue Daly 112, /Juergen Freund 127l, /Visuals Unlimited 130l, /Solvin Zankl 131l, 136
Steve O'Shea 71
OceanwideImages.com /Rudie Kuiter 118l
Oxford University Press / Young, J. Z. The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris (1971) 39t
Photoshot / © NHPA 52
Press Office Münster / Angelika Klauser 81r
Mark A. Royer 208
SeaPics.com / © Doug Perrine
Alexander Semenov 28
Science Photo Library / Pascal Goetgheluck 29bl, 29br, /Reinhard Dirscherl 107t, /Dante Fenolio 111tr, 214, /Andrew J. Martinez 120
Shutterstock / Nonthawit Doungsodsri 4, 61, /Dongseun Yang 30c, Boris Pamikov 45, Kondratuk Aleksei 80, Richard Whitcombe 155l, 192br
Stefan Siebert 119b
Barry Sutton 84
Tanabe, Hikida and Iba, Two Coleoid Jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology, 80(1), 2006, pp. 138 81b
Nick Terry 73t
Ilan Ben Tov 81l
Undersea Hunter/DeepSee Submersible 69
© University of Bergen 133l
Michael Vecchione 21t, 111br, 178
Richard E Young 32, 35, 156 (modified from Cloney, R. A. and E. Florey. Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs. 1968. Zeits. für Zellforsch. 89:250-280)
Cunjiang Yu 198b